Yiguandao - Knowledge (XXG)

210: 1696: 209: 1684: 657: 1733:, was the chief initiator of a Yiguandao subdivision and in the 1990s almost all the managers of his corporation were Yiguandao members. The same strategy of "combining missionary work and business" facilitates the development of Yiguandao in mainland China, where Yiguandao businessmen began reestablishing the religion since the 1980s by means of investment. Another mean by which Yiguandao expanded in Taiwan was that of charity. 1541:

earlobes touched his shoulders, and his arms were very long (all signs of great wisdom and ability). He walked beautifully and perfectly, with long strides, and was obviously not of the mortal world. On his left hand, he had a red birthmark shaped like the sun and on his right one like the moon; they were so red that they would leave a mark when he touched his hand to paper. On his left foot, he had the seven stars of the

39: 8270: 157: 1226: 860: 8280: 143: 129: 2585:, p. 34a: "Also the use of spirit writing accounted for the sect's amazing power of mobilization. Spirit writing activity was closely linked to the Chinese intellectual tradition. As a divinatory way of gaining some foreknowledge of examination questions, spirit writing had been widely practiced by the educated, especially examination candidates, since the Song dynasty." 1865:, literally "halls of awakening"). Although some of them may develop into elaborate complexes of public buildings, they are in most cases private house churches (the gatherings are held in private homes of Yiguandao members), a type of organism which provides Yiguandao the ability to blossom in the private sphere circumventing states' definitions and management of "religion". 1808:) it has grown so strong in recent decades to come into conflict with Buddhism; as of 2009 there were over 7000 worship halls, and it is reported that 200.000 Thais each year convert into the religion. In Singapore the Yiguandao has three great public halls (white multiple-storied buildings with traditional Chinese architectural features) and more than 2000 house churches. 1478: 1165:. The Infinite Mother is thought as omnipotent, and regarded by Yiguandao followers as merciful, worried by her sons and daughters who lost their true nature, and for this reason trying to bring them back to the original heaven. Through its development, the Eternal Mother belief has shown the qualities of the three goddesses Xiwangmu, Nüwa and 1737:

members or 2.2% of Taiwan's population. Recognizing the social power of the religion, the Kuomintang officially gave Yiguandao legal status on 13 January 1987. As of 2005 Yiguandao has 810,000 members in Taiwan (3.5% of the population) and tens of thousands of worship halls. Its members operate many of Taiwan's vegetarian restaurants.

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underground. The Buddhist circles of Taiwan denounced it as heterodox "White Lotus" and called for its suppression, and succeeded in opposing the government when there was a proposal for lifting the ban in 1981. The effort to legalize Yiguandao came from Chou Lien-hua and Chu Hai-yuan of the Institute of Ethnology at

1752:) in the 1940s through the pioneering work of Dukbuk Lee, Sujeun Jang, Buckdang Kim and Eunsun Kim. Korean Ilgwando is incorporated as the International Moral Association which was founded in the 1960s by Buckdang Kim (1914-1991), and as of 2015 it has 1.3 million members in South Korea (2.5% of the population). 973:

Yiguandao started off with a few thousand followers in Shandong in the 1930s, but under the Patriarch and Matriarch's leadership and with missionary work the group grew to become the biggest movement in China in the 1940s with millions of followers. In 1949, Yiguandao was proscribed in mainland China

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In the 1990s backroom meetings between Chinese government officials and representatives of Yiguandao were held; by the mid-2000s these meetings had become public. Between 2000 and 2005 Yiguandao was removed from the Chinese government's official list of "evil cults", and branches of the organization

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When our great teacher was born, his eyes and eyebrows were perfectly shaped, and there was depth and wisdom in his eyes. On his forehead, he had a third eye. His nose was straight like that of a dragon, and his head was like that of a god. His mouth was perfect and he already had a long beard. His

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Zhang Tianran, whose secular name was Zhang Guangbi, was born in 1889 in Jining, Shandong. In 1915, he was initiated into Yiguandao by Lu Zhongyi, the 17th patriarch of the sect. After the death of Lu in 1925 the movement fragmented due to strife over the leadership. One of the subgroups that formed

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Yiguandao followers regard the initiation ceremony as the most important ritual. The full meaning of the Three Treasures is a secret of Yiguandao followers and is strictly prohibited from being spread openly to those who have not gone through the initiation process. The Three Treasures are also used

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Yiguandao is a collection of at least nineteen divisions (subsects). Generally all of them share the rule to not proselytize among members of other branches of the "golden line" of Yiguandao. Since the 1980s some denominations of Yiguandao have established a professionalized clergy. The majority of

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In 1930, Zhang Tianran became the 18th patriarch of Yiguandao. He took Sun Suzhen as his partner, proclaiming that their marriage was a message from the Eternal Mother, and that he was the incarnation of Jigong, a deified miracle monk that lived between the late 12th and the 13th century. However,

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The editorial marked the beginning of the nationwide campaign of eradication of Yiguandao. The main target of the campaign was to destroy the movement's organization and leadership. The top leaders were executed or sent to prison, the members were forced to undergo political re-education and they

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The important thing to keep in mind is that these deities ... serve as reminders for us to always keep their teachings in mind, and we honor them for the virtues they embody, such as tolerance, open-mindedness, cheerfulness and generosity (Maitreya); justice, fairness, honor, courage and loyalty

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The relationship between the government of mainland China and Yiguandao began to change by the mid-1980s. In those years, Yiguandao was spreading secretly back to mainland China from Taiwan; entrepreneurs belonging to Yiguandao were building temples, networks and factories. According to scholar

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Through the years of the ban Yiguandao persisted as an underground phenomenon. In 1963 it was reported that the religion had about fifty thousand members, and grew rapidly through the 1970s and the 1980s, counting more than 324,000 members in 1984. Five years later in 1989 Yiguandao had 443,000

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In Kuomintang-governed Taiwan after 1949, there was initially a climate of restrictions of Chinese traditional religions and Yiguandao was attacked as immoral, politically charged, and suspect of cooperation with communists of mainland China. Yiguandao was officially outlawed in 1952 and driven

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Yiguandao also spread and gathered financial support through the performance of "rituals of salvation of the ancestors". Rules and practices for the followers were also systematized. Zhang Tianran also gave much importance to aggressive missionary work, contrasting with the Chinese tradition of

1120:), which is also a feature of other Chinese folk religions. The source of things, It is neither male nor female, though it is called "Mother" or "Heavenly Mater". It is the primordial force of the universe, the fire, that animates all things. It is the Tao, as Yiguandao doctrines explain. 1868:

Following the death of Zhang Tianren in 1947, the majority faction followed Sun Suzhen while a minority faction followed Zhang's widow Liu Shuaizhen. The latter group is now known as Tien Tao or Tiandao (天道) under the auspices of the Republic of China Tiandao Association (中華民國天道總會).

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were tacitly allowed to return to China. Yiguandao also cooperates with academic and non-governmental organizations in mainland China. In an attitude of growing interest for the movement on the mainland, by the 2010s a Yiguandao text was published in the People's Republic.

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became the 17th patriarch in 1919. Claiming to be the incarnation of Maitreya, Lu gathered thousands of members in Shandong. When Lu died in 1925 one group of the followers he left was led by Zhang Tianran, the man who became the 18th patriarch in following years.

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Very often academic organizations or non-governmental organizations in China Mainland collaborate with Yiguandao (normally under the title of "Society for Confucian and Mencian Morality"), Dejiao (Religion of Virtue) and Tiandijiao (Religion of the Emperor of

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which relocated to Taiwan in 1949. Human rights and religious freedom groups have noted ongoing harassment of Yiguandao followers in China. In December 2023, a Taiwanese member of Yiguandao was arrested in China on suspicion of spreading Yiguandao teachings.

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In the period of rapid economic growth of Taiwan, starting in the 1960s and proceeding through the 1980s and 1990s, Yiguandao spread its influence by entering business and industrial development. Many members became important businessmen, for instance

1372:(the hand gesture). The Three Treasures are the saving grace offered by the Eternal Mother to people who received the initiation. They enable Yiguandao members to transcend the circle of birth and death and directly ascend to Heaven after they die. 1545:, and on his right foot, the six stars of the Southern Dipper. Because of this, although he had been born into the mortal world, everyone knew that he was one with the Universe—the living enlightened Jigong, who was sent by heaven to save humanity. 1448:

After a persecution started in 1883 because the Qing suspected that the sect intended to organize a rebellion, Wang was forced to live secretly until his death. Liu Qingxu succeeded the leadership becoming the 16th patriarch. In 1905, borrowing a

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Zhang Tianran recruited hundreds of followers, and Jinan became the main base of Yiguandao. Many initiated members began preaching in other big cities, where Yiguandao was well received. From 1934 Yiguandao missionaries were sent to

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in the 1940s, that made Yiguandao's millenarian beliefs more convincing to the masses, the religion grew rapidly, reaching an estimated membership of 12 million. Even a number of top officials of the Japanese puppet government of

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In the Mother belief, the Maitreya is one of the three enlightened beings sent by the Mother herself to bring salvation. Further myths explained the creation of the world and mankind: the Eternal Venerable Mother gave birth to

177:, meaning "mother", in different ancient Chinese scripts. It is used as the symbol of Yiguandao, mostly in a style derivative of oracle bone or bronzeware scripts. According to the religion, the character also means "fire". 990:

that officially ended in 1987 with the legalization of Yiguandao and a government apology. Yiguandao is still not able to be officially promoted in the mainland, but there are many members who live and practice there.

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later developed into Yiguandao. According to Yiguandao records, Wang Jueyi was designated as the 15th patriarch of Xiantiandao through a divine revelation through writing. Wang renamed his sect the "Final Salvation"

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In the 16th century the Eternal Mother began to take the place of the Holy Patriarch. A mythology surrounding the Mother began to form, integrating the beliefs about Maitreya, which had been widespread since the

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Billioud, Sébastien (2017). "Yiguandao's Patriarch Zhang Tianran: Hagiography, Deification and Production of Charisma in a Modern Religious Organization". In Ownby, David; Goossaert, Vincent; Zhe, Ji (eds.).

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is the opportunity for repentance and purification during the White Yang Era. Those who devote their efforts to the spread of the Tao will be repaid for their merits, regardless of their societal status.

1764:), during the persecutions in mainland China, and there it has attracted about fifty thousand members from both Chinese minorities and Japanese ethnic groups. It is articulated into two main branches: ① 1295:

belief: Grieving over the loss of her children, the Eternal Mother sent to the material world three enlightened beings over the "Three Eras". Accordingly, the human history is divided into "Three Eras":

1144:, who begot auspicious stars and all sentient beings. The human beings were sent to the east and lost their memory of the Mother. The myth of Fuxi and Nüwa is found also in orthodox Chinese mythology. 1854:

subsects affiliated with the Republic of China I-Kuan Tao Association upon its formation in 1988. The World I-Kuan Tao Headquarters, encompassing federations throughout the world, was established in

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doctrine, presenting itself as a way to salvation. It also encourages adherents to engage in missionary activity. Yiguandao is the worship of the source of the universal reality personified as the

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In all Yiguandao temples, there are three lamps situated on an altar. The central lamp represents the Eternal Mother, while the two sides lamps, both evenly situated at a lower level, represent

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Between the late years of the Qing dynasty and 1945, China went through a period of crisis, civil unrest and foreign invasion. The Confucian orthodoxy and the empire crumbled quickly. In the

748: 1623:) to train missionaries in Tianjin. Hundreds of missionaries were trained in these workshops, and they were sent all over the country. Many became influential leaders of Yiguandao. 983: 962:, to become China's most important redemptive society in the 1930s and 1940s, especially during the Japanese invasion. In the 1930s Yiguandao spread rapidly throughout China led by 1884:) founded by Ma Yongchang in 1980, the Guanyindao founded by Chen Huoguo in 1984, the Yuande Shentan founded by Wu Ruiyuan, and the Jiulian Shengdao founded by Lin Zhenhe in 1992. 762: 4804: 1615:

Divinely inspired writing was later rejected by some branches of Yiguandao, as new scriptures produced new schisms, and gradually declined within the religion as a whole.

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few members welcomed the new claims; many challenged the validity of the revelation and left the group. For this reason, Zhang Tianran and his wife moved to

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was introduced into Yiguandao despite Wang Jueyi, the 15th patriarch of the lineage, discouraging it. Zhang Tianran distinguished between "innate writing" (

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Extreme ruthlessness and craftiness in human behavior and disasters are associated with the end of the third period and final salvation. Cultivation of the

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in the Red Yang Era, and Maitreya Buddha will preside over the third period of salvation, the White Yang Era, which began in 1912 and continues even now.

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An exhibition denouncing Yiguandao was held in Beijing in January 1951. In 1952 the communists released "The Way of Persistently Harming People" (

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In the 1870s, under persecutions from the Qing, Xiantiandao fragmented into several independent groups. One branch led by the Shandong native

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The Republic of China I-Kuan Tao Association was formed in 1988 as an umbrella organisation bringing together the majority of lineages.

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There are a number of divisions which are no longer considered to be part of Yiguandao; some of them are: the Miledadao founded by

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With its centralized authority and highly degree of organization, Yiguandao had an extraordinary power of mobilization. At first,

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is the plane imbued by the gods and spirits who despite being in a higher realm than human beings, can still incarnate as matter.

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in 1931. There, different religious groups were competing with each other, and Zhang Tianran began preaching Yiguandao himself.

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is the physical world that is composed of all visible things, with colors and shapes, including all the stars and the sky. Only

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is one of the core teachings of Yiguandao. Vegetarianism is taught from a variety of perspectives including health, ecology,

1080: 1062: 1034: 955: 911: 876: 665: 555: 188: 8091: 7506: 7243: 6907: 6756: 6678: 6122: 5164: 4762: 3401: 1513:. To facilitate the spread Zhang Tianran restructured Yiguandao, that since then had preserved the nine-levels structure ( 1486: 1189:

on the left. In private temples, there is no required configuration. Members can choose statues of other deities, such as

919: 562: 57: 2809: 1536:) was strengthened, with a large number of pamphlets published to justify his divinity. The following one is an example: 8149: 7951: 5186: 3981: 1730: 1648:

With the rise of the Chinese Communist Party in 1949, Yiguandao was suppressed, being viewed as the biggest reactionary

1336: 569: 439: 8159: 7871: 7866: 7638: 6183: 6144: 5699: 5613: 5181: 3598: 1154: 148: 2900:. 1 June 1999. "Cult Groups Seen Shaking Party Leadership" (FBIS-CHI-1999-0614 1 June 1999/WNC). Cited in: ecoi.net, 2978: 6937: 6882: 6578: 5340: 4957: 4890: 3593: 3535: 1517:) of Xiantiandao. The new structure had four levels, Zhang as the patriarch, and below him the leaders of the way ( 527: 491: 432: 313: 8184: 7973: 7831: 7283: 6193: 6075: 5972: 5603: 5233: 4843: 3975: 3727: 3564: 3519: 2929: 1688: 1571: 1061:

or "unlimited" state and with fire. The name used in contemporary Yiguandao scriptures is the "Infinite Mother" (

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and spiritual development. Yiguandao followers are said to operate 90% of Taiwan's vegetarian restaurants.

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The Tian Dao (Yi Guan Dao, Yiguandao, Yi Guandao) sect and treatment of believers by the authorities

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According to Dr. Sebastien Billioud, Yiguandao can be viewed as an updated version of the tradition

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that took place. Yiguandao has since flourished in Taiwan, despite decades of persecution by the

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Since the 1970s Yiguandao spread to Southeast Asia. In Thailand (where it is named อนุตตรธรรม

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An oil lamp is an element at the center of a Yiguandao shrine, below the effigy of Maitreya.

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Philip Clart, missionaries from Taiwan have been particularly active in proselytization in

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Yiguandao advocated stand at the 22nd Taipei International Book Fair (2014), near the

1153:, the "Queen Mother of the West", the ancient mother goddess of China, related to the 8298: 6962: 6516: 6397: 5811: 5806: 5754: 5653: 5591: 5529: 5424: 5315: 5213: 5144: 5076: 5066: 5039: 4987: 4883: 4833: 4729: 4692: 4611: 4584: 4519: 3970: 3921: 3626: 1969: 1726: 1332: 1210: 1116: 1030: 963: 496: 346: 38: 7097: 6999: 6860: 6548: 6543: 6521: 6511: 6392: 5846: 5781: 5724: 5709: 5675: 5300: 5208: 4752: 4291: 4182: 4177: 4028: 3998: 3840: 3588: 3559: 3546: 3169:

The Transformation of Yiguan Dao in Taiwan Adapting to a Changing Religious Economy

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peaceful coexistence. In 1938 he held missionary workshops named "stove meetings" (

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Cantonese Society in Hong Kong and Singapore: Gender, Religion, Medicine and Money

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With the rapid growth of Yiguandao, Zhang Tianran's status as a divine patriarch (

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The Eternal Mother and the State: Circumventing Religious Management in Singapore

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Yiguan Dao in Japan: A Case Study of a Chinese Religion in the Japanese Settings

1873: 1825:) formed by thousands of Yiguandao members. As of 1999 the Japanese publication 1796:, "Headquarters of the Heavenly Way") respectively with 300 and 30,000 members. 1700: 1430: 1410: 1292: 1288: 714: 673: 400: 1631:

Through missionary activity, in the political and social turmoil caused by the

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Detained in China and Tibet: A Directory of Political and Religious Prisoners

2948: 1600:), received by juvenile media and considered superior to "acquired writing" ( 1097:)—a flame representing the Mother—is the central focus of Yiguandao shrines. 6932: 6728: 6643: 6633: 6504: 6459: 6444: 6377: 6225: 5714: 5636: 5596: 5586: 5549: 5524: 5504: 5399: 5265: 5119: 5109: 5004: 4784: 4594: 4579: 4544: 4509: 4422: 4118: 4097: 4092: 4069: 4064: 4023: 4018: 3955: 3892: 3815: 3786: 3737: 3678: 3631: 1450: 809: 792: 548: 388: 381: 4474: 4003: 2930:"Relationship between Religion and State in the People's Republic of China" 1840:

However, Yiguandao remains illegal in China in common with the majority of

1477: 966:, who is the eighteenth patriarch of the Latter Far East Tao Lineage, and 6735: 6479: 6469: 6324: 6070: 5994: 5836: 5816: 5643: 5519: 5374: 4747: 4687: 4606: 4514: 4501: 4479: 4459: 4437: 4432: 4412: 4352: 4319: 4258: 4102: 4087: 3965: 3926: 3882: 3673: 3610: 3514: 3417: 3256:"Appendix: Sects and Societies Recently or Currently Active in the PRC". 3136: 1903: 1877: 1406: 1149: 959: 376: 283: 271: 79: 1249:

is the heaven of the Eternal Mother, where there's no cycle of rebirth;

7004: 6608: 6573: 6494: 6407: 6348: 6252: 5977: 5831: 5581: 5534: 5419: 5295: 5114: 4626: 4589: 4400: 3950: 3916: 3759: 3460: 1861:

The primary organization unit of Yiguandao are local worship halls (佛堂

1830: 1510: 1506: 1414: 1356:

The rite of initiation involves the "offering of the Three Treasures" (

1194: 1190: 1182: 1166: 1141: 797: 643: 414: 393: 351: 276: 228: 171: 6917: 6796: 6781: 6600: 6489: 6474: 6432: 6338: 6279: 6210: 6110: 5384: 5139: 5129: 5019: 4828: 4789: 4704: 4631: 4239: 4209: 3933: 1898: 1818: 1704: 1426: 1421:

as an offshoot of the Venerable Officials' teaching of fasting (老官齋教

1162: 1088: 1070: 1042: 1003: 979: 927: 726: 591: 264: 5330: 3303: 6613: 6387: 6367: 6352: 5950: 5776: 5571: 5434: 5389: 5369: 4616: 4013: 3859: 3641: 2320: 1983: 1560: 1498: 3080:

Reclaiming the Wilderness, Contemporary Dynamics of the Yiguandao

2334:

Reclaiming the Wilderness: Contemporary Dynamics of the Yiguandao

2204:

Reclaiming the Wilderness: Contemporary Dynamics of the Yiguandao

1453:

saying that "the way that I follow is the one that unifies all" (

6538: 6427: 4447: 3371: 3351: 1137: 224: 7148: 6306: 5878: 3428: 3390: 1205:(Guangong); compassion, giving, caring and nurturing (Guanyin). 6437: 6402: 5099: 4523: 3376: 3366: 1748:

Yiguandao was transmitted in the Korean peninsula (Hanja: 일관도

1320: 1052: 804: 1464:

Under Liu the Yiguandao remained small. Things changed after

3308:

Journal of Chinese Theatre, Ritual and Folklore / Minsu Quyi

1413:(先天道; "Way of Former Heaven"), which in turn was founded in 1233:

Yiguandao conceives the cosmos as tripartite, consisting of

655: 3386: 3381: 3361: 3283:. In Goosaert, Vincent; Kiely, Jan; Lagerway, John (eds.). 2120: 235: 2206:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. p. 3. 1880:

founded by Lin Jixiong in 1984, the Holy Church of China (

1760:

In the 1950s Yiguandao spread to Japan (where its name is

3356: 3346: 3304:"Redemptive Societies in Cultural and Historical Context" 1772:, "School of the Holy Way of Confucius and Mencius") and 1110:

Yiguandao focuses on the worship of the Infinite Mother (

2106:

Kubo Noritada. "Ikkando ni tsuite (On the Unity Sect)".

2061:. Government of Information Office. 2006. Archived from 3341: 3024:

The Sage and the People: The Confucian Revival in China

2866: 2864: 2302:

The Sage and the People: The Confucian Revival in China

1586:

Divine revelations were published in "morality books" (

3118:

The White Lotus Teachings in Chinese Religious History

2512: 2510: 1941: 1829:

reported that there were 2 million Tiandao members in

1489:

folk religious sects mushroomed and expanded rapidly.

1147:

The figure of the Eternal Mother derives from that of

2008: 2006: 2612: 2610: 2608: 1962: 1656:

published the editorial "Firmly Banning Yiguandao" (

8183: 8100: 7972: 7717: 7442: 7159: 7053: 6978: 6754: 6662: 6599: 6317: 5799: 5622: 5497: 5484: 5449: 5197: 5174: 5163: 5090: 5053: 4842: 4738: 4720: 4664: 4655: 4572: 4500: 4351: 4342: 4300: 4272: 4230: 4163: 4154: 4145: 4111: 4078: 4050: 4041: 3991: 3858: 3545: 3459: 3450: 3441: 2888:. World Tibet Network News, Tuesday, June 11, 1996. 2595: 2593: 2591: 2554: 2552: 2527: 2525: 2383: 2381: 2284: 2282: 2269: 2267: 2230: 2228: 2215: 2213: 99: 85: 73: 63: 53: 45: 23: 2785: 2783: 2497: 2495: 2493: 2491: 2478: 2476: 2474: 2090: 2088: 2086: 2084: 2082: 2080: 1679:Spread to other regions and return to the mainland 1473:Zhang Tianran's leadership and spread in the 1930s 1472: 3362:Korea Ilgwando International Morality Association 3281:"Redemptive Societies in Twentieth Century China" 2993:"Religious groups warned of China travel dangers" 2041: 2039: 1405:Yiguandao originated in the late 19th century in 1384:A unitary anthology of Yiguandao's writings, the 1229:Diagram showing Yiguandao cosmology (in Chinese). 3138:A Chinese New Religious Movement in Modern Korea 1525:), and further below the masters of the altars ( 2854:Australian Government Refugee Review Trubunal: 2352:Davison, Gary Marvin; Reed, Barbara E. (1998). 2321:"Yiguandao’s Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic" 1583:, contributed to the dynamism of the movement. 1538: 1312:presided over salvation in the Green Yang Era, 1202: 1197:, or they can even choose to have none at all. 1114:), also known as the Eternal Venerable Mother ( 1833:, equal to 2.4% of the province's population. 3402: 3149:Religion and nationalism in Chinese societies 3097:Goossaert, Vincent; Palmer, David A. (2012), 3062:. Oxford University Press. pp. 209–240. 2937:Religions & Christianity in Today's China 2300:Billioud, Sébastien; Thoraval, Joël. (2015). 2023: 2021: 884: 111: 105: 27: 8: 3246:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3211:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3046:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2176: 2174: 3315:Topley, Marjorie; DeBernardi, Jean (2011), 3021:Billioud, Sébastien; Joel Thoraval (2015), 2800: 2798: 1010:. In Yiguandao's case it also incorporated 7156: 7145: 6314: 6303: 5875: 5494: 5171: 4661: 4348: 4160: 4151: 4047: 3456: 3447: 3438: 3425: 3409: 3395: 3387: 1200:As Yiguandao's written material explains: 958:that emerged in the late 19th century, in 891: 877: 756:Universal Church of the Way and its Virtue 182: 2965: 2423: 2323:. ari.nus.edu.sg. Retrieved 19 May 2023. 1694: 1682: 1476: 1224: 1018:becoming a unity of the five teachings. 2002: 1920: 1376:in daily life as a form of meditation. 942: 198: 3239: 3204: 3099:The Religious Question in Modern China 3039: 2979:"The Ongoing Crackdown on Yi Guan Dao" 2447: 1487:republican China between 1912 and 1949 970:, the first matriarch of the Lineage. 20: 3220:Munro, Robin; Mickey Spiegel (1994). 2870: 2153: 2134: 2132: 7: 3258:Chinese Sociology & Anthropology 1668:were kept under close surveillance. 2915: 2830: 2304:. Oxford University Press. p. 263. 2189: 2045: 1079:) and the "lantern of the Mother" ( 956:Chinese salvationist religious sect 16:Chinese salvationist religious sect 7118:Religions and spiritual traditions 3431:Religious groups and denominations 3285:Modern Chinese Religion, 1850-1950 3005: 2842: 2789: 2774: 2762: 2750: 2738: 2726: 2700: 2688: 2676: 2664: 2652: 2640: 2628: 2616: 2599: 2582: 2570: 2558: 2543: 2531: 2516: 2501: 2482: 2435: 2411: 2399: 2387: 2372: 2336:. Oxford University Press. p. 43. 2288: 2273: 2258: 2246: 2234: 2219: 2165: 2141:Yiguandao and Buddhism in Thailand 2125:International Morality Association 2094: 2012: 14: 1612:(revealing the original Heaven). 1457:), he gave the religion the name 1429:. It has also been traced to the 1033:, or the Splendid Highest Deity ( 1021:Yiguandao is characterized by an 459:Chinese Folk Temples' Association 8315:Sects that require vegetarianism 8278: 8269: 8268: 8082:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 7224:Democratic Republic of the Congo 3357:Australia Yiguandao Headquarters 3186:Ma, Xisha; Huiying Meng (2011), 2885:China cracks down on rural cults 1778:Xiāntiāndàdào Rìběn Zǒng Tiāntán 1209:The patriarchs of the faith are 858: 440:Lineage associations or churches 335:Chinese spiritual world concepts 208: 155: 141: 127: 37: 6689:Evolutionary origin of religion 3101:, University of Chicago Press, 2180:Goossaert, Palmer, 2011. p. 340 1644:Suppression in China after 1949 535:Chinese communal deity religion 7040:Separation of church and state 5720:Polytheistic reconstructionism 3321:, Hong Kong University Press, 3189:Popular Religion and Shamanism 3152:, Amsterdam University Press, 3121:, University of Hawaii Press, 1984: 1842:Chinese salvationist religions 1093: 1084: 1075: 1066: 1047: 1038: 932: 923: 915: 576:Main philosophical traditions: 556:Chinese mother goddess worship 112: 106: 93:South Korea, 2015: 1.3 million 28: 1: 4763:Traditional Sabahan religions 3059:Making Saints in Modern China 2354:Culture and Customs of Taiwan 2332:Billioud, Sébastien. (2020). 1721:, who lobbied on its behalf. 1699:Yiguandao UK headquarters in 563:Northeast China folk religion 58:Chinese salvationist religion 8310:Religious syncretism in Asia 3367:Taiwan Yiguandao Association 3342:World Yiguandao Headquarters 3077:Billioud, Sébastien (2020), 2856:CHN32439 – China – Yiguandao 2202:Billioud, Sebastien (2020). 2110:, n. 4, March 1953: 186-187. 1731:Evergreen Marine Corporation 1337:environmental sustainability 996:unity of the three teachings 666:Salvation churches and sects 570:Traditional Chinese Medicine 6898:National religiosity levels 6145:Nauruan Indigenous religion 5700:Hellenism (modern religion) 3287:. Brill. pp. 685–730. 3270:10.2753/CSA0009-46252104102 3135:Kim, David William (2015). 3083:, Oxford University Press, 3027:, Oxford University Press, 2817:. Asia Research Institute, 1963: 1942: 1364:(the heavenly portal), the 1241:(the spiritual heaven) and 749:Indonesian Confucian Church 611:Folk ritual masters' orders 149:Chinese bronze inscriptions 8331: 2812:November 29, 2015, at the 2356:. Greenwood Press. p. 47. 1633:Japanese invasion of China 1493:was led by Zhang Tianran. 1280: 660:Zhenkong, "Void of Truth". 528:Chinese ancestral religion 433:Associations of good-doing 314:Chinese gods and immortals 8264: 7155: 7144: 6313: 6302: 5887: 5874: 5604:Transcendental Meditation 3437: 3424: 3347:I-Kuan Tao World Wide Web 3254:List first published in: 2468:Ter Harr, 1999. pp. 16-59 1973: 1952: 1931: 1774:Sentendaidōnihonsoōtendan 1689:Taipei World Trade Center 1627:Rapid growth in the 1940s 1269:will be re-absorbed into 49:Way of Former Heaven sect 36: 7209:Central African Republic 4310:Vietnamese folk religion 3701:Charismatic Christianity 3146:Kuo, Cheng-Tian (2017), 3115:Haar, B. J. ter (1992), 2108:Toyo Bunka Kenkyujo kiyo 1640:converted to Yiguandao. 1283:Three Suns (eschatology) 1106:Eternal Venerable Mother 1031:Eternal Venerable Mother 824:Vietnamese folk religion 427:Institutions and temples 89:China, 1940s: 12 million 7103:New religious movements 6741:Theories about religion 6694:Evolutionary psychology 5745:Modern Finnish paganism 3777:Independent Catholicism 3372:Baiyang Heavenly Temple 1770:Kǒng Mèng Shèngdào Yuàn 982:as part of the greater 7752:Bosnia and Herzegovina 5760:Erzyan native religion 5609:Unitarian Universalism 5015:Native American Church 3821:Oneness Pentecostalism 3302:Palmer, David (2011), 3226:. Human Rights Watch. 2928:Xinping, Zhuo (2014). 2804:Francis Lim Khek Gee. 2059:"Taiwan Yearbook 2006" 1909:New religious movement 1788:, "Heavenly Way") and 1708: 1692: 1658:Jianjue Qudi Yiguandao 1566: 1547: 1482: 1347:Practices and writings 1287:Yiguandao involves an 1245:(the material plane). 1230: 1207: 984:antireligious campaign 661: 638:Devotional traditions: 8072:Saint Kitts and Nevis 7369:São Tomé and Príncipe 7229:Republic of the Congo 5457:Aboriginal Australian 4173:Chinese folk religion 3279:Ownby, David (2015). 2819:Working Paper No. 161 2714:Taiwan: A New History 1849:Structure and schisms 1729:, the founder of the 1698: 1686: 1564: 1480: 1304:or Red Yang Era, and 1228: 742:Holy Confucian Church 659: 328:Chinese creation myth 201:Chinese folk religion 95:Taiwan, 2005: 810,000 7694:United Arab Emirates 6485:Religious experience 5881:Historical religions 4330:Đạo Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương 3662:Schwenkfelder Church 3264:(4): 103–104. 1989. 3166:Lu, Yunfeng (2008), 2459:Topley, 2011. p. 211 1856:Alhambra, California 1794:Tiāndào Zǒng Tiāntán 1579:tradition since the 1577:Chinese intellectual 1417:in the 17th century 1401:19th century origins 1237:(the right heaven), 845:Zhuang folk religion 542:Chinese food therapy 523:Major cultural forms 8087:Trinidad and Tobago 7982:Antigua and Barbuda 7150:Religion by country 6211:Cult of Magna Mater 4800:Philippine Dayawism 4381:Nimbarka Sampradaya 4129:Chinese Manichaeism 3801:Jehovah's Witnesses 3606:Proto-Protestantism 3172:, Lexington Books, 2918:, pp. 244–245. 2375:, pp. 27, 106. 2261:, pp. 143–144. 2249:, pp. 150–151. 2156:, pp. 702–703. 1652:. In December 1950 1521:), the initiators ( 1308:or White Yang Era. 1300:or Green Yang Era, 1187:Yue Hui Bodhisattva 912:traditional Chinese 865:Religion portal 831:Qiang folk religion 519:Internal traditions 8022:Dominican Republic 7068:Abrahamic prophets 6184:Proto-Indo-Iranian 4773:Aliran Kepercayaan 3976:Non-denominational 3898:Modernist Salafism 3584:Oriental Orthodoxy 3352:I-Kuan Tao e-paper 2438:, p. 173–175. 2119:Official website: 1894:Maitreya teachings 1882:Zhonghua Shengjiao 1709: 1693: 1654:The People's Daily 1567: 1483: 1231: 1185:on the right, and 1161:, and thus to the 1136:and two children, 920:simplified Chinese 817:Miao folk religion 734:Confucian churches 691:Maitreya teachings 662: 605:Ritual traditions: 135:Oracle bone script 77:late 19th century 8292: 8291: 8260: 8259: 8256: 8255: 7244:Equatorial Guinea 7140: 7139: 7136: 7135: 6679:Cognitive science 6298: 6297: 6231:Mysteries of Isis 6027:Frankish paganism 5870: 5869: 5866: 5865: 5862: 5861: 5614:White Brotherhood 5480: 5479: 5445: 5444: 4834:Sundanese Wiwitan 4651: 4650: 4647: 4646: 4376:Brahma Sampradaya 4338: 4337: 4141: 4140: 4137: 4136: 4119:Assianism/Uatsdin 4037: 4036: 3806:British Israelism 3792:Nontrinitarianism 3755:Plymouth Brethren 3750:Nondenominational 3684:Congregationalism 3572:Eastern Orthodoxy 3520:Reconstructionist 3377:Holy Glory Temple 2729:, pp. 58–59. 2703:, pp. 49–50. 2546:, pp. 31–33. 2519:, pp. 29–30. 2402:, pp. 27–28. 2015:, pp. 37–38. 1982: 1961: 1940: 1673:Yiguan Hairen Dao 1455:wudao yiyiguanzhi 1360:), which are the 1173:Gods and teachers 901: 900: 838:Yao folk religion 787:Related religions 632:Chinese shamanism 625:Nuo folk religion 618:Jitong mediumship 408:Jitong mediumship 321:Chinese mythology 121: 120: 117: 8322: 8282: 8272: 8271: 8150:Papua New Guinea 8125:Marshall Islands 7952:Northern Ireland 7157: 7146: 7030:Secular theology 7025:Secular humanism 6315: 6304: 5876: 5495: 5172: 4662: 4418:Shaiva Siddhanta 4349: 4282:Korean shamanism 4161: 4152: 4048: 3961:Mahdawi movement 3831:Swedenborgianism 3811:Christadelphians 3457: 3448: 3439: 3426: 3411: 3404: 3397: 3388: 3331: 3311: 3298: 3273: 3251: 3245: 3237: 3216: 3210: 3202: 3182: 3162: 3142: 3131: 3111: 3093: 3073: 3051: 3045: 3037: 3009: 3003: 2997: 2996: 2989: 2983: 2982: 2975: 2969: 2963: 2957: 2956: 2934: 2925: 2919: 2913: 2907: 2895: 2889: 2880: 2874: 2868: 2859: 2852: 2846: 2840: 2834: 2828: 2822: 2802: 2793: 2787: 2778: 2772: 2766: 2760: 2754: 2748: 2742: 2736: 2730: 2724: 2718: 2717: 2710: 2704: 2698: 2692: 2686: 2680: 2674: 2668: 2662: 2656: 2650: 2644: 2638: 2632: 2626: 2620: 2614: 2603: 2597: 2586: 2580: 2574: 2568: 2562: 2556: 2547: 2541: 2535: 2529: 2520: 2514: 2505: 2499: 2486: 2480: 2469: 2466: 2460: 2457: 2451: 2445: 2439: 2433: 2427: 2421: 2415: 2409: 2403: 2397: 2391: 2385: 2376: 2370: 2364: 2350: 2344: 2330: 2324: 2318: 2312: 2298: 2292: 2286: 2277: 2271: 2262: 2256: 2250: 2244: 2238: 2232: 2223: 2217: 2208: 2207: 2199: 2193: 2187: 2181: 2178: 2169: 2163: 2157: 2151: 2145: 2136: 2127: 2117: 2111: 2104: 2098: 2092: 2075: 2074: 2072: 2070: 2055: 2049: 2043: 2034: 2025: 2016: 2010: 1991: 1989: 1988: 1977: 1975: 1966: 1956: 1954: 1945: 1935: 1933: 1925: 1823:Tiānbīng Dìzǐjūn 1423:Lǎoguān zhāijiào 1368:(a mantra), and 1341:animal suffering 1310:Dipankara Buddha 1261:is eternal, and 1095: 1086: 1077: 1068: 1049: 1048:Míngmíng Shàngdì 1040: 944: 934: 925: 917: 893: 886: 879: 863: 862: 763:Phoenix churches 703:Tianxian miaodao 698:Tiandi teachings 549:Chinese geomancy 452:Ancestral shrine 415:Precious scrolls 307:Chinese theology 212: 202: 194: 191: 183: 159: 145: 131: 115: 114: 109: 108: 104:Zhenli Tiandao ( 103: 41: 32: 31: 30: 21: 8330: 8329: 8325: 8324: 8323: 8321: 8320: 8319: 8295: 8294: 8293: 8288: 8252: 8179: 8160:Solomon Islands 8096: 7968: 7872:North Macedonia 7713: 7438: 7151: 7132: 7093:Mass gatherings 7061: 7056: 7049: 6988: 6983: 6974: 6913:Religiocentrism 6893:National church 6761: 6758: 6750: 6665: 6658: 6595: 6517:Bodies of water 6309: 6294: 6101:Jamaican Maroon 5883: 5858: 5795: 5625: 5618: 5489: 5487: 5476: 5441: 5415:Trinidad Orisha 5200: 5193: 5166: 5159: 5086: 5049: 4845: 4838: 4734: 4716: 4643: 4617:Srilankan Vedda 4568: 4496: 4371:Sri Vaishnavism 4334: 4296: 4268: 4226: 4133: 4107: 4074: 4033: 3987: 3912:Twelver Shi'ism 3854: 3716:Neo-charismatic 3689:Presbyterianism 3541: 3433: 3420: 3415: 3338: 3329: 3314: 3301: 3295: 3278: 3255: 3238: 3234: 3219: 3203: 3200: 3185: 3180: 3165: 3160: 3145: 3134: 3129: 3114: 3109: 3096: 3091: 3076: 3070: 3054: 3038: 3035: 3020: 3017: 3012: 3004: 3000: 2991: 2990: 2986: 2977: 2976: 2972: 2966:Billioud (2015) 2964: 2960: 2932: 2927: 2926: 2922: 2914: 2910: 2896: 2892: 2881: 2877: 2869: 2862: 2853: 2849: 2841: 2837: 2829: 2825: 2814:Wayback Machine 2803: 2796: 2788: 2781: 2773: 2769: 2761: 2757: 2749: 2745: 2737: 2733: 2725: 2721: 2712: 2711: 2707: 2699: 2695: 2687: 2683: 2675: 2671: 2663: 2659: 2651: 2647: 2639: 2635: 2627: 2623: 2615: 2606: 2598: 2589: 2581: 2577: 2569: 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341:Model humanity: 302: 294: 293: 220: 200: 189: 186: 181: 180: 179: 178: 167: 166: 165: 160: 152: 151: 146: 138: 137: 132: 94: 92: 90: 78: 26: 25: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8328: 8326: 8318: 8317: 8312: 8307: 8297: 8296: 8290: 8289: 8287: 8286: 8276: 8265: 8262: 8261: 8258: 8257: 8254: 8253: 8251: 8250: 8245: 8240: 8235: 8230: 8225: 8220: 8215: 8210: 8205: 8200: 8195: 8189: 8187: 8181: 8180: 8178: 8177: 8172: 8167: 8162: 8157: 8152: 8147: 8142: 8137: 8132: 8127: 8122: 8117: 8112: 8106: 8104: 8098: 8097: 8095: 8094: 8089: 8084: 8079: 8074: 8069: 8064: 8059: 8054: 8049: 8044: 8039: 8034: 8029: 8024: 8019: 8014: 8009: 8004: 7999: 7994: 7989: 7984: 7978: 7976: 7970: 7969: 7967: 7966: 7965: 7964: 7959: 7954: 7949: 7942:United Kingdom 7939: 7934: 7929: 7924: 7919: 7914: 7909: 7904: 7899: 7894: 7889: 7884: 7879: 7874: 7869: 7864: 7859: 7854: 7849: 7844: 7839: 7834: 7829: 7824: 7819: 7814: 7809: 7804: 7799: 7794: 7789: 7784: 7779: 7774: 7769: 7764: 7759: 7754: 7749: 7744: 7739: 7734: 7729: 7723: 7721: 7715: 7714: 7712: 7711: 7706: 7701: 7696: 7691: 7686: 7681: 7676: 7671: 7666: 7661: 7656: 7651: 7646: 7641: 7636: 7631: 7626: 7621: 7616: 7611: 7606: 7601: 7596: 7591: 7586: 7581: 7576: 7571: 7570: 7569: 7564: 7554: 7549: 7544: 7539: 7534: 7529: 7524: 7519: 7514: 7509: 7504: 7499: 7494: 7489: 7484: 7479: 7474: 7469: 7464: 7459: 7454: 7448: 7446: 7440: 7439: 7437: 7436: 7431: 7426: 7421: 7416: 7411: 7406: 7401: 7396: 7391: 7386: 7381: 7376: 7371: 7366: 7361: 7356: 7351: 7346: 7341: 7336: 7331: 7326: 7321: 7316: 7311: 7306: 7301: 7296: 7291: 7286: 7281: 7276: 7271: 7266: 7261: 7256: 7251: 7246: 7241: 7236: 7231: 7226: 7221: 7216: 7211: 7206: 7201: 7196: 7191: 7186: 7181: 7176: 7171: 7165: 7163: 7153: 7152: 7149: 7142: 7141: 7138: 7137: 7134: 7133: 7131: 7130: 7125: 7120: 7115: 7110: 7105: 7100: 7095: 7090: 7085: 7080: 7075: 7070: 7064: 7062: 7054: 7051: 7050: 7048: 7047: 7042: 7037: 7035:Secularization 7032: 7027: 7022: 7017: 7015:Deconstruction 7012: 7007: 7002: 6997: 6991: 6989: 6979: 6976: 6975: 6973: 6972: 6967: 6966: 6965: 6960: 6955: 6945: 6940: 6935: 6930: 6925: 6920: 6915: 6910: 6905: 6900: 6895: 6890: 6885: 6880: 6875: 6870: 6868:Fundamentalism 6865: 6864: 6863: 6858: 6853: 6848: 6838: 6833: 6828: 6823: 6822: 6821: 6816: 6811: 6801: 6800: 6799: 6794: 6789: 6775: 6770: 6764: 6762: 6755: 6752: 6751: 6749: 6748: 6743: 6738: 6733: 6732: 6731: 6721: 6716: 6711: 6706: 6701: 6696: 6691: 6686: 6681: 6676: 6670: 6668: 6660: 6659: 6657: 6656: 6651: 6646: 6641: 6636: 6631: 6626: 6621: 6616: 6611: 6605: 6603: 6597: 6596: 6594: 6593: 6592: 6591: 6586: 6581: 6571: 6566: 6561: 6556: 6551: 6546: 6541: 6536: 6535: 6534: 6529: 6524: 6519: 6509: 6508: 6507: 6502: 6497: 6487: 6482: 6477: 6472: 6467: 6462: 6457: 6452: 6447: 6442: 6441: 6440: 6435: 6430: 6420: 6415: 6410: 6405: 6400: 6395: 6390: 6385: 6380: 6375: 6370: 6365: 6360: 6355: 6346: 6344:Call to prayer 6341: 6336: 6331: 6329:Disaffiliation 6321: 6319: 6311: 6310: 6307: 6300: 6299: 6296: 6295: 6293: 6292: 6287: 6282: 6277: 6272: 6267: 6262: 6257: 6256: 6255: 6250: 6245: 6235: 6234: 6233: 6228: 6223: 6218: 6213: 6203: 6198: 6197: 6196: 6191: 6181: 6180: 6179: 6174: 6169: 6164: 6154: 6149: 6148: 6147: 6137: 6136: 6135: 6130: 6120: 6115: 6114: 6113: 6103: 6098: 6093: 6088: 6083: 6078: 6073: 6068: 6067: 6066: 6061: 6056: 6051: 6049:Greco-Buddhism 6046: 6036: 6035: 6034: 6029: 6024: 6019: 6009: 6004: 6003: 6002: 5992: 5987: 5982: 5981: 5980: 5970: 5965: 5960: 5959: 5958: 5953: 5943: 5938: 5937: 5936: 5931: 5926: 5916: 5911: 5906: 5901: 5900: 5899: 5888: 5885: 5884: 5879: 5872: 5871: 5868: 5867: 5864: 5863: 5860: 5859: 5857: 5856: 5855: 5854: 5844: 5839: 5834: 5829: 5824: 5819: 5814: 5809: 5803: 5801: 5797: 5796: 5794: 5793: 5792: 5791: 5779: 5774: 5773: 5772: 5767: 5762: 5757: 5752: 5747: 5742: 5732: 5727: 5722: 5717: 5712: 5707: 5702: 5697: 5692: 5691: 5690: 5680: 5679: 5678: 5673: 5663: 5662: 5661: 5656: 5646: 5641: 5640: 5639: 5630: 5628: 5620: 5619: 5617: 5616: 5611: 5606: 5601: 5600: 5599: 5594: 5584: 5579: 5574: 5569: 5564: 5563: 5562: 5552: 5547: 5542: 5537: 5532: 5527: 5522: 5517: 5512: 5507: 5501: 5499: 5492: 5482: 5481: 5478: 5477: 5475: 5474: 5469: 5464: 5459: 5453: 5451: 5447: 5446: 5443: 5442: 5440: 5439: 5438: 5437: 5432: 5427: 5422: 5417: 5412: 5410:Tambor de Mina 5407: 5402: 5397: 5392: 5387: 5382: 5377: 5372: 5367: 5366: 5365: 5360: 5355: 5336: 5335: 5334: 5333: 5323: 5318: 5313: 5308: 5303: 5298: 5293: 5288: 5283: 5278: 5273: 5268: 5263: 5258: 5253: 5248: 5243: 5238: 5237: 5236: 5231: 5221: 5216: 5211: 5205: 5203: 5195: 5194: 5192: 5191: 5190: 5189: 5187:Guanche church 5178: 5176: 5169: 5161: 5160: 5158: 5157: 5152: 5147: 5142: 5137: 5132: 5127: 5122: 5117: 5112: 5107: 5102: 5096: 5094: 5092:Tibeto-Burmese 5088: 5087: 5085: 5084: 5079: 5074: 5069: 5063: 5061: 5051: 5050: 5048: 5047: 5042: 5037: 5032: 5027: 5025:Nuu-chah-nulth 5022: 5017: 5012: 5007: 5002: 5001: 5000: 4995: 4990: 4985: 4975: 4970: 4965: 4960: 4955: 4950: 4949: 4948: 4943: 4938: 4928: 4923: 4918: 4913: 4908: 4903: 4898: 4893: 4888: 4887: 4886: 4881: 4876: 4866: 4861: 4856: 4850: 4848: 4840: 4839: 4837: 4836: 4831: 4829:Sumbese Marapu 4826: 4825: 4824: 4819: 4809: 4808: 4807: 4797: 4792: 4787: 4782: 4781: 4780: 4775: 4767: 4766: 4765: 4760: 4750: 4748:Batak Parmalim 4744: 4742: 4736: 4735: 4733: 4732: 4726: 4724: 4718: 4717: 4715: 4714: 4713: 4712: 4707: 4697: 4696: 4695: 4690: 4685: 4670: 4668: 4659: 4653: 4652: 4649: 4648: 4645: 4644: 4642: 4641: 4640: 4639: 4634: 4624: 4619: 4614: 4609: 4604: 4603: 4602: 4597: 4587: 4582: 4576: 4574: 4570: 4569: 4567: 4566: 4559: 4554: 4553: 4552: 4542: 4541: 4540: 4535: 4530: 4512: 4506: 4504: 4498: 4497: 4495: 4494: 4487: 4482: 4477: 4472: 4467: 4462: 4457: 4456: 4455: 4450: 4445: 4440: 4435: 4430: 4425: 4420: 4410: 4409: 4408: 4403: 4398: 4393: 4388: 4383: 4378: 4373: 4368: 4357: 4355: 4346: 4340: 4339: 4336: 4335: 4333: 4332: 4327: 4322: 4317: 4312: 4306: 4304: 4298: 4297: 4295: 4294: 4289: 4284: 4278: 4276: 4270: 4269: 4267: 4266: 4261: 4256: 4251: 4250: 4249: 4236: 4234: 4228: 4227: 4225: 4224: 4223: 4222: 4217: 4207: 4206: 4205: 4200: 4190: 4185: 4180: 4175: 4169: 4167: 4158: 4149: 4143: 4142: 4139: 4138: 4135: 4134: 4132: 4131: 4126: 4121: 4115: 4113: 4109: 4108: 4106: 4105: 4100: 4095: 4090: 4084: 4082: 4076: 4075: 4073: 4072: 4067: 4062: 4060:Ilm-e-Khshnoom 4056: 4054: 4045: 4039: 4038: 4035: 4034: 4032: 4031: 4026: 4021: 4016: 4011: 4006: 4001: 3995: 3993: 3989: 3988: 3986: 3985: 3978: 3973: 3968: 3963: 3958: 3953: 3948: 3947: 3946: 3936: 3931: 3930: 3929: 3924: 3919: 3914: 3904: 3903: 3902: 3901: 3900: 3895: 3885: 3880: 3875: 3864: 3862: 3856: 3855: 3853: 3852: 3845: 3844: 3843: 3838: 3833: 3828: 3823: 3818: 3813: 3808: 3803: 3797:Bible Students 3789: 3784: 3779: 3774: 3769: 3767:Restorationism 3764: 3763: 3762: 3757: 3752: 3747: 3746: 3745: 3735: 3730: 3725: 3723:Evangelicalism 3720: 3719: 3718: 3713: 3708: 3698: 3697: 3696: 3691: 3686: 3676: 3671: 3666: 3665: 3664: 3659: 3654: 3649: 3644: 3634: 3624: 3623: 3622: 3617: 3603: 3602: 3601: 3596: 3586: 3581: 3580: 3579: 3569: 3568: 3567: 3562: 3551: 3549: 3543: 3542: 3540: 3539: 3532: 3527: 3522: 3517: 3512: 3507: 3502: 3497: 3496: 3495: 3494: 3493: 3483: 3482: 3481: 3465: 3463: 3454: 3445: 3435: 3434: 3429: 3422: 3421: 3416: 3414: 3413: 3406: 3399: 3391: 3385: 3384: 3379: 3374: 3369: 3364: 3359: 3354: 3349: 3344: 3337: 3336:External links 3334: 3333: 3332: 3327: 3312: 3299: 3293: 3276: 3275: 3274: 3233:978-1564321053 3232: 3217: 3199:978-9004174559 3198: 3183: 3178: 3163: 3159:978-9048535057 3158: 3143: 3132: 3127: 3112: 3107: 3094: 3089: 3074: 3069:978-0190494568 3068: 3052: 3034:978-0190258146 3033: 3016: 3013: 3011: 3010: 3008:, p. 167. 2998: 2984: 2970: 2968:, p. 299. 2958: 2920: 2908: 2890: 2875: 2873:, p. 270. 2860: 2847: 2845:, p. 166. 2835: 2833:, p. 243. 2823: 2821:, August 2011. 2794: 2779: 2767: 2755: 2743: 2731: 2719: 2705: 2693: 2681: 2669: 2657: 2645: 2633: 2621: 2619:, p. 101. 2604: 2587: 2575: 2563: 2548: 2536: 2521: 2506: 2487: 2470: 2461: 2452: 2440: 2428: 2426:, p. 211. 2416: 2414:, p. 106. 2404: 2392: 2377: 2365: 2362:978-0313302985 2345: 2342:978-0197529133 2325: 2313: 2310:978-0190258146 2293: 2278: 2263: 2251: 2239: 2224: 2209: 2194: 2192:, p. 245. 2182: 2170: 2158: 2146: 2128: 2112: 2099: 2076: 2050: 2035: 2017: 2001: 1999: 1996: 1993: 1992: 1919: 1918: 1916: 1913: 1912: 1911: 1906: 1901: 1896: 1889: 1886: 1850: 1847: 1813: 1812:Mainland China 1810: 1801: 1800:Southeast Asia 1798: 1790:Tendo Sotendan 1757: 1754: 1745: 1742: 1713: 1710: 1680: 1677: 1645: 1642: 1628: 1625: 1558: 1548: 1515:jiupin liantai 1481:Zhang Tianran. 1474: 1471: 1402: 1399: 1397: 1394: 1390:Yīguàndào zàng 1381: 1378: 1353: 1350: 1348: 1345: 1329: 1326: 1314:Gautama Buddha 1293:soteriological 1289:eschatological 1281:Main article: 1278: 1275: 1222: 1219: 1174: 1171: 1107: 1104: 1102: 1099: 1027:soteriological 1023:eschatological 980:heretical cult 976:secret society 974:as an illegal 952:Persistent Way 948:Consistent Way 899: 898: 896: 895: 888: 881: 873: 870: 869: 868: 867: 852: 851: 848: 847: 841: 840: 834: 833: 827: 826: 820: 819: 813: 812: 807: 801: 800: 795: 789: 786: 785: 782: 781: 778: 777: 771: 770: 765: 759: 758: 752: 751: 745: 744: 730: 729: 724: 722:Zaili teaching 718: 717: 712: 706: 705: 700: 694: 693: 688: 682: 681: 676: 654: 653: 647: 646: 635: 634: 628: 627: 621: 620: 614: 613: 602: 601: 595: 594: 589: 573: 572: 566: 565: 559: 558: 552: 551: 545: 544: 538: 537: 531: 530: 521: 518: 517: 514: 513: 510: 509: 504: 499: 494: 489: 484: 479: 473: 470: 469: 466: 465: 462: 461: 455: 454: 449: 447:Chinese temple 443: 442: 436: 435: 429: 426: 425: 422: 421: 418: 417: 411: 410: 404: 403: 397: 396: 391: 385: 384: 379: 373: 370: 369: 366: 365: 362: 361: 355: 354: 349: 338: 337: 331: 330: 324: 323: 317: 316: 310: 309: 303: 300: 299: 296: 295: 292: 291: 286: 280: 279: 274: 268: 267: 262: 256: 255: 250: 244: 243: 238: 232: 231: 221: 218: 217: 214: 213: 205: 204: 196: 195: 170:The character 169: 168: 163:Regular script 161: 154: 153: 147: 140: 139: 133: 126: 125: 124: 123: 122: 119: 118: 101: 97: 96: 91:Japan: ~50,000 87: 83: 82: 75: 71: 70: 65: 61: 60: 55: 54:Classification 51: 50: 47: 43: 42: 34: 33: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8327: 8316: 8313: 8311: 8308: 8306: 8303: 8302: 8300: 8285: 8281: 8277: 8275: 8267: 8266: 8263: 8249: 8246: 8244: 8241: 8239: 8236: 8234: 8231: 8229: 8226: 8224: 8221: 8219: 8216: 8214: 8211: 8209: 8206: 8204: 8201: 8199: 8196: 8194: 8191: 8190: 8188: 8186: 8185:South America 8182: 8176: 8173: 8171: 8168: 8166: 8163: 8161: 8158: 8156: 8153: 8151: 8148: 8146: 8143: 8141: 8138: 8136: 8133: 8131: 8128: 8126: 8123: 8121: 8118: 8116: 8113: 8111: 8108: 8107: 8105: 8103: 8099: 8093: 8092:United States 8090: 8088: 8085: 8083: 8080: 8078: 8075: 8073: 8070: 8068: 8065: 8063: 8060: 8058: 8055: 8053: 8050: 8048: 8045: 8043: 8040: 8038: 8035: 8033: 8030: 8028: 8025: 8023: 8020: 8018: 8015: 8013: 8010: 8008: 8005: 8003: 8000: 7998: 7995: 7993: 7990: 7988: 7985: 7983: 7980: 7979: 7977: 7975: 7974:North America 7971: 7963: 7960: 7958: 7955: 7953: 7950: 7948: 7945: 7944: 7943: 7940: 7938: 7935: 7933: 7930: 7928: 7925: 7923: 7920: 7918: 7915: 7913: 7910: 7908: 7905: 7903: 7900: 7898: 7895: 7893: 7890: 7888: 7885: 7883: 7880: 7878: 7875: 7873: 7870: 7868: 7865: 7863: 7860: 7858: 7855: 7853: 7850: 7848: 7845: 7843: 7840: 7838: 7835: 7833: 7832:Liechtenstein 7830: 7828: 7825: 7823: 7820: 7818: 7815: 7813: 7810: 7808: 7805: 7803: 7800: 7798: 7795: 7793: 7790: 7788: 7785: 7783: 7780: 7778: 7775: 7773: 7770: 7768: 7765: 7763: 7760: 7758: 7755: 7753: 7750: 7748: 7745: 7743: 7740: 7738: 7735: 7733: 7730: 7728: 7725: 7724: 7722: 7720: 7716: 7710: 7707: 7705: 7702: 7700: 7697: 7695: 7692: 7690: 7687: 7685: 7682: 7680: 7677: 7675: 7672: 7670: 7667: 7665: 7662: 7660: 7657: 7655: 7652: 7650: 7647: 7645: 7642: 7640: 7637: 7635: 7632: 7630: 7627: 7625: 7622: 7620: 7617: 7615: 7612: 7610: 7607: 7605: 7602: 7600: 7597: 7595: 7592: 7590: 7587: 7585: 7582: 7580: 7577: 7575: 7572: 7568: 7565: 7563: 7560: 7559: 7558: 7555: 7553: 7550: 7548: 7545: 7543: 7540: 7538: 7535: 7533: 7530: 7528: 7525: 7523: 7520: 7518: 7515: 7513: 7510: 7508: 7505: 7503: 7500: 7498: 7495: 7493: 7490: 7488: 7485: 7483: 7480: 7478: 7475: 7473: 7470: 7468: 7465: 7463: 7460: 7458: 7455: 7453: 7450: 7449: 7447: 7445: 7441: 7435: 7432: 7430: 7427: 7425: 7422: 7420: 7417: 7415: 7412: 7410: 7407: 7405: 7402: 7400: 7397: 7395: 7392: 7390: 7387: 7385: 7382: 7380: 7377: 7375: 7372: 7370: 7367: 7365: 7362: 7360: 7357: 7355: 7352: 7350: 7347: 7345: 7342: 7340: 7337: 7335: 7332: 7330: 7327: 7325: 7322: 7320: 7317: 7315: 7312: 7310: 7307: 7305: 7302: 7300: 7297: 7295: 7292: 7290: 7287: 7285: 7284:Guinea-Bissau 7282: 7280: 7277: 7275: 7272: 7270: 7267: 7265: 7262: 7260: 7257: 7255: 7252: 7250: 7247: 7245: 7242: 7240: 7237: 7235: 7232: 7230: 7227: 7225: 7222: 7220: 7217: 7215: 7212: 7210: 7207: 7205: 7202: 7200: 7197: 7195: 7192: 7190: 7187: 7185: 7182: 7180: 7177: 7175: 7172: 7170: 7167: 7166: 7164: 7162: 7158: 7154: 7147: 7143: 7129: 7126: 7124: 7121: 7119: 7116: 7114: 7111: 7109: 7108:Organizations 7106: 7104: 7101: 7099: 7096: 7094: 7091: 7089: 7086: 7084: 7081: 7079: 7076: 7074: 7071: 7069: 7066: 7065: 7063: 7060: 7052: 7046: 7043: 7041: 7038: 7036: 7033: 7031: 7028: 7026: 7023: 7021: 7018: 7016: 7013: 7011: 7008: 7006: 7003: 7001: 6998: 6996: 6993: 6992: 6990: 6987: 6982: 6977: 6971: 6968: 6964: 6961: 6959: 6956: 6954: 6951: 6950: 6949: 6946: 6944: 6941: 6939: 6938:Vegetarianism 6936: 6934: 6931: 6929: 6926: 6924: 6921: 6919: 6916: 6914: 6911: 6909: 6906: 6904: 6901: 6899: 6896: 6894: 6891: 6889: 6886: 6884: 6883:Homosexuality 6881: 6879: 6876: 6874: 6871: 6869: 6866: 6862: 6859: 6857: 6854: 6852: 6849: 6847: 6844: 6843: 6842: 6839: 6837: 6834: 6832: 6829: 6827: 6824: 6820: 6817: 6815: 6812: 6810: 6807: 6806: 6805: 6802: 6798: 6795: 6793: 6790: 6788: 6785: 6784: 6783: 6779: 6776: 6774: 6771: 6769: 6766: 6765: 6763: 6760: 6753: 6747: 6744: 6742: 6739: 6737: 6734: 6730: 6727: 6726: 6725: 6722: 6720: 6717: 6715: 6712: 6710: 6707: 6705: 6704:Neurotheology 6702: 6700: 6697: 6695: 6692: 6690: 6687: 6685: 6682: 6680: 6677: 6675: 6672: 6671: 6669: 6667: 6661: 6655: 6652: 6650: 6647: 6645: 6642: 6640: 6637: 6635: 6632: 6630: 6627: 6625: 6622: 6620: 6617: 6615: 6612: 6610: 6607: 6606: 6604: 6602: 6598: 6590: 6587: 6585: 6582: 6580: 6577: 6576: 6575: 6572: 6570: 6567: 6565: 6562: 6560: 6557: 6555: 6552: 6550: 6547: 6545: 6542: 6540: 6537: 6533: 6530: 6528: 6525: 6523: 6520: 6518: 6515: 6514: 6513: 6510: 6506: 6503: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6493: 6492: 6491: 6488: 6486: 6483: 6481: 6478: 6476: 6473: 6471: 6468: 6466: 6463: 6461: 6458: 6456: 6453: 6451: 6448: 6446: 6443: 6439: 6436: 6434: 6431: 6429: 6426: 6425: 6424: 6421: 6419: 6416: 6414: 6411: 6409: 6406: 6404: 6401: 6399: 6398:Folk religion 6396: 6394: 6391: 6389: 6386: 6384: 6381: 6379: 6376: 6374: 6371: 6369: 6366: 6364: 6361: 6359: 6356: 6354: 6350: 6347: 6345: 6342: 6340: 6337: 6335: 6332: 6330: 6326: 6323: 6322: 6320: 6316: 6312: 6305: 6301: 6291: 6288: 6286: 6283: 6281: 6278: 6276: 6273: 6271: 6268: 6266: 6263: 6261: 6258: 6254: 6251: 6249: 6246: 6244: 6241: 6240: 6239: 6236: 6232: 6229: 6227: 6224: 6222: 6221:Imperial cult 6219: 6217: 6214: 6212: 6209: 6208: 6207: 6204: 6202: 6199: 6195: 6192: 6190: 6187: 6186: 6185: 6182: 6178: 6175: 6173: 6170: 6168: 6165: 6163: 6160: 6159: 6158: 6155: 6153: 6150: 6146: 6143: 6142: 6141: 6138: 6134: 6131: 6129: 6126: 6125: 6124: 6121: 6119: 6116: 6112: 6109: 6108: 6107: 6104: 6102: 6099: 6097: 6094: 6092: 6089: 6087: 6084: 6082: 6079: 6077: 6074: 6072: 6069: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6052: 6050: 6047: 6045: 6042: 6041: 6040: 6037: 6033: 6030: 6028: 6025: 6023: 6020: 6018: 6015: 6014: 6013: 6010: 6008: 6005: 6001: 5998: 5997: 5996: 5993: 5991: 5988: 5986: 5983: 5979: 5976: 5975: 5974: 5971: 5969: 5966: 5964: 5961: 5957: 5954: 5952: 5949: 5948: 5947: 5944: 5942: 5939: 5935: 5932: 5930: 5927: 5925: 5922: 5921: 5920: 5917: 5915: 5912: 5910: 5907: 5905: 5902: 5898: 5895: 5894: 5893: 5890: 5889: 5886: 5882: 5877: 5873: 5853: 5850: 5849: 5848: 5845: 5843: 5840: 5838: 5835: 5833: 5830: 5828: 5825: 5823: 5820: 5818: 5815: 5813: 5812:Discordianism 5810: 5808: 5807:Anthroposophy 5805: 5804: 5802: 5798: 5790: 5789: 5785: 5784: 5783: 5780: 5778: 5775: 5771: 5768: 5766: 5763: 5761: 5758: 5756: 5755:Mari religion 5753: 5751: 5748: 5746: 5743: 5741: 5738: 5737: 5736: 5733: 5731: 5728: 5726: 5723: 5721: 5718: 5716: 5713: 5711: 5708: 5706: 5703: 5701: 5698: 5696: 5693: 5689: 5686: 5685: 5684: 5681: 5677: 5674: 5672: 5669: 5668: 5667: 5664: 5660: 5657: 5655: 5652: 5651: 5650: 5647: 5645: 5642: 5638: 5635: 5634: 5632: 5631: 5629: 5627: 5621: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5607: 5605: 5602: 5598: 5595: 5593: 5592:Neo-Theosophy 5590: 5589: 5588: 5585: 5583: 5580: 5578: 5575: 5573: 5570: 5568: 5565: 5561: 5558: 5557: 5556: 5553: 5551: 5548: 5546: 5543: 5541: 5538: 5536: 5533: 5531: 5530:New Acropolis 5528: 5526: 5523: 5521: 5518: 5516: 5513: 5511: 5508: 5506: 5503: 5502: 5500: 5496: 5493: 5491: 5483: 5473: 5470: 5468: 5465: 5463: 5460: 5458: 5455: 5454: 5452: 5448: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5428: 5426: 5423: 5421: 5418: 5416: 5413: 5411: 5408: 5406: 5403: 5401: 5398: 5396: 5393: 5391: 5388: 5386: 5383: 5381: 5378: 5376: 5373: 5371: 5368: 5364: 5361: 5359: 5356: 5354: 5351: 5350: 5349: 5346: 5345: 5344: 5342: 5338: 5337: 5332: 5329: 5328: 5327: 5324: 5322: 5319: 5317: 5314: 5312: 5309: 5307: 5304: 5302: 5299: 5297: 5294: 5292: 5289: 5287: 5284: 5282: 5279: 5277: 5274: 5272: 5269: 5267: 5264: 5262: 5259: 5257: 5254: 5252: 5249: 5247: 5244: 5242: 5239: 5235: 5232: 5230: 5227: 5226: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5217: 5215: 5212: 5210: 5207: 5206: 5204: 5202: 5196: 5188: 5185: 5184: 5183: 5180: 5179: 5177: 5175:North African 5173: 5170: 5168: 5162: 5156: 5153: 5151: 5148: 5146: 5143: 5141: 5138: 5136: 5133: 5131: 5128: 5126: 5123: 5121: 5118: 5116: 5113: 5111: 5108: 5106: 5103: 5101: 5098: 5097: 5095: 5093: 5089: 5083: 5080: 5078: 5075: 5073: 5070: 5068: 5065: 5064: 5062: 5060: 5056: 5052: 5046: 5043: 5041: 5038: 5036: 5033: 5031: 5028: 5026: 5023: 5021: 5018: 5016: 5013: 5011: 5008: 5006: 5003: 4999: 4996: 4994: 4991: 4989: 4986: 4984: 4981: 4980: 4979: 4976: 4974: 4971: 4969: 4966: 4964: 4961: 4959: 4958:Kwakwakaʼwakw 4956: 4954: 4951: 4947: 4944: 4942: 4939: 4937: 4934: 4933: 4932: 4929: 4927: 4924: 4922: 4919: 4917: 4914: 4912: 4909: 4907: 4904: 4902: 4899: 4897: 4894: 4892: 4889: 4885: 4882: 4880: 4877: 4875: 4872: 4871: 4870: 4867: 4865: 4862: 4860: 4857: 4855: 4852: 4851: 4849: 4847: 4841: 4835: 4832: 4830: 4827: 4823: 4820: 4818: 4815: 4814: 4813: 4810: 4806: 4803: 4802: 4801: 4798: 4796: 4793: 4791: 4788: 4786: 4783: 4779: 4776: 4774: 4771: 4770: 4768: 4764: 4761: 4759: 4756: 4755: 4754: 4751: 4749: 4746: 4745: 4743: 4741: 4737: 4731: 4728: 4727: 4725: 4723: 4722:Austroasiatic 4719: 4711: 4708: 4706: 4703: 4702: 4701: 4698: 4694: 4693:Vattisen Yaly 4691: 4689: 4686: 4684: 4681: 4680: 4679: 4675: 4672: 4671: 4669: 4667: 4663: 4660: 4658: 4654: 4638: 4635: 4633: 4630: 4629: 4628: 4625: 4623: 4620: 4618: 4615: 4613: 4612:Kirat Mundhum 4610: 4608: 4605: 4601: 4598: 4596: 4593: 4592: 4591: 4588: 4586: 4583: 4581: 4578: 4577: 4575: 4571: 4565: 4564: 4560: 4558: 4555: 4551: 4548: 4547: 4546: 4543: 4539: 4536: 4534: 4531: 4529: 4525: 4521: 4518: 4517: 4516: 4513: 4511: 4508: 4507: 4505: 4503: 4499: 4493: 4492: 4488: 4486: 4483: 4481: 4478: 4476: 4473: 4471: 4468: 4466: 4463: 4461: 4458: 4454: 4451: 4449: 4446: 4444: 4441: 4439: 4436: 4434: 4431: 4429: 4426: 4424: 4421: 4419: 4416: 4415: 4414: 4411: 4407: 4404: 4402: 4399: 4397: 4394: 4392: 4389: 4387: 4384: 4382: 4379: 4377: 4374: 4372: 4369: 4367: 4364: 4363: 4362: 4359: 4358: 4356: 4354: 4350: 4347: 4345: 4341: 4331: 4328: 4326: 4323: 4321: 4318: 4316: 4313: 4311: 4308: 4307: 4305: 4303: 4299: 4293: 4290: 4288: 4285: 4283: 4280: 4279: 4277: 4275: 4271: 4265: 4262: 4260: 4257: 4255: 4252: 4248: 4247: 4243: 4242: 4241: 4238: 4237: 4235: 4233: 4229: 4221: 4218: 4216: 4213: 4212: 4211: 4208: 4204: 4201: 4199: 4196: 4195: 4194: 4191: 4189: 4186: 4184: 4181: 4179: 4176: 4174: 4171: 4170: 4168: 4166: 4162: 4159: 4157: 4153: 4150: 4148: 4144: 4130: 4127: 4125: 4122: 4120: 4117: 4116: 4114: 4110: 4104: 4101: 4099: 4096: 4094: 4091: 4089: 4086: 4085: 4083: 4081: 4077: 4071: 4068: 4066: 4063: 4061: 4058: 4057: 4055: 4053: 4049: 4046: 4044: 4040: 4030: 4027: 4025: 4022: 4020: 4017: 4015: 4012: 4010: 4007: 4005: 4002: 4000: 3997: 3996: 3994: 3990: 3984: 3983: 3979: 3977: 3974: 3972: 3971:Milah Abraham 3969: 3967: 3964: 3962: 3959: 3957: 3954: 3952: 3949: 3945: 3942: 3941: 3940: 3937: 3935: 3932: 3928: 3925: 3923: 3920: 3918: 3915: 3913: 3910: 3909: 3908: 3905: 3899: 3896: 3894: 3891: 3890: 3889: 3886: 3884: 3881: 3879: 3876: 3874: 3871: 3870: 3869: 3866: 3865: 3863: 3861: 3857: 3851: 3850: 3846: 3842: 3839: 3837: 3834: 3832: 3829: 3827: 3824: 3822: 3819: 3817: 3814: 3812: 3809: 3807: 3804: 3802: 3798: 3795: 3794: 3793: 3790: 3788: 3785: 3783: 3780: 3778: 3775: 3773: 3770: 3768: 3765: 3761: 3758: 3756: 3753: 3751: 3748: 3744: 3741: 3740: 3739: 3736: 3734: 3731: 3729: 3726: 3724: 3721: 3717: 3714: 3712: 3709: 3707: 3704: 3703: 3702: 3699: 3695: 3692: 3690: 3687: 3685: 3682: 3681: 3680: 3677: 3675: 3672: 3670: 3667: 3663: 3660: 3658: 3655: 3653: 3650: 3648: 3645: 3643: 3640: 3639: 3638: 3635: 3633: 3630: 3629: 3628: 3627:Protestantism 3625: 3621: 3618: 3616: 3612: 3609: 3608: 3607: 3604: 3600: 3597: 3595: 3592: 3591: 3590: 3587: 3585: 3582: 3578: 3575: 3574: 3573: 3570: 3566: 3563: 3561: 3558: 3557: 3556: 3553: 3552: 3550: 3548: 3544: 3538: 3537: 3533: 3531: 3528: 3526: 3523: 3521: 3518: 3516: 3513: 3511: 3508: 3506: 3503: 3501: 3498: 3492: 3489: 3488: 3487: 3484: 3480: 3477: 3476: 3475: 3472: 3471: 3470: 3467: 3466: 3464: 3462: 3458: 3455: 3453: 3449: 3446: 3444: 3440: 3436: 3432: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3412: 3407: 3405: 3400: 3398: 3393: 3392: 3389: 3383: 3380: 3378: 3375: 3373: 3370: 3368: 3365: 3363: 3360: 3358: 3355: 3353: 3350: 3348: 3345: 3343: 3340: 3339: 3335: 3330: 3328:9789888028146 3324: 3320: 3319: 3313: 3309: 3305: 3300: 3296: 3294:9789004304642 3290: 3286: 3282: 3277: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3253: 3252: 3249: 3243: 3235: 3229: 3225: 3224: 3218: 3214: 3208: 3201: 3195: 3191: 3190: 3184: 3181: 3179:9780739117194 3175: 3171: 3170: 3164: 3161: 3155: 3151: 3150: 3144: 3140: 3139: 3133: 3130: 3128:9780824822187 3124: 3120: 3119: 3113: 3110: 3108:9780226005331 3104: 3100: 3095: 3092: 3090:9780197529133 3086: 3082: 3081: 3075: 3071: 3065: 3061: 3060: 3053: 3049: 3043: 3036: 3030: 3026: 3025: 3019: 3018: 3014: 3007: 3002: 2999: 2994: 2988: 2985: 2980: 2974: 2971: 2967: 2962: 2959: 2955: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2931: 2924: 2921: 2917: 2912: 2909: 2905: 2904: 2899: 2898:Tokyo Sentaku 2894: 2891: 2887: 2886: 2879: 2876: 2872: 2867: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2851: 2848: 2844: 2839: 2836: 2832: 2827: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2815: 2811: 2808: 2801: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2786: 2784: 2780: 2777:, p. 64. 2776: 2771: 2768: 2765:, p. 63. 2764: 2759: 2756: 2753:, p. 60. 2752: 2747: 2744: 2741:, p. 59. 2740: 2735: 2732: 2728: 2723: 2720: 2715: 2709: 2706: 2702: 2697: 2694: 2691:, p. 41. 2690: 2685: 2682: 2679:, p. 40. 2678: 2673: 2670: 2667:, p. 39. 2666: 2661: 2658: 2655:, p. 38. 2654: 2649: 2646: 2643:, p. 37. 2642: 2637: 2634: 2631:, p. 36. 2630: 2625: 2622: 2618: 2613: 2611: 2609: 2605: 2602:, p. 35. 2601: 2596: 2594: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2579: 2576: 2573:, p. 34. 2572: 2567: 2564: 2561:, p. 32. 2560: 2555: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2540: 2537: 2534:, p. 31. 2533: 2528: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2513: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2498: 2496: 2494: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2479: 2477: 2475: 2471: 2465: 2462: 2456: 2453: 2449: 2448:Palmer (2011) 2444: 2441: 2437: 2432: 2429: 2425: 2420: 2417: 2413: 2408: 2405: 2401: 2396: 2393: 2390:, p. 28. 2389: 2384: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2369: 2366: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2349: 2346: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2329: 2326: 2322: 2317: 2314: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2297: 2294: 2291:, p. 26. 2290: 2285: 2283: 2279: 2276:, p. 27. 2275: 2270: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2255: 2252: 2248: 2243: 2240: 2237:, p. 25. 2236: 2231: 2229: 2225: 2222:, p. 24. 2221: 2216: 2214: 2210: 2205: 2198: 2195: 2191: 2186: 2183: 2177: 2175: 2171: 2168:, p. 21. 2167: 2162: 2159: 2155: 2150: 2147: 2143: 2142: 2138:Yusheng Lin. 2135: 2133: 2129: 2126: 2124: 2116: 2113: 2109: 2103: 2100: 2097:, p. 23. 2096: 2091: 2089: 2087: 2085: 2083: 2081: 2077: 2064: 2060: 2054: 2051: 2047: 2042: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2031: 2027:Ng Ka Shing. 2024: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2009: 2007: 2003: 1997: 1987: 1986:Anuttharatham 1980: 1971: 1965: 1959: 1950: 1944: 1938: 1929: 1924: 1921: 1914: 1910: 1907: 1905: 1902: 1900: 1897: 1895: 1892: 1891: 1887: 1885: 1883: 1879: 1876:in 1982, the 1875: 1870: 1866: 1864: 1859: 1857: 1848: 1846: 1843: 1838: 1834: 1832: 1828: 1827:Tokyo Sentaku 1824: 1820: 1811: 1809: 1807: 1806:Anuttharatham 1799: 1797: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1755: 1753: 1751: 1743: 1741: 1738: 1734: 1732: 1728: 1727:Chang Yung-fa 1722: 1720: 1711: 1706: 1702: 1697: 1690: 1685: 1678: 1676: 1674: 1669: 1665: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1643: 1641: 1639: 1634: 1626: 1624: 1622: 1616: 1613: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1589: 1584: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1573: 1563: 1556: 1552: 1549: 1546: 1544: 1537: 1535: 1530: 1528: 1524: 1523:dianchuan shi 1520: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1502: 1500: 1494: 1490: 1488: 1479: 1470: 1467: 1462: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1446: 1444: 1439: 1434: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1400: 1395: 1393: 1391: 1387: 1379: 1377: 1373: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1351: 1346: 1344: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1333:Vegetarianism 1328:Vegetarianism 1327: 1325: 1322: 1317: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1294: 1290: 1284: 1276: 1274: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1227: 1220: 1218: 1216: 1212: 1211:Zhang Tianran 1206: 1201: 1198: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1172: 1170: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1151: 1145: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1129: 1127: 1121: 1119: 1118: 1117:Wusheng Laomu 1113: 1105: 1100: 1098: 1096: 1090: 1082: 1078: 1072: 1064: 1060: 1059: 1054: 1050: 1044: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1019: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1001: 997: 992: 989: 985: 981: 977: 971: 969: 965: 964:Zhang Tianran 961: 957: 953: 949: 945: 939: 935: 929: 921: 913: 909: 905: 894: 889: 887: 882: 880: 875: 874: 872: 871: 866: 861: 856: 855: 854: 853: 846: 843: 842: 839: 836: 835: 832: 829: 828: 825: 822: 821: 818: 815: 814: 811: 808: 806: 803: 802: 799: 796: 794: 791: 790: 784: 783: 776: 773: 772: 769: 766: 764: 761: 760: 757: 754: 753: 750: 747: 746: 743: 740: 739: 738: 737: 735: 728: 725: 723: 720: 719: 716: 713: 711: 708: 707: 704: 701: 699: 696: 695: 692: 689: 687: 684: 683: 680: 677: 675: 672: 671: 670: 669: 667: 658: 652: 649: 648: 645: 642: 641: 640: 639: 633: 630: 629: 626: 623: 622: 619: 616: 615: 612: 609: 608: 607: 606: 600: 599:Other schools 597: 596: 593: 590: 587: 583: 580: 579: 578: 577: 571: 568: 567: 564: 561: 560: 557: 554: 553: 550: 547: 546: 543: 540: 539: 536: 533: 532: 529: 526: 525: 524: 516: 515: 508: 505: 503: 500: 498: 495: 493: 490: 488: 485: 483: 480: 478: 475: 474: 468: 467: 460: 457: 456: 453: 450: 448: 445: 444: 441: 438: 437: 434: 431: 430: 424: 423: 416: 413: 412: 409: 406: 405: 402: 399: 398: 395: 392: 390: 387: 386: 383: 380: 378: 375: 374: 368: 367: 360: 357: 356: 353: 350: 348: 345: 344: 343: 342: 336: 333: 332: 329: 326: 325: 322: 319: 318: 315: 312: 311: 308: 305: 304: 298: 297: 290: 287: 285: 282: 281: 278: 275: 273: 270: 269: 266: 263: 261: 258: 257: 254: 251: 249: 246: 245: 242: 239: 237: 234: 233: 230: 226: 223: 222: 216: 215: 211: 207: 206: 203: 197: 192: 185: 184: 176: 173: 164: 158: 150: 144: 136: 130: 102: 100:Other name(s) 98: 88: 84: 81: 76: 72: 69: 66: 62: 59: 56: 52: 48: 44: 40: 35: 22: 19: 7689:Turkmenistan 7649:Saudi Arabia 7394:South Africa 7384:Sierra Leone 7189:Burkina Faso 7098:Names of God 7045:Unaffiliated 7000:Antireligion 6861:Universalism 6809:Assimilation 6674:Anthropology 6549:Supernatural 6544:Spirituality 6512:Sacred space 6500:Purification 6373:Denomination 6327: / 6157:Paleo-Balkan 6123:Mesopotamian 5963:Cook Islands 5934:Old Prussian 5847:UFO religion 5786: 5782:Zalmoxianism 5710:Neoshamanism 5567:Spiritualism 5450:Other ethnic 5339: 5165:Traditional 5125:Bongthingism 4978:Mesoamerican 4740:Austronesian 4561: 4557:Neo-Buddhism 4489: 4485:Neo-Hinduism 4406:Swaminarayan 4244: 4202: 4193:Salvationist 4178:Confucianism 4029:Samaritanism 3999:Ali-Illahism 3980: 3847: 3841:Unitarianism 3782:Old Catholic 3589:Nestorianism 3547:Christianity 3534: 3500:Conservative 3317: 3307: 3284: 3261: 3257: 3222: 3188: 3168: 3148: 3137: 3117: 3098: 3079: 3058: 3023: 3001: 2987: 2973: 2961: 2952: 2943:(1): 22–23. 2940: 2936: 2923: 2911: 2901: 2897: 2893: 2883: 2878: 2871:Munro (1994) 2858:2007 report. 2850: 2838: 2826: 2818: 2805: 2792:, p. 5. 2770: 2758: 2746: 2734: 2722: 2713: 2708: 2696: 2684: 2672: 2660: 2648: 2636: 2624: 2578: 2566: 2539: 2504:, p. 4. 2485:, p. 3. 2464: 2455: 2450:, p. 4. 2443: 2431: 2419: 2407: 2395: 2368: 2353: 2348: 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301:Theory 265:Hundun 74:Origin 8208:Chile 8165:Tonga 8155:Samoa 8145:Palau 8135:Nauru 8042:Haiti 7962:Wales 7922:Spain 7847:Malta 7817:Italy 7709:Yemen 7664:Syria 7644:Qatar 7619:Nepal 7594:Macau 7557:Korea 7542:Japan 7517:India 7492:China 7404:Sudan 7354:Niger 7309:Libya 7294:Kenya 7274:Ghana 7264:Gabon 7239:Egypt 7179:Benin 7088:Index 7059:lists 6928:State 6746:Women 6614:Deism 6589:Place 6569:Water 6564:Truth 6532:Trees 6388:Faith 6353:Laity 6248:Punic 6206:Roman 6194:Vedic 6152:Olmec 6039:Greek 6032:Norse 5956:Irish 5777:Wicca 5572:Subud 5462:Inuit 5435:Winti 5425:Vodou 5390:Obeah 5370:Comfa 5353:Bantu 5306:Serer 5291:Mbuti 5251:Dogon 5246:Dinka 5229:Kongo 5224:Bantu 5150:Qiang 4993:Olmec 4983:Aztec 4916:Haida 4906:Creek 4874:Miwok 4822:Māori 4753:Dayak 4674:Turko 4637:Sects 4573:Other 4528:Thiền 4112:Other 4014:Druze 3992:Other 3868:Sunni 3860:Islam 3642:Amish 3560:Latin 2933:(PDF) 1782:Tendō 1756:Japan 1744:Korea 1499:Jinan 1016:Islam 8233:Peru 8115:Fiji 8012:Cuba 7624:Oman 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