324:, they are thought to have the strongest magic. Persistently refusing to give a gift on the occasion of a birth invites the curse of the Yibir, which is supposed to result in a violent death for the refusing party or a deformed new-born. Another of the Yibir's believed supernatural characteristics is that when they die they vanish: no one, according to Somali tradition, "has ever seen the grave of a Yibir", a quality possibly derived from the disappearance of their ancestor, Hanif. Hanfili the spouse of Hanif is stated to have her mausoleum in the city of
307:
rituals. When a child is born in
Somalia, a person from the Yibir caste is invited to bless the child by giving a Quranic verse-containing amulet for protection, and in return the Yibir receives a payment for conducting the ceremony, then an amulet is placed on the child's neck to protect the child from evil eyes and any malicious acts. These amulets are traditionally worn by children everyday, in the superstitious belief of their protective powers, even when these children are allowed to run naked.
426:β a professor of Sociology specializing in Ethiopian and Horn of Africa studies, similar caste groups in different languages and ethnic groups have been integral part of societies of this region. These strata have featured all the defining characteristics of caste, states Levine, characteristics such as "endogamy, hierarchy, status, concepts of pollution, restraints on commensality, a traditional occupation and membership by birth".
1637:
62:
199:). The two leaders then decided to settle the issue of legitimacy between them via a test of mystical strength. Barkhadle challenged Hanif to traverse a small hill near Dogor, an area situated some 20 miles north of the regional capital of Hargeisa. Hanif twice successfully accomplished this task asked of him. However, during Hanif's third demonstration of his powers, Barkhadle "invoked the superior might of
49:
406:, referencing Kirk, has similarly indicated that the Yibir and Madhiban dialects both "differ substantially in lexicon from standard Somali". However, he remarks that it remains unknown whether this linguistic divergence is due to some sort of difference in code or is instead indicative of distinct languages.
374:
infantry officer stationed in
British Somaliland, published a grammar of Somali with an account of the Yibir and Midgan (i.e. Madhiban) dialects in 1905 and commented on the difference of the two dialects from the dominant Somali language. According to his sources, the difference is necessary to
306:
The Yibir are skilled workers who engage themselves in the various jobs that city dwellers do, unlike the Somali nomads, their livelihood depends on their skills which requires them to make crafts and other object the Somali communities need. Traditionally, Yibirs are known for their religious
315:
Yibir have a reputation for magic; one of their traditional functions is to bless the newborn and the newly married. In return for these blessings they receive gifts, a continual repayment for the killing of
Mohammed Hanif. They subsist in two different waysβby being attached to noble Somali
649:, Quote: "In addition to the Bantus, there are Somali clans considered to be of low caste and treated as outcasts. They are the Yibir, the Midgan and the Tumal. They face restrictions, prejudice, discrimination, harassment and attacks in East Africa as well as in the Diaspora."
379:
Each tribe has its own dialect, which has hitherto been kept as a solemn secret from the rest of the world. They still insist upon secrecy from
Somalis, and made me promise not to divulge to their hereditary enemies what they were quite willing to explain to the white
195:, also known as Aw Barkhadle (Blessed Father), associated as one of those who brought Islam to Somalia from Arabia. The story goes that when Barkhadle first arrived in the northern Somali region, he was confronted by pagan Mohamed Hanif (also pejoratively known as
282:
castes have traditionally been considered as ritually impure, and other caste members of the Somali society would never marry a member of the Tomal, Mijan and Yibir castes. They were, for many years, denied basic rights and opportunities for education.
320:(described by an English scholar as a "tax"), also function to forestall the fear of a possible cursing of the (Somali) host by the Yibir soothsayer or magician; though the Yibir are the "smallest and most despised" clan of the
437:
and others in the Horn of Africa, a similar despise and isolation has been targeted against a caste of negroid-origin people for magic and ritual services such as blessing babies, circumcision, and burying the dead.
216:
from
Barkhadle for the death of their leader and in perpetuity. Barkhadle granted them their wish. This myth underlies the Somali practice of offering gifts to Yibir who come to give amulets and bless
331:
There has been no census count and estimates about the Yibir community vary. In 2000, Ahmad Jama Hersi who is a Kenyan resident, guessed that 25,000 Yibir lived in
Somalia and neighboring countries.
178:
clans. Although
Muslims and ethnically similar to other Somalis, the Yibir caste has been traditionally denigrated, demeaned and discriminated against by higher social strata of the Somali society.
203:
and imprisoned his rival for ever within the mountain." Orthodox Islam thus prevailed over the old pagan cult. An alternate version states that
Barkhadle murdered the pagan Hanif.
1432:
303:, prayer mats and leather goods such as saddles. These amulets have been in demand as protection from harm and illness during childbirth and other rites of passage.
235:
One of the versions of the story is recorded in Yibir and translated into
English by John William Carnegie Kirk. In 1921, Major H. Rayne, a district-commissioner in
1326:
1377:
Bollig, Michael (2004). "Hunters, Foragers, and
Singing Smiths: The Metamorphoses of Peripatetic Peoples in Africa". In Berland, Joseph C.; Rao, Aparna (eds.).
247:
Yibir were an originally Jewish tribe who, in a strongly Muslim country, became the low castes among Somalis. Some Yibir state that they are descendants of
239:, also recounts the story, using it as a preface to an anecdote about a Somali who had just become a father and asked him for money to pay a passing Yibir.
2241:
387:, but if any other officer of an enquiring disposition wishes to pursue the subject, he should be acquainted with the Somali language, which all the
2236:
2204:
1599:
1578:
1557:
1536:
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1388:
1345:
1301:
1280:
1200:
1173:
1146:
907:
642:
583:
529:
502:
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414:
The Yibir caste is not an exception limited to the Somali ethnic group, and equivalent cognate caste is found in numerous ethnic groups in
383:
I, therefore, rely upon any who may read this not to disclose to any Somali what I have been allowed to write down for the benefit of the
2231:
707:
556:
2256:
1030:
163:. According to this myth, the rest of the Somali society has ever since paid a small gift to a Yibir after childbirth, as a form of
395:
Kirk stresses this desire for secrecy repeatedly: "Therefore I must ask any who may read this and who may sojourn in the country,
468:
266:. Their Hebrew origins has been offered as an explanation for the Yibir occupying a subordinate position in Somali society.
441:
The "Watta" people who are hunter gatherers among the Oromo people are also despised and occupy lowest strata in society.
399:"; a similar note was sounded by the German linguist Adolf Walter Schleicher in his 1892 grammar of the Somali language.
1610:
433:, cognates to Somali castes have been recorded in 16th century texts, states Cornelius Jaenen. Among Cushitic-speaking
274:
According to Teshale Tibebu β a professor of History specializing on Ethiopia and Horn of Africa, the Yibir along with
258:
Despite their Jewish origins, the overwhelming majority of the Yibir, like the Somali population in general, adhere to
1020:
2197:
192:
160:
1517:
A Grammar of the Somali Language with Examples in Prose and Verse and an Account of the Yibir and Midgan Dialects
1219:, Southwestern Journal of Anthropology, University of Chicago Press, Vol. 12, No. 2 (Summer, 1956), pages 171-190
339:
The language of the Yibir (like that of the Madhiban) is described by early 20th century Western linguists as a
291:
The Yibir traditionally were itinerant magicians. Their occupation in the Somalia have been similar to those of
1359:
159:. Mohammad Hanif acquired a reputation as a pagan magician, according to Somali folklore, he was defeated by
884:
175:
661:
Wagar, Fertility and Phallic Stelae: Cushitic Sky-God Belief and the Site of Saint Aw-Barkhadle, Somaliland
460:
A Pastoral Democracy: A Study of Pastoralism and Politics Among the Northern Somali of the Horn of Africa
2251:
2190:
1718:
1570:
Sun, Sand and Somals - Leaves from the Note-Book of a District Commissioner in British Somaliland (1921)
141:
2130:
1399:
744:, Journal of Somali Studies, Iowa State University Press, Volume 1, Issue 2, pages 91, 96, 107-108
1380:
Customary Strangers: New Perspectives on Peripatetic Peoples in the Middle East, Africa, and Asia
1320:
1246:
591:
434:
236:
207:
1589:
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1595:
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1384:
1341:
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1169:
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1142:
1026:
903:
897:
703:
638:
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families, or by (cyclically) visiting different households. The payments they receive, called
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1526:
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458:
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maintain a secrecy and keep the ruling class from total dominance of the subservient clans:
360:
295:
in southern Arabia, both being jesters in the employ of the chiefs. The Yibir also crafted
2226:
1479:
1404:
344:
171:
84:
80:
1492:
1515:
2178:
2140:
1811:
1437:
1242:
415:
348:
1636:
590:; Π. de Larajasse (1972), Somali-English and Somali-English Dictionary, Trubner, page
2220:
2010:
1806:
1777:
1713:
1684:
1679:
1269:
252:
112:
20:
1250:
1229:
Lewis, Herbert S. (2006). "Historical Problems in Ethiopia and the Horn of Africa".
1883:
1653:
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430:
403:
371:
328:
which receives frequent visitors, talismans are made from the tree near the grave.
1958:
724:
140:. They have traditionally been endogamous. Their hereditary occupations have been
1474:
1378:
1190:
1136:
1022:
Peoples of the Horn of Africa (Somali, Afar and Saho) North Eastern Africa Part I
492:
1973:
1878:
1816:
1703:
419:
155:
The Somali tradition holds that the Yibir are descendants of Mohammad Hanif of
2145:
2115:
1988:
1873:
1846:
1794:
1730:
67:
1500:
1417:
2155:
2125:
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2102:
2097:
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1993:
1782:
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1725:
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not to repeat what I give here to any Somali, not of Yibir or Midgan birth
2165:
2080:
2015:
1963:
1939:
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1789:
1742:
1737:
1708:
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156:
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and sometimes referred to as a minority clan, they perform menial tasks.
144:, leather work, the dispensing of traditional medicine and the making of
2135:
2087:
2067:
2005:
1998:
1983:
1953:
1934:
1900:
1863:
1858:
1828:
1823:
1669:
521:
Renewers of the Age: Holy Men and Social Discourse in Colonial Benaadir
340:
263:
248:
217:
149:
137:
100:
54:
2150:
2092:
2050:
2025:
2020:
1978:
1968:
1927:
1895:
1888:
1853:
1475:"The Yibirs and Midgans of Somaliland, Their Traditions and Dialects"
275:
145:
1313:
Les Yibro: Mages somali. Les juifs oubliΓ©s de la corne de l'Afrique
232:("birth gift"), payment made to the Yibir by their Somali patrons.
2120:
2060:
2055:
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1912:
1907:
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279:
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212:
164:
96:
1762:
1360:"The Afro-Asiatic Languages: Classification and Reference List"
637:. Oxford University Press. pp. 55, 73β74 with footnote 5.
1141:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 57, 169β171, 195β196.
634:
Oxford Applied Linguistics: Literacy and Second Language Oracy
611:
609:
607:
605:
603:
601:
599:
347:. Yibir and Madhiban are similar and share a number of words.
200:
206:
Hanif's descendants, goes the legend, subsequently demanded
783:
781:
779:
224:
couples. Ever since, Somali have adhered to the custom of
1549:
Saints and Somalis: Popular Islam in a Clan-based Society
1433:"Djibouti Journal; Somalia's 'Hebrews' See a Better Day"
1192:
Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society
1168:. State University of New York Press. pp. 229β237.
1138:
Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society
672:
670:
494:
Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society
826:, pp. 197β199 For a less literal translation, see
575:
The Somali, in "A Guide to Kenya and Northern Tanzania"
1293:
Islam in Tribal Societies: From the Atlas to the Indus
754:
752:
750:
626:
624:
856:
854:
852:
850:
848:
1165:
Social Theory and Regional Studies in the Global Age
251:who arrived in the area long before the arrival of
191:The foundational for the Yibir involves one Shaykh
106:
90:
74:
39:
1268:
631:Elaine Tarone; Martha Bigelow; Kit Hansen (2013).
885:Somalia: Information on Yahhar also spelled Yibir
497:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 62, 195.
725:"The Social Structure of Southern Somali Tribes"
391:know, and discuss these things with one of them.
1525:Laurence, Margaret (1988). Clara Thomas (ed.).
1195:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 57β58.
377:
1337:The Warrior Mullah: The Horn Aflame, 1892-1920
2198:
8:
702:. Indiana University Press. pp. 22β23.
551:. Indiana University Press. pp. 20β23.
29:
463:. James Currey Publishers. pp. 13β14.
429:In east African ethnic groups, such as the
2205:
2191:
1631:
1325:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1231:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
28:
799:
787:
740:Mohamed A. Eno and Abdi M. Kusow (2014),
691:
689:
687:
685:
615:
1520:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1290:Ahmed, Akbar S.; Hart, David M. (1984).
1006:
899:The Making of Modern Ethiopia: 1896-1974
170:The Yibir have a language (a dialect of
1652:
946:
730:. University of London. pp. 13β15.
699:The Politics of Dress in Somali Culture
548:The Politics of Dress in Somali Culture
449:
1318:
1122:
982:
958:
934:
922:
860:
811:
1189:Donald N. Levine (10 December 2014).
1135:Donald N. Levine (10 December 2014).
1057:
872:
839:
770:
758:
742:Racial and Caste Prejudice in Somalia
299:(amulets) containing verses from the
7:
1514:Kirk, John William Carnegie (1905).
1493:10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a093876
1473:Kirk, John William Carnegie (1904).
1110:
1094:
1082:
1069:
1045:
994:
970:
827:
823:
676:
524:. BRILL Academic. pp. 139β140.
40:Regions with significant populations
402:In more recent times, the linguist
174:) they keep secret from the ruling
2242:History of the Jews in East Africa
1267:Abdullahi, Mohamed Diriye (2001).
1243:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1962.tb50145.x
902:. The Red Sea Press. p. 198.
14:
1217:The Galla or Oromo of East Africa
1635:
410:Cognate castes in Horn of Africa
60:
47:
1431:Fisher, Ian (August 15, 2000).
1400:"Somali Songs and Little Texts"
1383:. Greenwood. pp. 195β234.
1237:(2). Wiley-Blackwell: 508β509.
1019:Lewis, I.M. (3 February 2017).
2237:Groups claiming Jewish descent
1591:Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: D-Ha
1480:Journal of the African Society
1405:Journal of the African Society
1271:Culture and customs of Somalia
1:
1109:(T. FrΓΆhlich, 1892); qtd. in
355:community's language, called
1398:Cerulli, E. (October 1919).
1215:Cornelius J. Jaenen (1956),
659:Mire, Sada (22 March 2015).
578:. Springer. pp. 29β30.
351:published some data on this
16:Caste group of Somali people
2247:Jews and Judaism in Somalia
1162:SaΓ―d Amir Arjomand (2014).
1097:, p. 185; his italics.
696:Heather Marie Akou (2011).
545:Heather Marie Akou (2011).
518:Scott Steven Reese (2008).
2273:
572:David F. Horrobin (2012).
193:Yusuf bin Ahmad al-Kawneyn
182:Yibir Muslim Somali Origin
161:Yusuf bin Ahmad al-Kawneyn
124:, also referred to as the
18:
2232:Ethiopian-Jewish diaspora
1452:Gaildon, Mahmood (2004).
1311:Bader, Christian (2000).
1081:That is, "officers"; see
491:Donald N. Levine (2014).
111:
95:
79:
44:
2257:Somali clans in Ethiopia
1613:The Yibir of Las Burgabo
1588:Uhlig, Siegbert (2003).
1567:Rayne, Major H. (2008).
1528:The Prophet's Camel Bell
1455:The Yibir of Las Burgabo
1025:. Taylor & Francis.
363:spoken by the Yibir and
896:Teshale Tibebu (1995).
19:For the racehorse, see
1334:Beachey, R.W. (1990).
393:
359:, which resembled the
311:Contemporary situation
1609:Yusuf, Ahmed Ismail.
1552:. The Red Sea Press.
616:Ahmed & Hart 1984
457:Lewis, I. M. (1999).
148:. They belong to the
107:Related ethnic groups
1546:Lewis, I.M. (1998).
2131:Shiikhall Gendershe
1620:. Sociala missionen
937:, pp. 195β197.
842:, pp. 117β123.
618:, pp. 156β157.
36:
1365:. Rogerblench.info
1107:Die Somali-sprache
830:, pp. 98β100.
723:Luling, Virginia.
679:, pp. 184β85.
367:low-caste groups.
237:British Somaliland
165:blood compensation
2215:
2214:
2161:Shiikhall Jasiira
1601:978-3-447-05238-2
1580:978-1-4437-2468-5
1559:978-1-56902-103-3
1538:978-0-7710-4706-0
1465:978-1-56902-218-4
1458:. Red Sea Press.
1390:978-0-89789-771-6
1347:978-0-947792-43-5
1303:978-0-7100-9320-2
1282:978-0-313-31333-2
1202:978-0-226-22967-6
1175:978-1-4384-5161-9
1148:978-0-226-22967-6
1048:, pp. 200ff.
909:978-1-56902-001-2
644:978-0-19-442313-7
585:978-94-011-7129-8
531:978-90-04-16729-2
504:978-0-226-22967-6
136:, are a caste of
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1531:. Random House.
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915:
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804:
800:Abdullahi 2001
792:
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1009:, p. 51.
1008:
1007:Laurence 1988
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801:
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138:Somali people
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113:Somali people
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82:
78:
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69:
56:
43:
38:
35:
32:
22:
21:Yibir (horse)
2252:Somali clans
1654:Somali clans
1622:. Retrieved
1612:
1590:
1569:
1548:
1527:
1516:
1504:. Retrieved
1484:
1478:
1454:
1442:. Retrieved
1436:
1421:. Retrieved
1409:
1403:
1379:
1367:. Retrieved
1336:
1312:
1292:
1270:
1261:Bibliography
1234:
1230:
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1211:
1191:
1184:
1164:
1157:
1137:
1130:
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1106:
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1090:
1085:, p. 24
1077:
1065:
1053:
1041:
1021:
1014:
1002:
990:
978:
966:
954:
949:, p. 5.
947:Beachey 1990
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633:
574:
567:
547:
540:
520:
513:
493:
486:
474:. Retrieved
459:
452:
440:
431:Oromo people
428:
413:
404:Roger Blench
401:
396:
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388:
384:
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196:
190:
169:
154:
142:magic making
133:
129:
125:
121:
119:
33:
30:
26:Ethnic group
1974:Habar Gidir
1817:Musa Abokor
1704:Dhulbahante
1123:Blench 2006
983:Bollig 2004
959:Bollig 2004
935:Bollig 2004
923:Bollig 2004
861:Fisher 2000
812:Bollig 2004
476:14 November
435:Bako people
420:East Africa
208:blood money
2221:Categories
2146:Shukureere
2116:Reer Manyo
1874:Gadabuursi
1807:Habr Je'lo
1795:Habr Yunis
1778:Sa'ad Musa
1731:Warsangali
1624:2009-09-04
1506:2009-09-04
1487:: 91β108.
1444:2009-09-04
1423:2009-09-04
1412:: 135β40.
1369:2009-09-04
1340:. Bellew.
1058:Uhlig 2003
873:Bader 2000
840:Rayne 2008
771:Lewis 1998
759:Lewis 1998
470:0852552807
445:References
357:af Harlaad
287:Occupation
187:Foundation
68:Somaliland
2156:Fasahaale
2126:Gaameedle
2108:Sheekhaal
2103:Shanshiyo
2098:Reer Faqi
2039:Rahanweyn
1994:Sheikhaal
1959:Gaalje'el
1834:Tol Je'lo
1783:Issa Musa
1773:Habr Awal
1726:Dishiishe
1611:"Rev. of
1501:0001-9909
1418:0001-9909
1321:cite book
1111:Kirk 1905
1095:Kirk 1905
1083:Kirk 1905
1070:Kirk 1905
1046:Kirk 1905
995:Kirk 1904
971:Kirk 1905
828:Kirk 1904
824:Kirk 1905
677:Kirk 1905
132:, or the
99:(Sunni)
75:Languages
2166:Ba Fadal
2081:Benadiri
2016:Muhammed
1964:Badi Ade
1940:Murusade
1913:Quranyow
1800:Eidagale
1790:Garhajis
1743:Awrtable
1738:Lailkase
1709:Majerten
1690:Abaskuul
1646:a series
1644:Part of
1315:. Paris.
1251:83677517
365:Madhiban
335:Language
262:and not
255:nomads.
222:newlywed
157:Hargeysa
150:Sab clan
91:Religion
2136:Duruqbo
2112:'Amuudi
2088:Asharaf
2068:Mirifle
2006:Hawadle
1999:Udejeen
1989:Wa'daan
1984:Duduble
1954:Degoodi
1935:Karanle
1901:Gaadsen
1864:Gurgura
1859:Bursuuk
1829:Cimraan
1824:Sanbuur
1670:Marehan
1594:. Isd.
372:British
343:of the
341:dialect
318:samanyo
264:Judaism
249:Hebrews
226:samanyo
218:newborn
146:amulets
101:Judaism
55:Somalia
2227:Castes
2151:Juunji
2093:Haatim
2051:Geledi
2026:Silcis
2021:Murule
2011:Ajuran
1979:Abgaal
1969:Hiraab
1928:Hawiye
1896:Bimaal
1889:Qubeys
1854:Akisho
1685:Jidwaq
1680:Ogaden
1675:Absame
1598:
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906:
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641:
582:
555:
528:
501:
467:
385:Sirkal
297:hardas
293:Dushan
253:Somali
230:samayo
176:Somali
172:Somali
128:, the
126:Yibbir
85:Arabic
81:Somali
65:
52:
2121:Biido
2061:Garre
2056:Tunni
2046:Digil
1945:Sabti
1908:Garre
1884:Surre
1869:Gurre
1756:Isaaq
1699:Harti
1663:Darod
1618:(PDF)
1363:(PDF)
1247:S2CID
728:(PDF)
353:Harla
326:Harar
301:Quran
280:Tomal
276:Mijan
260:Islam
213:diyya
134:Yibro
130:Yebir
122:Yibir
97:Islam
34:Yebir
31:Yibir
1879:Issa
1768:Ayub
1763:Arap
1596:ISBN
1575:ISBN
1554:ISBN
1533:ISBN
1497:ISSN
1460:ISBN
1414:ISSN
1385:ISBN
1342:ISBN
1327:link
1298:ISBN
1277:ISBN
1197:ISBN
1170:ISBN
1143:ISBN
1027:ISBN
904:ISBN
704:ISBN
639:ISBN
580:ISBN
553:ISBN
526:ISBN
499:ISBN
478:2016
465:ISBN
418:and
380:man.
278:and
120:The
1847:Dir
1489:doi
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322:sab
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210:or
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