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879:, PVC piping and carbon fibre. These typically have an upper inside diameter of around 3 centimetres (1.2 in) down to a bell end of anywhere between 5 and 20 centimetres (2 and 8 in) and have a length corresponding to the desired key. The end of the pipe can be shaped and smoothed to create a comfortable mouthpiece or an added mouthpiece can be made of any shaped and smoothed material such as rubber, a rubber stopper with a hole or beeswax.
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924:. The circular breathing technique requires breathing in through the nose whilst simultaneously using the muscles of the cheeks to compress the cheeks and release the stored air out of the mouth. By using this technique, a skilled player can replenish the air in their lungs, and with practice they can sustain a note for as long as desired. Recordings exist of modern didgeridoo players playing continuously for more than 40 minutes;
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patterns, and a kind of tap or knock test, in which the bark of the tree is peeled back, and a fingernail or the blunt end of a tool, such as an axe, is knocked against the wood to determine if the hollow produces the right resonance. Once a suitably hollow tree is found, it is cut down and cleaned out, the bark is taken off, the ends trimmed, and the exterior is shaped; this results in a finished instrument. A rim of
40:
1244:, that Aboriginal men showed adverse reactions to women playing the instrument and prohibitions are especially evident in the South East of Australia. The belief that women are prohibited from playing is widespread among non-Aboriginal people and is also common among Aboriginal communities in Southern Australia; some ethnomusicologists believe that the dissemination of the
1009:. To produce these sounds, the players use their vocal folds to produce the sounds of the animals whilst continuing to blow air through the instrument. The results range from very high-pitched sounds to much lower sounds involving interference between the lip and vocal fold vibrations. Adding vocalisations increases the complexity of the playing.
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The vibration produced by the player's lips has harmonics in the ratio 1:2:3 etc. However, the non-harmonic spacing of the instrument's resonances means that the harmonics of the fundamental note are not systematically assisted by instrument's resonances, as is usually the case for
Western wind
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activity. Termites attack these living eucalyptus trees, removing only the dead heartwood of the tree, as the living sapwood contains a chemical that repels the insects. Various techniques are employed to find trees with a suitable hollow, including knowledge of landscape and termite activity
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and other techniques. Control subjects were asked not to play the instrument. Subjects were surveyed before and after the study period to assess the effects of intervention. A small 2010 study noted marked improvements in the asthma management of 10 Aboriginal adults and children following a
893:. Didgeridoo design innovation started in the late 20th century, using non-traditional materials and non-traditional shapes. The practice has sparked, however, a good deal of debate among indigenous practitioners and non-indigenous people about its aesthetic, ethical, and legal issues.
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The taboo is particularly strong among many
Aboriginal groups in the South East of Australia, where it is forbidden and considered "cultural theft" for non-Aboriginal women, and especially performers of New Age music regardless of gender, to play or even touch a didgeridoo.
800:, and can measure anywhere from 1 to 3 m (3 to 10 ft) long. Most are around 1.2 m (4 ft) long. Generally, the longer the instrument, the lower its pitch or key. However, flared instruments play a higher pitch than unflared instruments of the same length.
267:, and can measure anywhere from 1 to 3 m (3 to 10 ft) long. Most are around 1.2 m (4 ft) long. Generally, the longer the instrument, the lower its pitch or key. Flared instruments play a higher pitch than unflared instruments of the same length.
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A termite-bored didgeridoo has an irregular shape that, overall, usually increases in diameter towards the lower end. This shape means that its resonances occur at frequencies that are not harmonically spaced in frequency. This contrasts with the
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plateau, from the freshwater period (that had begun 1500 years ago) shows a didgeridoo player and two song-men participating in an Ubarr ceremony. It is thus thought that it was developed by
Aboriginal peoples of northern Australia, possibly in
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of the instrument. At some frequencies, whose values depend on the position of the player's tongue, resonances of the vocal tract inhibit the oscillatory flow of air into the instrument. Bands of frequencies that are not thus inhibited produce
932:(1994) plays for over 50 minutes continuously. Although circular breathing does eliminate the need to stop playing to take a breath, discomfort might still develop during a period of extended play due to chapped lips or other oral discomfort.
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Traditionally, the didgeridoo was played as an accompaniment to ceremonial dancing and singing and for solo or recreational purposes. For
Aboriginal peoples of northern Australia, the yidaki is still used to accompany singers and dancers in
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belief and other misconceptions is a result of commercial agendas and marketing. The majority of commercial didgeridoo recordings available are distributed by multinational recording companies and feature non-Aboriginal people playing a
513:, and who brought the didgeridoo to world prominence. However the mako is slightly different from the Yiḏaki: usually shorter, and sounding somewhat different – a slightly fuller and richer sound, but without the "overtone" note.
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by some traditional groups), establish the beat for the songs during ceremonies. The rhythm of the didgeridoo and the beat of the clapsticks are precise, and these patterns have been handed down for many generations. In the
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to northern and central
Australia. Generally the main trunk of the tree is harvested, though a substantial branch may be used instead. Traditional didgeridoo makers seek suitably hollow live trees in areas with obvious
2010:
Tarnopolsky, A, Fletcher, N. Hollenberg, L., Lange, B., Smith, J. and Wolfe, J. (2006)"Vocal tract resonances and the sound of the
Australian didjeridu (yidaki) I: Experiment", J. Acoust. Soc. America, 119, 1194-1204.
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spacing of the resonances in a cylindrical plastic pipe, whose resonant frequencies fall in the ratio 1:3:5 etc. The second resonance of a didgeridoo (the note sounded by overblowing) is usually around an
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by strengthening muscles in the upper airway, thus reducing their tendency to collapse during sleep. In the study, intervention subjects were trained in and practised didgeridoo playing, including
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made a recording in
Borroloola of Jemima Wimalu, a Mara woman from the Roper River, proficiently playing the didgeridoo. In 1995, musicologist Steve Knopoff observed Yirrkala women performing
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has expanded the role of the instrument in the concert hall both with his own orchestral and chamber music works and with those written or arranged for him by prominent
Australian composer
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in the output sound. These formants, and especially their variation during the inhalation and exhalation phases of circular breathing, give the instrument its readily recognisable sound.
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Other variations in the didgeridoo's sound can be made by adding vocalisations to the drone. Most of the vocalisations are related to sounds emitted by
Australian animals, such as the
464:, none of which closely resemble the word "didgeridoo" (see below). Some didgeridoo enthusiasts, scholars and Aboriginal people advocate using local language names for the instrument.
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Traditionally, only men play the didgeridoo and sing during ceremonial occasions; playing by women is sometimes discouraged by
Aboriginal communities and elders. In 2008, publisher
1209:, which openly encouraged girls to play the instrument after Aboriginal academic Mark Rose described such encouragement as "extreme cultural insensitivity" and "an extreme faux pas
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Didgeridoos can be painted by their maker or a dedicated artist using traditional or modern paints while others retain the natural wood grain design with minimal or no decoration.
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Although there is no prohibition in the area of the didgeridoo's origin, such restrictions have been applied by other Indigenous communities. The didgeridoo was introduced to the
1161:. For the Yolngu people, the yidaki is part of their whole physical and cultural landscape and environment, comprising the people and spirit beings which belong to their country,
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The didgeridoo functions "...as an aural kaleidoscope of timbres" and "the extremely difficult virtuoso techniques developed by expert performers find no parallel elsewhere."
1855:(ed. R. Taylor) pp. 25–31. Report to AFFA Australia. Northern Territory Parks and Wildlife Service, Department of Infrastructure, Planning and Environment, Palmerston, NT.
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songs that are traditionally performed by men and in 1996, ethnomusicologist Elizabeth MacKinley reported women of the Yanyuwa group giving public performances.
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A didgeridoo can be played simply by producing a vibrating sound of the lips to produce the basic drone. More advanced playing involves the technique known as
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observed the use of "three very curious trumpets" made of bamboo in northern Australia. There were then two native species of bamboo growing along the
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Taylor R., Cloake J, and Forner J. (2002) Harvesting rates of a Yolgnu harvester and comparison of selection of didjeridu by the Yolngu and Jawoyn,
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1028:. He invented the didjeribone, a sliding didgeridoo made from two lengths of plastic tubing; its playing style is somewhat in the manner of a
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Jones, T. A. (1967): "The didjeridu. Some comparisons of its typology and musical functions with similar instruments throughout the world".
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478:) is one of the most commonly used names although, strictly speaking, it refers to a specific type of the instrument made and used by the
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1221:, said that though traditionally women have not played the didgeridoo in ceremony, in informal situations there is no prohibition in the
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promoting the instrument's spirituality which misleads consumers about the didgeridoo's secular role in traditional Aboriginal culture.
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376:, in which it was referred to as a "didjerry" and was said to produce the sound "didjerry, didjerry, didjerry and so on ad infinitum".
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1024:, was one of the first non-Aboriginal players to gain fame as a professional didgeridoo player. He has toured internationally with
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of northern Australia at least 1,000 years ago, and is now in use around the world, though still most strongly associated with
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Non-traditional didgeridoos can be made from native or non-native hard woods (typically split, hollowed and rejoined), glass,
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Wolfe, J. and Smith, J. (2008) "Acoustical coupling between lip valves and vocal folds", Acoustics Australia, 36, 23-27.
1949:"Earth Sounds: The Didgeridoo Stirs Controversy at the Bang on a Can Summer Festival | Soundcheck | New Sounds"
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Brian Fitzgerald and Susan Hedge, "Traditional Cultural Expression and the Internet World," in Christoph Antons, ed.,
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There are at least 45 names for the didgeridoo, several of which suggest its original construction of bamboo, such as
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There are no reliable sources of the exact age of the didgeridoo. Archaeological studies suggest that people of the
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Traditional Knowledge, Traditional Cultural Expressions, and Intellectual Property Law in the Asia-Pacific Region
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2253:"Didgeridoo playing as alternative treatment for obstructive sleep apnea syndrome: randomised controlled trial"
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Harvesting of didjeridu by Aboriginal people and their participation in the industry in the Northern Territory
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region in Northern Australia have been using the didgeridoo for less than 1,000 years, based on the dating of
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Database of audio recordings of traditional Arnhem Land music, samples included, many with didgeridoo
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1169:. It is connected to Yolngu Law and underpinned by ceremony, in song, dance, visual art and stories.
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1597:. Vol. XXXVIII, no. 2145. Northern Territory, Australia. 17 December 1914. p. 14
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1110:, uses the didgeridoo in some songs, including "Love the Way You Hate Me" from their album
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in the early 20th century but it was only much later, such as in Rose's 2008 criticism of
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2230:. Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies. pp. 18–19.
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2302:"Didgeridoo Playing and Singing to Support Asthma Management in Aboriginal Australians"
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986:, the 1st, 3rd, and 5th harmonics of the reed are assisted by resonances of the bore).
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307:) playing the instrument. Others observed such an instrument in the same area, made of
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paintings. A clear rock painting in Ginga Wardelirrhmeng, on the northern edge of the
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The didgeridoo has been used by a number of modern bands in various types of music.
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by some Aboriginal people. The following are some of the more common regional names.
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word. The earliest occurrences of the word in print include a 1908 edition of the
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featured didgeridoo player Wallis Buchanan, including the band's first single "
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Moyle, A. M. (1981): "The Australian didjeridu: A late musical intrusion". in
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Kennedy, K. (1933): "Instruments of music used by the Australian Aborigines".
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1065:", which features prominent didgeridoo in the introduction and solo sections.
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Sufficiently strong resonances of the vocal tract can strongly influence the
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By Joe Cheal – General info on the didgeridoo, with citations and references
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1457:(paperback). Oxford University Press, USA (published 19 July 2001). p.
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There are numerous names for the instrument among the Aboriginal peoples of
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How to Play the Didjeridu of the Australian Aboriginal – A Newcomer's Guide
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Aboriginal Australia Art & Culture Centre, Alice Springs, Australia
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299:(1835) includes a drawing of an Aboriginal man from Raffles Bay on the
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Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
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1132:(1982), which was written and recorded after a holiday in Australia.
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and about 3 feet (0.9 m) long. In 1893, English palaeontologist
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made extensive use of the didgeridoo, played by Australian musician
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1763:"Didgeridoo terminology: 5- What is the horn, toot, overtone note?"
424:, are nouns that, depending on the context, may mean "trumpeter", "
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1710:"Friday essay: the remarkable yidaki (and no, it's not a 'didge')"
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higher than the fundamental frequency (a frequency ratio of 8:3).
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McMahon, Charlie. (2004) The Ecology of Termites and Didjeridus,
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1569:. No. 7567. Victoria, Australia. 24 October 1908. p. 8
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found that learning and practising the didgeridoo helped reduce
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List of resources about traditional arts and culture of Oceania
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The Didgeridoo Phenomenon. From Ancient Times to the Modern Age
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A wax mouthpiece can soften during play, forming a better seal.
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Asian American and Pacific Islander Policy Research Consortium
2921:
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2173:"'Daring Book for Girls' breaks didgeridoo taboo in Australia"
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2001:
A Baines, The Oxford Companion to Musical Instruments OUP 1992
182:
2026:"Didgeridoo acoustics/ yidaki acoustics/ didjeridu acoustics"
2013:
https://www.phys.unsw.edu.au/~jw/reprints/Tarnopolskyetal.pdf
194:
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genre, the song-man starts with vocals and then introduces
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How to Play the Didgeridoo: a practical guide for everyone
2048:
https://newt.phys.unsw.edu.au/jw/reprints/WolfeSmithAA.pdf
179:
2466:
2095:
University of Melbourne: Teaching with Unique Collections
811:, but made of wood. It has also been called a dronepipe.
326:, in 1938, the instrument was "only known in the eastern
176:
1617:"Meanings and origins of Australian words and idioms: D"
1288:
six-month programme of once-weekly didgeridoo lessons.
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Puhan MA, Suarez A, Lo Cascio C, et al. (2005).
443:
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210:, played with vibrating lips to produce a continuous
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The Didgeridoo: From Ancient Times to the Modern Age
1038:
It was featured on the British children's TV series
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Musician playing a travel or reticulated didgeridoo
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1931:(Alphen aan den Rijn, Netherlands: 2009), 264–65.
1813:Fletcher, N.H. (1996) The didjeridu (didgeridoo).
1450:
364:'did-gery-do' (hollow bamboo)", a 1914 edition of
2201:"Women can play didgeridoo – taboo incites sales"
1144:An Indigenous Australian man playing a didgeridoo
214:while using a special breathing technique called
490:after 2011, out of respect for the passing of a
494:man who had a name sounding similar to yidaki.
2436:. Sydney: J. Libbey/Perfect Beat Publications.
2125:. Sydney: Angus & Robertson. p. 290.
1676:"Are "Didjeridu" and "Yidaki" the same thing?"
889:didgeridoo, and are innovations recognised by
827:Traditional didgeridoos are usually made from
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1868:(ed. David Lindner) Schönau: Traumzeit-Verlag
1310:, didgeridoo virtuoso and orchestral composer
1102:Chris Brooks, lead singer of the New Zealand
885:are distinct from the traditional Australian
116:Written range: fundamental typically A2 to G3
8:
1885:. Buku Larrngay Mulka Centre. Archived from
1682:. Buku Larrngay Mulka Centre. Archived from
303:(about 350 kilometres (220 mi) east of
250:language of West Arnhem Land it is known as
32:
2434:The didjeridu: From Arnhem Land to Internet
1975:"Yolngu are People 2: They're not Clip Art"
1708:Nicholls, Christine Judith (6 April 2017).
1703:
1701:
1197:Gender-based traditional prohibition debate
982:instruments (e.g., in the low range of the
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413:
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44:A, B and C: traditionally made didgeridoos.
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2091:"Clapsticks: Teaching with Unique Objects"
1605:– via National Library of Australia.
1577:– via National Library of Australia.
1395:The Didjeridu: From Arnhemland to Internet
1225:. For example, in 1966, ethnomusicologist
486:. Some Yolngu people began using the word
2276:
2235:
1997:
1995:
1732:
1730:
1496:
1494:
1298:Aboriginal Centre for the Performing Arts
27:Traditional Australian musical instrument
2363:How to Play the Didgeridoo – and history
1795:. Bininj Kunwok Regional Language Centre
1594:The Northern Territory Times and Gazette
1424:"Kakadu National Park – Rock art styles"
1366:. Bininj Kunwok Regional Language Centre
540:
501:, a name popularised by virtuoso player
367:The Northern Territory Times and Gazette
156:A didgeribone, a sliding-type didgeridoo
147:
136:
1502:"The Didgeridoo and Aboriginal Culture"
1350:
2346:from the original on 30 December 2010.
1527:
1525:
1523:
1453:Australian Art (Oxford History of Art)
1082:and cellist Sarah Hopkins, as well as
497:In west Arnhem Land, it is known as a
230:of the indigenous people of northeast
31:
2667:"yaqona" (Fiji), or "sakau" (Pohnpei)
2361:Ah Chee Ngala, P., Cowell C. (1996):
1621:Australian National Dictionary Centre
1387:
1385:
1383:
1381:
938:The didgeridoo virtuoso and composer
807:and is similar in form to a straight
297:Narrative of a Voyage Round the World
7:
4407:For other topics including Oceanian
2800:French Polynesia's Marquesas Islands
1642:"It's as Irish as – er – didgeridoo"
1398:. Perfect Beat Publishers. pp.
1193:to the accompaniment of didgeridoo.
46:D and E: non-traditional didgeridoos
2415:(August edition), pp. 147–157.
2147:"Didgeridoo book upsets Aborigines"
1325:, master maker and player of yiḏaki
442:means "black", and Scottish Gaelic
234:the name for the instrument is the
3746:Austral Islands (French Polynesia)
2300:Eley, Robert; Gorman, Don (2010).
1533:"History of the Didgeridoo Yidaki"
1078:with Australian Aboriginal artist
1072:uses it in his collaborative work
1057:Early songs by the acid jazz band
803:The didgeridoo is classified as a
350:origin and is considered to be an
317:Adelaide River, Northern Territory
218:. The didgeridoo was developed by
25:
1907:Wade-Matthews, M., Thompson, W.,
1789:"Bininj Kunwok Online Dictionary"
1652:. 10–23 June 2002. Archived from
1360:"Bininj Kunwok Online Dictionary"
964:Didgeridoo street player in Spain
913:Ŋalkan Munuŋgurr performing with
3200:World Invitational Hula Festival
2480:Yidakiwuy Dhawu Miwatjngurunydja
2321:10.1111/j.1748-0361.2009.00256.x
348:Aboriginal Australian linguistic
166:
38:
2720:Australian Aboriginal astronomy
2028:. University of New South Wales
1828:"Didjeridu: Musical instrument"
1089:It is used in the Indian song "
94:Hornbostel–Sachs classification
4842:Australian musical instruments
4227:Federated States of Micronesia
4110:Indigenous Polynesian (Mā’ohi)
3801:Federated States of Micronesia
3560:Federated States of Micronesia
3310:Federated States of Micronesia
2805:Federated States of Micronesia
1973:Graves, Randin (2 June 2017).
1392:Neuenfeldt, Karl, ed. (1997).
1172:Pair sticks, sometimes called
532:, which are still used in the
330:and the northern third of the
132:Nightcliff, Northern Territory
1:
4470:Indigenous music of Australia
2521:Culture of indigenous Oceania
2462:University of New South Wales
1269:A 2006 study reported in the
1075:Australia: Sound of the Earth
206:, among other variants) is a
3949:Oceanian legendary creatures
2432:Neuenfeldt, K. (ed) (1997):
2422:. Traumzeit-Verlag, Germany.
2228:Aboriginal Sound Instruments
1883:Yidaki Dhawu Miwatjnurunydja
1680:Yidaki Dhawu Miwatjnurunydja
788:Description and construction
474:in English, sometimes spelt
240:, or more recently by some,
100:(end-blown straight tubular
4832:Australian Aboriginal music
4429:Category:Culture of Oceania
2309:The Journal of Rural Health
2269:10.1136/bmj.38705.470590.55
224:Indigenous Australian music
4873:
4857:Sacred musical instruments
4852:Natural horns and trumpets
4031:Chatham Islander (Moriori
2929:Weriyeng navigation school
1334:List of didgeridoo players
953:
860:
769:
754:
739:
724:
709:
694:
675:
652:
637:
622:
603:
583:
568:
553:
406:, is controversial. Irish
379:A rival explanation, that
4577:
4405:
2773:traditions and ceremonies
2527:
2418:Lindner, D. (ed) (2005):
2122:The Australian Aborigines
1909:The Encyclopedia of Music
1242:The Daring Book for Girls
1207:The Daring Book for Girls
883:Modern didgeridoo designs
863:Modern didgeridoo designs
831:, especially the various
549:
546:
543:
115:
37:
4378:Northern Mariana Islands
3833:Northern Mariana Islands
3711:Northern Mariana Islands
3461:Northern Mariana Islands
3232:Festival of Pacific Arts
2060:"Didgeridoo Beat-boxing"
1449:Sayers, Andrew (2001) .
1205:apologised for its book
792:A didgeridoo is usually
509:man, whose language was
313:Robert Etheridge, Junior
259:A didgeridoo is usually
4343:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
3676:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
3426:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
3195:Merrie Monarch Festival
2453:The physics of the didj
2448:The Didjeridu W3 Server
2382:Cope, Jonathan (2000):
1879:"How is a Yidaki Made?"
1832:Encyclopædia Britannica
1281:obstructive sleep apnea
1272:British Medical Journal
1020:, who formed the group
4155:Torres Strait Islander
3541:Literature of Oceania
2897:Micronesian Navigation
2482:comprehensive site by
2473:The Didjeridu: A Guide
2375:Chaloupka, G. (1993):
1153:
1145:
965:
917:
849:may be applied to the
824:
482:peoples of north-east
444:
438:
420:
418:, and Scottish Gaelic
414:
408:
402:
393:
370:, and a 1919 issue of
157:
145:
134:
130:players performing at
4321:and other territories
4125:Samoan (Tagata Māo‘i)
4011:Indigenous Australian
3909:Australian Aboriginal
3654:and other territories
3404:and other territories
3291:Languages of Oceania
2892:Polynesian Navigation
2872:Torres Strait Islands
1167:Yolngu Matha language
1151:
1143:
1136:Cultural significance
1054:use the didgeridoo.
963:
954:Further information:
950:Physics and operation
912:
822:
155:
143:
125:
4208:Religion in Oceania
4140:Taiwanese aborigines
3494:Languages of Oceania
2458:Didgeridoo acoustics
2404:Kaye, Peter (1987):
1319:– song by Aphex Twin
1253:style of music with
1227:Alice Marshall Moyle
1113:Chaos Theory: Part 1
1063:When You Gonna Learn
4413:indigenous currency
2692:Sāmoa 'ava ceremony
1911:, 2011, pp184–185.
1889:on 14 February 2011
1815:Acoustics Australia
1686:on 14 February 2011
1650:Flinders University
1159:cultural ceremonies
930:Didgeridoo Concerto
144:Sound of didgeridoo
104:without mouthpiece)
34:
4847:Circular breathing
4837:Australian English
3008:Polynesian sailing
2484:traditional owners
2401:1, pp. 23–55.
2153:. 3 September 2008
1567:Hamilton Spectator
1285:circular breathing
1154:
1146:
1013:In popular culture
966:
956:Frequency spectrum
922:circular breathing
918:
825:
781:mandapul (yiḏaki)
462:northern Australia
357:Hamilton Spectator
332:Northern Territory
220:Aboriginal peoples
216:circular breathing
158:
146:
135:
4819:
4818:
4533:
4532:
4436:
4435:
4401:
4400:
4393:Wallis and Futuna
4338:Clipperton Island
4296:Associated states
3893:Wallis and Futuna
3734:
3733:
3726:Wallis and Futuna
3671:Clipperton Island
3629:Associated states
3500:
3499:
3484:
3483:
3476:Wallis and Futuna
3421:Clipperton Island
3379:Associated states
3227:Pacific Community
3215:Pasifika Festival
2948:Aboriginal dugout
2887:Wallis and Futuna
2486:of the instrument
2427:World Archaeology
2181:. 23 October 2011
1656:on 19 August 2002
1219:ethnomusicologist
835:species that are
785:
784:
747:Central Australia
645:Cobourg Peninsula
565:ngarrriralkpwina
301:Cobourg Peninsula
153:
141:
120:
119:
16:(Redirected from
4864:
4560:
4553:
4546:
4537:
4463:
4456:
4449:
4440:
4383:Pitcairn Islands
4353:French Polynesia
4333:Christmas Island
4262:Papua New Guinea
4242:Marshall Islands
4215:Sovereign states
4201:
4194:
4187:
4178:
4095:Norfolk Islander
4040:Fijian (iTaukei)
3843:Papua New Guinea
3716:Pitcairn Islands
3686:French Polynesia
3666:Christmas Island
3595:Papua New Guinea
3575:Marshall Islands
3548:Sovereign states
3534:
3527:
3520:
3511:
3466:Pitcairn Islands
3436:French Polynesia
3416:Christmas Island
3345:Papua New Guinea
3325:Marshall Islands
3298:Sovereign states
3284:
3277:
3270:
3261:
3254:
3239:Papua New Guinea
2902:Marshall Islands
2852:Pitcairn Islands
2847:Papua New Guinea
2787:Lomilomi massage
2733:Caroline Islands
2606:Papua New Guinea
2514:
2507:
2500:
2491:
2429:, 12(3), 321–31.
2399:Studies in Music
2348:
2347:
2345:
2306:
2297:
2291:
2290:
2280:
2263:(7536): 266–70.
2248:
2242:
2241:
2239:
2226:Moyle, Alice M.
2223:
2217:
2216:
2214:
2212:
2203:. Archived from
2197:
2191:
2190:
2188:
2186:
2169:
2163:
2162:
2160:
2158:
2143:
2137:
2136:
2113:
2107:
2106:
2104:
2102:
2087:
2081:
2080:
2078:
2076:
2056:
2050:
2044:
2038:
2037:
2035:
2033:
2021:
2015:
2008:
2002:
1999:
1990:
1989:
1987:
1985:
1970:
1964:
1963:
1961:
1959:
1945:
1939:
1925:
1919:
1905:
1899:
1898:
1896:
1894:
1875:
1869:
1862:
1856:
1849:
1843:
1842:
1840:
1838:
1824:
1818:
1811:
1805:
1804:
1802:
1800:
1784:
1778:
1777:
1775:
1773:
1759:
1753:
1752:
1750:
1748:
1734:
1725:
1724:
1722:
1720:
1714:The Conversation
1705:
1696:
1695:
1693:
1691:
1672:
1666:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1646:Flinders Journal
1638:
1632:
1631:
1629:
1627:
1613:
1607:
1606:
1604:
1602:
1589:"Correspondence"
1585:
1579:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1559:
1553:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1539:. Archived from
1529:
1518:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1498:
1489:
1482:George Chaloupka
1479:
1473:
1472:
1456:
1446:
1440:
1439:
1437:
1435:
1430:on 21 April 2012
1426:. Archived from
1420:
1414:
1413:
1389:
1376:
1375:
1373:
1371:
1355:
1212:
1093:" from the film
1084:Dreamtime Return
1048:Industrial music
944:Peter Sculthorpe
702:Alligator Rivers
541:
447:
441:
423:
417:
411:
405:
396:
363:
201:
200:
197:
196:
193:
190:
187:
184:
181:
178:
175:
172:
154:
142:
42:
35:
21:
4872:
4871:
4867:
4866:
4865:
4863:
4862:
4861:
4822:
4821:
4820:
4815:
4717:Brudevælte Lurs
4573:
4564:
4534:
4529:
4515:Aboriginal rock
4503:
4472:
4467:
4437:
4432:
4397:
4320:
4314:
4297:
4291:
4272:Solomon Islands
4210:
4205:
4169:
3999:
3978:
3897:
3863:Solomon Islands
3730:
3653:
3647:
3630:
3624:
3605:Solomon Islands
3543:
3538:
3496:
3480:
3403:
3397:
3380:
3374:
3355:Solomon Islands
3293:
3288:
3243:
3190:Aloha Festivals
3165:
3039:
2998:Paopao (Tuvalu)
2988:Māori migration
2936:
2908:Stick charts of
2862:Solomon Islands
2745:Chatham Islands
2707:
2701:
2650:
2530:
2523:
2518:
2444:
2439:
2379:. Reed, Sydney.
2377:Journey in Time
2357:
2352:
2351:
2343:
2304:
2299:
2298:
2294:
2250:
2249:
2245:
2225:
2224:
2220:
2210:
2208:
2199:
2198:
2194:
2184:
2182:
2178:The Independent
2171:
2170:
2166:
2156:
2154:
2145:
2144:
2140:
2133:
2115:
2114:
2110:
2100:
2098:
2089:
2088:
2084:
2074:
2072:
2058:
2057:
2053:
2045:
2041:
2031:
2029:
2023:
2022:
2018:
2009:
2005:
2000:
1993:
1983:
1981:
1972:
1971:
1967:
1957:
1955:
1947:
1946:
1942:
1926:
1922:
1906:
1902:
1892:
1890:
1877:
1876:
1872:
1863:
1859:
1850:
1846:
1836:
1834:
1826:
1825:
1821:
1812:
1808:
1798:
1796:
1787:Garde, Murray.
1786:
1785:
1781:
1771:
1769:
1761:
1760:
1756:
1746:
1744:
1736:
1735:
1728:
1718:
1716:
1707:
1706:
1699:
1689:
1687:
1674:
1673:
1669:
1659:
1657:
1640:
1639:
1635:
1625:
1623:
1615:
1614:
1610:
1600:
1598:
1587:
1586:
1582:
1572:
1570:
1561:
1560:
1556:
1546:
1544:
1543:on 3 March 2009
1537:Aboriginal Arts
1531:
1530:
1521:
1511:
1509:
1500:
1499:
1492:
1486:Journey in Time
1480:
1476:
1469:
1448:
1447:
1443:
1433:
1431:
1422:
1421:
1417:
1410:
1391:
1390:
1379:
1369:
1367:
1358:Garde, Murray.
1357:
1356:
1352:
1347:
1323:Djalu Gurruwiwi
1294:
1267:
1265:Health benefits
1210:
1199:
1138:
1126:, on her album
1068:Ambient artist
1018:Charlie McMahon
1015:
958:
952:
907:
899:
865:
859:
817:
805:wind instrument
790:
717:Roebourne, W.A.
458:
436:", while Irish
399:Scottish Gaelic
361:
360:referring to a
340:
295:T. B. Wilson's
273:
228:Yolŋu languages
208:wind instrument
169:
165:
148:
137:
126:Didgeridoo and
102:natural trumpet
99:
47:
45:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4870:
4868:
4860:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4824:
4823:
4817:
4816:
4814:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4772:
4771:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4741:
4736:
4731:
4726:
4724:Midwinter horn
4721:
4720:
4719:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4680:
4675:
4674:
4673:
4663:
4662:
4661:
4651:
4650:
4649:
4644:
4639:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4578:
4575:
4574:
4565:
4563:
4562:
4555:
4548:
4540:
4531:
4530:
4528:
4527:
4522:
4517:
4511:
4509:
4505:
4504:
4502:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4480:
4478:
4474:
4473:
4468:
4466:
4465:
4458:
4451:
4443:
4434:
4433:
4406:
4403:
4402:
4399:
4398:
4396:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4373:Norfolk Island
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4328:American Samoa
4324:
4322:
4316:
4315:
4313:
4312:
4307:
4301:
4299:
4298:of New Zealand
4293:
4292:
4290:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4218:
4216:
4212:
4211:
4206:
4204:
4203:
4196:
4189:
4181:
4175:
4171:
4170:
4168:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4034:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4007:
4005:
4001:
4000:
3998:
3997:
3992:
3986:
3984:
3980:
3979:
3977:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3905:
3903:
3899:
3898:
3896:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3824:
3823:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3742:
3740:
3736:
3735:
3732:
3731:
3729:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3706:Norfolk Island
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3661:American Samoa
3657:
3655:
3649:
3648:
3646:
3645:
3640:
3634:
3632:
3631:of New Zealand
3626:
3625:
3623:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3551:
3549:
3545:
3544:
3539:
3537:
3536:
3529:
3522:
3514:
3508:
3502:
3501:
3498:
3497:
3492:
3490:
3486:
3485:
3482:
3481:
3479:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3456:Norfolk Island
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3411:American Samoa
3407:
3405:
3399:
3398:
3396:
3395:
3390:
3384:
3382:
3381:of New Zealand
3376:
3375:
3373:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3301:
3299:
3295:
3294:
3289:
3287:
3286:
3279:
3272:
3264:
3258:
3251:
3245:
3244:
3242:
3241:
3236:
3235:
3234:
3224:
3223:
3222:
3217:
3209:
3204:
3203:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3184:
3183:
3182:
3180:Garma Festival
3173:
3171:
3167:
3166:
3164:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3047:
3045:
3041:
3040:
3038:
3037:
3032:
3031:
3030:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
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2953:Alingano Maisu
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2913:
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2837:Norfolk Island
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2564:kapa (Hawaiʻi)
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2540:
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2443:
2442:External links
2440:
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2356:
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2315:(1): 100–104.
2292:
2243:
2237:10.1.1.370.505
2218:
2207:on 4 June 2007
2192:
2164:
2151:News.bbc.co.uk
2138:
2131:
2108:
2097:. 21 June 2017
2082:
2051:
2039:
2016:
2003:
1991:
1979:Yidaki History
1965:
1940:
1920:
1900:
1870:
1857:
1844:
1819:
1806:
1779:
1767:Spirit Gallery
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1742:Spirit Gallery
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1697:
1667:
1633:
1608:
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1519:
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1468:978-0192842145
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1320:
1311:
1308:William Barton
1305:
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1263:
1198:
1195:
1163:kinship system
1137:
1134:
1096:Dil Chahta Hai
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940:William Barton
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73:Classification
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26:
24:
14:
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2:
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4779:
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4769:Rosh Hashanah
4767:
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4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
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4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
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4693:
4690:
4688:
4687:hand-stopping
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4672:
4669:
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4613:
4610:
4608:
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4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4587:Birch trumpet
4585:
4583:
4580:
4579:
4576:
4572:
4568:
4567:Natural horns
4561:
4556:
4554:
4549:
4547:
4542:
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4394:
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4369:
4368:New Caledonia
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4364:
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4359:
4356:
4354:
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4348:Easter Island
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4325:
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4317:
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3811:New Caledonia
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3451:New Caledonia
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2815:New Caledonia
2813:
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2755:Easter Island
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2729:
2726:
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2718:
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2706:Geo-specific,
2704:
2698:
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3402:Dependencies
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1022:Gondwanaland
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4477:Instruments
4252:New Zealand
4085:Micronesian
4075:Marshallese
3944:Micronesian
3816:New Zealand
3756:Austronesia
3585:New Zealand
3489:by category
3335:New Zealand
3220:Te Matatini
3071:firewalking
2820:New Zealand
2766:Lau Islands
2728:Austronesia
2596:nguzu nguzu
2584:New Zealand
2554:Austronesia
2032:18 February
1255:liner notes
1124:Rolf Harris
1070:Steve Roach
1050:bands like
926:Mark Atkins
815:Traditional
794:cylindrical
777:Arnhem Land
683:Arnhem Land
630:Arnhem Land
611:Arnhem Land
596:Arnhem Land
550:Local name
484:Arnhem Land
456:Other names
324:A. P. Elkin
290:Arnhem Land
285:Arnhem Land
261:cylindrical
232:Arnhem Land
55:Didjeridu,
52:Other names
4826:Categories
4754:Roman tuba
4683:Embouchure
4666:Didgeridoo
4499:Lagerphone
4494:Didgeridoo
4484:Bullroarer
4105:Polynesian
4080:Melanesian
4021:Sama-Bajau
3954:Polynesian
3934:Melanesian
3919:Mangarevan
3796:Micronesia
3506:Literature
3176:Australia
2922:navigation
2065:Blue Peter
1837:19 January
1817:24, 11–15.
1793:njamed.com
1772:19 January
1747:19 January
1719:19 January
1660:30 October
1626:27 January
1601:28 January
1573:28 January
1547:21 January
1512:21 January
1364:njamed.com
1345:References
1238:Kimberleys
1174:clapsticks
1091:Jaane Kyon
1059:Jamiroquai
1041:Blue Peter
1007:kookaburra
897:Decoration
887:Aboriginal
869:fibreglass
861:See also:
851:mouthpiece
833:eucalyptus
732:Kimberleys
492:Manggalili
385:corruption
381:didgeridoo
346:is not of
344:didgeridoo
162:didgeridoo
98:423.121.11
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4786:Tochacatl
4744:Post horn
4637:Hakgediya
4612:Bukkehorn
4489:Clapstick
4222:Australia
4145:Tokelauan
3974:Vanuatuan
3902:Mythology
3858:Slit drum
3848:Polynesia
3791:Melanesia
3751:Australia
3555:Australia
3305:Australia
3249:Languages
3170:Festivals
3096:kapa haka
2993:Outrigger
2715:Australia
2687:Polynesia
2662:areca nut
2549:Australia
2460:from the
2329:0890-765X
2232:CiteSeerX
2119:(1979) .
1984:30 August
1488:, p. 189.
1370:12 August
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1120:Kate Bush
1104:hard rock
1052:Test Dept
871:, metal,
829:hardwoods
727:Nyul Nyul
678:Kunwinjku
672:gunbarrk
660:Katherine
649:artawirr
625:Gupapuygu
511:Kunwinjku
342:The name
338:Etymology
328:Kimberley
246:. In the
226:. In the
204:didjeridu
128:clapstick
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4801:Vuvuzela
4791:Trembita
4749:Ramsinga
4617:Chazozra
4571:trumpets
4520:Songline
4421:folklore
4237:Kiribati
4174:Religion
4160:Visayans
4135:Tahitian
4115:Rapa Nui
4045:Hawaiian
4026:Chamorro
3983:Research
3969:Tuvaluan
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3570:Kiribati
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2337:20105276
2287:16377643
2185:21 April
2157:21 April
1958:21 April
1738:"Yidaki"
1434:21 April
1292:See also
1165:and the
1116:(2012).
1030:trombone
996:formants
984:clarinet
971:harmonic
875:, clay,
736:ngaribi
712:Ngarluma
706:martba
664:Nitmiluk
619:garnbak
592:people)
580:ilpirra
571:Arrernte
488:mandapul
281:rock art
243:mandapul
61:mandapul
4759:Salpinx
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4654:Cowhorn
4642:Horagai
4627:Clarion
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4582:Alphorn
4425:cuisine
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4287:Vanuatu
4130:Tagalog
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4060:Ivatans
4050:Ilocano
4035:Rekohu)
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3721:Tokelau
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3370:Vanuatu
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2882:Vanuatu
2708:general
2616:tā moko
2611:reimiro
2601:Oceania
2413:Mankind
2278:1360393
2101:24 July
2075:31 July
1893:14 July
1690:14 July
1303:Alphorn
1277:snoring
1251:New Age
1005:or the
905:Playing
847:beeswax
842:termite
837:endemic
809:trumpet
798:conical
751:paampu
742:Pintupi
721:kurmur
640:Iwaidja
634:yiraka
606:Gagudju
600:yiḏaki
586:Djinang
547:Region
544:People
476:yirdaki
448:means "
430:crooner
421:dùdaire
415:dúidire
409:dúdaire
391:phrase
387:of the
271:History
265:conical
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4707:Lituus
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4697:Karnal
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4671:modern
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4525:Wangga
4427:, see
4409:cinema
4363:Hawaii
4282:Tuvalu
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4100:Papuan
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4004:People
3964:Samoan
3914:Fijian
3883:Tuvalu
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3365:Tuvalu
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3141:tāmūrē
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615:Kakadu
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432:" or "
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3821:Māori
3806:Nauru
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2305:(PDF)
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1106:band
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