257:; they asserted that the image of Japanese women overseas had been damaged by the media and that the phenomenon was nowhere near as widespread as the media coverage attempted to portray it to be, and sought to combat the negative coverage. The protest group also questioned whether the term was truly widespread in the United States, as the documentaries claimed; one telephone survey of 200 people they conducted in the New York area did not find a single individual familiar with the use of the term "yellow cab" in this sense.
161:". In terms of the women and their relation to Japanese society, some authors describe the women's taking-on of foreign partners as "socially, economically, and politically liberating" and a threat to Japanese men; others point out that the pursuit of foreign men was neither a permanent rejection of Japanese patriarchy nor of Japanese men themselves, and that many women engaged in such relationships eventually went on to
260:
The group continued to be active until late 1993; they were later criticised for their "legacy of denial and disavowal of the possibility of
Japanese women's racialized desire for foreign men". Scholars studying their activities described their attempts to deny or downplay the phenomenon as an "image
261:
battle", and one which they lost; women returning to Japan from studying or working overseas often reported that they suffered insulting insinuations about their sexual behaviour. The reporting on the phenomenon in
Japanese media was generally supplanted in the mid-1990s by a "new
156:
Women engaged in these activities sometimes assert that it is no more than a female reflection of the much larger phenomenon of
Japanese men's sex tours to foreign countries; some scholars agree with this self-assessment, bluntly referring to such women as "female
181:, which featured interviews with and reporting on young Japanese women overseas. Her research assistant George Sarratt later denounced major portions of the book as fraudulent. Television broadcasts on the phenomenon especially focused on relations between
140:, and are using their power to purchase sex; one such woman even described her foreign boyfriends as "pets". The opposing argument puts the phenomenon in the context of a larger "romanticization and eroticization" of the West and specifically of
204:". However, the controversy itself was used by women's media to engage in critique of Japanese male behaviours; such critique was often characterised by "relentless denigration" of Japanese men, as in Makiko Iizuka's 1993 book,
79:
Women described as "yellow cabs" can often be observed in so-called "border regions" consisting of highly transient, ethnically and culturally mixed populations. One scholar studying the "yellow cab" phenomenon listed the
131:
Sources disagree as to the question of power in these relationships. One argument analyses the phenomenon in terms of consumer patterns: the women are in the financially superior position due to the strength of the
144:
speakers by
Japanese women, and asserts that it is actually the Western men in such relationships who have power. However, the phenomenon is not limited to the West; some women also seek out local tour guides in
216:
is "notorious" for using her work to "flaunt" her image as a "yellow cab", a trend that was apparent in her work even before the emergence of the "yellow cab" stereotype, as in her 1985 book
232:, the self-described voice of the "Japanese doll", also turns the stereotype on its head, stating that being a "yellow cab" means that the woman is in the "driver's seat".
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There was coverage of the "yellow cab" phenomenon as early as 1987, but public attention to it received a major boost from
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Kelsky, Karen (1996), "Flirting with the
Foreign: Interracial sex in Japan's "International Age"", in Wilson, Rob (ed.),
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808:; Takahashi, Kimie (2006), "A Passion for English: Desire and the Language Market", in Pavlenko, Aneta (ed.),
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48:", a color/racial classification category for people of East Asian origin, and the image of a
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791:"A Mirror for Men? Idealised Depictions of White Men and Gay Men in Japanese Women's Media"
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The Modern Madame
Butterfly: Fantasy and Reality in Japanese Cross-Cultural Relationships
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In response to the negative media coverage, Japanese female professionals in the
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who travel overseas or to foreign enclaves in Japan seeking to meet foreign men.
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aired a segment on the subject in 1992 which included several staged scenes;
713:, North Carolina, United States: Duke University Press, pp. 173–192,
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150:
93:
81:
67:
as a way of sensationalizing and censuring the women's behaviour. Later,
185:
men and
Japanese women, and the perceived danger of being infected with
71:
was exposed as a fraud, and
Japanese media reports were criticized.
208:. In contrast, women labelled as "yellow cabs" have also been known to
105:
810:
Bilingual Minds: Emotional
Experience, Expression, and Representation
117:
200:
The use of the term by
Japanese men has been described as "reverse
280:
85:
711:
Global Local: cultural production and the transnational imaginary
186:
146:
529:
527:
775:, Maryland, United States: Johns Hopkins University Press,
693:キャブにも乗れない男たち/The Guys who Can't even Hitch a Ride on a Cab)
635:
Hip-hop Japan: Rap and the Paths of Cultural Globalization
735:, North Carolina, United States: Duke University Press,
637:, North Carolina, United States: Duke University Press,
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area organised the "Group to think about yellow cabs"
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197:followed up with a 90-minute documentary in 1993.
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731:Women on the Verge: Japanese Women, Western Dreams
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265:" regarding women's sexuality, specifically the
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248:
30:
242:
24:
206:The Guys who Can't Even Hitch a Ride on a Cab
8:
212:the term as a mark of pride; in particular,
651:Cooper-Chen, Anne; Kodama, Miiko (1997),
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545:
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812:, Multilingual Matters, pp. 59–83,
306:Stereotypes of East and Southeast Asians
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63:, and was quickly appropriated by the
52:which can be "ridden at any time".
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116:as possible locations in Japan, and
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518:
467:
369:"Writer ponders role of men today"
14:
789:McLelland, Mark (February 2003),
271:(compensated dating) phenomenon.
877:Stereotypes of East Asian people
771:How "American" Is Globalization?
358:, 告発!『イエローキャブ』―マスコミ公害を撃つ!, 1994)
55:The term was spread to Japan by
826:Turner, Bryan Stanley (2000),
44:The term combines the use of "
1:
830:, United Kingdom: Routledge,
534:Cooper-Chen & Kodama 1997
767:Marling, William H. (2006),
655:Mass Communication in Japan
456:Piller & Takahashi 2006
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92:bases in locations such as
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250:Ierō Kyabu wo Kangaeru Kai
90:United States Forces Japan
37:is a disparaging term for
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195:Tokyo Broadcasting System
25:
848:, Kawade Shobō Shinsha,
659:, Blackwell Publishing,
220:, which won that year's
828:Readings in Orientalism
691:Iizuka, Makiko (1993),
128:in the United States.
846:ベッドタイムアイズ/Bedtime Eyes
727:Kelsky, Karen (2001),
892:Slang terms for women
844:Yamada, Eimi (1985),
753:, Tuttle Publishing,
153:as "holiday lovers".
887:Stereotypes of women
673:Ieda, Shōko (1991),
633:Condry, Ian (2006),
296:Internalized racism
872:Sexuality in Japan
749:Ma, Karen (1996),
675:イエローキャブ/Yellow Cab
608:, pp. 139–141
572:, pp. 177–178
536:, pp. 213–214
509:, pp. 139–140
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291:Colonial mentality
301:Sarong party girl
138:disposable income
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136:and their own
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210:reappropriate
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177:'s 1991 book
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169:Controversies
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483:Marling 2006
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377:. Retrieved
375:. 2001-02-18
363:
351:
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286:Asian fetish
266:
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244:イエローキャブを考える会
234:
222:Bungei Prize
218:Bedtime Eyes
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159:sex tourists
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134:Japanese yen
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84:district of
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60:
54:
43:
19:
18:
620:, p. 9
606:Kelsky 2001
594:Kelsky 2001
570:Condry 2006
558:Kelsky 1996
507:Kelsky 2001
495:Kelsky 1996
446:, p. 3
432:Kelsky 1996
420:Kelsky 1996
408:Kelsky 1996
396:Kelsky 2001
344:Kelsky 1996
334:, p. 9
332:Turner 2000
202:orientalism
866:Categories
379:2009-05-15
312:References
268:enjo kōsai
214:Amy Yamada
189:; Japan's
179:Yellow Cab
175:Shōko Ieda
126:West Coast
124:, and the
69:Yellow Cab
61:Yellow Cab
57:Shōko Ieda
50:yellow cab
32:Ierō Kyabu
20:Yellow cab
275:See also
191:TV Asahi
151:Thailand
94:Yokosuka
82:Roppongi
627:Sources
582:Ma 1996
519:Ma 1996
468:Ma 1996
228:artist
142:English
114:Okinawa
106:Iwakuni
26:イエローキャブ
882:Dating
852:
834:
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681:
663:
641:
118:Hawaii
112:, and
110:Sasebo
102:Misawa
98:Yokota
46:yellow
794:(PDF)
317:Notes
281:Amejo
263:panic
183:black
163:marry
86:Tokyo
850:ISBN
832:ISBN
814:ISBN
777:ISBN
755:ISBN
737:ISBN
715:ISBN
697:ISBN
679:ISBN
661:ISBN
639:ISBN
230:Hime
187:AIDS
149:and
147:Bali
800:(6)
868::
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526:^
475:^
388:^
371:.
324:^
247:,
224:.
120:,
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29:,
382:.
254:)
241:(
35:)
23:(
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