473:
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53:
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1076:, nitric acid and cadmium, have made the dust more harmful. Approximately 30% of sulfuric acid and 40% of nitric acid in ambient air in Korea may have migrated from China. To reduce the transboundary pollution from China, scientists have advocated for collaborative actions between Korea and China, including scientific, administrative, and political aspects.
1108:(KMA), the average number of days with Asian dust in a given year was about two in the 1960s. However, this number has increased to 11 in 2000s. In 1960s and 1970s, each decade had 3 years that were Asian-dust free. However, starting from 2000s, there has not been a single year without Asian dust. In just four months of 2018,
1112:
of South Korea issued 42 dust warnings and advisories, which has increased from 36 in the same period in 2017. This reflects the increase in average dust concentration level from 132.88 ppm (parts per million) in 2017 to 149 ppm in 2018. The situation is worsening since the dust particles are staying
1079:
In an effort to combat the worsening yellow dust levels, the Korean government has been working with the
Chinese government. In January 2018, the two countries met at its 22nd meeting of the Republic of Korea-China Joint Committee on Environmental Cooperation, during which the two countries discussed
917:
Due to the concerning health effects, residents of affected regions have reduced their exposure to Asian dust by refraining from outdoor activities. Despite the temperature rise to warm levels during spring season, popular outdoor destinations are empty on days with yellow dust advisory or warning.
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was once a deep forest region, but the region now only has treeless mountains. Historically "because peasant farmers continue to rely on low-technology agricultural techniques, they to exploit virgin land to sustain a continually growing population. This led to a vicious cycle. Since traditional
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has intensified in China, as 1,740,000 km of land is "dry", which disrupts the lives of 400 million people and causes direct economic losses of 54 billion yuan (US$ 7 billion) per year, SFA figures show. These figures are probably vastly underestimated, as they only take into account direct
1137:—promised to take measures to alleviate these growing national air pollution problems. In the first few months of 2017, Seoul had twice the number of ultrafine dust warnings, during which people were advised to limit outdoor activities and stay indoors when compared to 2016.
999:, etc. According to this study, the total socio-economic cost of yellow dust damage in South Korea in 2002 estimates between US$ 3.9 billion and $ 7.3 billion. This accounts for between 0.6% and 1.0% of the nation's GDP and US$ 81.48 and $ 152.52 per nation's resident.
659:
People further from the source of the dust are more often exposed to nearly invisible, fine dust particles that they can unknowingly inhale deep into their lungs, as coarse dust is too big to be deeply inhaled. After inhalation, these particles can cause long term
1071:
China dust has been a source of international conflict between the
Chinese and Korean governments. Although the major components of yellow dust are sand and materials from the Earth's crust, various industrial pollutants and their by-products, including mercury,
904:
and asthma in otherwise healthy people. Often, people are advised to avoid or minimize outdoor activities, depending on severity of storms. For those already with asthma or respiratory infections, it can be fatal. The dust has been shown to increase the daily
612:. The dust was known as "Uto (우토, 雨土)", meaning 'Raining Dirt/Earth', and was believed at the time to be the result of an angry god sending down dust instead of rain or snow. Specific records referring to Asian Dust events in Korea also exist from the
949:
the aircraft's surface and decolorize the paint. As a result, during spring, when Asian dust levels are at the highest, airlines with aircraft in the affected region spend time and money to wash dust off their aircraft. Washing dust off a single
1100:
Asian dust is not a new phenomenon. Historically, there have been records of Asian dust occurrences as early as 1150 B.C. in China and 174 A.D. in Korea. However, official weather data show a stark increase in its severity and frequency.
582:
Some of the earliest written records of dust storm activity are recorded in ancient
Chinese literature. It is believed that the earliest Chinese dust storm record was found in the Zhu Shu Ji Nian (Chinese: 竹书纪年; English: the
1035:
on society. Policy choices that favor rapid industrialization and deforestation in China, Mongolia, and other
Central Asian regions impose social costs on Eastern countries, such as Korea, Japan, and Russia in the Far East.
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On the other hand, Asian dust also has led to some positive effects in certain industries. The demand for products to combat Asian dust has increased significantly. During a period of high fine dust levels in 2019,
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and Fan
Yongxiang. 1981. The dust fall in Beijing, China, on April 18. 1981. In: Péwé, T.L. (ed), Desert dust: origin, characteristics, and effect on man, Geological Society of America, Special Paper 186, pp.
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of outdoor activities, the cost of preventive measures, as well as the psychological distress. However, a research study estimated the total socio-economic cost of yellow dust using techniques including
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Asian dust, in combination with smog and general air pollution, has become so severe that it became a political issue in the South Korean presidential election in 2017. All three main candidates of the
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921:
Since children are among the most vulnerable to fine dust particles, affected countries have come up with measures to minimize the detrimental effects on children; in 2017, South Korea's
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Chun
Youngsin, Cho Hi-Ku, Chung Hyo-Sang and Lee Meehye. 2008. Historical records of Asian dust events (Hwangsa) in Korea. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 89(6):823–827.
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jumbo jet typically takes 6000 liters of water and eight hours with nine people working. Although cancellations stemming from yellow dust are rare, flights are cancelled due to poor
1002:
Another study that focused on the total economic impacts of the yellow dust storms in
Beijing concluded that it accounted for greater than 2.9% of the city's GDP in the year 2000.
918:
According to a survey in 2019, 97% of
Koreans reported that they suffered from physical or mental distress due to Asian dust including fine dust during the time of the survey.
1514:
Kim, Hyun-Sun; Kim, Dong-Sik; Kim, Ho; Yi, Seung-Muk (2012). "Relationship between mortality and fine particles during Asian dust, smog-Asian dust, and smog days in Korea".
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Perhaps the most important negative effect is on health. Many studies have found Asian dust to have negative effect on respiratory function and increase the occurrence of
1598:
Kwon, Ho-Jang; Cho, Soo-Hun; Chun, Youngsin; Lagarde, Frederic; Pershagen, Göran (September 2002). "Effects of the Asian dust events on daily mortality in Seoul, Korea".
2365:
801:. The origins of Asian dust are mostly located in developing countries; thus, most of these countries are undergoing rapid population growth. A study pointed to China's
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have required all primary to high schools to create indoor spaces for sports and outdoor activities. Similar efforts are arising in professional sports. In 2019, the
2778:
2507:
2398:
746:, "most people had assumed that the ultraviolet light would sterilize these clouds," says microbiologist Dale W. Griffin, "We now find that isn't true."
499:) is a meteorological phenomenon that affects much of East Asia year-round and especially during the spring months. The dust originates in the deserts of
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for housing and furniture as well as for firewood for cooking and heating. This increase in demand for wood (and firewood) has led to over-cutting of
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Kurai, Jun; Watanabe, Masanari; Noma, Hisashi; Iwata, Kyoko; Taniguchi, Jumpei; Sano, Hiroyuki; Tohda, Yuji; Shimizu, Eiji (November 1, 2017).
1973:
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In addition to costs incurred by individuals, the rise of Asian dust has led to mixed pecuniary effects in different industries. First, the
2886:
2474:
1822:
Ai, Ning; Polenske, Karen R. (June 2008). "Socioeconomic Impact
Analysis of Yellow-dust Storms: An Approach and Case Study for Beijing".
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have been experiencing external costs due to the increasing severity of Asian dust. Dust collected on the plane surface can decrease the
765:). Both fine and ultrafine dust particles impose dangers to health. Fine dust particles are small enough to penetrate deep into the lung
2317:
2256:
2136:
2032:
1105:
922:
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In the last half century, the number of days with reports of Asian dust has increased five-fold. According to an analysis on data from
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agricultural techniques rely heavily on human labor, people continued to have more children, which in turn led to more overgrazing.
982:
Calculating the socioeconomic cost of yellow dust is a difficult endeavor. It requires estimating the negative effects on health,
900:
Areas affected by the dust experience decreased visibility and the dust is known to cause a variety of health problems, including
515:
kick up dense clouds of fine, dry soil particles. These clouds are then carried eastward by prevailing winds and pass over China,
2377:
2342:
2181:
1177:
897:. The OECD predicted 1,069 premature deaths per million directly attributable to worsening air pollution in South Korea by 2060.
757:. Fine dust consists of fine particulate matter (PM). Particles smaller than 10 μm in diameter are classified as fine PM (PM
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2953:
2933:
2214:
2186:
2973:
2148:
344:
68:
2096:
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1996:
87:
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Goudie, A.S. and
Middleton, N.J. 1992. The changing frequency of dust storms through time. Climatic Change 20(3):197–225.
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effects, without including medical, pollution, and other secondary effects, as well as effects to neighboring nations.
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2444:
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2111:
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increasing the cooperative efforts to fight air pollution, including yellow dust and fine dust, and marine pollution.
1059:- not accounting for the dust - rather than the social marginal cost, which includes the harms from the dust. Under a
996:
926:
472:
2025:
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1116:
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and other wooden products induce deforestation, which leads to yellow dust as well as other ecological dangers, the
2908:
2711:
2502:
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2329:
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2131:
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are carried much further, in significant concentrations which affect air quality as far east as the United States.
183:
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2726:
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2658:
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2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2608:
2301:
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2121:
869:. Several research studies conducted in Korea and Japan focused on respiratory function performance by measuring
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China dust soars in the arid regions of mainland China and rides on the wind to descend to regions such as Japan.
435:
2993:
2988:
2898:
2893:
2881:
2795:
2323:
2219:
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as indirect effects of the nation's booming population. High population growth in China has led to increasing
661:
2731:
2533:
2126:
882:
1113:
in the air longer. The average duration has increased from 16.3 hours to 19.8 hours in the last two years.
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An analysis of Asian Dust clouds conducted in China in 2001 found that they contain high concentrations of
2721:
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2266:
2209:
1866:
1088:
890:
216:
52:
358:
2454:
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894:
587:). The record said: in the fifth year of Di Xin (1150 BC, Di Xin was the Era Name of the King Di Xin of
942:
2762:
2429:
2424:
2234:
1878:
1607:
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also plays a role in Asian dust storms, because winter ice can keep dust from sweeping off the land.
1032:
870:
421:
1744:
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suffer from the most adverse effects. There is also evidence that days with Asian Dust coupled with
2648:
2618:
1965:
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of 500. In the US, an index of 300 is considered "hazardous" and anything over 200 is "unhealthy".
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changed its regulations to cancel or suspend professional games during a severe fine dust warning.
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284:
199:
1936:
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261:
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1847:
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1434:
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818:
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571:
31:
1908:
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Li, Jing-Neng (1990). "Comment: Population Effects on Deforestation and Soil Erosion in China".
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Impact of April 2001 Asian Dust Event on Particulate Matter Concentrations in the United States
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2239:
2176:
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1172:
1144:
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1063:, the quantity of logs and other wooden goods produced exceeds the socially optimal outcome.
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has been causing longer and more frequent occurrences. The issue has been exacerbated as the
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2449:
2281:
2271:
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2004:
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842:
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of China, yellow dust has become a serious health problem due to the increase of industrial
528:
113:
1867:"Accretion of Asian dust to Hawaiian soils: Isotopic, elemental, and mineral mass balances"
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sales surged 458% and 414%, respectively, compared to the same period in 2018. The sale of
2809:
2495:
2286:
2204:
2116:
2091:
2075:
1941:
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1688:
1659:
1454:"Estimation of the effects of heavy Asian dust on respiratory function by definition type"
1197:
1148:
761:), while particles smaller than 2.5 μm in diameter are classified as ultrafine PM (PM
683:
547:
162:
1316:
1231:
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also surged 67% during the same period as outdoor air drying no longer became an option.
148:
1882:
1803:
Jeong, Dai-yeun (2008). "Socio-Economic Costs from Yellow Dust Damages in South Korea".
1711:
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2008:
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621:
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1207:
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971:
802:
588:
584:
551:
209:
1551:
1913:
1202:
1134:
967:
860:
806:
769:. Ultrafine dust particles are so small that they also penetrate into the blood or
691:
532:
251:
120:
2038:
1527:
1039:
The main cause of deforestation is extensive logging. Although the production of
2224:
2083:
1272:
1126:
1060:
1044:
1010:
Asian dust is a historically significant contributor of soil nutrients for some
901:
822:
798:
793:, Mongolia, and Central Asia. Desertification in these regions owe to extensive
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719:
711:
608:
The first known record of an Asian Dust event in Korea was in 174 AD during the
520:
516:
512:
1366:
2578:
2312:
2229:
1835:
1684:"97% of Koreans suffer 'physical or mental' distress due to fine dust: survey"
1470:
1155:
963:
955:
951:
735:
727:
715:
687:
559:
508:
176:
1843:
1627:
1535:
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750:
671:
637:
567:
563:
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230:
1635:
1619:
1543:
1497:
1392:
1293:
17:
738:. Though scientists had known that intercontinental dust plumes can ferry
644:(6.2–12%), and iron. Numerous toxic substances were also found, including
562:
has largely dried up. This started in the 1960s with the diversion of the
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1140:
1040:
873:. These studies found that individuals with respiratory diseases such as
739:
723:
695:
617:
555:
504:
237:
134:
2525:
714:, often accompany the dust storms, along with viruses, bacteria, fungi,
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946:
885:
among inhabitants in affected regions. A recent study has also found PM
847:
826:
794:
766:
743:
731:
699:
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641:
633:
258:
57:
Dust clouds leaving mainland China and traveling toward Korea and Japan
389:
94:
78:
75:
1351:"Fine, Ultrafine, and Yellow Dust: Emerging Health Problems in Korea"
1120:
Number of days of Yellow Dust Observations in Korea from 1960 to 2016
1015:
874:
814:
667:
613:
303:
1422:
1055:
in which individual producers make decisions based on their private
2044:
1115:
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841:
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609:
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to irrigate Central Asian deserts, mainly for cotton plantations.
524:
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381:
317:
2600:
878:
810:
707:
703:
675:
398:
2529:
2048:
1865:
Kurtz, Andrew C.; Derry, Louis A.; Chadwick, Oliver A. (2001).
1811:: 1–29 – via The Korean Social Science Research Council.
679:
538:
Since the turn of the 21st century, coinciding with the rapid
30:"Yellow Dust" redirects here. For the 1936 American film, see
1775:"Air purifier sales up 414 % after dust attack in Korea"
266:
1712:"Education Ministry moves to shield kids from air pollution"
2361:
National Administration of Disease Control and Prevention
1574:"Smog becomes a political issue in South Korean election"
242:
749:
Research done in 2014 found that China dust consists of
188:
2356:
National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine
1516:
International Journal of Environmental Health Research
454:
440:
426:
167:
153:
139:
125:
363:
349:
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2003:(in Japanese). ceis22. 一般社団法人 環境情報科学センター: 115–120.
881:lead to increased mortality due to respiratory and
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62:
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825:of arable land. For example, the northern part of
817:. At the same time, there has been an increase in
777:, ultrafine particles can even reach the brain or
2366:Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention
2387:Macau Secretariat for Social Affairs and Culture
1937:"More fine dust warnings issued this year: data"
1745:"Washing dust off jumbo jet costs 3 million won"
1655:"Fine dust forces Koreans to change way of life"
289:
2779:ASEAN Agreement on Transboundary Haze Pollution
1349:Kang, Dongmug; Kim, Jong-Eun (April 25, 2014).
730:, plastic ingredients, combustion products and
2518: * only in special administrative regions
2508:China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study
403:
386:
2541:
2060:
600:
511:, where high-speed surface winds and intense
92:
73:
8:
1997:"エルニーニョ・ラニーニャ現象とゴビ砂漠付近の砂塵嵐及び九州地方の黄砂観測日数との関係"
322:
308:
2399:National Healthcare Security Administration
1966:"Operation blitzkrieg against desert storm"
1047:of yellow dust is not accounted for in the
797:in the forests and extensive harvesting of
2821:
2814:
2574:
2567:
2548:
2534:
2526:
2067:
2053:
2045:
591:), it rained dust at Bo (Bo is a place in
412:
335:
104:
51:
1487:
1469:
1382:
2373:National Medical Products Administration
471:
2834:2011 Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster
1223:
821:, which has led to soil erosion due to
2687:1982 Bukit Merah radioactive pollution
1902:
1900:
1303:
1301:
198:
38:
1798:
1796:
1769:
1767:
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1736:
1734:
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1404:
1402:
7:
2039:The Bibliography of Aeolian Research
1509:
1507:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1334:
1284:
1282:
1267:
1265:
1255:
1253:
664:and induce cancer and lung disease.
27:East Asian meteorological phenomenon
1976:from the original on April 10, 2007
1106:Korea Meteorological Administration
546:contained in the dust. Intensified
2857:2019 Kim Kim River toxic pollution
2009:10.11492/ceispapers.ceis22.0.115.0
1168:2010 China drought and dust storms
913:Restrictions on outdoor activities
861:Particulates § Health_effects
25:
2852:2016 Vietnam marine life disaster
2470:Violence against doctors in China
2394:General Administration of Customs
1682:Park, Si-soo (January 15, 2019).
1411:Population and Development Review
1355:Journal of Korean Medical Science
1092:Asian Dust obscures the sun over
993:environmental-economic evaluation
791:desertification of northern China
1572:Fifield, Anna (April 27, 2017).
1178:Deforestation and climate change
909:in one affected region by 1.7%.
789:The main cause of China dust is
2826:Water radioactive contamination
1871:Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta
1710:Bak, Se-hwan (April 27, 2017).
773:through the lungs. Once in the
267:
243:
222:
189:
2379:Hong Kong Department of Health
1909:"영화 같은 중국발 '슈퍼 황사' 55년간 5배 증가"
1143:on April 3, 2007, recorded an
1031:Asian dust is an example of a
455:
441:
427:
364:
350:
168:
154:
140:
126:
93:
74:
1:
2679:Air radioactive contamination
1891:10.1016/S0016-7037(01)00575-0
2862:Pollution of the Pasig River
2614:1997 Indonesian forest fires
2491:China–Cornell–Oxford Project
2172:Traditional Chinese medicine
1805:Korea Social Science Journal
1528:10.1080/09603123.2012.667796
1271:Liu Tungsheng, Gu Xiongfei,
889:to have an association with
2475:Water supply and sanitation
1907:노, 진섭 (November 27, 2018).
997:contingent valuation method
945:and react with moisture to
927:Korea Baseball Organization
694:(such as mercury, cadmium,
572:Soviet agricultural program
3010:
2503:China Family Panel Studies
2351:National Health Commission
1743:Kim Rahn (April 5, 2007).
1367:10.3346/jkms.2014.29.5.621
1188:Environment of South Korea
1096:, Japan, on April 2, 2007.
858:
531:. Sometimes, the airborne
527:, as well as parts of the
29:
2789:Pollutant Standards Index
2669:2019 Vietnam forest fires
2516:
2122:Patriotic Health Campaign
1836:10.1080/09535310802075364
1824:Economic Systems Research
1471:10.1186/s41021-017-0085-9
958:on the most severe days.
601:
466:
411:
404:
387:
334:
323:
309:
103:
50:
46:
2984:Pollution in South Korea
2979:Pollution in North Korea
2796:Great Green Wall (China)
2302:Swine influenza outbreak
2102:Healthcare system reform
755:ultrafine dust particles
69:Traditional Chinese
42:Yellow Dust (China Dust)
2182:Pharmaceutical industry
2127:China Welfare Institute
1995:誠而, 早川; 直子, 山本 (2008).
883:cardiovascular diseases
662:scarring of lung tissue
88:Simplified Chinese
2959:Climate of South Korea
2954:Climate of North Korea
2934:Air pollution in China
2587:2010 China dust storms
2297:Disease-related deaths
2257:lead poisoning scandal
2215:Cardiovascular disease
2028:accessed April 9, 2006
1620:10.1006/enrs.2002.4377
1600:Environmental Research
1294:10.1175/2008BAMS2159.1
1121:
1097:
1067:International conflict
851:
850:during the 2006 season
829:and the Haixi area of
477:
290:
2974:Pollution in Mongolia
2556:Asia pollution topics
2225:Enterovirus 71 (EV71)
2149:Organ transplantation
1458:Genes and Environment
1119:
1091:
1006:Nutrient distribution
989:input-output analysis
933:Effects on industries
923:Ministry of Education
895:neurological diseases
845:
475:
2763:Southeast Asian haze
2097:Disease surveillance
1213:Southeast Asian haze
1183:Environment of China
1051:. This results in a
1033:negative externality
1027:Negative externality
871:peak expiratory flow
710:, copper) and other
345:Revised Romanization
2949:Climate of Mongolia
2649:2016 Malaysian haze
2619:2005 Malaysian haze
2031:Szykman, Jim et al.
1883:2001GeCoA..65.1971K
1612:2002ER.....90....1K
1313:Science News Online
1014:islands, including
978:Socio-economic cost
891:Parkinson's disease
867:respiratory disease
846:Dust deposition in
2969:Pollution in Japan
2445:Population history
2435:Illegal drug trade
2132:Hospitals in China
2112:Health informatics
1781:. January 23, 2019
1663:. January 22, 2019
1236:www.data.jma.go.jp
1122:
1098:
1049:cost of production
852:
686:, and other toxic
558:of Kazakhstan and
478:
32:Yellow Dust (film)
2921:
2920:
2917:
2916:
2870:
2869:
2818:Notable incidents
2804:
2803:
2748:Asian brown cloud
2695:
2694:
2571:Notable incidents
2523:
2522:
2318:COVID-19 pandemic
2252:Iodine deficiency
2167:Medicine in China
2026:Asian Dust Clouds
1319:on March 19, 2004
1173:Asian brown cloud
1145:air quality index
1110:Gyeonggi Province
991:, integration of
943:lift of the wings
855:Dangers to health
597:Classical Chinese
540:industrialization
497:China dust storms
470:
469:
462:
461:
371:
370:
359:McCune–Reischauer
274:
273:
114:Standard Mandarin
16:(Redirected from
3001:
2944:Climate of Japan
2939:Climate of China
2844:Marine pollution
2822:
2815:
2772:Counter-measures
2741:Recurrent issues
2575:
2568:
2550:
2543:
2536:
2527:
2282:Pneumonic plague
2220:Chronic diseases
2210:Blue-ear disease
2069:
2062:
2055:
2046:
2041:
2013:
2012:
1992:
1986:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1961:
1955:
1954:
1952:
1950:
1945:. April 10, 2018
1933:
1927:
1926:
1924:
1922:
1904:
1895:
1894:
1862:
1856:
1855:
1819:
1813:
1812:
1800:
1791:
1790:
1788:
1786:
1779:Retail News Asia
1771:
1762:
1761:
1759:
1757:
1740:
1729:
1728:
1726:
1724:
1717:The Korea Herald
1707:
1701:
1700:
1698:
1696:
1679:
1673:
1672:
1670:
1668:
1651:
1640:
1639:
1595:
1589:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1569:
1556:
1555:
1511:
1502:
1501:
1491:
1473:
1449:
1443:
1442:
1406:
1397:
1396:
1386:
1346:
1329:
1328:
1326:
1324:
1315:. Archived from
1305:
1296:
1286:
1277:
1269:
1260:
1257:
1248:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1232:"気象庁｜黄砂に関する基礎知識"
1228:
1022:Public economics
984:opportunity cost
939:airline industry
827:Shaanxi Province
771:lymphatic system
604:
603:
529:Russian Far East
458:
457:
444:
443:
430:
429:
413:
407:
406:
393:
392:
367:
366:
353:
352:
336:
330:
329:
312:
311:
293:
270:
269:
246:
245:
225:
224:
204:
203:
202:
200:[ɦuaŋso]
197:
171:
170:
157:
156:
143:
142:
129:
128:
105:
99:
98:
82:
81:
55:
39:
21:
3009:
3008:
3004:
3003:
3002:
3000:
2999:
2998:
2994:Weather hazards
2989:Spring (season)
2924:
2923:
2922:
2913:
2866:
2838:
2810:Water pollution
2800:
2767:
2736:
2691:
2673:
2591:
2557:
2554:
2524:
2519:
2512:
2496:The China Study
2479:
2403:
2337:
2330:Omicron variant
2205:Avian influenza
2191:
2153:
2144:Medical schools
2117:Barefoot doctor
2078:
2076:Health in China
2073:
2037:
2021:
2016:
1994:
1993:
1989:
1979:
1977:
1963:
1962:
1958:
1948:
1946:
1942:The Korea Times
1935:
1934:
1930:
1920:
1918:
1906:
1905:
1898:
1864:
1863:
1859:
1821:
1820:
1816:
1802:
1801:
1794:
1784:
1782:
1773:
1772:
1765:
1755:
1753:
1750:The Korea Times
1742:
1741:
1732:
1722:
1720:
1709:
1708:
1704:
1694:
1692:
1689:The Korea Times
1681:
1680:
1676:
1666:
1664:
1660:The Korea Times
1653:
1652:
1643:
1597:
1596:
1592:
1582:
1580:
1578:Washington Post
1571:
1570:
1559:
1513:
1512:
1505:
1451:
1450:
1446:
1423:10.2307/2808075
1408:
1407:
1400:
1348:
1347:
1332:
1322:
1320:
1307:
1306:
1299:
1287:
1280:
1270:
1263:
1258:
1251:
1241:
1239:
1230:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1198:Illegal logging
1164:
1149:Desertification
1086:
1069:
1029:
1024:
1008:
980:
935:
915:
888:
863:
857:
840:
819:demand for food
811:demand for wood
787:
764:
760:
684:carbon monoxide
630:
580:
578:Ancient reports
570:, as part of a
548:desertification
422:Revised Hepburn
279:Vietnamese name
195:
194:
193:
163:Tongyong Pinyin
58:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3007:
3005:
2997:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2926:
2925:
2919:
2918:
2915:
2914:
2912:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2890:
2889:
2878:
2876:
2872:
2871:
2868:
2867:
2865:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2848:
2846:
2840:
2839:
2837:
2836:
2830:
2828:
2819:
2812:
2806:
2805:
2802:
2801:
2799:
2798:
2793:
2792:
2791:
2786:
2784:Operation Haze
2775:
2773:
2769:
2768:
2766:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2744:
2742:
2738:
2737:
2735:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2703:
2701:
2697:
2696:
2693:
2692:
2690:
2689:
2683:
2681:
2675:
2674:
2672:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2605:
2603:
2593:
2592:
2590:
2589:
2583:
2581:
2572:
2565:
2559:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2552:
2545:
2538:
2530:
2521:
2520:
2517:
2514:
2513:
2511:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2487:
2485:
2481:
2480:
2478:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2411:
2409:
2405:
2404:
2402:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2383:
2375:
2370:
2369:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2347:
2345:
2339:
2338:
2336:
2335:
2334:
2333:
2327:
2321:
2310:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2248:
2247:
2245:Plasma Economy
2237:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2201:
2199:
2193:
2192:
2190:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2163:
2161:
2155:
2154:
2152:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2140:
2139:
2137:Classification
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2107:Women's health
2104:
2099:
2094:
2088:
2086:
2080:
2079:
2074:
2072:
2071:
2064:
2057:
2049:
2043:
2042:
2035:
2029:
2024:Ostapuk, Paul
2020:
2019:External links
2017:
2015:
2014:
1987:
1956:
1928:
1896:
1857:
1830:(2): 187–203.
1814:
1792:
1763:
1730:
1702:
1674:
1641:
1590:
1557:
1522:(6): 518–530.
1503:
1444:
1398:
1361:(5): 621–622.
1330:
1297:
1278:
1261:
1249:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1163:
1160:
1094:Aizu-Wakamatsu
1085:
1082:
1068:
1065:
1053:market failure
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1007:
1004:
979:
976:
934:
931:
914:
911:
907:mortality rate
886:
856:
853:
839:
836:
831:Gansu Province
786:
783:
762:
758:
629:
626:
593:Henan Province
579:
576:
468:
467:
464:
463:
460:
459:
452:
446:
445:
438:
432:
431:
424:
418:
417:
416:Transcriptions
409:
408:
401:
395:
394:
384:
378:
377:
373:
372:
369:
368:
361:
355:
354:
347:
341:
340:
339:Transcriptions
332:
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287:
281:
280:
276:
275:
272:
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264:
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248:
247:
240:
234:
233:
231:Yue: Cantonese
227:
226:
219:
213:
212:
206:
205:
191:
186:
180:
179:
173:
172:
165:
159:
158:
151:
145:
144:
137:
131:
130:
123:
117:
116:
110:
109:
108:Transcriptions
101:
100:
90:
84:
83:
71:
65:
64:
60:
59:
56:
48:
47:
44:
43:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3006:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
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2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2931:
2929:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2888:
2885:
2884:
2883:
2880:
2879:
2877:
2873:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2849:
2847:
2845:
2841:
2835:
2832:
2831:
2829:
2827:
2823:
2820:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2807:
2797:
2794:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2781:
2780:
2777:
2776:
2774:
2770:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2745:
2743:
2739:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2704:
2702:
2698:
2688:
2685:
2684:
2682:
2680:
2676:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2664:2019 SEA haze
2662:
2660:
2659:2017 SEA haze
2657:
2655:
2654:2016 SEA haze
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2644:2015 SEA haze
2642:
2640:
2639:2013 SEA haze
2637:
2635:
2634:2010 SEA haze
2632:
2630:
2629:2009 SEA haze
2627:
2625:
2624:2006 SEA haze
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2609:1997 SEA haze
2607:
2606:
2604:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2588:
2585:
2584:
2582:
2580:
2576:
2573:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2563:Air pollution
2560:
2551:
2546:
2544:
2539:
2537:
2532:
2531:
2528:
2515:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2497:
2492:
2489:
2488:
2486:
2482:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2465:Vegetarianism
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2412:
2410:
2406:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2389:
2388:
2384:
2381:
2380:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2353:
2352:
2349:
2348:
2346:
2344:
2340:
2331:
2328:
2325:
2324:Delta variant
2322:
2319:
2316:
2315:
2314:
2311:
2308:
2307:SARS pandemic
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2267:Mental health
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2246:
2243:
2242:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2202:
2200:
2198:
2194:
2188:
2187:Biotechnology
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2164:
2162:
2160:
2156:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2138:
2135:
2134:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2089:
2087:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2070:
2065:
2063:
2058:
2056:
2051:
2050:
2047:
2040:
2036:
2034:
2030:
2027:
2023:
2022:
2018:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1991:
1988:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1960:
1957:
1944:
1943:
1938:
1932:
1929:
1916:
1915:
1910:
1903:
1901:
1897:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1861:
1858:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1818:
1815:
1810:
1806:
1799:
1797:
1793:
1780:
1776:
1770:
1768:
1764:
1752:
1751:
1746:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1731:
1719:
1718:
1713:
1706:
1703:
1691:
1690:
1685:
1678:
1675:
1662:
1661:
1656:
1650:
1648:
1646:
1642:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1594:
1591:
1579:
1575:
1568:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1558:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1510:
1508:
1504:
1499:
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1477:
1472:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1448:
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1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1405:
1403:
1399:
1394:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1331:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1304:
1302:
1298:
1295:
1291:
1285:
1283:
1279:
1274:
1268:
1266:
1262:
1256:
1254:
1250:
1238:(in Japanese)
1237:
1233:
1227:
1224:
1218:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1208:Shamal (wind)
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1193:Fugitive dust
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1165:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1153:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1136:
1135:Hong Joon-pyo
1132:
1131:Ahn Cheol-soo
1128:
1118:
1114:
1111:
1107:
1102:
1095:
1090:
1083:
1081:
1077:
1075:
1074:sulfuric acid
1066:
1064:
1062:
1058:
1057:marginal cost
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1037:
1034:
1026:
1021:
1019:
1017:
1013:
1012:North Pacific
1005:
1003:
1000:
998:
994:
990:
985:
977:
975:
973:
969:
965:
959:
957:
953:
948:
944:
940:
932:
930:
928:
924:
919:
912:
910:
908:
903:
898:
896:
892:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
862:
854:
849:
844:
837:
835:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
803:deforestation
800:
796:
792:
784:
782:
780:
776:
772:
768:
756:
752:
747:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
663:
657:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
627:
625:
623:
619:
615:
611:
610:Silla dynasty
606:
598:
595:in China; in
594:
590:
589:Shang dynasty
586:
585:Bamboo Annals
577:
575:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
552:deforestation
549:
545:
541:
536:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
474:
465:
453:
451:
447:
439:
437:
433:
425:
423:
419:
414:
410:
402:
400:
396:
391:
385:
383:
379:
376:Japanese name
374:
362:
360:
356:
348:
346:
342:
337:
333:
327:
321:
319:
315:
307:
305:
301:
296:
292:
288:
286:
282:
277:
265:
263:
260:
256:
253:
249:
241:
239:
235:
232:
228:
220:
218:
214:
211:
207:
201:
187:
185:
181:
178:
174:
166:
164:
160:
152:
150:
146:
138:
136:
132:
124:
122:
118:
115:
111:
106:
102:
96:
91:
89:
85:
80:
77:
72:
70:
66:
61:
54:
49:
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
2887:Water crisis
2875:By countries
2752:
2700:By countries
2597:Forest fires
2493:
2455:Prostitution
2419:
2415:Demographics
2386:
2378:
2292:Tuberculosis
2000:
1990:
1978:. Retrieved
1969:
1959:
1947:. Retrieved
1940:
1931:
1919:. Retrieved
1914:Sisa Journal
1912:
1877:(12): 1971.
1874:
1870:
1860:
1827:
1823:
1817:
1808:
1804:
1783:. Retrieved
1778:
1754:. Retrieved
1748:
1721:. Retrieved
1715:
1705:
1693:. Retrieved
1687:
1677:
1665:. Retrieved
1658:
1603:
1599:
1593:
1581:. Retrieved
1577:
1519:
1515:
1461:
1457:
1447:
1414:
1410:
1358:
1354:
1321:. Retrieved
1317:the original
1312:
1240:. Retrieved
1235:
1226:
1203:Mineral dust
1154:
1139:
1123:
1103:
1099:
1078:
1070:
1038:
1030:
1009:
1001:
981:
968:air purifier
960:
936:
920:
916:
899:
864:
807:soil erosion
788:
748:
692:heavy metals
674:component),
666:
658:
654:coal burning
640:(5.9–7.4%),
631:
607:
581:
537:
533:particulates
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
479:
436:Kunrei-shiki
325:
291:bão cát vàng
252:Southern Min
217:Romanization
192:(Wuu Pinyin)
184:Romanization
121:Hanyu Pinyin
63:Chinese name
36:
2904:Philippines
2430:Food safety
2425:Environment
2420:Dust storms
2235:Hepatitis B
1970:China Daily
1964:Wang Ying.
1917:(in Korean)
1417:: 254–258.
1309:"Ill Winds"
1273:An Zhisheng
1127:Moon Jae-in
1061:free market
1045:social cost
995:technique,
902:sore throat
823:overgrazing
799:arable land
775:bloodstream
734:-mimicking
720:antibiotics
712:carcinogens
628:Composition
521:South Korea
513:dust storms
493:yellow wind
489:yellow sand
485:yellow dust
450:Nihon-shiki
298:Korean name
169:huang2 sha1
155:huang2 sha1
18:Yellow dust
2928:Categories
2753:Asian Dust
2579:Dust storm
2343:Government
2313:SARS-CoV-2
2230:Fujian flu
2084:Healthcare
1606:(1): 1–5.
1323:October 6,
1242:January 2,
1219:References
956:visibility
893:and other
859:See also:
736:phthalates
728:herbicides
716:pesticides
690:including
688:pollutants
636:(24–32%),
560:Uzbekistan
544:pollutants
509:Kazakhstan
481:Asian Dust
285:Vietnamese
149:Wade–Giles
2712:Hong Kong
2440:Pollution
2001:環境情報科学論文集
1852:153868768
1844:0953-5314
1628:0013-9351
1536:1369-1619
1480:1880-7046
1431:0098-7921
1375:1011-8934
1125:election—
964:face mask
751:fine dust
672:acid rain
638:aluminium
624:periods.
602:帝辛五年，雨土于亳
568:Syr River
564:Amu River
268:hong2 sê1
244:wong4 sa1
2727:Malaysia
2240:HIV/AIDS
2197:Diseases
2177:Pharmacy
2159:Medicine
1980:April 3,
1974:Archived
1949:March 5,
1921:March 5,
1785:March 5,
1756:April 5,
1723:March 5,
1695:March 5,
1667:March 5,
1636:12359184
1583:March 5,
1552:11959964
1544:22428926
1498:29118866
1393:24851015
1276:149–157.
1162:See also
1141:Shanghai
1084:Severity
1041:firewood
781:organs.
740:bacteria
724:asbestos
696:chromium
618:Goguryeo
556:Aral Sea
505:Mongolia
365:hwang-sa
238:Jyutping
190:waon so
135:Bopomofo
127:Huángshā
2909:Vietnam
2484:Studies
2460:Smoking
2450:Poverty
2408:Related
2272:Obesity
2262:Leprosy
1879:Bibcode
1608:Bibcode
1489:5664575
1439:2808075
1384:4024940
1156:El Niño
947:corrode
848:Beijing
838:Effects
795:logging
767:alveoli
744:viruses
732:hormone
700:arsenic
650:cadmium
646:mercury
642:calcium
634:silicon
550:due to
351:Hwangsa
259:Hokkien
223:vong sa
141:ㄏㄨㄤˊ ㄕㄚ
2758:Shamal
2732:Taiwan
2332:(2022)
2326:(2021)
2320:(2020)
2309:(2003)
2287:Stroke
2092:Health
1850:
1842:
1634:
1626:
1550:
1542:
1534:
1496:
1486:
1478:
1464:: 25.
1437:
1429:
1391:
1381:
1373:
1133:, and
1016:Hawaii
972:dryers
875:asthma
815:timber
668:Sulfur
622:Joseon
620:, and
614:Baekje
523:, and
507:, and
483:(also
304:Hangul
2899:Japan
2894:India
2882:China
2722:Macau
2717:India
2707:China
2277:Opium
1848:S2CID
1548:S2CID
1435:JSTOR
785:Cause
779:fetal
652:from
525:Japan
517:North
501:China
382:Kanji
318:Hanja
210:Hakka
2964:Dust
2601:haze
2599:and
1982:2007
1951:2019
1923:2019
1840:ISSN
1787:2019
1758:2007
1725:2019
1697:2019
1669:2019
1632:PMID
1624:ISSN
1585:2019
1540:PMID
1532:ISSN
1494:PMID
1476:ISSN
1427:ISSN
1389:PMID
1371:ISSN
1325:2001
1244:2021
966:and
952:B747
879:smog
805:and
753:and
742:and
708:zinc
704:lead
676:soot
670:(an
648:and
566:and
519:and
456:kôsa
442:kôsa
428:kōsa
399:Kana
196:IPA:
2005:doi
1887:doi
1832:doi
1616:doi
1524:doi
1484:PMC
1466:doi
1419:doi
1379:PMC
1363:doi
1290:doi
887:2.5
763:2.5
680:ash
605:).
495:or
405:こうさ
324:黃沙
262:POJ
2930::
1999:.
1972:.
1968:.
1939:.
1911:.
1899:^
1885:.
1875:65
1873:.
1869:.
1846:.
1838:.
1828:20
1826:.
1809:35
1807:.
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1766:^
1747:.
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1686:.
1657:.
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1622:.
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1604:90
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1520:22
1518:.
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1492:.
1482:.
1474:.
1462:39
1460:.
1456:.
1433:.
1425:.
1415:16
1413:.
1401:^
1387:.
1377:.
1369:.
1359:29
1357:.
1353:.
1333:^
1311:.
1300:^
1281:^
1264:^
1252:^
1234:.
1129:,
1018:.
759:10
726:,
722:,
718:,
706:,
702:,
698:,
682:,
678:,
656:.
616:,
599::
503:,
491:,
487:,
328:黃砂
326:or
310:황사
177:Wu
2549:e
2542:t
2535:v
2498:)
2494:(
2390:*
2382:*
2068:e
2061:t
2054:v
2011:.
2007::
1984:.
1953:.
1925:.
1893:.
1889::
1881::
1854:.
1834::
1789:.
1760:.
1727:.
1699:.
1671:.
1638:.
1618::
1610::
1587:.
1554:.
1526::
1500:.
1468::
1441:.
1421::
1395:.
1365::
1327:.
1292::
1246:.
390:砂
388:黄
97:沙
95:黄
79:沙
76:黃
34:.
20:)
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