639:
latitudinal groove, but usually are indistinguishable from adjacent body scales. The head is narrow, with an elongated snout; head shields are entire, nostrils are superior, and nasal shields are in contact with one another; the prefrontal scale is in contact with second upper labial; one or two preoculars, two or three postoculars, and two or three small anterior temporals are present; seven or eight upper labials are found, with four or five below the eye, but separated from the border by a subocular. Colors of the snake are variable, but most often distinctly bicolored, black above, yellow or brown below, with the dorsal and ventral colors sharply demarcated from one another; ventrally, there may be a series of black spots or bars on the yellow or brown background, or the yellow may extend dorsally so there is only a narrow middorsal black stripe, or a series of black crossbars. Total length for males is up to 720 mm (28 in), for females up to 880 mm (35 in); tail length for males is up to 80 mm (3.1 in), females up to 90 mm (3.5 in).
212:
667:
761:
31:
80:
866:
55:
569:
1307:
Pyron, R. Alexander; Burbrink, Frank T.; Colli, Guarino R.; de Oca, Adrian Nieto Montes; Vitt, Laurie J.; Kuczynski, Caitlin A.; Wiens, John J. (2011-02-01). "The phylogeny of advanced snakes (Colubroidea), with discovery of a new subfamily and comparison of support methods for likelihood trees".
756:
The yellow-bellied sea snake is the only sea snake to have been found in the
Atlantic Ocean, although only in limited circumstances. The yellow-bellied sea snake's occurrence into the Atlantic is not considered a part of its native range, but rather a dispersal from its native Pacific range.
638:
The body of this snake is compressed, with the posterior less than half the diameter of the neck; the body scales are juxtaposed, subquadrangular in shape, and in 23–47 rows around the thickest part of the body; ventral scales, 264–406 in number, are very small and, if distinct, divided by a
2293:
Hernández-Camacho, J.I. & Álvarez-León, Ricardo & Renjifo-Rey, J.M.. (2006). Pelagic sea snake
Pelamis platurus (Linnaeus, 1766) (Reptilia: Serpentes: Hydrophiidae) is found on the Caribbean Coast of Colombia. Mem. Fund. La. Salle Cien. Nat.. 164.
907:
that are seeking shelter; prey are captured via a backwards swimming motion and rapid lunge of the jaws. The ability to swim backwards is an unusual and distinguishing characteristic of this species. Heatwole proposed that these snakes find their prey by
1062:
Guinea, M.; Lukoschek, V.; Cogger, H.; Rasmussen, A.; Murphy, J.; Lane, A.; Sanders, K.; Lobo, A.; Gatus, J.; Limpus, C.; Milton, D.; Courtney, T.; Read, M.; Fletcher, E.; Marsh, D.; White, M.-D.; Heatwole, H.; Alcala, A.; Voris, H.; Karns, D. (2017).
1001:
Guinea, M.; Lukoschek, V.; Cogger, H.; Rasmussen, A.; Murphy, J.; Lane, A.; Sanders, K. Lobo, A.; Gatus, J.; Limpus, C.; Milton, D.; Courtney, T.; Read, M.; Fletcher, E.; Marsh, D.; White, M.-D.; Heatwole, H.; Alcala, A.; Voris, H.; Karns, D. (2017).
2015:
733:, among other severe weather events, possibly creating unusually strong, new ocean currents that transport the snakes far off-course. In October 2015, beached yellow-bellied sea snakes were reported and photographed on beaches in
774:
and all eastern islands, like
Djibouti, Eritrea, Kenya, Madagascar, Mauritius, Mayotte, Mozambique, Réunion, Seychelles, Somalia, South Africa and Tanzania. On the African Atlantic coast they have been reported to occur in the
708:
The yellow-bellied sea snake requires a minimum of 16–18 °C (61–64 °F) to survive, long-term. However, the species has been reported in colder waters of the
Pacific, such as the coasts of southern California, Mexico,
493:(Linnaeus, 1766), which includes an extensive synonymy of the different scientific names which have been used for the yellow-bellied sea snake. The same rules apply for the most recent taxonomic name of
1359:
Sanders, Kate L.; Lee, Michael S. Y.; Mumpuni; Bertozzi, Terry; Rasmussen, Arne R. (2013-03-01). "Multilocus phylogeny and recent rapid radiation of the viviparous sea snakes (Elapidae: Hydrophiinae)".
619:
located in the lower jaw that was formerly believed to filter out salt from the surrounding seawater but has been found not to be used for that purpose, as sea snakes drink fresh water only.
701:. The favoured habitat for hunting and reproduction includes free floating mats of sea kelp occurring in the Indian Ocean. The species is the most commonly beached sea snake on the coast of
721:. Nonetheless, these wayward individuals make the yellow-bellied sea snake the most commonly-seen snake (and sea snake) in New Zealand, to the degree that the species is considered
3059:
583:
The yellow-bellied sea snake, as the name implies, has a distinctive bicolor pattern with a yellow underbelly and brown back, making it easily distinguishable from other sea snake
1711:
2653:
Mori, Nobuhiro & Ishizaki, Hiroyuki & Tu, Anthony. (1989). "Isolation and
Characterization of Pelamis platurus (Yellow-bellied Sea Snake) Postsynaptic Isoneurotoxin".
587:. Yellow-bellied sea snakes, like many other species of sea snake, are fully adapted to living their whole lives at sea: mating, eating and giving birth to live young (
1048:
3118:
3002:
3172:
2479:
Brischoux, François; Lillywhite, Harvey B. (2011-06-14). "Light- and flotsam-dependent 'float-and-wait' foraging by pelagic sea snakes (Pelamis platurus)".
2054:
967:
damage. The venoms of significant species of sea snake are neutralised with
Commonwealth Serum Laboratories Ltd (of Melbourne, Australia) sea snake (
2937:
2269:
1861:
655:, using surface currents and storms to move around the ocean. Their distribution appears to be largely determined by favourable water temperatures,
3131:
2963:
2814:
The Fauna of
British India, Ceylon and Burma, including the Whole of the Indo-Chinese Sub-region. Reptiles and Amphibians. Vol. III. – Serpentes
877:
that forms on the surface of sea water. This species has been reported to survive severe dehydration of up to 7 months during seasonal drought.
3202:
717:, the latter being a country that would otherwise be free of snakes were it not for the infrequent strandings of yellow-bellied sea snakes and
2200:
Harvey B Lillywhite, Coleman M Sheehy, Harold
Heatwole, François Brischoux, David W Steadman; "Why Are There No Sea Snakes in the Atlantic?",
3028:
2678:
1980:
939:
of the venom is 0.067 mg/kg and the venom yield per bite is 1.0–4.0 mg. Yellow-bellied sea snake venom contains several different
3182:
1107:
Catalogue of the Snakes in the
British Museum (Natural History). Volume III., Containing the Colubridæ (Opisthoglyphæ and Proteroglyphæ)...
737:, well outside their normal range, for the first time in 30 years. A few months later, in January 2016, a stranded individual was found in
705:, including records at beaches near metropolitan areas. It is also reported from Christmas Island and Cocos (Keeling) Islands (Australia).
3177:
746:
1719:
2217:
Sexton, Owen J. (1967-01-01). "Population
Changes in a Tropical Lizard Anolis limifrons on Barro Colorado Island, Panama Canal Zone".
211:
2806:, in the eastern Pacific. pp. 185–213 in: Dunson, W., ed., The Biology of Sea Snakes. Univ. Park Press, Baltimore, xi + 530 pp.
2541:
1933:
1201:"Sea snakes in Australian waters (Serpentes: subfamilies Hydrophiinae and Laticaudinae)-a review with an updated identification key"
2576:"Biological and medical aspects related to the yellow-bellied sea snake Hydrophis platurus (Linnaeus, 1766): A view from Colombia"
798:. However these occurrences are believed to be the result of human activity, be it ship discharge, intentional release or via the
3197:
3144:
3077:
1652:
Dunson, William A.; Packer, Randall K.; Dunson, Margaret K. (1971-01-01). "Sea Snakes: An Unusual Salt Gland under the Tongue".
702:
3222:
3136:
2968:
2059:
742:
2623:
2105:
849:
suggests that shallow genetic population structure exists, which reflects variation in colour patterns (brown and yellow in
485:
which a feminine noun requires. A few recent examples exist of scientists' beginning to use the grammatically correct name
3192:
3232:
2023:
893:
592:
3227:
3212:
2898:
2826:
1180:
903:, which has been proposed as a strategy to catch prey. They hunt by floating on the surface of the water to attract
734:
79:
1405:"Independent Innovation in the Evolution of Paddle-Shaped Tails in Viviparous Sea Snakes (Elapidae: Hydrophiinae)"
912:
generated by fish movement. These snakes are not considered aggressive but will defend themselves if threatened.
3217:
3007:
2255:, Margo and George Branch, pp. 130–131, Macmillan South Africa (Publishers), Johannesburg and "Snake versus Man"
523:
453:
word for "tunny fish", which presumably refers to the habitat or what Daudin thought they ate. The specific name
263:
3207:
253:
415:
283:
273:
1102:
873:
Contrary to past beliefs, sea snakes require fresh water to survive and the yellow-bellied sea snake drinks
854:
674:
666:
504:, the taxonomic status of sea snakes is still under review, with recent authors suggesting a dismantling of
321:
2876:
2156:
2838:
2462:
1900:
977:
or polyvalent antivenom should be used. No deaths have been recorded from bites in Australian waters. The
900:
760:
652:
600:
331:
647:
The yellow-bellied sea snake is one of the most widely distributed snakes in the world. It is completely
2736:
2557:
1988:
1507:
Brischoux, François; Shine, Richard (2011-05-01). "Morphological adaptations to marine life in snakes".
1042:
899:. They are sometimes observed in large aggregations of thousands on the surface of the water in oceanic
184:
2694:
Hawgood, B. J. (1 March 1998). "Hugh Alistair Reid OBE MD: investigation and treatment of snake bite".
3149:
3082:
2924:
2885:
2809:
2703:
2488:
1895:
1759:
1733:
1661:
1567:
1468:
1369:
1317:
1153:
1026:
830:
815:
738:
1992:
969:
834:
718:
470:
311:
44:
2994:
2304:
Sheehy, Coleman M.; Solórzano, Alejandro; Pfaller, Joseph B.; Lillywhite, Harvey B. (2012-08-01).
3187:
2512:
2357:
Lillywhite, Harvey B.; Brischoux, François; Sheehy, Coleman M.; Pfaller, Joseph B. (2012-08-01).
2234:
2076:
1746:
Rasmussen, Arne Redsted; Murphy, John C.; Ompi, Medy; Gibbons, J. Whitfield; Uetz, Peter (2011).
1693:
1677:
1591:
1540:
1238:
1089:
1085:
933:
224:
74:
1457:"The origin of evolutionary innovations: locomotor consequences of tail shape in aquatic snakes"
1199:
Rasmussen, Arne Redsted; Sanders, Kate Laura; Guinea, Michael L.; Amey, Andrew P. (2014-01-01).
3123:
3041:
2911:
2786:
Hecht, M. K.; Kropach, C.; Hecht, B. M. (1974). "Distribution of the yellow-bellied sea snake
2719:
2674:
2603:
2595:
2537:
2504:
2445:
2427:
2388:
2380:
2339:
2331:
2110:
2068:
2027:
1929:
1787:
1685:
1634:
1626:
1583:
1532:
1524:
1486:
1434:
1426:
1385:
1341:
1333:
1289:
1230:
1222:
865:
811:
807:
726:
556:) about 10 million years ago. The yellow-bellied sea snake is a part of the rapidly radiating
30:
3069:
2668:
833:, it has been assumed that individuals from different localities represent a single breeding
3054:
3046:
2981:
2711:
2587:
2496:
2435:
2419:
2370:
2321:
2226:
2084:
2050:
1840:
1777:
1767:
1669:
1618:
1575:
1516:
1476:
1416:
1377:
1325:
1279:
1269:
1212:
1161:
1021:
850:
776:
698:
301:
292:
2406:
Lillywhite, Harvey B.; Sheehy, Coleman M.; Brischoux, François; Grech, Alana (2014-05-07).
615:
while diving and swimming at the surface of the water. Sea snakes also have a special salt
3015:
2903:
2775:
2638:
2627:
2132:
952:
909:
885:
505:
379:
2574:
Cañas, Carlos A.; Castaño-Valencia, Santiago; Castro-Herrera, Fernando (September 2022).
477:(still the most used scientific name by scientists today), but used the incorrect ending
2890:
2707:
2492:
1886:
1763:
1665:
1571:
1472:
1373:
1321:
1157:
681:
The yellow-bellied sea snake has an extensive distribution covering the entire tropical
595:
scale size, laterally compressed body and paddle-tail for swimming, valved nostrils and
2440:
2407:
1953:
1782:
1747:
1064:
1003:
722:
670:
596:
549:
375:
360:
2715:
928:. Bites are rare and the most common victims are fishermen who try to get them out of
3166:
2976:
2760:
1622:
1609:
Graham, J. B. (1974-07-01). "Aquatic respiration in the sea snake Pelamis platurus".
1481:
1456:
1274:
1257:
1242:
1073:
1012:
956:
881:
874:
795:
741:, washed-up on Coronado Beach's north end (better known as Dog Beach), just south of
656:
588:
450:
403:
244:
201:
64:
59:
2516:
1697:
1544:
2916:
2256:
2181:
1595:
1166:
1129:
904:
819:
799:
780:
682:
648:
625:
542:
501:
367:
575:, a front-fanged venomous snake, related to the brown snakes, cobras and taipans (
3109:
2620:
2531:
1772:
1736:, 1943: 476–477, gives more complete descriptions of the color pattern variants).
1673:
1404:
1258:"Molecular phylogeny of sea snakes reveals a rapidly diverged adaptive radiation"
818:
and preventing entry into the Caribbean Sea from the Pacific Ocean. The man-made
2989:
2950:
2870:
2641:
2591:
2186:
1381:
1329:
974:
929:
921:
823:
803:
771:
714:
660:
546:
2861:
2306:"Preliminary insights into the phylogeography of the yellow-bellied sea snake,
2182:"Yellow-bellied Sea Snake from Coronado Beach, Coronado, San Diego, California"
1824:
794:
Caribbean four separate times, making it the only sea snake to be found in the
568:
2748:
2739:
Management of snake bites in Australia and Papua New Guinea. Accessed May 2008
2575:
2500:
1217:
1200:
940:
925:
846:
730:
690:
686:
406:
published the original description of the yellow-bellied sea snake, naming it
2599:
2508:
2431:
2384:
2335:
2072:
1630:
1528:
1490:
1430:
1337:
1293:
1226:
869:
The yellow-bellied sea snake can live its entire adult life in the open ocean
810:, which formed from about 10 million years ago to 3 million years ago (i.e.,
960:
889:
842:
838:
557:
538:
519:
514:
390:
161:
91:
2607:
2449:
2423:
2392:
2343:
2055:"Records of sea-kraits (Serpentes: Laticaudidae: Laticauda) in New Zealand"
1791:
1689:
1536:
1438:
1389:
1345:
1234:
802:, as it is not considered a part of their native range. This is due to the
3020:
2723:
2088:
1638:
1587:
745:(NASNI). The specimen was subsequently transported to and examined at the
433:. In 1842, Gray described what he thought was a new species and called it
3103:
2855:
2375:
2358:
2326:
2305:
2019:
1862:"Venomous Sea Snake Washes Up on California Beach, Surprising Scientists"
1421:
892:. They move poorly on land due to their smaller belly scales that form a
822:
has not made a crossing of the isthmus possible presumably because it is
791:
750:
710:
576:
553:
371:
151:
131:
111:
2270:"North and South America Came Together Much Earlier Than Thought: Study"
2205:
2080:
1823:
Quiñones, Javier; Burneo, Karla García; Barragan, Claudio (2014-12-09).
1186:
2942:
2238:
1845:
1681:
1520:
784:
604:
584:
426:
363:
121:
1558:
Seymour, Roger S. (1974-08-09). "How sea snakes may avoid the bends".
1284:
1109:
Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History). London. pp. 266–268.
2955:
2737:
https://www.flyingdoctor.net/IgnitionSuite/uploads/docs/snakebite.pdf
2106:"Blame El Niño for poisonous sea snake found on Ventura County beach"
1579:
608:
101:
2832:
2230:
770:
The yellow-bellied sea snake has been found in all the countries of
1403:
Sanders, Kate L.; Rasmussen, Arne R.; Elmberg, Johan (2012-08-01).
529:
Other common names are yellowbelly sea snake or pelagic sea snake.
388:, but recent molecular evidence indicates it lies within the genus
964:
864:
759:
665:
616:
567:
419:
382:
141:
3033:
2929:
2412:
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences
829:
Due to the wide distribution of the species and relative lack of
489:, e.g., Bohme 2003 and the Reptile Database with its page headed
469:
is a feminine noun and means young or small tunny fish. In 1872,
896:
694:
612:
2836:
725:(indigenous) to New Zealand and worthy of protection under the
1924:
Browne-Cooper, R.; Bush, B.; Maryan, B.; Robinson, D. (2007).
729:. These colder water occurrences are believed to be linked to
1926:
Reptiles and frogs in the bush : southwestern Australia
2359:"Dehydration and drinking responses in a pelagic sea snake"
2790:, and its significance in relation to the fossil record".
1981:"Swimmers told not to be surprised of poisonous sea snake"
2026:. Q. Are there any snakes in New Zealand?. Archived from
1954:"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Hydrophis platurus"
880:
Yellow-bellied sea snakes breed in warm waters; they are
790:
The yellow-bellied sea snake has also been found in the
1928:. University of Western Australia Press. p. 273.
1256:
Lukoschek, Vimoksalehi; Keogh, J. Scott (2006-11-01).
884:
with a gestation period around 6 months. According to
924:
of this species is highly potent, like that of other
2827:
Pelagic Sea Snakes and the animals that live on them
2467:
Field Book of Snakes of the United States and Canada
1919:
1917:
3093:
2845:
2204:, Volume 68, Issue 1, 1 January 2018, Pages 15–24,
1712:"The Sad Tale of the Thirsty, Dehydrated Sea Snake"
973:) antivenom. If that preparation is not available,
591:). Adaptations to aquatic life include the reduced
2761:http://www.ajtmh.org/cgi/content/abstract/23/1/135
1947:
1945:
465:"tail", referring to the flattened tail. The word
2657:. 41. 331-4. 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1989.tb06466.x.
2157:"El Nino brings sea snake to California's coast"
1027:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T176738A115883818.en
2802:Kropach, C. 1975 The yellow-bellied sea snake,
1118:The Reptile Database. www.reptile-database.org.
697:. It is the only sea snake to have reached the
374:oceanic waters around the world except for the
2782:. Doubleday, Doran & Co. New York. 476 pp.
2133:"Yellow-bellied Sea Snake – Australian Museum"
1825:"Rediscovery of the Yellow-bellied Sea Snake,
2259:, pp. 50–51, C. Struik Publishers, Cape Town.
8:
1047:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
985:, and it effectively neutralised the venom.
457:is a combination of the Ancient Greek words
2749:http://www.emedicine.com/emerg/topic543.htm
1829:(Linnaeus, 1766) in Máncora, northern Perú"
779:, with specimens found along the coasts of
2833:
210:
53:
29:
20:
2439:
2374:
2325:
1844:
1781:
1771:
1480:
1420:
1283:
1273:
1262:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society
1216:
1165:
1025:
2655:The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology
1860:Palermo, Elizabeth (December 28, 2015).
378:. For many years, it was placed in the
2816:. Taylor & Francis. London. 583 pp.
2469:. G.P. Putnam's Sons. New York. p. 280.
1810:Fauna of Australia: Family Hydrophiinae
993:
239:
2580:Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease
1040:
545:) that diverged from the front-fanged
2408:"Pelagic sea snakes dehydrate at sea"
2206:https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/bix132
2100:
2098:
1803:
1801:
1502:
1500:
1450:
1448:
1362:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
1310:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
981:antivenom was tested specifically on
806:between North and South America, the
663:that have blocked farther dispersal.
7:
2253:The Living Shores of Southern Africa
2014:Natural History Information Centre.
1455:Aubret, F.; Shine, R. (2008-04-01).
951:Sea snake venom can cause damage to
3173:IUCN Red List least concern species
2829:, Life is Short but Snakes are Long
2363:Integrative and Comparative Biology
2314:Integrative and Comparative Biology
1958:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1409:Integrative and Comparative Biology
1074:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1013:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
2763:Published 1973. Accessed May 2008.
1128:Lanza, B.; Boscherini, S. (2000).
677:on the Pacific coast of Costa Rica
14:
845:networks in two populations from
747:Scripps Institute of Oceanography
651:and is often observed on oceanic
599:seal for excluding seawater, and
1482:10.1111/j.1365-2435.2007.01359.x
1275:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2006.00691.x
1088:}}: |volume= / |date= mismatch (
603:for prolonging dive times. This
445:). The commonly used genus name
78:
2530:Heatwole, Harold (1999-01-01).
1952:Guinea, M. (15 February 2009).
1718:. 18 March 2014. Archived from
1138:Daudin 1803 (Hydrophiidae) and
512:, in favour of a single genus,
219:Yellow-bellied sea snake range
2060:Records of the Auckland Museum
1167:10.1080/03946975.2000.10531139
841:). However, a study that used
743:Naval Air Station North Island
1:
3203:Reptiles of Western Australia
2780:The Reptiles of North America
2716:10.1016/s0041-0101(97)00082-2
2667:P. Gopalakrishnakone (1994).
2621:LD50 value of venomous snakes
1812:. Canberra: AGPS. p. 15.
1187:Reptarium.cz Reptile Database
888:, females bear live young in
2024:Auckland War Memorial Museum
1773:10.1371/journal.pone.0027373
1674:10.1126/science.173.3995.437
1623:10.1016/0034-5687(74)90002-4
607:can uptake up to 33% of its
366:of snake from the subfamily
3183:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
2673:. NUS Press. pp. 27–.
2592:10.1016/j.tmaid.2022.102410
2016:"Natural History Questions"
1382:10.1016/j.ympev.2012.09.021
1330:10.1016/j.ympev.2010.11.006
3249:
3178:Reptiles described in 1766
1142:Cuvier 1829 (Uropeltidae)"
1134:Wagler 1830 (Lacertidae),
1130:"The gender of the genera
765:Hydrophis platurus xanthos
735:Ventura County, California
685:, as well as extending to
524:phylogenetic relationships
500:To further complicate the
429:to it, referring to it as
370:(the sea snakes) found in
2501:10.1007/s00227-011-1738-z
1808:Heatwole, Harold (1993).
1218:10.11646/zootaxa.3869.4.1
943:and two other isotoxins.
853:and completely yellow in
628:for terminology used here
611:requirements through the
414:meaning snake). In 1803,
230:
223:
218:
209:
190:
183:
75:Scientific classification
73:
51:
42:
38:Yellow-bellied sea snake
37:
28:
24:Yellow-bellied sea snake
23:
2558:"SnakeBiteTemplate3.pmd"
2465:& D.D. Davis. 1941.
659:and recent formation of
643:Distribution and habitat
351:yellow-bellied sea snake
3198:Reptiles of New Zealand
2251:Also see references in
2137:australianmuseum.net.au
1970:Dunson and Ehlert 1971.
1020:: e.T176738A115883818.
2424:10.1098/rspb.2014.0119
1901:University of Michigan
1611:Respiration Physiology
1081:: e.T176738A115883818.
870:
772:Africa's eastern coast
767:
678:
601:cutaneous gas exchange
580:
3223:Reptiles of Guatemala
1989:Hamilton, New Zealand
1509:Journal of Morphology
910:sensing the vibration
868:
763:
669:
571:
518:, in order to reduce
416:François Marie Daudin
3193:Reptiles of Pakistan
2670:Sea Snake Toxinology
1896:Animal Diversity Web
739:Coronado, California
473:introduced the name
449:is derived from the
441:became a synonym of
3233:Snakes of Australia
2708:1998Txcn...36..431H
2493:2011MarBi.158.2343B
2030:on 29 November 2014
1993:Fairfax New Zealand
1885:Liptow, J. (1999).
1866:Scientific American
1764:2011PLoSO...627373R
1666:1971Sci...173..437D
1572:1974Natur.250..489S
1473:2008FuEco..22..317A
1374:2013MolPE..66..575S
1322:2011MolPE..58..329P
1189:. Accessed May 2008
1158:2000TrZoo..13..327L
970:Enhydrina schistosa
932:. The subcutaneous
703:Southwest Australia
522:and better reflect
328:Pelamydrus platurus
45:Conservation status
3228:Reptiles of Hawaii
3213:Reptiles of Mexico
2904:Hydrophis_platurus
2877:Hydrophis platurus
2847:Hydrophis platurus
2626:2012-02-01 at the
2418:(1782): 20140119.
2376:10.1093/icb/ics039
2327:10.1093/icb/ics088
2190:. 12 January 2016.
1846:10.15560/10.6.1563
1827:Hydrophis platurus
1722:on March 19, 2014.
1521:10.1002/jmor.10933
1461:Functional Ecology
1422:10.1093/icb/ics066
1067:Hydrophis platurus
1006:Hydrophis platurus
871:
831:dispersal barriers
768:
679:
581:
573:Hydrophis platurus
495:Hydrophis platurus
425:and assigned this
356:Hydrophis platurus
334:& Davis, 1941
194:Hydrophis platurus
3160:
3159:
3042:Open Tree of Life
2839:Taxon identifiers
2751:Accessed May 2008
2680:978-9971-69-193-6
2487:(10): 2343–2347.
2163:. 17 October 2015
2114:. 17 October 2015
2111:Los Angeles Times
1748:"Marine Reptiles"
1660:(3995): 437–441.
1566:(5466): 489–490.
851:Golfo de Papagayo
816:dispersal barrier
812:continental drift
808:Isthmus of Panama
727:Wildlife Act 1953
719:banded sea kraits
537:Sea snakes are a
347:
346:
290:Hydrophis pelamis
260:Hydrophis platura
236:
68:
3240:
3218:Reptiles of Iran
3153:
3152:
3140:
3139:
3127:
3126:
3114:
3113:
3112:
3086:
3085:
3073:
3072:
3063:
3062:
3050:
3049:
3037:
3036:
3024:
3023:
3011:
3010:
2998:
2997:
2985:
2984:
2972:
2971:
2959:
2958:
2946:
2945:
2933:
2932:
2920:
2919:
2907:
2906:
2894:
2893:
2881:
2880:
2879:
2866:
2865:
2864:
2834:
2799:
2788:Pelamis platurus
2764:
2758:
2752:
2746:
2740:
2734:
2728:
2727:
2691:
2685:
2684:
2664:
2658:
2651:
2645:
2636:
2630:
2618:
2612:
2611:
2571:
2565:
2564:
2562:
2554:
2548:
2547:
2527:
2521:
2520:
2476:
2470:
2460:
2454:
2453:
2443:
2403:
2397:
2396:
2378:
2354:
2348:
2347:
2329:
2308:Pelamis platurus
2301:
2295:
2291:
2285:
2284:
2282:
2281:
2266:
2260:
2249:
2243:
2242:
2214:
2208:
2198:
2192:
2191:
2178:
2172:
2171:
2169:
2168:
2153:
2147:
2146:
2144:
2143:
2129:
2123:
2122:
2120:
2119:
2102:
2093:
2092:
2046:
2040:
2039:
2037:
2035:
2011:
2005:
2004:
2002:
2000:
1995:. 4 January 2012
1977:
1971:
1968:
1962:
1961:
1949:
1940:
1939:
1921:
1912:
1911:
1909:
1907:
1882:
1876:
1875:
1873:
1872:
1857:
1851:
1850:
1848:
1839:(6): 1563–1564.
1820:
1814:
1813:
1805:
1796:
1795:
1785:
1775:
1743:
1737:
1730:
1724:
1723:
1708:
1702:
1701:
1649:
1643:
1642:
1606:
1600:
1599:
1580:10.1038/250489a0
1555:
1549:
1548:
1504:
1495:
1494:
1484:
1452:
1443:
1442:
1424:
1400:
1394:
1393:
1356:
1350:
1349:
1304:
1298:
1297:
1287:
1277:
1253:
1247:
1246:
1220:
1196:
1190:
1178:
1172:
1171:
1169:
1146:Tropical Zoology
1125:
1119:
1116:
1110:
1100:
1094:
1093:
1082:
1059:
1053:
1052:
1046:
1038:
1036:
1034:
1029:
998:
989:Cited references
983:Pelamus platurus
959:, neuromuscular
955:with consequent
777:Benguela Current
699:Hawaiian Islands
657:oceanic currents
508:genera, such as
475:Pelamis platurus
431:Pelamis platuros
418:created the new
308:Pelamis platurus
270:Pelamis platuros
234:
214:
196:
176:H. platurus
83:
82:
62:
57:
56:
33:
21:
16:Species of snake
3248:
3247:
3243:
3242:
3241:
3239:
3238:
3237:
3208:Snakes of Japan
3163:
3162:
3161:
3156:
3148:
3143:
3135:
3130:
3122:
3117:
3108:
3107:
3102:
3089:
3081:
3076:
3068:
3066:
3058:
3053:
3045:
3040:
3032:
3027:
3019:
3016:Observation.org
3014:
3006:
3001:
2993:
2988:
2980:
2975:
2967:
2962:
2954:
2949:
2941:
2936:
2928:
2923:
2915:
2910:
2902:
2897:
2891:Pelamis_platura
2889:
2884:
2875:
2874:
2869:
2860:
2859:
2854:
2841:
2823:
2785:
2772:
2767:
2759:
2755:
2747:
2743:
2735:
2731:
2693:
2692:
2688:
2681:
2666:
2665:
2661:
2652:
2648:
2640:LD stands for "
2637:
2633:
2628:Wayback Machine
2619:
2615:
2573:
2572:
2568:
2560:
2556:
2555:
2551:
2544:
2529:
2528:
2524:
2478:
2477:
2473:
2461:
2457:
2405:
2404:
2400:
2356:
2355:
2351:
2303:
2302:
2298:
2292:
2288:
2279:
2277:
2268:
2267:
2263:
2250:
2246:
2231:10.2307/1442198
2216:
2215:
2211:
2199:
2195:
2180:
2179:
2175:
2166:
2164:
2155:
2154:
2150:
2141:
2139:
2131:
2130:
2126:
2117:
2115:
2104:
2103:
2096:
2048:
2047:
2043:
2033:
2031:
2022:, New Zealand:
2013:
2012:
2008:
1998:
1996:
1979:
1978:
1974:
1969:
1965:
1951:
1950:
1943:
1936:
1923:
1922:
1915:
1905:
1903:
1889:Pelamis platura
1884:
1883:
1879:
1870:
1868:
1859:
1858:
1854:
1822:
1821:
1817:
1807:
1806:
1799:
1745:
1744:
1740:
1731:
1727:
1710:
1709:
1705:
1651:
1650:
1646:
1608:
1607:
1603:
1557:
1556:
1552:
1506:
1505:
1498:
1454:
1453:
1446:
1402:
1401:
1397:
1358:
1357:
1353:
1306:
1305:
1301:
1255:
1254:
1250:
1198:
1197:
1193:
1182:Pelamis platura
1179:
1175:
1127:
1126:
1122:
1117:
1113:
1103:Boulenger, G.A.
1101:
1097:
1083:
1061:
1060:
1056:
1039:
1032:
1030:
1000:
999:
995:
991:
953:skeletal muscle
949:
937:
918:
863:
814:), acting as a
693:, and northern
645:
636:
566:
535:
491:Pelamis platura
487:Pelamis platura
400:
343:
338:Pelamis platura
318:Hydrus platurus
280:Pelamis bicolor
238:
237:
205:
198:
192:
179:
77:
69:
58:
54:
47:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3246:
3244:
3236:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3165:
3164:
3158:
3157:
3155:
3154:
3141:
3128:
3115:
3099:
3097:
3095:Anguis platura
3091:
3090:
3088:
3087:
3074:
3064:
3051:
3038:
3025:
3012:
2999:
2986:
2973:
2960:
2947:
2934:
2921:
2908:
2895:
2882:
2867:
2851:
2849:
2843:
2842:
2837:
2831:
2830:
2822:
2821:External links
2819:
2818:
2817:
2807:
2800:
2783:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2765:
2753:
2741:
2729:
2702:(3): 431–446.
2686:
2679:
2659:
2646:
2631:
2613:
2566:
2549:
2542:
2536:. UNSW Press.
2522:
2481:Marine Biology
2471:
2455:
2398:
2369:(2): 227–234.
2349:
2320:(2): 321–330.
2296:
2286:
2276:. 9 April 2015
2261:
2244:
2225:(1): 219–222.
2209:
2193:
2173:
2148:
2124:
2094:
2051:Whitaker, A.H.
2041:
2006:
1972:
1963:
1941:
1934:
1913:
1877:
1852:
1815:
1797:
1758:(11): e27373.
1738:
1725:
1703:
1644:
1601:
1550:
1515:(5): 566–572.
1496:
1467:(2): 317–322.
1444:
1415:(2): 311–320.
1395:
1368:(3): 575–591.
1351:
1316:(2): 329–342.
1299:
1268:(3): 523–539.
1248:
1211:(4): 351–371.
1191:
1173:
1152:(2): 327–329.
1120:
1111:
1095:
1054:
992:
990:
987:
948:
945:
935:
917:
914:
862:
859:
644:
641:
635:
632:
631:
630:
565:
562:
534:
531:
437:(subsequently
435:Pelamis ornata
408:Anguis platura
399:
396:
376:Atlantic Ocean
345:
344:
342:
341:
335:
325:
315:
305:
299:Pelamis ornata
296:
287:
277:
267:
257:
251:Hydrus bicolor
248:
242:Anguis platura
233:
232:
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2828:
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2820:
2815:
2811:
2808:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2792:Herpetologica
2789:
2784:
2781:
2777:
2776:Ditmars, R.L.
2774:
2773:
2770:Other sources
2769:
2762:
2757:
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2543:9780868407760
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2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
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2482:
2475:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2463:Schmidt, K.P.
2459:
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2442:
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2421:
2417:
2413:
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2300:
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2262:
2258:
2254:
2248:
2245:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2213:
2210:
2207:
2203:
2197:
2194:
2189:
2188:
2183:
2177:
2174:
2162:
2158:
2152:
2149:
2138:
2134:
2128:
2125:
2113:
2112:
2107:
2101:
2099:
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2090:
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2082:
2078:
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2070:
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2056:
2052:
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2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2010:
2007:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1985:Waikato Times
1982:
1976:
1973:
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1964:
1959:
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1935:9781920694746
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1115:
1112:
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1099:
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1087:
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1076:
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1070:
1068:
1058:
1055:
1050:
1044:
1028:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1014:
1009:
1007:
997:
994:
988:
986:
984:
980:
976:
972:
971:
966:
962:
958:
957:myoglobinuria
954:
946:
944:
942:
938:
931:
927:
923:
915:
913:
911:
906:
902:
898:
895:
891:
887:
883:
882:ovoviviparous
878:
876:
875:precipitation
867:
860:
858:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
827:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
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797:
796:Caribbean Sea
793:
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782:
778:
773:
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629:
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589:ovoviviparous
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930:fishing nets
919:
905:pelagic fish
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683:Indo-Pacific
680:
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543:Hydrophiinae
539:monophyletic
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2990:NatureServe
2951:iNaturalist
2871:Wikispecies
2810:Smith, M.A.
2642:Lethal dose
2187:iNaturalist
1906:17 December
1033:12 November
975:tiger snake
941:neurotoxins
901:drift lines
890:tidal pools
855:Golfo Dulce
824:fresh water
804:land bridge
715:New Zealand
689:, southern
675:Golfo Dulce
671:Yellow form
653:drift lines
564:Description
481:instead of
461:"flat" and
3167:Categories
2798:: 387–395.
2586:: 102410.
2533:Sea Snakes
2280:2016-03-30
2202:BioScience
2167:2015-10-25
2142:2016-03-30
2118:2015-10-25
1871:2016-03-30
1833:Check List
1734:M.A. Smith
1617:(1): 1–7.
1285:1885/20734
963:or direct
926:sea snakes
847:Costa Rica
835:population
691:California
687:Costa Rica
634:Morphology
443:P. platura
138:Suborder:
3188:Hydrophis
3110:Q27998304
2600:1477-8939
2509:0025-3162
2432:0962-8452
2385:1557-7023
2336:1557-7023
2089:Q58629017
2073:1174-9202
2067:: 39–42.
1716:Phenomena
1631:0034-5687
1529:1097-4687
1491:1365-2435
1431:1540-7063
1338:1095-9513
1294:1095-8312
1243:207552237
1227:1175-5334
1140:Uropeltis
1086:cite iucn
961:paralysis
947:Antivenom
861:Behaviour
843:haplotype
839:gene flow
792:Colombian
673:from the
558:Hydrophis
533:Evolution
520:paraphyly
515:Hydrophis
506:monotypic
471:Stoliczka
439:P. ornata
402:In 1766,
391:Hydrophis
380:monotypic
322:Boulenger
312:Stoliczka
264:Latreille
254:Schneider
170:Species:
163:Hydrophis
142:Serpentes
98:Kingdom:
92:Eukaryota
3124:11049915
3104:Wikidata
3060:platurus
2995:2.105324
2930:37135449
2862:Q1247379
2856:Wikidata
2624:Archived
2608:35934312
2517:86115673
2450:24648228
2393:22510231
2344:22659201
2294:143-152.
2274:NBC News
2085:Wikidata
2081:43264621
2053:(2014).
2034:26 April
2020:Auckland
1999:26 April
1792:22087300
1752:PLOS ONE
1698:41474438
1690:17770448
1545:26527627
1537:21337377
1439:22634358
1390:23026811
1346:21074626
1235:25283923
1132:Podarcis
751:La Jolla
711:Tasmania
597:palatine
577:Elapidae
554:Elapidae
552:snakes (
550:venomous
455:platurus
404:Linnaeus
398:Taxonomy
372:tropical
361:venomous
359:) is a
293:Schlegel
245:Linnaeus
225:Synonyms
202:Linnaeus
152:Elapidae
148:Family:
132:Squamata
122:Reptilia
112:Chordata
108:Phylum:
102:Animalia
88:Domain:
65:IUCN 3.1
3150:1476904
3137:1057744
3083:1476906
3070:8053315
3034:1476906
2969:1057602
2943:7674056
2804:Pelamis
2724:9637363
2704:Bibcode
2696:Toxicon
2489:Bibcode
2441:3973276
2239:1442198
1783:3210815
1760:Bibcode
1682:1732639
1662:Bibcode
1654:Science
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1596:4162151
1588:4469599
1568:Bibcode
1469:Bibcode
1370:Bibcode
1318:Bibcode
1205:Zootaxa
1185:at the
1154:Bibcode
1136:Pelamis
894:ventral
886:Ditmars
785:Namibia
731:El Niño
649:pelagic
605:species
593:ventral
585:species
560:group.
541:group (
510:Pelamis
467:Pelamis
447:Pelamis
427:species
423:Pelamis
386:Pelamis
364:species
332:Schmidt
324:, 1890
314:, 1872
304:, 1842
295:, 1837
286:, 1803
276:, 1803
266:, 1801
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247:, 1766
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3119:IRMNG
3078:WoRMS
2956:35164
2917:3N8BL
2561:(PDF)
2513:S2CID
2235:JSTOR
2077:JSTOR
1694:S2CID
1678:JSTOR
1592:S2CID
1541:S2CID
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965:renal
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617:gland
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1018:2017
920:The
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783:and
695:Peru
624:See
613:skin
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349:The
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