353:
232:. While learning French aerial tactics, Kruten shot down a German aircraft during February 1917. After his return to Russia in March 1917, he shared his new-found knowledge in a flurry of booklets on military aviation. He commanded his battle group of three detachments, and ran his victory total to seven before dying in a landing accident on 19 June 1917.
322:
The following month, April 1915, saw Kruten fly more than 25 long range missions. On the 18th, he partook in his unit's first night bombing sortie. Kruten continued to serve in the unit as it was redesignated as the 2nd
Fighter Aviation Detachment. On 5 June, Captain Ducimeter was again his observer
225:
with three years experience in military aviation. After a year's seasoning, he was recommended for, and graduated from, pilot's training in
September 1914. He rose through the ranks, to be appointed as his unit's commander on 6 June 1916. With his victory tally at three, he was forwarded to service
413:
were photo-reconnaissance and artillery adjustment missions. He would score three more victories during May and June 1917. His final victory, on 6 June 1917, was unusual; he ran out of fuel during his attack, but still managed to down his foe while gliding to a forced landing.
306:
At the outbreak of war, Kruten began flying reconnaissance and bombing missions as a member of the 21st Corps Air
Detachment. He reached the front and began flying combat in October 1914. He flew reconnaissance and bombing missions; by February 1915, he had flown over 40
901:
Above the War Fronts: The
British Two-seater Bomber Pilot and Observer Aces, the British Two-seater Fighter Observer Aces, and the Belgian, Italian, Austro-Hungarian and Russian Fighter Aces, 1914–1918: Volume 4 of Fighting Airmen of WWI Series: Volume 4 of Air Aces of
334:. During his orientation on the new machine, he realized that other pilots were unready for aerial battle. For them, Kruten wrote the first of several little pamphlets on the subject. It defined the assault sequence as: Altitude—Speed—Maneuver—Fire.
394:, protesting French aid to the Russians. This was the second of his pamphlets on Russian use of air power; he wrote at least eight booklets on the subject. In the meantime, he reassumed command of the 2nd BAG in early April 1917. The group was equipped with a mix of
345:(Battle Aviation Group) on 6 June. When the group was formed from the detachments from the 3rd, 7th, and 8th Corps, it was still short pilots. It would not be completed and committed to action until late July 1916; it reached its base at
290:
in military maneuvers. He made six flights in foggy rainy weather with
Nesterov, including one at night. As a result of his friendship with Nesterov, the aviator wrote a letter recommending Kruten's admission to aviation training.
323:
when they suffered a runaway propeller on their aircraft. Kruten got them home safely; the staff captain's report on the incident recommended Kruten's promotion to
Captain. A month later, he received his captaincy, as well as the
227:
144:
389:
The assignment to the French left him of the opinion that, "There is nothing about flying that we could learn from foreigners...." When he arrived back in Russia on 24 March 1917, he began writing a pamphlet,
993:
319:, both shot down the plane and confirmed the victory. The successful duo flew back through crippling antiaircraft fire that stopped their engine and forced their landing near the Russian 2nd Caucasian Corps.
1013:
294:
Kruten was one of the spectators when
Nesterov flew the first aerial loop in history on 9 September 1913. In January 1914, Kruten began aviation training at the Katchinsky military school near
1008:
983:
968:
973:
978:
440:
421:
sank through 100 meters altitude, Yevgraf Kruten spun in and crashed. Once removed from the wreckage, he lingered only a short while after the crash. He was posthumously promoted to
402:
fighters. One of each was reserved for Kruten's use. Both
Nieuport 17 serial number 2232 and Nieuport 21 number 4572 were marked with Kruten's insignia of a medieval knight.
988:
341:
to test fly aircraft for the new fighter groups being formed. He was brought back to
Smolensk a second time, on 20 May 1916. He was given command of the brand new 2nd
998:
311:
without crossing paths with any enemy aircraft. He switched to the 2nd Army Air
Detachment; when he scored his first aerial victory on 6 March 1915, piloting a
39:
1003:
409:. Kruten threw himself into combat, leading from the front. On 30 May 1917, for instance, he fought six times without result. Interspersed with his
436:
917:
893:
427:. He was buried at the Nicholsky Military Cathedral in Kiev. In 1930, he was reinterred in Luk'yanovskoe Cemetery, still in his native Kiev.
360:
Kruten led from the front, scoring two more victories in August 1916. On 13 November, he was selected as one of a party assigned to the
298:. His natural talent can be seen in his flying his own loops on 23 August 1914. Kruten graduated as a military pilot in September 1914.
909:
885:
963:
365:
932:
867:
352:
107:
361:
282:. The several flights he took sparked his interest. He found his way to the Third Air Company, which was located at
958:
708:
178:
240:
Yevgraf Kruten was born into a family with a military tradition; both his father and his mother's father were
702:
188:
723:
193:
714:
605:
377:
376:; he was credited with a victory while with them. He returned to Russia in March 1917, after hearing of
324:
267:
173:
368:
in January 1917; later, he transferred to the flying school at Cazau. In February, he was serving with
953:
948:
315:
he was awarded the Order of Saint Anne Fourth Class. His observer/gunner, Captain Ducimetier of the
696:
369:
283:
183:
38:
279:
928:
913:
905:
889:
881:
863:
551:
312:
678:
612:
524:
266:. He was selected in June 1913 for a study of the potential use of heavier-than-air by the
733:
382:
287:
249:
248:. In 1901, aged 11, he attended the Kiev Military Cadet Corps School. He was forwarded to
222:
200:
405:
From mid-April 1917, his Battle Group was stationed in Plotych, ten kilometers north of
511:
275:
262:
upon graduation from Konstantin Artillery School. In April 1912, he was transferred to
95:
65:
942:
873:
417:
On 19 June 1917 at 0925 hours, while returning from a combat mission, as his landing
316:
253:
270:. The test of five airplanes was conducted by the leader of the pilot contingent at
423:
210:
152:
126:
599:
505:
399:
395:
331:
258:
17:
295:
218:
860:
The Imperial Russian Air Service: Famous Pilots and Aircraft and World War I.
618:
480:
672:
647:
576:
418:
410:
406:
338:
556:
544:
346:
271:
241:
308:
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in Kiev near his duty station. By August 1913, he was flying as an
278:. Kruten was required to fly as part of Russia's maiden attempt at
351:
221:
credited with seven aerial victories. He began World War I as an
263:
245:
61:
445:
Confirmed victories are numbered and listed chronologically.
364:
for cross-training with French aviators. He was posted to
720:
Order of Saint Stanilas Second Class with Crossed Swords
441:
List of World War I flying aces from the Russian Empire
1014:
Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in Russia
994:
Recipients of the Croix de Guerre 1914–1918 (France)
447:
169:
159:
133:
121:
113:
101:
91:
81:
71:
55:
45:
29:
1009:Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in 1917
984:Recipients of the Order of St. Vladimir, 4th class
969:Aviators killed in aviation accidents or incidents
925:Russian Aces of World War 1: Aircraft of the Aces
974:Russian military personnel killed in World War I
256:. In 1911, he was commissioned with the rank of
356:Yevgraf Kruten's Nieuport 11, July-August 1916.
979:Recipients of the Order of St. Anna, 4th class
858:Allen Durkota; Thomas Darcey; Victor Kulikov.
728:Order of Saint George Third Class (posthumous)
330:In early 1916, Kruten's unit re-equipped with
244:. He entered the world on 29 December 1890 in
899:Norman Franks; Russell Guest; Gregory Alegi.
8:
774:
772:
770:
380:'s abdication. The French had awarded him a
760:
758:
756:
754:
752:
750:
37:
26:
812:
810:
808:
806:
804:
989:Recipients of the Gold Sword for Bravery
832:
830:
828:
826:
824:
822:
802:
800:
798:
796:
794:
792:
790:
788:
786:
784:
746:
437:Aerial victory standards of World War I
999:Imperial Russian Air Service personnel
337:In April 1916, Kruten was ordered to
327:Fourth Class with Swords and Ribbon.
7:
25:
623:Victim was from Austro-Hungarian
561:Victim was from Austro-Hungarian
705:Fourth Class with Swords and Bow
666:Hansa-Brandenburg C.I s/n 64.55
163:2nd Fighter Aviation Detachment,
1004:Russian World War I flying aces
764:Franks et al 1997, pp. 208-209.
139:21st Corps Aviation Detachment;
137:24th Corps Aviation Detachment;
816:Durkota et al 1995, pp. 72-78.
1:
878:Nieuport Aces of World War I.
862:Flying Machines Press, 1995.
669:Shot down; air crew captured
302:Flying service in World War I
659:
656:
634:
631:
611:Crashed in flames; air crew
595:
592:
572:
569:
537:
534:
501:
498:
476:
473:
343:Boevaya Aviatsionnaya Gruppa
108:Imperial Russian Air Service
86:Luk'yanovskoe Cemetery, Kiev
927:. Osprey Publishing, 2013.
541:Nieuport 11 s/n N1137/1582
1030:
699:Fourth Class: 6 April 1915
215:Yevgraf Nikolaevich Kruten
31:Yevgraf Nikolaevich Kruten
880:Osprey Publishing, 2000.
644:Escaped via a steep dive
635:5 June 1917 @ 0630 hours
596:31 May 1917 @ 0750 hours
489:Descended at steep angle
165:2nd Battle Aviation Group
50:Евграф Николаевич Крутень
36:
836:Kulikov 2013, pp. 85-88.
709:Order of Saint Stanislas
431:List of aerial victories
179:Order of Saint Stanislas
141:2nd Army Air Detachment,
49:
964:Aerial warfare pioneers
703:Order of Saint Vladimir
189:Order of Saint Vladimir
845:Durkota et al, p. 472.
741:Sources of information
724:Gold Sword for Bravery
663:Nieuport 17 s/n N2232
638:Nieuport 17 s/n N2232
392:Invasion of Foreigners
357:
236:Early life and service
229:Aéronautique Militaire
194:Gold Sword for Bravery
146:Aéronautique Militaire
904:. Grub Street, 1997.
715:Order of Saint George
606:Hansa-Brandenburg C.I
355:
325:Order of St. Vladimir
268:Imperial Russian Army
174:Order of Saint George
114:Years of service
778:Franks 2000, p. 85.
697:Order of Saint Anna
547:two-seater s/n 615
284:Sviatoshyn Airfield
184:Order of Saint Anne
358:
280:artillery spotting
217:was a World War I
918:978-1-898697-56-5
894:978-1-85532-961-4
691:Honors and awards
688:
687:
641:Enemy two-seater
552:deadstick landing
483:serial number 42
386:for his victory.
226:with the French
207:
206:
16:(Redirected from
1021:
959:Russian aviators
935:, 9781780960616.
923:Victor Kulikov.
870:, 9780963711021.
846:
843:
837:
834:
817:
814:
779:
776:
765:
762:
679:Austro-Hungarian
613:killed in action
525:Austro-Hungarian
523:Victim was from
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103:
77:Plotychy, Russia
59:29 December 1890
41:
27:
21:
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782:
777:
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763:
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734:Croix de Guerre
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682:Fliegerkompanie
625:Fliegerkompanie
581:Enemy aircraft
563:Fliegerkompanie
550:Captured after
538:14 August 1916
528:Fliegerkompanie
502:11 August 1916
486:Enemy aircraft
433:
383:Croix de Guerre
304:
288:aerial observer
250:horse artillery
238:
223:aerial observer
201:Croix de Guerre
197:
192:
187:
182:
177:
164:
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138:
87:
76:
60:
51:
32:
23:
22:
18:Yevgraph Kruten
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12:
11:
5:
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579:
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573:February 1917
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548:
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512:Albatros C.III
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303:
300:
276:Pyotr Nesterov
252:in 1908 as an
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234:
205:
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157:
156:
135:
131:
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99:
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96:Russian Empire
93:
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73:
69:
68:
66:Russian Empire
57:
53:
52:
47:
43:
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34:
33:
30:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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910:1-898697-56-6
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886:1-85532-961-1
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874:Norman Franks
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842:
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831:
829:
827:
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662:
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652:Observer KIA
651:
649:
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643:
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637:
630:
626:
622:
620:
617:Northeast of
616:
614:
610:
607:
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601:
598:
591:
588:
585:
583:
580:
578:
575:
568:
564:
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558:
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540:
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529:
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522:
519:
516:
513:
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507:
504:
497:
494:
491:
488:
485:
482:
479:
477:6 March 1915
472:
468:
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462:
459:
456:
453:
450:
449:
446:
443:
442:
438:
430:
428:
426:
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420:
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412:
408:
403:
401:
397:
393:
387:
385:
384:
379:
378:Czar Nicholas
375:
371:
370:Felix Brocard
367:
363:
362:Western Front
354:
350:
349:on 7 August.
348:
344:
340:
335:
333:
328:
326:
320:
318:
317:General Staff
314:
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136:
132:
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90:
84:
80:
74:
70:
67:
63:
58:
54:
48:
44:
40:
35:
28:
19:
924:
900:
877:
859:
841:
732:
717:Fourth Class
681:
677:Victim from
660:6 June 1917
624:
562:
527:
444:
434:
424:Podpolkovnik
422:
416:
404:
391:
388:
381:
374:Escadrille 3
373:
359:
342:
336:
332:Nieuport 11s
329:
321:
305:
293:
257:
239:
228:
214:
211:Podpolkovnik
209:
208:
199:
153:Escadrille 3
151:
145:
127:Podpolkovnik
125:
75:19 June 1917
954:1917 deaths
949:1890 births
711:Third Class
600:Nieuport 17
520:Svoyatichi
506:Nieuport 11
400:Nieuport 21
396:Nieuport 17
259:podporuchik
46:Native name
943:Categories
933:1780960611
868:0963711024
853:References
608:s/n 69.78
602:s/n N2232
508:s/n N1137
454:Date/time
296:Sevastopol
219:flying ace
92:Allegiance
619:Berezhany
517:Captured
481:Voisin LA
466:Location
457:Aircraft
435:See also
411:dogfights
117:1908–1917
673:Marianka
648:Tarnopol
577:Spad VII
514:s/n 422
419:Nieuport
407:Tarnopol
339:Smolensk
242:colonels
160:Commands
102:Service/
731:French
586:France
557:Nesvizh
545:Rumpler
463:Result
347:Nesvizh
309:sorties
272:Brovary
198:French
143:French
931:
916:
908:
892:
884:
866:
492:Ravka
469:Notes
313:Voisin
254:ensign
170:Awards
104:branch
82:Buried
929:ISBN
914:ISBN
906:ISBN
890:ISBN
882:ISBN
864:ISBN
460:Foe
451:No.
398:and
264:Kiev
246:Kiev
134:Unit
122:Rank
72:Died
62:Kiev
56:Born
902:WWI
684:18
627:18
565:31
530:31
372:'s
366:Pau
945::
912:,
888:,
876:.
821:^
783:^
769:^
749:^
657:7
632:6
593:5
570:4
535:3
499:2
474:1
439:,
274:,
64:,
920:.
896:.
196:,
191:,
186:,
181:,
176:,
149::
20:)
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