5526:
145:
1342:
374:
387:
1237:
1165:
43:
84:
4963:(Starostin, Sergei A.) Старостин, Сергей А. (1984). Гипотеза о генетических связях сино-тибетских языков с енисейскими и северокавказскими языками . In: Лингвистическая реконструкция и древнейшая история Востока , 4: Древнейшая языковая ситуация в восточной Азии , ed. И. Ф. Вардуль (I.F. Varduľ) et al. Москва: Институт востоковедения , 19–38.
3087:(1856), James Byrne (1892), and G.J. Ramstedt (1907), suggested that Yeniseian was a northern relative of the Sino–Tibetan languages. These ideas were followed much later by Kai Donner and Karl Bouda. A 2008 study found further evidence for a possible relation between Yeniseian and Sino–Tibetan, citing several possible
3160:
using the standard techniques of comparative linguistics supports a distant genetic link between the Sino-Tibetan, Na-Dené, and
Yeniseian language families. Bradley argues that any similarities Sino-Tibetan shares with other language families of the East Asia area such as Hmong-Mien, Altaic (which is
1212:
observed that
Yeniseian hydronyms in the circumpolar region (the recent area of distribution of Yeniseian languages) clearly overlay earlier systems, with the layering of morphemes onto Ugric, Samoyedic, Turkic, and Tungusic place names. It is therefore proposed that the homeland, or dispersal point,
5014:
Vajda, Edward J. (2004). Languages and
Prehistory of Central Siberia. Current Issues in Linguistic Theory 262. John Benjamin Publishing Company. (Presentation of the Yeniseian family and its speakers, together with neighboring languages and their speakers, in linguistic, historical and archeological
4104:
77:451–452. "It remains incumbent upon the proponents of the DY hypothesis to provide solutions to at least some of the unresolved problems identified in
Campbell's review or in DYC itself. My opinion is that every one of them requires a convincing solution before the relationship between Yeniseian
1232:
The modern populations of
Yeniseians in central and northern Siberia are thus not indigenous and represent a more recent migration northward. This was noted by Russian explorers during the conquest of Siberia: the Ket are recorded to have been expanding northwards along the Yenisei, from the river
1321:
than to other
Yeniseian languages such as Ket. This has been substantiated with geographical data by Vajda, who states that Yeniseian hydronyms found in northern Mongolia are exclusively Pumpokolic, in the process demonstrating both a linguistic and geographic proximity between Yeniseian and Jie.
510:
data, it is suggested that the
Yeniseian languages were spoken in a much greater area in ancient times, including parts of northern China and Mongolia. It has been further proposed that the recorded distribution of Yeniseian languages from the 17th century onward represents a relatively recent
4090:
77:445–451. "In summary, the proposed Dene-Yeniseian connection cannot be embraced at present. The hypothesis is indeed stimulating, advanced by a serious scholar trying to use appropriate procedures. Unfortunately, neither the lexical evidence (with putative sound correspondences) nor the
3153:(2014) to look into support for the Sino–Dené hypothesis. Caveney considered a link between Sino-Tibetan, Na-Dené, and Yeniseian to be plausible but did not support the hypothesis that Sino-Tibetan and Na-Dené were related to the Caucasian languages (Sino–Caucasian and Dené–Caucasian).
354:
3161:
actually a sprachbund), Austroasiatic, Kra-Dai, Austronesian came through contact; but as there has been no recent contact between Sino-Tibetan, Na-Dené, and
Yeniseian language families then any similarities these groups share must be residual.
1196:
a result of a radiation of populations out of the Bering land bridge. The spread of ancient
Yeniseian languages may be associated with an ancestry component from the Baikal area (Cisbaikal_LNBA), maximized among hunter-gatherers of the local
4973:
Starostin, Sergei A., and
Merritt Ruhlen. (1994). Proto-Yeniseian Reconstructions, with Extra-Yeniseian Comparisons. In M. Ruhlen, On the Origin of Languages: Studies in Linguistic Taxonomy. Stanford: Stanford University Press. pp. 70–92.
1046:, the only extant Yeniseian language, is the northernmost known. Historical sources record a contemporaneous northern expansion of the Ket along the Yenisei during the Russian conquest of Siberia. Today, it is mainly spoken in
1213:
of the Yeniseian languages lies in the boreal region between Lake Baikal, northern Mongolia, and the Upper Yenisei basin, referred to by Vajda as a territory "abandoned" by the original Yeniseian speakers. On the other hand,
3091:. Gao Jingyi (2014) identified twelve Sinitic and Yeniseian shared etymologies that belonged to the basic vocabulary, and argued that these Sino-Yeniseian etymologies could not be loans from either language into the other.
1092:, whereas the more distantly related Pumpokol was spoken to the north and west of it, along the upper Ket. Kott and Assan, another pair of closely related languages, occupied the area south of Krasnoyarsk, and east to the
5060:
Vovin, Alexander. (2002). 'Did the Xiongnu speak a Yeniseian language? Part 2: Vocabulary', in Altaica Budapestinensia MMII, Proceedings of the 45th Permanent International Altaistic Conference, Budapest, June 23–28, pp.
4746:
Bengtson, John D. (1998). Caucasian and Sino-Tibetan: A Hypothesis of S. A. Starostin. General Linguistics, Vol. 36, no. 1/2, 1998 (1996). Pegasus Press, University of North Carolina, Asheville, North Carolina.
1266:
argues that at least parts of the Xiongnu, possibly its core or ruling class, spoke a Yeniseian language. Positing a higher degree of similarity of Xiongnu to Yeniseian as compared to Turkic, he also praised
4888:
Ruhlen, Merritt. (1998a). Dene–Caucasian: A New Linguistic Family. In The Origins and Past of Modern Humans – Towards Reconciliation, ed. by Keiichi Omoto and Phillip V. Tobias, Singapore, World Scientific,
6426:
3149:. Around 1920 Sapir became convinced that Na-Dené was more closely related to Sino-Tibetan than to other American families. Edward Vadja's Dené–Yeniseian proposal renewed interest among linguists such as
4774:
Bleichsteiner, Robert. (1930). "Die werschikisch-burischkische Sprache im Pamirgebiet und ihre Stellung zu den Japhetitensprachen des Kaukasus ." Wiener Beiträge zur Kunde des Morgenlandes 1: 289–331.
2980:
of North America. At the time of publication (2010), Vajda's proposals had been favorably reviewed by several specialists of Na-Dené and Yeniseian languages—although at times with caution—including
1256:. It appears from Chinese sources that a Yeniseian group might have been a major part of the heterogeneous Xiongnu tribal confederation, who have traditionally been considered the ancestors of the
3764:
Flegontov, Pavel; Changmai, Piya; Zidkova, Anastassiya; Logacheva, Maria D.; Altınışık, N. Ezgi; Flegontova, Olga; Gelfand, Mikhail S.; Gerasimov, Evgeny S.; Khrameeva, Ekaterina E. (2016-02-11).
5087:
Vajda, Edward. "8 The Yeniseian language family". The Languages and Linguistics of Northern Asia: Language Families, edited by Edward Vajda, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, 2024, pp. 365-480.
3020:
and a response by Vajda published in late 2011 that clearly indicate the proposal is not completely settled at the present time. Two other reviews and notices of the volume appeared in 2011 by
4968:
Starostin, Sergei A. (1991). On the Hypothesis of a Genetic Connection Between the Sino-Tibetan Languages and the Yeniseian and North Caucasian Languages. In Shevoroshkin (1991): 12–41.
1233:
Yeloguy to the Kureyka, from the 17th century onward. Based on these records, the modern Ket-speaking area appears to represent the very northernmost reaches of Yeniseian migration.
5428:
3326:
Vajda, Edward J. (2013). Yeniseian Peoples and Languages: A History of Yeniseian Studies with an Annotated Bibliography and a Source Guide. Oxford/New York: Routledge.
1325:
The decline of the southern Yeniseian languages during and after the Russian conquest of Siberia has been attributed to language shifts of the Arin and Pumpokol to
2950:
Until 2008, few linguists had accepted connections between Yeniseian and any other language family, though distant connections have been proposed with most of the
5203:
5759:
4153:(2009–2010) Hattic as a Sino-Caucasian language // Ugarit-Forschungen. Internationales Jahrbuch für die Altertumskunde Syrien-Palästinas. Bd 41. pp 309–447.
6476:
4731:
Anderson, G. (2003) 'Yeniseic languages in Siberian areal perspective', Sprachtypologie und Universalienforschung 56.1/2: 12–39. Berlin: Akademie Verlag.
4929:
Stachowski, Marek (1997). Altaistische Anmerkungen zum “Vergleichenden Wörterbuch der Jenissej-Sprachen”. In Studia Etymologica Cracoviensia 2: 227–239.
3900:"Postglacial genomes from foragers across Northern Eurasia reveal prehistoric mobility associated with the spread of the Uralic and Yeniseian languages"
3191:
have sought to confirm these connections. Others who have developed the hypothesis, often expanded to Dené–Caucasian, include J.D. Bengtson, V. Blažek,
3175:
Bouda, in various publications in the 1930s through the 1950s, described a linguistic network that (besides Yeniseian and Sino-Tibetan) also included
6631:
6416:
4701:
4358:
4932:
Stachowski, Marek (2004). Anmerkungen zu einem neuen vergleichenden Wörterbuch der Jenissej-Sprachen. In Studia Etymologica Cracoviensia 9: 189–204.
1396:
systems of geographically contiguous families. Despite these similarities, Yeniseian appears to stand out among the languages of Siberia in several
541:
For those who argue the Xiongnu spoke a Yeniseian language, the Yeniseian languages are thought to have contributed many ubiquitous loanwords to
5421:
4327:(1996). "The Classification of the Native Languages of North America". In Ives Goddard, ed., "Languages". Vol. 17 of William Sturtevant, ed.,
1003:), now extinct. The other known members of this family—Arin, Assan, Pumpokol, and Kott—have been extinct for over 150 years. Other groups—the
4826:
4046:
3982:
3727:
3697:
3653:
3618:
3578:
3491:
108:
56:
4903:
Rubicz, R., Melvin, K.L., Crawford, M.H. 2002. Genetic Evidence for the phylogenetic relationship between Na-Dene and Yeniseian speakers.
166:
3134:
family has recently been well received. The validity of the rest of the family, however, is viewed as doubtful or rejected by nearly all
4912:
Sapir, Edward. (1920). Comparative Sino-Tibetan and Na-Dené Dictionary. Ms. Ledger. American Philosophical Society Na 20a.3. (Microfilm)
3244:
1136:
argues, based on hydronymic data, that Yeniseians were once spread out even farther into the west. He compares, for example, the word
484:
4837:
6636:
5414:
5196:
4711:
4368:
3553:
439:
206:
188:
126:
70:
6499:
5075:
Werner, Heinrich. (2004). Zur jenissejisch-indianischen Urverwandtschaft Indian primordial relationship]. Wiesbaden: Harassowitz.
4943:
4926:
Stachowski, Marek (1996). Über einige altaische Lehnwörter in den Jenissej-Sprachen. In Studia Etymologica Cracoviensia 1: 91–115.
4779:
Bouda, Karl. (1936). Jenisseisch-tibetische Wortgleichungen . Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft 90: 149–159.
3016:, and Bill Poser (Kari and Potter 2010:12). One significant exception is the critical review of the volume of collected papers by
538:
state of northern China, are likewise believed to have spoken a Pumpokolic language based on linguistic and ethnogeographic data.
5752:
4091:
morphological evidence adduced is sufficient to support a distant genetic relationship between Na-Dene and Yeniseian." (pg. 450).
6341:
6329:
3170:
3111:
2963:
2315:
The following table exemplifies a few basic vocabulary items as well as the various attempts at reconstructing the proto-forms:
1733:
The following table exemplifies the basic Yeniseian numerals as well as the various attempts at reconstructing the proto-forms:
1193:
480:
279:
3314:
Bernard Comrie (2008) "Why the Dene-Yeniseic Hypothesis is Exciting". Fairbanks and Anchorage, Alaska: Dene-Yeniseic Symposium.
5004:
Vajda, Edward J. (2002). The Origin of Phonemic Tone in Yeniseic. In CLS 37, 2002. (Parasession on Arctic languages: 305–320).
591:
The classification of the Yeniseian languages has changed from time to time. A traditional classification is presented below:
6406:
5118:
4784:
Bouda, Karl. (1957). Die Sprache der Jenissejer. Genealogische und morphologische Untersuchungen . Anthropos 52.1–2: 65–134.
1415:
The Yeniseian languages have been described as having up to four tones or no tones at all. The 'tones' are concomitant with
6556:
6546:
6541:
6234:
6018:
6013:
5445:
5138:
4895:
4845:
Greenberg, J.H., and M. Ruhlen. (1997). L'origine linguistique des Amérindiens. Pour la Science (Dossier, October), 84–89.
4451:
Caveney, Geoffrey (2014). "Sino-Tibetan ŋ- and Na-Dene *kw- / *gw- / *xw-: 1st Person Pronouns and Lexical Cognate Sets".
2973:
1217:(2019) argues that based on hydronomic evidence, Yeneisian languages were originally spoken on the northern slopes of the
6386:
5109:
4769:
Blažaek, Václav, and John D. Bengtson. 1995. "Lexica Dene–Caucasica." Central Asiatic Journal 39.1: 11–50, 39.2: 161–164.
3543:
3183:, some forms of which have gone by the name of Sino-Caucasian. The works of R. Bleichsteiner and O.G. Tailleur, the late
1201:. Affinity for this ancestry has been observed among Na-Dene speakers. Cisbaikal_LNBA ancestry is inferred to be rich in
1126:'river' and likely derives from an undocumented Yeniseian language. Some toponyms that appear Yeniseian extend as far as
6621:
6561:
6531:
5189:
1378:
6411:
4922:
Shafer, Robert. (1957). Note on Athapaskan and Sino-Tibetan. International Journal of American Linguistics 23: 116–117.
99:
6509:
5850:
5745:
5510:
3342:
1260:
and other Northern Asian groups. However, these suggestions are difficult to substantiate due to the paucity of data.
4989:
Toporov, V.N. (1971). Burushaski and Yeniseian Languages: Some Parallels. Travaux linguistiques de Prague 4: 107–125.
159:
153:
1035:
fur-tax records compiled during the 17th century, but nothing remains of their languages except a few proper names.
6626:
6178:
5636:
5503:
4883:
Ruhlen, M. (1997). Une nouvelle famille de langues: le déné-caucasien . Pour la Science (Dossier, October) 68–73.
6576:
6571:
6566:
6434:
6356:
6351:
6007:
5993:
5768:
5104:
3176:
3058:
were part of the migration out of Central Asia, that resulted in the Indo-European conquest of the Indus Valley.
1354:
827:
A more recent classification, introduced in Fortescue and Vajda 2022 and used in Vajda 2024, is presented below:
362:
data suggests that this distribution represents a northward migration of original Yeniseian populations from the
6117:
4979:
Tailleur, O.G. (1994). Traits paléo-eurasiens de la morphologie iénisséienne. Études finno-ougriennes 26: 35–56.
3766:"Genomic study of the Ket: a Paleo-Eskimo-related ethnic group with significant ancient North Eurasian ancestry"
2993:
2977:
170:
6401:
6346:
5947:
5836:
5624:
5437:
5337:
3429:"Two Newly Found Xiong-nú Inscriptions and Their Significance for the Early Linguistic History of Central Asia"
3157:
3066:
1088:
The early modern distributions of Arin, Pumpokol, Kott, and Assan can be reconstructed. The Arin were north of
586:
297:
62:
5055:
Vovin, Alexander. (2000). 'Did the Xiong-nu speak a Yeniseian language?' Central Asiatic Journal 44.1: 87–104.
4741:
Bengtson, John D. (1994). Edward Sapir and the 'Sino-Dené' Hypothesis. Anthropological Science 102.3: 207–230.
4917:
Shafer, Robert. (1952). Athapaskan and Sino-Tibetan. International Journal of American Linguistics 18: 12–19.
4860:
Pulleyblank, Edwin G. (2002). Central Asia and Non-Chinese Peoples of Ancient China (Collected Studies, 731).
6215:
6110:
6060:
6039:
6030:
5912:
5829:
5789:
4937:
Arabische Lehnwörter in den Jenissej-Sprachen des 18. Jahrhunderts und die Frage der Sprachbünde in Sibirien
4789:
Donner, Kai. (1930). Über die Jenissei-Ostiaken und ihre Sprache . Journal de la Société Finno-ougrienne 44.
1028:
488:
6371:
6366:
6131:
6103:
6094:
6053:
5686:
5673:
4984:
Tailleur, O.G. (1958). Un îlot basco-caucasien en Sibérie: les langues iénisséiennes . Orbis 7.2: 415–427.
4878:// Originally in: The Ket Volume (Studia Ketica), v. 4. Moscow: Languages of Russian Culture, pp. 122–175.
4027:. Studies in Slavic and General Linguistics. Vol. 33. Amsterdam / New York: Rodopi. pp. 151–168.
3135:
3078:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2201:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1702:
1697:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1617:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1538:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1202:
1064:
492:
358:
Distribution of Yeniseian languages in the 17th century (hatched) and in the end of 20th century (solid).
6124:
4869:// Originally in: The Ket Volume (Studia Ketica), v. 4. Moscow: Languages of Russian Culture, pp. 7–121.
3131:
1020:
6523:
6396:
6376:
5919:
5857:
5704:
4936:
3598:
1317:
state, appears consistent with being a Yeniseian language. Later studies suggest that Jie is closer to
1252:
The origin of this northward migration from the Mongolian steppe has been connected to the fall of the
573:. This conclusion has primarily been drawn from the analysis of preserved Xiongnu texts in the form of
5525:
4999:
Vajda, Edward J. (2000). Ket Prosodic Phonology. Munich: Lincom Europa Languages of the World vol. 15.
4736:
Anonymous. (1925). The Similarity of Chinese and Indian Languages. Science Supplement 62 (1607): xii.
3150:
3083:
As noted by Tailleur and Werner, some of the earliest proposals of genetic relations of Yeniseian, by
731:
Georg 2007 and Hölzl 2018 use a slightly different classification, placing Pumpokol in both branches:
6504:
6494:
6484:
6334:
6188:
6001:
5885:
5489:
5309:
5264:
5257:
4397:
3844:
3787:
3115:
1296:. However, it has also been suggested that the core of the Hunnic language was a Yeniseian language.
1047:
1016:
1012:
1004:
954:
938:
895:
682:
666:
312:
5271:
1176:
According to a 2016 study, Yeniseian people and their language originated likely somewhere near the
1008:
946:
674:
94:
6551:
6324:
6309:
6046:
5968:
5878:
5871:
5822:
5780:
5679:
5454:
4272:"Xia and Ket Identified by Sinitic and Yeniseian Shared Etymologies // 確定夏國及凱特人的語言為屬於漢語族和葉尼塞語系共同詞源"
3899:
3303:
3223:
3188:
3119:
3084:
3047:
1397:
1370:
1358:
1341:
4855:
Nikola(y)ev, Sergei L. (1991). Sino-Caucasian Languages in America. In Shevoroshkin (1991): 42–66.
2976:
presented evidence for a genealogical relation between the Yeniseian languages of Siberia and the
1214:
1133:
6285:
6239:
6154:
6149:
6144:
5694:
5609:
5132:
4812:// Originally in: Aspects of Comparative Linguistics, v. 3. Moscow: RSUH Publishers, pp. 109–258.
4460:
4307:
4299:
4252:
4244:
3915:
3777:
3240:
1401:
1218:
1188:
groups. The Yeniseians have also been hypothesised to be representative of a back-migration from
574:
546:
5021:
4950:/ K. Maciuszak / B. Mękarska (ed.): In the Orient where the Gracious Light... , Kraków: 179–184.
4803:(Dulson, A.P.) Дульзон, А.П. (1968). Кетский язык . Томск: Издательство Томского Университета .
4700:
Sanchez-Mazas, Alicia; Blench, Roger; Ross, Malcolm D.; Peiros, Ilia; Lin, Marie (2008-07-25).
2985:
1431:
before the development of true tones in Chinese. The Yeniseian languages have highly elaborate
6489:
6466:
6461:
6439:
6381:
6159:
6082:
5975:
5594:
5318:
4822:
4707:
4501:
4433:
4415:
4364:
4303:
4291:
4271:
4236:
3978:
3966:
3880:
3862:
3813:
3723:
3693:
3649:
3614:
3574:
3549:
3487:
3127:
3037:
3009:
2981:
2951:
1432:
1366:
1318:
1032:
900:
809:
771:
757:
704:
527:
526:, whose ruling elite may have spoken a southern Yeniseian language similar to the now extinct
3973:. Multiple History. Vol. III: From the Seventh Century B.C. to the Seventh Century A.D.
1059:
6451:
6444:
6391:
6319:
6314:
6271:
6264:
6194:
6138:
6076:
5982:
5954:
5940:
5926:
5843:
5815:
5803:
5796:
5497:
5467:
5462:
5347:
5088:
5050:, new series, vol. 5. Fairbanks: University of Alaska Fairbanks, Department of Anthropology.
4850:
Kaye, A.S. (1992). Distant genetic relationship and Edward Sapir. Semiotica 91.3/4: 273–300.
4795:
4491:
4423:
4405:
4283:
4228:
3907:
3870:
3852:
3803:
3795:
3685:
3606:
3573:. Brill's studies in the indigenous languages of the Americas. Leiden ; Boston: Brill.
3440:
3248:
3200:
3192:
3184:
3099:
3051:
1393:
1386:
1159:
1115:
1101:
1051:
542:
468:
401:
386:
235:
4819:
A Descriptive Grammar of Ket (Yenisei-Ostyak) Volume I: Introduction, Phonology, Morphology
3050:, has been proposed by several scholars, notably by A.P. Dulson and V.N. Toporov. In 2001,
987:
were Southern Yeniseian. Only two languages of this family survived into the 20th century:
6278:
6229:
6183:
6066:
5961:
5933:
5892:
5809:
5652:
5618:
5479:
5374:
5355:
5144:
5122:
4947:
4944:
Persian loan words in 18th century Yeniseic and the problem of linguistic areas in Siberia
3678:
Language Death and Language Maintenance: Theoretical, Practical and Descriptive Approaches
3255:
3251:
3123:
3062:
3001:
1409:
1362:
1326:
1289:
1263:
1222:
1198:
1177:
1169:
1155:
1119:
984:
832:
596:
487:
between Old World and New World language families that meets the standards of traditional
363:
274:
31:
4955:
4357:
Sanchez-Mazas, Alicia; Blench, Roger; Ross, Malcolm D.; Peiros, Ilia; Lin, Marie (2008).
1277:(the Turkic and Mongolic word for 'sky' and later 'god') originated from Proto-Yeniseian
4401:
3848:
3791:
3206:
This theory is very controversial or viewed as doubtful or rejected by other linguists.
1236:
373:
6456:
6224:
5728:
5668:
5580:
5473:
5393:
5280:
4958:. In: Кетский сборник, ed. Е.А. Алексеенко (E.A. Alekseenko). Leningrad: Nauka, 44–237.
4217:"The Yeniseian Languages of the 18th Century and Ket and Sino-Tibetan Word Comparisons"
3875:
3832:
3808:
3765:
3196:
3095:
3055:
2997:
1416:
1389:
1374:
1285:
964:
786:
657:
483:, the Yeniseian languages have been argued to be part of "the first demonstration of a
353:
344:
6615:
5630:
5587:
5573:
5555:
5298:
5250:
5232:
5162:
4762:
Materials for a Comparative Grammar of the Dene–Caucasian (Sino-Caucasian) Languages.
4428:
4385:
4311:
4256:
3919:
3025:
3017:
1424:
1350:
996:
924:
884:
870:
804:
794:
750:
695:
648:
628:
472:
320:
248:
4876:
Morphology of the Kott Verb and Reconstruction of the Proto-Yeniseian Verbal System.
3747:
1284:
It has been further suggested that the Yeniseian-speaking Xiongnu elite underwent a
6361:
6169:
5903:
5549:
5325:
5226:
4324:
4287:
3512:
3146:
3013:
3005:
2969:
1420:
1330:
1299:
1268:
1226:
1209:
1185:
1127:
1043:
988:
909:
840:
745:
714:
605:
551:
496:
4939:
In Studia Linguistica Universitatis Iagellonicae Cracoviensis 123 (2006): 155–158.
4764:
In Aspects of Comparative Linguistics, v. 3., pp. 45–118. Moscow: RSUH Publishers.
4703:
Past Human Migrations in East Asia: Matching Archaeology, Linguistics and Genetics
4360:
Past Human Migrations in East Asia: Matching Archaeology, Linguistics and Genetics
1205:
ancestry, and also display affinity to Inner Northeast Asian (Yumin-like) groups.
5115:
3857:
3717:
4670:
4340:
4232:
1428:
1181:
1089:
516:
5737:
1164:
6536:
6255:
6205:
6071:
5156:
5092:
4809:
4071:
3911:
3610:
3444:
3258:. The term "Yenisei-Ostyak" typically refers to the Ketic branch of Yeniseian.
3180:
3021:
2989:
1314:
1310:
1245:
1241:
535:
531:
503:
359:
4761:
4505:
4496:
4479:
4419:
4410:
4295:
4240:
4023:
Georg, Stefan (2008). "Yeniseic languages and the Siberian linguistic area".
3866:
1096:. From toponyms it can be seen that Yeniseian populations probably lived in
1093:
1082:
1070:
338:
5406:
3884:
3817:
3689:
3203:
continues his father's work in Yeniseian, Sino-Caucasian and other fields.
4875:
4810:
In Defense of the Comparative Method, or the End of the Vovin Controversy.
4437:
3486:. Veröffentlichungen der Societas Uralo-Altaica. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
3141:
A link between the Na–Dené languages and Sino-Tibetan languages, known as
5170:
5150:
4866:
3088:
1306:
spoke a Yeniseian language and influenced other languages in the region.
1189:
1105:
1097:
1078:
1074:
512:
507:
257:
17:
5171:
Multimedia Database of Ket Language, Moscow State (Lomonosov) University
4464:
4248:
4216:
5772:
5710:
4994:
Vajda, Edward J. (1998). The Kets and Their Language. Mother Tongue IV.
1253:
1024:
980:
523:
476:
253:
5181:
3799:
3748:"Toward the question of Yeniseian homeland in perspective of toponymy"
5864:
5175:
3974:
3833:"Linguistic Phylogenies Support Back-Migration from Beringia to Asia"
3404:
Vovin, Alexander; Vajda, Edward J.; de la Vaissière, Etienne (2016).
3304:
7. НАСЕЛЕНИЕ НАИБОЛЕЕ МНОГОЧИСЛЕННЫХ НАЦИОНАЛЬНОСТЕЙ ПО РОДНОМУ ЯЗЫКУ
3236:
1405:
1382:
1273:
1055:
569:
563:
557:
5128:
5023:
Yeniseic substrates and typological accommodation in central Siberia
3428:
3405:
4794:
Van Driem, George. (2001). The Languages of the Himalayas. Leiden:
3782:
3673:
3379:
3272:
Yastin, Yarin and Baikot are sometimes considered dialects of Kott.
3103:
1235:
1163:
5112:
by Edward Vajda, a proponent of the Yeniseian-Na-Dene connection.
5042:
Vajda, Edward J. (2010). "Siberian Link with Na-Dene Languages."
5699:
3571:
Mid-holocene language connections between Asia and North America
3110:. The Sino-Caucasian hypothesis has been expanded by others to "
1303:
1293:
1257:
5741:
5410:
5185:
5037:, Routledge, to be co-authored with Bernard Comrie; 53 pages).
3247:. In addition to the Yeniseian languages it also includes the
1069:. Yugh, which only recently faced extinction, was spoken from
138:
77:
36:
4956:Праенисейская реконструкция и внешние связи енисейских языков
4898:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 95: 13994–96.
4025:
Evidence and Counter-Evidence. Festschrift Frederik Kortlandt
3997:
E. G. Pulleyblank, "The consonontal system of old Chinese" ,
3350:
Language Documentation & Conservation Special Publication
3648:. Languages of the world Materials. München: LINCOM Europa.
2996:, as well as a number of other respected linguists, such as
428:
425:
410:
5033:
Vajda, Edward J. (2008). "Yeniseic" a chapter in the book
3406:"Who were the *Kyet (羯) and what language did they speak?"
1142:, found in more westerly river names, to Proto-Yeniseian *
379:
The distribution of individual Yeniseian languages in 1600
3674:"The Gradual Disappearance of a Eurasian Language Family"
3519:. Comparative Historical Linguistics of the 21st Century.
416:
407:
4675:
The Dictionary of Historical and Comparative Linguistics
4345:
The Dictionary of Historical and Comparative Linguistics
4036:
4034:
1184:. According to this study, the Yeniseians are linked to
1172:, the Xiongnu Empire had a Yeniseian-speaking component.
5105:
Results from the February 2008 Dene–Yeniseic Symposium
4865:
Reshetnikov, Kirill Yu.; Starostin, George S. (1995).
5009:
Vajda, Edward J. (2004). Ket. Lincom Europa, München.
3069:
and Karasuk, proposing some lexical correspondences.
1392:. Yeniseic nominal enclitics closely approximate the
495:". The only surviving language of the group today is
440:
431:
422:
413:
404:
4954:(Starostin, Sergei A.) Старостин, Сергей А. (1982).
4331:. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. pg. 318
3545:
A typology of questions in Northeast Asia and beyond
3460:
3458:
3456:
3454:
967:
957:
949:
941:
927:
913:
903:
887:
873:
816:
812:
797:
789:
774:
764:
760:
717:
707:
698:
685:
677:
669:
660:
651:
640:
631:
467:-) are a family of languages that are spoken by the
329:
323:
315:
6522:
6475:
6425:
6298:
6253:
6213:
6204:
6168:
6093:
6029:
5992:
5902:
5779:
5661:
5645:
5608:
5565:
5542:
5533:
5488:
5453:
5444:
5366:
5336:
5308:
5290:
5242:
5219:
419:
337:
303:
293:
273:
263:
241:
231:
221:
5048:Anthropological Papers of the University of Alaska
4105:and Na-Dene can be considered settled." (pg. 452).
3061:Alexei Kassian has suggested a connection between
1302:et al. 2013 proposed that the ruling elite of the
1292:while migrating westward, eventually becoming the
1137:
1109:
4072:Language Log » The languages of the Caucasus
3597:Vajda, Edward (2024-02-19), Vajda, Edward (ed.),
3569:Fortescue, Michael D.; Vajda, Edward J. (2022).
4677:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. pg. 85
4390:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
4347:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. pg. 85
3898:Zeng, Tian Chen; et al. (2 October 2023).
1345:Sound correspondences among Yeniseian languages
4690:. New York: Columbia University Press. pg. 434
4100:Edward Vajda, 2011, "A Response to Campbell,"
3603:The Languages and Linguistics of Northern Asia
3380:"Did the Xiong Nu Speak a Yeniseian Language?"
5753:
5422:
5197:
4102:International Journal of American Linguistics
4088:International Journal of American Linguistics
3433:International Journal of Eurasian Linguistics
2946:Proposed relations to other language families
1427:, not unlike the situation reconstructed for
1054:in far northern Siberia, in villages such as
8:
6597:Families with more than 30 languages are in
4840:Scientific American 267.5 (November): 94–99.
4045:sfn error: no target: CITEREFStarostin1982 (
3831:Sicoli, Mark A.; Holton, Gary (2014-03-12).
3592:
3590:
3322:
3320:
1031:—are identifiable as Yeniseic speaking from
511:northward migration, and that the Yeniseian
5035:Language isolates and microfamilies of Asia
3719:Languages and Prehistory of Central Siberia
3102:posits that the Yeniseian languages form a
71:Learn how and when to remove these messages
6302:
6210:
5760:
5746:
5738:
5539:
5450:
5429:
5415:
5407:
5204:
5190:
5182:
3484:Die Jenissej-Sprachen des 18. Jahrhunderts
522:The Yeniseians have been connected to the
4495:
4427:
4409:
4040:
3874:
3856:
3807:
3781:
3741:
3739:
602:Northern Yeniseian (split around 700 AD)
207:Learn how and when to remove this message
189:Learn how and when to remove this message
127:Learn how and when to remove this message
4836:Greenberg, J.H., and M. Ruhlen. (1992).
4808:Dybo, Anna V., Starostin, G. S. (2008).
3639:
3637:
3635:
2317:
1735:
1442:
1340:
876:(extinct 1972, 3 speakers reported 2020)
385:
152:This article includes a list of general
5046:, ed. by J. Kari and B. Potter, 33–99.
4838:Linguistic Origins of Native Americans.
3969:. In Herrmann, J.; Zürcher, E. (eds.).
3680:. Current Issues in Linguistic Theory.
3517:Assessing the Sino-Caucasian Hypothesis
3296:
3215:
5176:Ket language vocabulary with loanwords
5110:A Siberian Link With Na-Dene Languages
218:
4867:The Structure of the Ket Verbal Form.
4821:. Folkestone, Kent: Global Oriental.
3711:
3709:
3667:
3665:
3529:
3507:
3505:
3503:
3477:
3475:
3473:
3464:
3399:
3397:
3280:
3278:
3268:
3266:
3264:
2350:
1225:before dispersing downstream via the
843:(153 speakers as of the 2020 census)
302:
7:
3373:
3371:
3369:
3367:
3365:
3363:
3336:
3334:
3332:
3222:Sum of Ket and Yugh speakers in the
1408:verb inflection, and highly complex
1333:, and the Kott and Assan to Khakas.
1309:One sentence of the language of the
692:Arin–Pumpokol (split around 550 AD)
567:, and the word for 'god' and 'sky',
5139:Comparison of Yeniseian and Na-Dene
3106:with Sino-Tibetan, which he called
1349:The Yeniseian languages share many
1248:are likely to have spoke Yeniseian.
1118:, which is probably related to the
599:(before 500 BC; split around 1 AD)
104:References need to be in templates.
5178:(from the World Loanword Database)
4329:Handbook of North American Indians
3542:Hölzl, Andreas (August 29, 2018).
1400:respects, such as the presence of
1313:, a Xiongnu tribe who founded the
645:Kott–Assan (split around 1200 AD)
158:it lacks sufficient corresponding
27:Language family of central Siberia
25:
4656:Reshetnikov & Starostin 1995b
4652:Reshetnikov & Starostin 1995a
3599:"8 The Yeniseian language family"
3046:hypothesis, linking Yeniseian to
2930:*tsehʷəl
1271:'s demonstration of how the word
995:), with around 200 speakers, and
52:This article has multiple issues.
5524:
5068:Reconstructing Proto-Yenisseian.
4651:
4619:
4615:
4480:"Ancient Connections of Sinitic"
4082:Lyle Campbell, 2011, "Review of
3605:, De Gruyter, pp. 365–480,
400:
372:
352:
143:
82:
41:
5116:Lecture notes on the Ket people
4659:
4655:
4603:
4559:
3716:Vajda, Edward J. (2004-01-01).
979:It has been suggested that the
60:or discuss these issues on the
5163:Article on Yeniseian languages
4453:Journal of Chinese Linguistics
4384:Ruhlen, Merritt (1998-11-10).
4304:10.13173/centasiaj.60.1-2.0051
4288:10.13173/centasiaj.60.1-2.0051
3672:Georg, Stefan (January 2003).
3343:"Yeniseian and Dene Hydronyms"
1365:. These include long-distance
608:(>200 speakers as of 2007)
481:Dené–Yeniseian language family
1:
5044:The Dene–Yeniseian Connection
4874:Starostin, George S. (1995).
4591:
4478:Bradley, David (2023-07-24).
4084:The Dene-Yeniseian Connection
3722:. John Benjamins Publishing.
2974:Western Washington University
1108:. As an example, the toponym
463:; occasionally spelled with -
4639:
4635:
4060:
3953:
3941:
3858:10.1371/journal.pone.0091722
1369:, the development of former
1351:contact-induced similarities
1192:to central Siberia, and the
252:historically large parts of
30:Not to be confused with the
5129:Map of the Yeniseian family
4942:Stachowski, Marek (2006b).
4935:Stachowski, Marek (2006a).
4907:, Dec 1 2002 74 (6) 743–761
4753:Some Yenisseian Isoglosses.
4631:
4620:Greenberg & Ruhlen 1997
4587:
4583:
4571:
4560:Starostin & Ruhlen 1994
4555:
4551:
4547:
4535:
4531:
4519:
4386:"The origin of the Na-Dene"
4203:
4199:
4187:
4175:
4163:
4139:
4127:
4115:
4011:
3937:
3933:
930:(extinct by the mid-1800s)
916:(extinct after 4th century)
720:(extinct after 4th century)
102:. The specific problem is:
6653:
6417:Chukotko-Kamchatkan–Amuric
5066:Werner, Heinrich. (1998).
4896:The Origin of the Na-Dene.
4894:Ruhlen, Merritt. (1998b).
4751:Bengtson, John D. (1998).
4604:Blažek & Bengtson 1995
4001:, vol. IX (1962), pp. 1–2.
3548:. Language Science Press.
3168:
3145:had also been proposed by
3076:
3035:
2961:
1153:
654:(extinct by the mid-1800s)
584:
479:. As part of the proposed
390:Map of Yeniseian languages
98:to meet Knowledge (XXG)'s
29:
6585:
6305:
5722:
5522:
5384:
5159:by S. A. Starostin. 2005.
5153:by S. A. Starostin. 2005.
5093:10.1515/9783110556216-008
5020:Vajda, Edward J. (2007),
3967:"23.4 The Xiongnu Empire"
3912:10.1101/2023.10.01.560332
3644:Vajda, Edward J. (2004).
3611:10.1515/9783110556216-008
3482:Werner, Heinrich (2005).
3445:10.1163/25898833-12340036
3427:Vovin, Alexander (2020).
3378:Vovin, Alexander (2000).
2646:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2362:
2355:
2345:
2330:
2323:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1780:
1768:
1763:
1748:
1741:
1465:
1450:
1448:
1355:Siberian Turkic languages
371:
351:
275:Linguistic classification
226:
6637:Paleo-Siberian languages
6632:Dené–Yeniseian languages
5438:Paleo-Siberian languages
4497:10.3390/languages8030176
4411:10.1073/pnas.95.23.13994
4270:高晶一, Jingyi Gao (2017).
4215:Sedláček, Kamil (2008).
3171:Dené–Caucasian languages
2964:Dené–Yeniseian languages
587:Para-Yeniseian languages
6594:have no living members.
6477:East and Southeast Asia
4760:Bengtson, J.D. (2008).
4755:Mother tongue IV, 1998.
4688:Dictionary of Languages
4276:Central Asiatic Journal
4221:Central Asiatic Journal
3384:Central Asiatic Journal
2936:*sogǝl (~č/t'-ʎ)
2303:*kiʔ~ɡiʔ/*ʔalVs-(tamsV)
1138:
1110:
173:more precise citations.
4817:Georg, Stefan (2007).
4686:Dalby, Andrew (1998).
4616:Greenberg & Ruhlen
3690:10.1075/cilt.240.07geo
3079:Sino-Tibetan languages
1346:
1249:
1203:Ancient Paleo-Siberian
1173:
493:historical linguistics
391:
366:and northern Mongolia.
4233:10.13173/CAJ/2008/2/6
3965:Sinor, Denis (1996).
2853:*qoʔl (~ẋ-, -r)
1344:
1254:Xiongnu confederation
1239:
1167:
852:Northern-Southern Ket
524:Xiongnu confederation
515:lies to the south of
451:; sometimes known as
389:
5145:Yenisseian Etymology
4660:Dybo & Starostin
4086:(Kari and Potter),"
3136:historical linguists
3130:. A narrower binary
3054:postulated that the
1048:Turukhansky District
549:vocabulary, such as
109:improve this article
6622:Yeniseian languages
6235:Chukotko-Kamchatkan
6019:Northwest Caucasian
6014:Northeast Caucasian
5446:Chukotko-Kamchatkan
5213:Yeniseian languages
5147:by S. A. Starostin.
4402:1998PNAS...9513994R
4396:(23): 13994–13996.
3971:History of Humanity
3849:2014PLoSO...991722S
3792:2016NatSR...620768F
3245:genetic linguistics
3224:2021 Russian census
3189:Sergei L. Nikolayev
3185:Sergei A. Starostin
3156:A 2023 analysis by
3126:and, occasionally,
2328:
2320:
1746:
1738:
1445:
1359:Samoyedic languages
1150:Origins and history
639:Southern Yeniseian
396:Yeniseian languages
227:Yeniseic, Yeniseyan
6500:Austronesian–Ongan
6299:Proposed groupings
5511:Southern Kamchadal
5141:by Merritt Ruhlen.
5133:Santa Fe Institute
5121:2019-04-06 at the
4520:Bleichsteiner 1930
3770:Scientific Reports
3239:" is a concept of
3199:), and M. Ruhlen.
3118:of North America,
2952:ergative languages
2324:
2318:
1742:
1736:
1444:Personal pronouns
1443:
1347:
1250:
1174:
575:Chinese characters
475:region of central
392:
6627:Language families
6609:
6608:
6518:
6517:
6510:Sino-Austronesian
6294:
6293:
5769:Language families
5735:
5734:
5729:extinct languages
5637:Southern Yukaghir
5604:
5603:
5520:
5519:
5504:Eastern Kamchadal
5498:(Western) Itelmen
5404:
5403:
5394:extinct languages
5070:Mother Tongue IV.
4828:978-1-901903-58-4
3984:978-92-3-102812-0
3800:10.1038/srep20768
3729:978-90-272-4776-6
3699:978-90-272-4752-0
3655:978-3-89586-221-2
3620:978-3-11-055621-6
3580:978-90-04-43681-7
3493:978-3-447-05239-9
3410:Journal Asiatique
3116:Na-Dené languages
3114:" to include the
3038:Karasuk languages
3010:Michael Fortescue
2978:Na–Dené languages
2940:
2939:
2903:
2863:
2823:
2783:
2743:
2703:
2663:
2626:
2586:
2546:
2506:
2466:
2426:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2360:
2337:Pumpokolic branch
2319:Other vocabulary
2308:
2307:
1817:
1812:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1778:
1755:Pumpokolic branch
1726:
1725:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1477:
1457:Pumpokolic branch
1433:verbal morphology
1377:, and the use of
970:(extinct by 1800)
906:(extinct by 1750)
890:(extinct by 1800)
742:Yenisei-Ostyakic
710:(extinct by 1750)
701:(extinct by 1800)
663:(extinct by 1800)
528:Pumpokol language
485:genealogical link
384:
383:
217:
216:
209:
199:
198:
191:
137:
136:
129:
100:quality standards
91:This article may
75:
16:(Redirected from
6644:
6577:Proto-Euphratean
6303:
6211:
6179:Great Andamanese
5762:
5755:
5748:
5739:
5540:
5528:
5451:
5431:
5424:
5417:
5408:
5206:
5199:
5192:
5183:
5167:
5125:by Edward Vajda.
5076:
5071:
5062:
5056:
5051:
5038:
5029:
5028:
5016:
5010:
5005:
5000:
4995:
4990:
4985:
4980:
4975:
4969:
4964:
4959:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4899:
4890:
4884:
4879:
4870:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4832:
4813:
4804:
4799:
4796:Brill Publishers
4790:
4785:
4780:
4775:
4770:
4765:
4756:
4747:
4742:
4737:
4732:
4718:
4717:
4697:
4691:
4684:
4678:
4668:
4662:
4648:
4642:
4628:
4622:
4612:
4606:
4600:
4594:
4580:
4574:
4572:Nikola(y)ev 1991
4568:
4562:
4544:
4538:
4528:
4522:
4516:
4510:
4509:
4499:
4475:
4469:
4468:
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4431:
4413:
4381:
4375:
4374:
4354:
4348:
4338:
4332:
4322:
4316:
4315:
4267:
4261:
4260:
4212:
4206:
4196:
4190:
4184:
4178:
4172:
4166:
4160:
4154:
4148:
4142:
4136:
4130:
4124:
4118:
4112:
4106:
4098:
4092:
4080:
4074:
4069:
4063:
4057:
4051:
4050:
4038:
4029:
4028:
4020:
4014:
4008:
4002:
3995:
3989:
3988:
3962:
3956:
3950:
3944:
3942:Pulleyblank 2002
3930:
3924:
3923:
3895:
3889:
3888:
3878:
3860:
3828:
3822:
3821:
3811:
3785:
3761:
3755:
3754:
3752:
3746:Blažek, Václav.
3743:
3734:
3733:
3713:
3704:
3703:
3669:
3660:
3659:
3641:
3630:
3629:
3628:
3627:
3594:
3585:
3584:
3566:
3560:
3559:
3539:
3533:
3527:
3521:
3520:
3509:
3498:
3497:
3479:
3468:
3462:
3449:
3448:
3424:
3418:
3417:
3401:
3392:
3391:
3375:
3358:
3357:
3347:
3338:
3327:
3324:
3315:
3312:
3306:
3301:
3285:
3282:
3273:
3270:
3259:
3249:Uralic languages
3233:
3227:
3220:
3201:George Starostin
3151:Geoffrey Caveney
3100:Sergei Starostin
3052:George van Driem
2901:
2861:
2821:
2781:
2741:
2701:
2661:
2624:
2584:
2544:
2504:
2464:
2424:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2363:
2356:
2351:Reconstructions
2321:
2311:Basic vocabulary
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
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2219:
2214:
2209:
2203:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2140:
2139:xeltoŋa~gheltoŋa
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1941:
1936:
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1837:
1832:
1827:
1815:
1810:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1781:
1774:
1769:Reconstructions
1739:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1704:
1699:
1689:
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1669:
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1519:
1514:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1480:
1473:
1446:
1199:Glazkovo culture
1160:Yeniseian people
1141:
1116:Zabaykalsky Krai
1114:can be found in
1113:
1081:, and the upper
1068:
1052:Krasnoyarsk Krai
985:Hunnic languages
969:
959:
951:
943:
934:Various dialects
929:
915:
905:
889:
875:
818:
814:
799:
791:
776:
766:
762:
719:
709:
700:
687:
679:
671:
662:
653:
642:
633:
534:, who ruled the
469:Yeniseian people
447:
443:
438:
437:
434:
433:
430:
427:
424:
421:
418:
415:
412:
409:
406:
376:
356:
347:
331:
325:
317:
247:today along the
236:Yeniseian people
219:
212:
205:
194:
187:
183:
180:
174:
169:this article by
160:inline citations
147:
146:
139:
132:
125:
121:
118:
112:
86:
85:
78:
67:
45:
44:
37:
21:
6652:
6651:
6647:
6646:
6645:
6643:
6642:
6641:
6612:
6611:
6610:
6605:
6604:
6581:
6572:Paleo-Laplandic
6567:Pre-Finno-Ugric
6514:
6471:
6435:Greater Siangic
6421:
6407:Uralic–Yukaghir
6357:Ibero-Caucasian
6352:Elamo-Dravidian
6290:
6249:
6200:
6164:
6089:
6025:
6008:North Caucasian
5988:
5898:
5837:Paleo-Sardinian
5775:
5766:
5736:
5731:
5718:
5657:
5641:
5625:Tundra Yukaghir
5600:
5561:
5529:
5516:
5484:
5440:
5435:
5405:
5400:
5399:
5380:
5375:Proto-Yeniseian
5362:
5332:
5304:
5286:
5238:
5215:
5210:
5165:
5157:Sino-Caucasian
5151:Sino-Caucasian
5123:Wayback Machine
5101:
5084:
5082:Further reading
5079:
5074:
5065:
5059:
5054:
5041:
5032:
5026:
5019:
5013:
5008:
5003:
4998:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4953:
4948:A. Krasnowolska
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4113:
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4058:
4054:
4044:
4039:
4032:
4022:
4021:
4017:
4009:
4005:
3996:
3992:
3985:
3977:. p. 452.
3964:
3963:
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3892:
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3633:
3625:
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3621:
3596:
3595:
3588:
3581:
3568:
3567:
3563:
3556:
3541:
3540:
3536:
3528:
3524:
3511:
3510:
3501:
3494:
3481:
3480:
3471:
3463:
3452:
3426:
3425:
3421:
3403:
3402:
3395:
3377:
3376:
3361:
3345:
3341:Vajda, Edward.
3340:
3339:
3330:
3325:
3318:
3313:
3309:
3302:
3298:
3294:
3289:
3288:
3283:
3276:
3271:
3262:
3234:
3230:
3221:
3217:
3212:
3173:
3167:
3081:
3075:
3040:
3034:
3002:Johanna Nichols
2994:Heinrich Werner
2966:
2960:
2948:
2942:
2647:(boru ← Turkic)
2332:Northern branch
2313:
2151:qúsàmbʌ́nsàŋqōˑ
2114:ɨ́nàmbʌ́nsàŋqōˑ
1750:Northern branch
1731:
1610:
1597:
1452:Northern branch
1441:
1410:morphophonology
1381:or grammatical
1353:with the South
1339:
1337:Family features
1264:Alexander Vovin
1223:Pamir mountains
1194:Dené–Yeniseians
1178:Altai Mountains
1162:
1156:Proto-Yeniseian
1152:
1120:Proto-Yeniseian
1104:, and northern
1062:
1041:
999:(also known as
991:(also known as
977:
833:Proto-Yeniseian
825:
734:Proto-Yeniseic
729:
634:(extinct 1970s)
597:Proto-Yeniseian
589:
583:
445:
441:
403:
399:
380:
377:
367:
364:Sayan Mountains
343:
298:Proto-Yeniseian
269:156 (2020)
266:
265:Native speakers
251:
243:
213:
202:
201:
200:
195:
184:
178:
175:
165:Please help to
164:
148:
144:
133:
122:
116:
113:
106:
87:
83:
46:
42:
35:
32:Yenish language
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6650:
6648:
6640:
6639:
6634:
6629:
6624:
6614:
6613:
6607:
6606:
6603:
6602:
6595:
6587:
6586:
6583:
6582:
6580:
6579:
6574:
6569:
6564:
6559:
6554:
6549:
6544:
6539:
6534:
6528:
6526:
6520:
6519:
6516:
6515:
6513:
6512:
6507:
6502:
6497:
6492:
6487:
6481:
6479:
6473:
6472:
6470:
6469:
6464:
6459:
6454:
6449:
6448:
6447:
6442:
6431:
6429:
6423:
6422:
6420:
6419:
6414:
6409:
6404:
6402:Uralo-Siberian
6399:
6394:
6389:
6387:Serbi–Mongolic
6384:
6379:
6374:
6369:
6364:
6359:
6354:
6349:
6347:Dravido-Korean
6344:
6342:Dené–Yeniseian
6339:
6338:
6337:
6332:
6330:Dené–Caucasian
6327:
6317:
6312:
6306:
6300:
6296:
6295:
6292:
6291:
6289:
6288:
6283:
6275:
6268:
6260:
6258:
6251:
6250:
6248:
6247:
6242:
6237:
6232:
6227:
6221:
6219:
6208:
6202:
6201:
6199:
6198:
6191:
6186:
6181:
6175:
6173:
6166:
6165:
6163:
6162:
6157:
6152:
6147:
6142:
6135:
6128:
6121:
6114:
6107:
6099:
6097:
6091:
6090:
6088:
6087:
6079:
6074:
6069:
6064:
6057:
6050:
6043:
6035:
6033:
6027:
6026:
6024:
6023:
6022:
6021:
6016:
6004:
5998:
5996:
5990:
5989:
5987:
5986:
5979:
5972:
5965:
5958:
5951:
5948:Hurro-Urartian
5944:
5937:
5930:
5923:
5916:
5908:
5906:
5900:
5899:
5897:
5896:
5889:
5882:
5875:
5868:
5861:
5854:
5847:
5840:
5833:
5830:Paleo-Corsican
5826:
5819:
5812:
5807:
5800:
5793:
5785:
5783:
5777:
5776:
5767:
5765:
5764:
5757:
5750:
5742:
5733:
5732:
5723:
5720:
5719:
5717:
5716:
5715:
5714:
5707:
5702:
5692:
5691:
5690:
5683:
5676:
5665:
5663:
5659:
5658:
5656:
5655:
5649:
5647:
5643:
5642:
5640:
5639:
5634:
5627:
5622:
5614:
5612:
5606:
5605:
5602:
5601:
5599:
5598:
5591:
5584:
5577:
5569:
5567:
5563:
5562:
5560:
5559:
5552:
5546:
5544:
5537:
5531:
5530:
5523:
5521:
5518:
5517:
5515:
5514:
5507:
5500:
5494:
5492:
5486:
5485:
5483:
5482:
5477:
5470:
5465:
5459:
5457:
5448:
5442:
5441:
5436:
5434:
5433:
5426:
5419:
5411:
5402:
5401:
5398:
5397:
5386:
5385:
5382:
5381:
5379:
5378:
5370:
5368:
5364:
5363:
5361:
5360:
5352:
5343:
5341:
5338:Para-Yeniseian
5334:
5333:
5331:
5330:
5322:
5314:
5312:
5306:
5305:
5303:
5302:
5294:
5292:
5288:
5287:
5285:
5284:
5277:
5276:
5275:
5268:
5261:
5246:
5244:
5240:
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5236:
5229:
5223:
5221:
5217:
5216:
5211:
5209:
5208:
5201:
5194:
5186:
5180:
5179:
5173:
5168:
5160:
5154:
5148:
5142:
5136:
5126:
5113:
5107:
5100:
5099:External links
5097:
5096:
5095:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5077:
5072:
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5057:
5052:
5039:
5030:
5017:
5011:
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5001:
4996:
4991:
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4970:
4965:
4960:
4951:
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4900:
4891:
4885:
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4871:
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4857:
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4771:
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4757:
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4743:
4738:
4733:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4719:
4712:
4692:
4679:
4663:
4643:
4623:
4607:
4595:
4575:
4563:
4556:Starostin 1991
4552:Starostin 1984
4548:Starostin 1982
4539:
4523:
4511:
4470:
4459:(2): 461–487.
4443:
4376:
4369:
4349:
4333:
4317:
4282:(1–2): 51–58.
4262:
4227:(2): 219–305.
4207:
4191:
4179:
4167:
4155:
4143:
4140:Van Driem 2001
4131:
4119:
4107:
4093:
4075:
4064:
4052:
4041:Starostin 1982
4030:
4015:
4003:
3990:
3983:
3957:
3945:
3925:
3890:
3823:
3756:
3735:
3728:
3705:
3698:
3661:
3654:
3631:
3619:
3586:
3579:
3561:
3554:
3534:
3522:
3499:
3492:
3469:
3450:
3439:(2): 315–322.
3419:
3393:
3359:
3328:
3316:
3307:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3287:
3286:
3274:
3260:
3228:
3214:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3193:J.H. Greenberg
3169:Main article:
3166:
3165:Dené–Caucasian
3163:
3132:Dené–Yeniseian
3112:Dené–Caucasian
3108:Sino-Yeniseian
3098:hypothesis of
3096:Sino-Caucasian
3077:Main article:
3074:
3071:
3067:Hurro-Urartian
3056:Burusho people
3036:Main article:
3033:
3030:
2998:Bernard Comrie
2982:Michael Krauss
2962:Main article:
2959:
2958:Dené–Yeniseian
2956:
2947:
2944:
2938:
2937:
2934:
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2651:
2648:
2645:
2642:
2639:
2636:
2633:
2630:
2627:
2621:
2620:
2617:
2616:*ǯik (~-g, -ẋ)
2614:
2611:
2608:
2605:
2602:
2599:
2596:
2593:
2590:
2587:
2581:
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2488:
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2482:
2479:
2476:
2473:
2470:
2467:
2461:
2460:
2459:*sɛʔt / *tɛʔt
2457:
2454:
2451:
2448:
2445:
2442:
2439:
2436:
2433:
2430:
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2421:
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2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2312:
2309:
2306:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2266:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2226:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2181:
2180:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2161:xutajamosxajaŋ
2158:
2153:
2148:
2144:
2143:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2107:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2067:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2023:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1983:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1943:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1903:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1859:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1819:
1818:
1813:
1807:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1779:
1771:
1770:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1730:
1727:
1724:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1691:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1656:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1621:
1620:
1615:
1604:
1599:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1577:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1542:
1541:
1536:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1506:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1478:
1470:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1440:
1437:
1417:glottalization
1338:
1335:
1286:language shift
1151:
1148:
1040:
1037:
976:
975:
974:
973:
972:
971:
962:
961:
960:
952:
944:
936:
919:
918:
917:
907:
893:
892:
891:
879:
878:
877:
868:
867:
866:
865:
864:
859:
849:
829:
824:
823:
822:
821:
820:
819:
807:
802:
801:
800:
792:
778:
769:
768:
767:
755:
754:
753:
748:
733:
728:
727:
726:
725:
724:
723:
722:
721:
711:
702:
690:
689:
688:
680:
672:
664:
655:
637:
636:
635:
626:
625:
624:
619:
614:
593:
582:
581:Classification
579:
461:Yenisei-Ostyak
382:
381:
378:
369:
368:
357:
349:
348:
341:
335:
334:
333:
332:
326:
318:
310:
305:
301:
300:
295:
294:Proto-language
291:
290:
289:
288:
280:Dené–Yeniseian
277:
271:
270:
267:
264:
261:
260:
245:
239:
238:
233:
229:
228:
224:
223:
215:
214:
197:
196:
151:
149:
142:
135:
134:
90:
88:
81:
76:
50:
49:
47:
40:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6649:
6638:
6635:
6633:
6630:
6628:
6625:
6623:
6620:
6619:
6617:
6600:
6596:
6593:
6589:
6588:
6584:
6578:
6575:
6573:
6570:
6568:
6565:
6563:
6560:
6558:
6555:
6553:
6550:
6548:
6545:
6543:
6540:
6538:
6535:
6533:
6530:
6529:
6527:
6525:
6521:
6511:
6508:
6506:
6503:
6501:
6498:
6496:
6493:
6491:
6488:
6486:
6483:
6482:
6480:
6478:
6474:
6468:
6465:
6463:
6460:
6458:
6455:
6453:
6450:
6446:
6443:
6441:
6438:
6437:
6436:
6433:
6432:
6430:
6428:
6424:
6418:
6415:
6413:
6412:Eskimo–Uralic
6410:
6408:
6405:
6403:
6400:
6398:
6395:
6393:
6390:
6388:
6385:
6383:
6380:
6378:
6375:
6373:
6370:
6368:
6365:
6363:
6360:
6358:
6355:
6353:
6350:
6348:
6345:
6343:
6340:
6336:
6333:
6331:
6328:
6326:
6323:
6322:
6321:
6318:
6316:
6313:
6311:
6308:
6307:
6304:
6301:
6297:
6287:
6284:
6281:
6280:
6276:
6274:
6273:
6269:
6267:
6266:
6262:
6261:
6259:
6257:
6252:
6246:
6243:
6241:
6238:
6236:
6233:
6231:
6228:
6226:
6223:
6222:
6220:
6217:
6216:Paleosiberian
6212:
6209:
6207:
6203:
6197:
6196:
6192:
6190:
6187:
6185:
6182:
6180:
6177:
6176:
6174:
6171:
6167:
6161:
6158:
6156:
6153:
6151:
6148:
6146:
6143:
6141:
6140:
6136:
6134:
6133:
6129:
6127:
6126:
6122:
6120:
6119:
6115:
6113:
6112:
6111:Austroasiatic
6108:
6106:
6105:
6101:
6100:
6098:
6096:
6092:
6085:
6084:
6080:
6078:
6075:
6073:
6070:
6068:
6065:
6063:
6062:
6061:Austroasiatic
6058:
6056:
6055:
6051:
6049:
6048:
6044:
6042:
6041:
6040:Indo-European
6037:
6036:
6034:
6032:
6028:
6020:
6017:
6015:
6012:
6011:
6010:
6009:
6005:
6003:
6000:
5999:
5997:
5995:
5991:
5985:
5984:
5980:
5978:
5977:
5973:
5971:
5970:
5966:
5964:
5963:
5959:
5957:
5956:
5952:
5950:
5949:
5945:
5943:
5942:
5938:
5936:
5935:
5931:
5929:
5928:
5924:
5922:
5921:
5917:
5915:
5914:
5913:Indo-European
5910:
5909:
5907:
5905:
5901:
5895:
5894:
5890:
5888:
5887:
5883:
5881:
5880:
5876:
5874:
5873:
5869:
5867:
5866:
5862:
5860:
5859:
5855:
5853:
5852:
5848:
5846:
5845:
5841:
5839:
5838:
5834:
5832:
5831:
5827:
5825:
5824:
5820:
5818:
5817:
5813:
5811:
5808:
5806:
5805:
5801:
5799:
5798:
5794:
5792:
5791:
5790:Indo-European
5787:
5786:
5784:
5782:
5778:
5774:
5770:
5763:
5758:
5756:
5751:
5749:
5744:
5743:
5740:
5730:
5726:
5721:
5713:
5712:
5708:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5698:
5697:
5696:
5693:
5689:
5688:
5684:
5682:
5681:
5677:
5675:
5672:
5671:
5670:
5667:
5666:
5664:
5660:
5654:
5651:
5650:
5648:
5644:
5638:
5635:
5633:
5632:
5628:
5626:
5623:
5621:
5620:
5616:
5615:
5613:
5611:
5607:
5597:
5596:
5592:
5590:
5589:
5585:
5583:
5582:
5578:
5576:
5575:
5571:
5570:
5568:
5564:
5558:
5557:
5553:
5551:
5548:
5547:
5545:
5541:
5538:
5536:
5532:
5527:
5513:
5512:
5508:
5506:
5505:
5501:
5499:
5496:
5495:
5493:
5491:
5487:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5475:
5471:
5469:
5466:
5464:
5461:
5460:
5458:
5456:
5452:
5449:
5447:
5443:
5439:
5432:
5427:
5425:
5420:
5418:
5413:
5412:
5409:
5395:
5391:
5388:
5387:
5383:
5377:
5376:
5372:
5371:
5369:
5367:Reconstructed
5365:
5359:
5357:
5353:
5351:
5349:
5345:
5344:
5342:
5339:
5335:
5329:
5327:
5323:
5321:
5320:
5316:
5315:
5313:
5311:
5307:
5301:
5300:
5296:
5295:
5293:
5289:
5283:
5282:
5278:
5274:
5273:
5269:
5267:
5266:
5262:
5260:
5259:
5255:
5254:
5253:
5252:
5248:
5247:
5245:
5241:
5235:
5234:
5230:
5228:
5225:
5224:
5222:
5218:
5214:
5207:
5202:
5200:
5195:
5193:
5188:
5187:
5184:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5164:
5161:
5158:
5155:
5152:
5149:
5146:
5143:
5140:
5137:
5134:
5130:
5127:
5124:
5120:
5117:
5114:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5102:
5098:
5094:
5090:
5086:
5085:
5081:
5073:
5069:
5064:
5058:
5053:
5049:
5045:
5040:
5036:
5031:
5025:
5024:
5018:
5012:
5007:
5002:
4997:
4992:
4987:
4982:
4977:
4971:
4966:
4961:
4957:
4952:
4949:
4945:
4941:
4938:
4934:
4931:
4928:
4925:
4920:
4915:
4910:
4906:
4905:Human Biology
4901:
4897:
4892:
4886:
4881:
4877:
4872:
4868:
4863:
4858:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4839:
4834:
4830:
4824:
4820:
4815:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4763:
4758:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4728:
4723:
4715:
4713:9781134149629
4709:
4706:. Routledge.
4705:
4704:
4696:
4693:
4689:
4683:
4680:
4676:
4672:
4667:
4664:
4661:
4657:
4653:
4647:
4644:
4641:
4637:
4633:
4627:
4624:
4621:
4617:
4611:
4608:
4605:
4599:
4596:
4593:
4592:Bengtson 2008
4589:
4588:Bengtson 1998
4585:
4584:Bengtson 1994
4579:
4576:
4573:
4567:
4564:
4561:
4557:
4553:
4549:
4543:
4540:
4537:
4536:Tailleur 1994
4533:
4532:Tailleur 1958
4527:
4524:
4521:
4515:
4512:
4507:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4489:
4485:
4481:
4474:
4471:
4466:
4462:
4458:
4454:
4447:
4444:
4439:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4421:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4403:
4399:
4395:
4391:
4387:
4380:
4377:
4372:
4370:9781134149629
4366:
4363:. Routledge.
4362:
4361:
4353:
4350:
4346:
4342:
4337:
4334:
4330:
4326:
4325:Goddard, Ives
4321:
4318:
4313:
4309:
4305:
4301:
4297:
4293:
4289:
4285:
4281:
4277:
4273:
4266:
4263:
4258:
4254:
4250:
4246:
4242:
4238:
4234:
4230:
4226:
4222:
4218:
4211:
4208:
4205:
4201:
4195:
4192:
4189:
4183:
4180:
4177:
4171:
4168:
4165:
4164:Tailleur 1994
4159:
4156:
4152:
4147:
4144:
4141:
4135:
4132:
4129:
4123:
4120:
4117:
4111:
4108:
4103:
4097:
4094:
4089:
4085:
4079:
4076:
4073:
4068:
4065:
4062:
4056:
4053:
4048:
4042:
4037:
4035:
4031:
4026:
4019:
4016:
4013:
4012:Anderson 2003
4007:
4004:
4000:
3994:
3991:
3986:
3980:
3976:
3972:
3968:
3961:
3958:
3955:
3949:
3946:
3943:
3939:
3935:
3929:
3926:
3921:
3917:
3913:
3909:
3905:
3901:
3894:
3891:
3886:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3868:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3850:
3846:
3843:(3): e91722.
3842:
3838:
3834:
3827:
3824:
3819:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3801:
3797:
3793:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3775:
3771:
3767:
3760:
3757:
3749:
3742:
3740:
3736:
3731:
3725:
3721:
3720:
3712:
3710:
3706:
3701:
3695:
3691:
3687:
3683:
3679:
3675:
3668:
3666:
3662:
3657:
3651:
3647:
3640:
3638:
3636:
3632:
3622:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3604:
3600:
3593:
3591:
3587:
3582:
3576:
3572:
3565:
3562:
3557:
3555:9783961101023
3551:
3547:
3546:
3538:
3535:
3531:
3526:
3523:
3518:
3514:
3513:Vajda, Edward
3508:
3506:
3504:
3500:
3495:
3489:
3485:
3478:
3476:
3474:
3470:
3466:
3461:
3459:
3457:
3455:
3451:
3446:
3442:
3438:
3434:
3430:
3423:
3420:
3416:(1): 125–144.
3415:
3411:
3407:
3400:
3398:
3394:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3374:
3372:
3370:
3368:
3366:
3364:
3360:
3355:
3351:
3344:
3337:
3335:
3333:
3329:
3323:
3321:
3317:
3311:
3308:
3305:
3300:
3297:
3291:
3284:Russian loan.
3281:
3279:
3275:
3269:
3267:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3232:
3229:
3225:
3219:
3216:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3172:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3158:David Bradley
3154:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3139:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3092:
3090:
3086:
3080:
3072:
3070:
3068:
3064:
3059:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3039:
3031:
3029:
3027:
3026:Jared Diamond
3023:
3019:
3018:Lyle Campbell
3015:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2965:
2957:
2955:
2953:
2945:
2943:
2935:
2932:
2929:
2926:
2923:
2920:
2917:
2914:
2911:
2908:
2905:
2900:
2899:
2895:
2892:
2889:
2886:
2883:
2880:
2877:
2874:
2871:
2868:
2865:
2860:
2859:
2855:
2852:
2849:
2846:
2843:
2840:
2837:
2834:
2831:
2828:
2825:
2820:
2819:
2815:
2812:
2809:
2806:
2803:
2800:
2797:
2794:
2791:
2788:
2785:
2780:
2779:
2775:
2772:
2769:
2766:
2763:
2760:
2757:
2754:
2751:
2748:
2745:
2740:
2739:
2735:
2732:
2729:
2726:
2723:
2720:
2717:
2714:
2711:
2708:
2705:
2700:
2699:
2695:
2692:
2689:
2686:
2683:
2680:
2677:
2674:
2671:
2668:
2665:
2660:
2659:
2655:
2652:
2649:
2643:
2640:
2637:
2634:
2631:
2628:
2623:
2622:
2618:
2615:
2612:
2609:
2606:
2603:
2600:
2597:
2594:
2591:
2588:
2583:
2582:
2578:
2575:
2572:
2569:
2566:
2563:
2560:
2557:
2554:
2551:
2548:
2543:
2542:
2538:
2535:
2532:
2529:
2526:
2523:
2520:
2517:
2514:
2511:
2508:
2503:
2502:
2498:
2495:
2492:
2489:
2486:
2483:
2480:
2477:
2474:
2471:
2468:
2463:
2462:
2458:
2455:
2452:
2449:
2446:
2443:
2440:
2437:
2434:
2431:
2428:
2423:
2422:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2390:
2366:
2359:
2354:
2348:
2347:Kottic branch
2343:
2342:Arinic branch
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2327:
2322:
2316:
2310:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2268:
2267:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2228:
2227:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2183:
2182:
2179:
2174:
2171:godžibunagiaŋ
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2146:
2145:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2109:
2108:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2069:
2068:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2025:
2024:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1985:
1984:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1945:
1944:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1905:
1904:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1861:
1860:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1821:
1820:
1814:
1809:
1808:
1784:
1777:
1773:
1772:
1766:
1765:Kottic branch
1761:
1760:Arinic branch
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1745:
1740:
1734:
1728:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1693:
1692:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1658:
1657:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1623:
1622:
1616:
1612:uja~hata/xata
1607:uju~hatu/xatu
1605:
1600:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1579:
1578:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1544:
1543:
1537:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1508:
1507:
1501:
1498:Kott dialects
1496:
1491:
1486:
1483:
1479:
1476:
1472:
1471:
1468:
1467:Kottic branch
1463:
1462:Arinic branch
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1447:
1438:
1436:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1425:breathy voice
1422:
1418:
1413:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1390:subordinators
1388:
1384:
1380:
1379:postpositions
1376:
1372:
1368:
1367:nasal harmony
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1343:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1328:
1323:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1307:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1282:
1280:
1276:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1261:
1259:
1255:
1247:
1244:kings of the
1243:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1215:Václav Blažek
1211:
1206:
1204:
1200:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1171:
1168:According to
1166:
1161:
1157:
1149:
1147:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1134:Václav Blažek
1131:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1086:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1066:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1038:
1036:
1034:
1030:
1029:Koibalkyshtym
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
966:
963:
956:
953:
948:
945:
940:
937:
935:
932:
931:
926:
923:
922:
920:
911:
908:
902:
899:
898:
897:
894:
886:
883:
882:
880:
872:
869:
863:
860:
858:
855:
854:
853:
850:
848:
845:
844:
842:
839:
838:
836:
835:
834:
831:
830:
828:
811:
808:
806:
803:
796:
793:
788:
785:
784:
782:
781:
779:
773:
770:
759:
756:
752:
749:
747:
744:
743:
741:
740:
738:
737:
736:
735:
732:
716:
712:
706:
703:
697:
694:
693:
691:
684:
681:
676:
673:
668:
665:
659:
656:
650:
647:
646:
644:
643:
638:
630:
627:
623:
620:
618:
615:
613:
610:
609:
607:
604:
603:
601:
600:
598:
595:
594:
592:
588:
580:
578:
576:
572:
571:
566:
565:
560:
559:
554:
553:
548:
544:
539:
537:
533:
529:
525:
520:
518:
514:
509:
505:
500:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
473:Yenisei River
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
449:
436:
397:
388:
375:
370:
365:
361:
355:
350:
346:
342:
340:
336:
327:
322:
319:
314:
311:
308:
307:
306:
299:
296:
292:
287:
284:
283:
281:
278:
276:
272:
268:
262:
259:
255:
250:
249:Yenisei River
246:
240:
237:
234:
230:
225:
220:
211:
208:
193:
190:
182:
172:
168:
162:
161:
155:
150:
141:
140:
131:
128:
120:
110:
105:
101:
97:
96:
89:
80:
79:
74:
72:
65:
64:
59:
58:
53:
48:
39:
38:
33:
19:
6598:
6591:
6590:Families in
6547:Pre-Goidelic
6542:Pre-Germanic
6372:Indo-Semitic
6367:Indo-Pacific
6362:Indo-Hittite
6277:
6270:
6263:
6244:
6193:
6170:Indian Ocean
6137:
6132:Austronesian
6130:
6123:
6116:
6109:
6104:Sino-Tibetan
6102:
6081:
6059:
6054:Sino-Tibetan
6052:
6045:
6038:
6006:
5981:
5974:
5967:
5960:
5953:
5946:
5939:
5932:
5925:
5918:
5911:
5891:
5884:
5877:
5870:
5863:
5858:North Picene
5856:
5849:
5842:
5835:
5828:
5821:
5814:
5802:
5795:
5788:
5724:
5709:
5685:
5678:
5629:
5617:
5593:
5586:
5579:
5572:
5554:
5534:
5509:
5502:
5472:
5389:
5373:
5354:
5346:
5324:
5317:
5297:
5279:
5270:
5263:
5256:
5249:
5231:
5212:
5166:(in Russian)
5067:
5047:
5043:
5034:
5022:
4904:
4818:
4752:
4724:Bibliography
4702:
4695:
4687:
4682:
4674:
4671:Trask, R. L.
4666:
4646:
4640:Ruhlen 1998b
4636:Ruhlen 1998a
4626:
4610:
4598:
4578:
4566:
4542:
4526:
4514:
4487:
4483:
4473:
4456:
4452:
4446:
4393:
4389:
4379:
4359:
4352:
4344:
4341:Trask, R. L.
4336:
4328:
4320:
4279:
4275:
4265:
4224:
4220:
4210:
4194:
4182:
4170:
4158:
4150:
4146:
4134:
4128:Toporov 1971
4122:
4110:
4101:
4096:
4087:
4083:
4078:
4067:
4055:
4024:
4018:
4006:
3998:
3993:
3970:
3960:
3948:
3928:
3903:
3893:
3840:
3836:
3826:
3773:
3769:
3759:
3718:
3681:
3677:
3645:
3624:, retrieved
3602:
3570:
3564:
3544:
3537:
3525:
3516:
3483:
3436:
3432:
3422:
3413:
3409:
3387:
3383:
3353:
3349:
3310:
3299:
3243:rather than
3231:
3218:
3205:
3174:
3155:
3147:Edward Sapir
3142:
3140:
3107:
3093:
3085:M.A. Castrén
3082:
3073:Sino-Tibetan
3060:
3043:
3041:
3006:Victor Golla
2970:Edward Vajda
2967:
2954:of Eurasia.
2949:
2941:
2499:*set / *tet
2364:
2358:Ket dialects
2357:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2325:
2314:
1925:tʲoŋa~tʲuːŋa
1782:
1776:Ket dialects
1775:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1743:
1732:
1716:uniaŋ~xatien
1596:~ bu (masc.)
1481:
1474:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1421:vowel length
1414:
1348:
1331:Chulym Tatar
1324:
1308:
1298:
1290:Oghur Turkic
1283:
1278:
1272:
1269:Stefan Georg
1262:
1251:
1231:
1227:Irtysh River
1210:Edward Vajda
1208:In Siberia,
1207:
1186:Paleo-Eskimo
1175:
1143:
1132:
1128:Heilongjiang
1123:
1087:
1042:
1039:Distribution
1000:
992:
978:
933:
862:Southern Ket
861:
857:Northern Ket
856:
851:
846:
826:
730:
622:Southern Ket
621:
616:
612:Northern Ket
611:
590:
568:
562:
556:
550:
540:
521:
501:
464:
460:
456:
452:
395:
393:
304:Subdivisions
285:
244:distribution
203:
185:
176:
157:
123:
114:
107:Please help
103:
92:
68:
61:
55:
54:Please help
51:
6397:Ural-Altaic
6377:Indo-Uralic
6189:Sentinelese
5920:Afroasiatic
5886:Eteocypriot
4632:Ruhlen 1997
4188:Donner 1930
4176:Werner 1994
4151:Kassian, A.
4116:Dulson 1968
3954:Vajda 2008a
2653:*qɨte (˜ẋ-)
1975:tʃeɡa~ʃeːɡa
1826:qūˑs/𐞥χɔˀk
1598:*ida (fem.)
1429:Old Chinese
1398:typological
1182:Lake Baikal
1102:Zabaykalsky
1090:Krasnoyarsk
1063: [
847:Central Ket
617:Central Ket
517:Lake Baikal
489:comparative
171:introducing
111:if you can.
6616:Categories
6537:Pre-Celtic
6505:East Asian
6495:Austro-Tai
6485:Andamanese
6335:Eurasiatic
6256:North Asia
6206:North Asia
6118:Hmong–Mien
6072:Burushaski
6031:South Asia
6002:Kartvelian
5969:Philistine
5879:Eteocretan
5823:Tartessian
5490:Kamchatkan
5310:Pumpokolic
4490:(3): 176.
4204:Bouda 1957
4200:Bouda 1963
4061:Vajda 2010
3999:Asia Major
3938:Vovin 2002
3934:Vovin 2000
3783:1508.03097
3626:2024-06-26
3530:Georg 2007
3465:Vajda 2007
3356:: 183–201.
3292:References
3181:Burushaski
3120:Burushaski
3048:Burushaski
3022:Keren Rice
2990:James Kari
2263:*ʔeʔk~xeʔk
2218:haːɡa~haɡa
2176:hučabunaga
2166:qusamančau
2129:kinamančau
2015:keɡa~χeːɡa
1846:hutʃa/hau-
1371:affricates
1315:Later Zhao
1246:Later Zhao
1154:See also:
1021:Ashkyshtym
896:Pumpokolic
585:See also:
536:Later Zhao
504:hydronymic
360:Hydronymic
313:Pumpokolic
242:Geographic
154:references
57:improve it
6562:Pre-Vedic
6552:Pre-Greek
6524:Substrata
6427:Arunachal
6325:Nostratic
6310:Alarodian
6245:Yeniseian
6095:East Asia
6047:Dravidian
5904:West Asia
5872:Tyrsenian
5727:indicate
5535:Yeniseian
5455:Chukotkan
5392:indicate
5131:from the
4506:2226-471X
4484:Languages
4420:0027-8424
4312:165893686
4296:0008-9192
4257:163603829
4241:0008-9192
3920:263706090
3867:1932-6203
3776:: 20768.
3197:M. Ruhlen
3177:Caucasian
3143:Sino–Dené
3014:Eric Hamp
2986:Jeff Leer
2968:In 2008,
2896:*kuʔǝt'ǝ
2413:Starostin
2371:Pumpokol
2208:qau~hioɡa
2124:hinbasiaŋ
1816:Starostin
1789:Pumpokol
1737:Numerals
1628:ɤ̄ˑt~ɤ́tn
1488:Pumpokol
1406:prefixing
1383:enclitics
1146:'river'.
1094:Kan River
1083:Ket River
1071:Yeniseysk
993:Imbat Ket
780:Southern
739:Northern
457:Yeniseyan
339:Glottolog
286:Yeniseian
232:Ethnicity
222:Yeniseian
179:July 2024
117:July 2024
63:talk page
18:Yeniseian
6557:Vasconic
6532:Atlantic
6286:Eskaleut
6240:Yukaghir
6155:Koreanic
6150:Tungusic
6145:Mongolic
6083:Harappan
5994:Caucasus
5976:Sumerian
5851:Ligurian
5695:Eskaleut
5687:Sakhalin
5674:Hokkaido
5610:Yukaghir
5595:Pumpokol
5566:Southern
5543:Northern
5319:Pumpokol
5119:Archived
5061:389–394.
4673:(2000).
4465:24774894
4343:(2000).
4249:41928491
3885:24621925
3837:PLOS ONE
3818:26865217
3128:Etruscan
3089:cognates
2902:Snowsled
2690:*kʷeˑtʰi
2650:*qʷīˑtʰi
2258:iːntʰukŋ
2248:kinthjuŋ
2134:gejtaŋaŋ
2054:ɡejlutʃa
1831:χūs/χɔˀk
1694:3rd pl.
1683:auoŋ~aoŋ
1659:2nd pl.
1624:1st pl.
1609:(masc.)
1580:3rd sg.
1545:2nd sg.
1509:1st sg.
1439:Pronouns
1319:Pumpokol
1219:Tianshan
1190:Beringia
1180:or near
1106:Mongolia
1098:Buryatia
1079:Yartsevo
1075:Vorogovo
1023:(Bachat
901:Pumpokol
810:Pumpokol
783:Assanic
772:Pumpokol
758:Pumpokol
705:Pumpokol
547:Mongolic
513:urheimat
453:Yeniseic
345:yeni1252
258:Mongolia
93:require
6592:italics
6490:Austric
6467:Kho-Bwa
6462:Hrusish
6440:Siangic
6382:Karasuk
6282: ?
6195:Kenaboi
6160:Japonic
6125:Kra–Dai
6086: ?
6077:Kusunda
5983:Elamite
5955:Kassite
5941:Kaskian
5844:Camunic
5816:Iberian
5773:Eurasia
5725:Italics
5711:Sirenik
5468:Chukchi
5463:Alyutor
5390:Italics
5348:Xiongnu
4889:231–46.
4438:9811914
4398:Bibcode
3904:BioRxiv
3876:3951421
3845:Bibcode
3809:4750364
3788:Bibcode
3044:Karasuk
3032:Karasuk
2890:*kʰuχʂa
2816:*(k)ɨn
2656:*qʌthǝ
2579:*thǝʔq
2539:*t'ɨʔs
2094:ɡejlina
2059:χelutʃa
1729:Numbers
1387:clausal
1060:Sulomay
1033:tsarist
1027:), and
1025:Teleuts
1001:Sym Ket
981:Xiongnu
921:Kottic
881:Arinic
815: ?
777: ?
763: ?
508:genetic
477:Siberia
471:in the
328:Kottic
256:and of
254:Siberia
167:improve
95:cleanup
6452:Mijiic
6445:Digaro
6392:Pontic
6320:Borean
6315:Altaic
6279:Rouran
6272:Turkic
6265:Uralic
6254:Other
6139:Turkic
6067:Nihali
5962:Gutian
5934:Hattic
5927:Turkic
5893:Minoan
5865:Sicani
5810:Basque
5804:Turkic
5797:Uralic
5781:Europe
5705:Naukan
5662:Others
5619:Chuvan
5480:Koryak
5356:Hunnic
5291:Arinic
5265:Baikot
5258:Yastin
5243:Kottic
4825:
4710:
4504:
4463:
4436:
4426:
4418:
4367:
4310:
4302:
4294:
4255:
4247:
4239:
3981:
3975:UNESCO
3918:
3883:
3873:
3865:
3816:
3806:
3726:
3696:
3684:: 89.
3652:
3617:
3577:
3552:
3490:
3256:Selkup
3252:Khanty
3237:Ostyak
3195:(with
3179:, and
3124:Basque
3063:Hattic
2992:, and
2933:*soʔol
2810:*kʰīˑn
2742:Person
2733:*gǝʔn-
2730:*kʷɛˀn
2696:*kǝte
2687:keːtʰi
2672:kɤ̄ˑte
2669:kɤ̄ˑti
2662:Winter
2635:qɯ̄ˑtə
2632:qɯ̄ˑti
2619:*d'ik
2573:*tʰɛˀq
2564:intoto
2545:Finger
2533:*cʰɛˀs
2418:Werner
2283:útamsa
2253:inkukn
2243:hédiaŋ
2119:bosʲim
2104:*ʔoʔn-
2099:χelina
2044:áɡiang
2040:aɡɡiaŋ
2000:héjlaŋ
1940:*doʔŋa
1876:hínɛaŋ
1856:*xu-sa
1851:huːtʃa
1614:(fem.)
1535:/aj~ja
1423:, and
1404:, the
1363:Evenki
1361:, and
1327:Khakas
1274:Tengri
1056:Kellog
1017:Yastin
1013:Buklin
1005:Baikot
955:Baikot
939:Yastin
837:Ketic
683:Baikot
667:Yastin
570:Tengri
564:Tarqan
558:Khagan
543:Turkic
530:. The
321:Arinic
156:, but
6230:Nivkh
6184:Ongan
5680:Kuril
5653:Nivkh
5646:Nivkh
5581:Assan
5474:Kerek
5281:Assan
5272:Yarin
5220:Ketic
5027:(PDF)
5015:view)
4946:. In
4461:JSTOR
4429:25007
4308:S2CID
4300:JSTOR
4253:S2CID
4245:JSTOR
3916:S2CID
3778:arXiv
3751:(PDF)
3346:(PDF)
3241:areal
3210:Notes
3104:clade
2927:čogar
2924:čɛgar
2915:sɔ́ùl
2893:*xūsa
2862:Birch
2850:*kʰul
2822:Water
2813:*xɨna
2773:*keʔt
2770:*kɛˀt
2755:kɛˀtʲ
2702:Light
2693:*gǝte
2675:kɤ̄ˑt
2666:kɤ̄ˑt
2638:χɯ̄ˑt
2629:qɯ̄ˑt
2613:*čīˑk
2585:Resin
2576:*tǝʔq
2536:*čɨʔs
2505:Stone
2493:*cēˑc
2465:River
2456:*seʔs
2453:*čɛˀç
2425:Larch
2408:Vajda
2381:Assan
2376:Arin
2326:Gloss
2298:ujaːx
2223:*ẋɔGa
2202:xajáŋ
2198:xaiáŋ
2156:debit
2084:ónʲaŋ
2064:*ʔaẋV
1965:tʃaɡa
1935:toːŋa
1900:*xɨna
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