2205:
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2008:
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2020:
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29:
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The greater
Kambalda district hosts a world-class nickel-sulfide mining district with a total pre-mining resource of 2 megatons (Mt) of nickel metal. Approximately 1.1 Mt of nickel metal has been produced since 1967, at an average rate of 35,000 tons of nickel per year. The Kambalda Dome is located
406:
Extrusive komatiites (ultramafic volcanic rocks) occur along the
Norseman-Wiluna Greenstone Belt. A change from volcanic-dominated to plutonic-dominated magmatism occurred in the Norseman-Wiluna Greenstone Belt approximately 2685–2675 Ma. Voluminous high-Ca granite intrusions occurred 2670–2655 Ma.
588:
The regolith of the
Yilgarn impacts directly on the flora and fauna, as some of the soil is essentially fossilised. Much of the groundwater of the Yilgarn is hypersaline, with some being supersaturated in salt. This renders swathes of land barren, with significant salt lakes, and high saline water
857:
The
Yilgarn Craton and its cover sequences are host to a significant percentage of the world's endowment in economically demonstrable and recoverable reserves (EDR) of uranium. Most uranium is hosted within palaeochannels derived from granites of the Yilgarn Craton and/or its flanking Proterozoic
318:
The structural framework in the northeastern
Yilgarn craton was largely shaped by transpression that led to the development of folds, reverse faults, sinistral strike-slip movement on NNW-trending regional shear zones, followed by regional folding and shortening. The later occurred in overlapping
614:
The
Yilgarn Craton is Australia's premier mineral province. It attracts more than half of Australia's minerals exploration expenditure, and produces two thirds of all gold and most of the nickel mined in Australia. The craton contains some 30% of the world's known gold reserves, about 20% of the
364:
in the
Southern Cross Terrane can be divided into three layers: the lower greenstone belt (ca. 3.0 Ga) characterized by mafic volcanic rock and banded iron formation, a felsic-intermediate volcanism layer, and an upper sedimentary layer (ca. 2.73 Ga) of calc-alkaline volcanic (Marda Complex) and
772:
Major gold deposits occur at
Kalgoorlie, Kambalda, Mount Magnet, Boddington, Laverton and Wiluna, and are hosted in greenstone belts. These form linear belts of mafic, ultramafic and felsic volcanics, intercalated with sedimentary sequences, and have been deformed and metamorphosed. The mode of
1152:
Chen, She Fa, John E. Greenfield, David R. Nelson, Angela
Riganti, and Steven Wyche. (2003) "Lithostratigraphy and tectonic evolution of contrasting greenstone successions in the central Yilgarn Craton, Western Australia". Precambrian Research, Vol. 127, Issues 1-3 , 10 November, pp.
386:
are similar to the northern
Murchison Terrane, but has older greenstones and deformation events than the southern Eastern Goldfields Terrane. This indicates that the Eastern Goldfields Terrane may have accreted to an older Murchison–Southern Cross granite–greenstone nucleus.
410:
An earlier gold event 2660-2655 Ma was associated with major extension (normal faulting and granite doming) resulting in the formation of late basins and the intrusion of mantle-derived magmas (syenites and Mafic-type granites/porphyries) and tight anticlockwise PTt paths.
813:
The desert area encircling Kalgoorlie, with an area of 500,000 square kilometres, is theorised to host a 100 million tonne copper-zinc deposit. The geology of several volcanic belts in the Yilgarn Craton are strikingly similar to the world's great base-metal mines at
256:
On the southwest of the Yilgarn Craton the Balingup Gneiss Complex is situated inboard from the Early Proterozoic Leeuwin Complex of metamorphic rocks. The Balingup Complex consists primarily of metasedimentary paragneiss, granite orthogneiss, with minor layers of
230:
On the western edge of the Yilgarn Craton, partially covered by Phanerozoic sedimentary basins and in faulted contact with the 2.7 Ga to 2.55 Ga Yilgarn tectonic domains, lies the Jimperding Gneiss Complex of 2.75 to 2.65 Ga age, composed primarily of micaceous
780:
Signatures of the mantle are found in many large deposits, including melts from metasomatised mantle wedge as well as lamprophyres. Debate continues whether these mantle rocks were a fluid and/or metal source, or simply reflect a favourable pathway.
289:
The Murchison Province is exposed in the western and northern third of the Yilgarn Craton. The Province is bounded by major transcrustal structures which separate it from the surrounding tectonic provinces of the craton and the Western Gneiss Belt.
402:
These gold deposits are generally of large tonnage and are confined to the volcanic-intrusive-sedimentary sequences of the greenstone belts and not the granites. There is a pattern of gold distribution along the Archean Boulder-Lefroy shear zone.
264:
In total, the Western Gneiss Terrane sub-blocks represent an earlier substrate upon which the majority of the Yilgarn Craton's about 2.70 to 2.55 Ga greenstone metavolcanic belts have been deposited and into which the voluminous Archaean
376:(ca. 2730–2680 Ma) occurred in two stages; an earlier folding phase and a late phase that resulted in deposition and deformation of the Diemals Formation. Subsequent orogeny (ca. 2680–2655 Ma) resulted in shear zones and arcuate structures.
491:
gneisses, migmatites and granites. The Albany-Fraser Orogen displays both subduction-related and prolonged strike-slip tectonic structures and is intimately interconnected with the other Proterozoic basins and mobile belts of Australia.
558:
Period. This has been created by the generally subtropical latitudes and conditions of the Yilgarn craton, with minimal to no glaciation and generally flat topographical relief resulting in comparatively minor erosion.
184:
gneisses, which represent some of the oldest crustal fragments on Earth. The Western Gneiss Terrane is distinct from the remainder of the Yilgarn Craton in that the latter has a predominance of metavolcanic rocks, both
1249:
Moresi, Louis, Peter van der Borgh, and Roberto F. Weinberg. (2003) "Timing of deformation in the Norseman-Wiluna Belt, Yilgarn Craton, Western Australia". Precambrian Research, Vol. 120, Issues 3-4, 10 February, pp.
589:
tables. The origin of this salt is thought to be from precipitation of sea salt carried over the Australian landmass for the past several dozen million years, and the high evaporation rate leaving the salt behind.
293:
The Murchison Province Stratigraphy, after Watkins (1990), is divided into six basic structural-stratigraphic components - two greenstone belt metavolcanic-metasedimentary sequences and four suites of granitoids.
1268:
Sheppard, S., Occhipinti, S. A. and Nelson, D. R., 2005. Intracontinental reworking in the Capricorn Orogen, Western Australia: the 1680–1620 Ma Mangaroon Orogeny. Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, 52, p.
776:
A key feature beneath many of the region's gold deposits are granite-cored domes at a range of scales. These provided an architecture that focussed fluid metals into the upper crust's depositional sites.
810:. Minor amounts of copper have been recovered from several copper-bearing gold deposits such as those in the Gullewa Greenstone Belt, at Burtville south of Laverton, at Granny Smith and elsewhere.
750:
ore in the Albany-Fraser Complex, where a large deposit is being proposed at Southdown. The Jack Hills, Weld Range and Mount Gibson banded iron formations, as well as banded iron formations around
574:
tropical conditions, as evidenced by mottled duricrust which records fossilised tree roots, some over 60 million years old. Previous weathering events have been recorded in magnetically remnant
1259:
Cawood, P. A. and Tyler, I. M., 2004. Assembling and reactivating the Proterozoic Capricorn Orogen: lithotectonic elements, orogenies, and significance. Precambrian Research, 128, p. 201–218.
395:
The Archaean Norseman-Wiluna Greenstone Belt in the Eastern Goldfield Province contains most of Australia's lode gold deposits, including the famous Kalgoorlie Golden Mile containing the
149:
The craton is primarily composed of approximately 2.8 billion year old (~2.8 Ga) granite-gneiss metamorphic terrain (the Southwestern Province and Western Gneiss Belt), and three granite-
1935:
261:, ultramafic and ortho-amphibolite gneiss. The metamorphic grade is considered to be peak granulite facies, but the majority has preserved peak amphibolite facies assemblages.
475:, indicate prolonged multi-phased strike-slip movement (relative to the Yilgarn Craton margin) from the late Archaean through to neoproterozoic and even into the Palaeozoic.
858:
orogens, and this metal is deposited within Tertiary or younger palaeodrainage and current drainage systems. Examples include Yeelirrie, Mulga Rock and Lake Way-Centipede.
746:
The Karara Iron Ore Project is the only operational magnetite mine in the Yilgarn Craton, however, other magnetite iron ore deposits are being investigated as a source of
1310:
Physical volcanology of komatiites; A field guide to the komatiites of the Norseman-Wiluna Greenstone Bel, Eastern Goldfields Province, Yilgarn Block, Western Australia
520:
which separate the Yilgarn Craton from the Perth Basin to the west, and is covered by several remnant sedimentary basins of Jurassic age such as the Collie Sub-Basin.
253:
Detrital zircons in the Jimperding Gneiss Complex range in age from 3267 ± 30 Ma to 3341 ± 100 Ma, with metamorphic overgrowth dated at 3180 Ma.
898:
2082:
791:
849:. Smaller carbonatite occurrences at Ponton, near Laverton, and regionally within the eastern granite-gneiss and greenstone belts, may also prove economic.
423:
age. The boundaries between the various flanking terranes provide considerable evidence of the post-Archaean events which have involved the Yilgarn Craton.
1347:
407:
Much of the gold was deposited between 2650–2630 Ma, with much of this associated with strike-slip reactivation of earlier faults (normal and reverse).
216:, dated at greater than 3.3 Ga and up to 3.8 Ga in age, flanked by the Murgoo Gneiss Terrane (2.95 Ga), as well as sheets of 2.75 Ga to 2.6 Ga granite,
527:
deposits derived from prolonged erosion, sedimentation and redeposition of older cover sequences and regolith as well as the Archaean basement itself.
1986:
926:
826:. Exploration for copper is continuing in several areas around Ravensthorpe, Balagundi, in the Yandall Belt, and the Duketon Belt, where large
2268:
1071:
94:
The Yilgarn Craton appears to have been assembled between ~2.94 and 2.63 Ga by the accretion of a multitude of formerly present blocks or
979:
32:
Basic geological regions of Australia, by age. The large brown region in the lower left of the continent constitutes the Yilgarn Craton.
266:
2048:
1317:
690:
337:. The crater is heavily eroded and no surface expression remains of the original structure. The primary trace is an elliptical aero-
773:
occurrence of the gold mineralisation tends to be small- to medium-sized structurally controlled lodes, shears, and quartz veins.
2303:
2075:
1981:
1945:
349:
by climate forcing with a significant pulse of greenhouse gases, as the age broadly overlaps with the youngest glacial deposits.
754:, are also considered potential sources of magnetite iron ore, although no operations are as yet running on this type of ore.
727:
is currently recovered from several areas in the Yilgarn Craton, although it is a much smaller set of mines than those in the
2278:
1940:
1694:
1340:
1094:
Erickson, Timmons M.; Kirkland, Christopher L.; Timms, Nicholas E.; Cavosie, Aaron J.; Davison, Thomas M. (21 January 2020).
670:
546:
The Yilgarn craton is believed to have remained at or above sea level for a considerable length of time. Some of the Yilgarn
1096:"Precise radiometric age establishes Yarrabubba, Western Australia, as Earth's oldest recognised meteorite impact structure"
157:
Murchison Provinces). Some greenstone belts and granites are as old as 3.1-2.9 Ga, and some are younger, at ~2.75-2.65 Ga.
1800:
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1966:
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physiographic division, which comprises the Stirling-Mount Barren Block, Darling Hills, and Recherche Shelf sections.
79:
769:
The Yilgarn Craton is host to around 4% of the world's economically demonstrably recoverable reserves (EDR) of gold.
686:
2283:
1842:
1333:
751:
709:
674:
319:
tectonic processes. The first deformation event is poorly understood but appears to have involved N-S thrusting.
204:
The Western Gneiss Terrane is exposed along the western half of the northern margin of the Yilgarn Craton as the
761:
are also under investigation, although infrastructure is considered too poor to render these deposits economic.
697:
20:
1234:
Towards a Structural and Tectonic Framework for the central Norseman-Wiluna Greenstone Belt, Western Australia
790:
in the south-central part of the Archaean Norseman-Wiluna greenstone belt in the southeastern Yilgarn Craton.
1215:
Swager, C. P., Witt W. K., Griffin A. L., Ahmat A. L., Hunter W. M., McGoldrick P. J. & Wyche, S., 1992.
1950:
1915:
1857:
1380:
954:
921:
1165:"Evidence from detrital zircons for the existence of continental crust and oceans on the Earth 4.4 Gyr ago"
1770:
1737:
1485:
1415:
887:
484:
472:
205:
468:
142:
events occurred in several phases, probably by accretion of continental fragments separated by pauses in
1892:
1732:
1704:
1585:
1435:
1003:
871:
736:
247:
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807:
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1991:
1976:
1671:
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1517:
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1425:
932:
914:
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The Yilgarn Craton is bound on all sides by younger terranes of various ages, but predominantly of
396:
380:
358:
346:
139:
2229:
2019:
743:
in the Western Gneiss Terrane from hematite banded iron formation to produce direct-shipping ore.
531:
2194:
2091:
2012:
1872:
1822:
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1532:
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1470:
1460:
1455:
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1430:
1192:
883:
867:
839:
342:
49:
1035: – Old and stable part of the continental lithosphere located in Pilbara, Western Australia
1164:
2189:
2133:
1742:
1562:
1522:
1313:
1217:
Late Archaean Granite-Greenstones of the Kalgoorlie Terrane, Yilgarn Craton, Western Australia
1184:
1135:
1067:
997:
938:
879:
803:
323:
161:
99:
45:
467:. The Gascoyne complex and other metamorphic belts of this age including reactivation of the
131:
and deformation as well as the emplacement of the vast majority of the craton's endowment in
2288:
2273:
2234:
2204:
2124:
2024:
1837:
1709:
1594:
1512:
1445:
1291:
1176:
1125:
1115:
969:
949:
891:
875:
452:
338:
2128:
1805:
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1505:
1407:
1038:
974:
383:
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305:
150:
1111:
2115:
1867:
1862:
1827:
1747:
1689:
1550:
1130:
1095:
1032:
728:
464:
523:
The Yilgarn Craton also has a considerable Tertiary and younger sedimentary veneer of
2262:
2170:
2165:
1832:
1795:
1624:
1571:
1295:
1009:
535:
524:
517:
513:
509:
440:
330:
258:
83:
443:. The Perth Basin is considered to be a rift fill basin formed on a passive margin.
2142:
2137:
2111:
1971:
1810:
1647:
1566:
1555:
1540:
1465:
1196:
964:
270:
154:
128:
110:
562:
The regolith is extremely deeply weathered, in some areas completely converted to
208:, a composite of heavily polydeformed feldspathic metagranite and metasedimentary
463:, which are all part of a middle Proterozoic mobile belt which leads east to the
2120:
2106:
1900:
1852:
1847:
1788:
1778:
1590:
1580:
1282:
Anand R.; Paine M. "Regolith Geology of the Yilgarn Craton, Western Australia".
1026:
1020:
1012: – Province of the larger West Australian Shield in central South Australia
846:
566:
up to 100 metres below surface. This is considered to have been produced during
505:
432:
420:
357:
The Southern Cross Province lies in the central area of the Yilgarn craton. The
240:
224:
209:
53:
1120:
1023: – How the various types of mineral deposits form within the Earth's crust
341:, measuring approximately 20 km by 11 km, as well as the presence of
2175:
2155:
2150:
1905:
1655:
1633:
1608:
1603:
843:
815:
740:
732:
575:
571:
555:
551:
501:
334:
236:
143:
64:
866:
World-class deposits in the eastern Yilgarn Craton include: Mount Charlotte,
757:
Further away from the coast, deposits of banded iron formation at Wiluna and
2184:
2180:
1877:
1699:
1679:
1642:
1638:
1356:
747:
567:
563:
488:
327:
232:
220:
217:
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181:
153:
terrains (the North-East Goldfields, the Southern Cross and the greenschist
124:
121:
114:
68:
1188:
1139:
500:
The Yilgarn Craton is partially covered by onlapping sedimentary basins of
1163:
Wilde, Simon A.; John W. Valley; William H. Peck; Colin M. Graham (2001).
657:
is conducted mostly in the greenstone belts around mining centres such as
28:
2146:
1651:
910:
724:
648:
644:
640:
624:
620:
582:
578:
547:
436:
274:
177:
72:
899:
Cosmos Nickel Projects, Cosmos Pit, Cosmos Deeps, Alec Mairs and Tapinos
696:
Ore concentrates or finished product are transported by rail or road to
172:
The Western Gneiss Terrane is a series of polydeformed high-grade early
2160:
1815:
1684:
1628:
1612:
1545:
991:
819:
373:
278:
173:
106:
95:
487:, composed primarily of amphibolite to greenschist facies sedimentary
113:
intrusions, which comprise over 70% of the Yilgarn craton; voluminous
2060:
1180:
827:
823:
654:
628:
616:
483:
The Yilgarn Craton is bounded on the east-southeast by the ~1,300 Ma
243:
194:
186:
117:
60:
41:
250:
and other exotics, intruded by minor masses of porphyritic granite.
1325:
894:. World-class nickel deposits include: Mount Keith, Kambalda and
794:
are the primary source of nickel metal within the Yilgarn Craton.
190:
27:
1308:
Hill R. E. T, Barnes S. J., Gole M. J., and Dowling S. E., 1990.
838:
The Yilgarn Craton may host up to 60% of the world's recoverable
160:
The craton is one of the distinct physiographic provinces of the
636:
632:
132:
2064:
1329:
193:, whereas the former consists of high-grade metasediments and
1240:, University of Western Australia, Publication 22, pp. 39–49.
1223:, University of Western Australia, Publication 22, pp. 39–49.
314:
Two post-tectonic differentiated suites of granitoid rocks
223:
sheets (the Trillbar Complex) and some 2.4 Ga to 2.0 Ga
431:
The Yilgarn Craton is bound on the western side by the
920:
Miitel, Mariners, Redross and Wannaway nickel mines,
82:, at over 2 billion years old it is the oldest dated
592:
The greenstone belts of the Yilgarn Craton include:
1959:
1928:
1891:
1769:
1760:
1718:
1670:
1531:
1406:
1399:
1277:
1275:
102:, most of which formed between 3.2 Ga and 2.8 Ga.
78:The Murchison Province of the craton contains the
1238:The Archaean: Terrains, Processes and Metallogeny
1221:The Archaean: Terrains, Processes and Metallogeny
994: – Geologic eon, 4031–2500 million years ago
1000: – Large part of the continent of Australia
530:Recognised Tertiary cover sequences include the
146:, with renewed activity occurring episodically.
1062:Geological Survey of Western Australia (1975),
802:Copper, lead and zinc are currently mined from
731:. Iron ore is mined at Koolyanobbing, north of
105:This accretion event is recorded by widespread
1029: – Sedimentary basin in Western Australia
508:age in the east and north-east, including the
19:"Yilgarn" redirects here. For other uses, see
2076:
1936:Geographic data and information organizations
1341:
451:The Perth Basin is bound on the north by the
439:age, and is separated from this basin by the
176:metamorphic belts, composed predominantly of
8:
792:Kambalda type komatiitic nickel ore deposits
311:Monzogranite Suite (now folded, metagranite)
512:. It is bounded on the western edge by the
67:, Narryer Terrane have been dated at ~4.27
2083:
2069:
2061:
1766:
1403:
1348:
1334:
1326:
1232:Hammond, R. L. & Nisbett B. W., 1992.
639:reserves. The craton contains significant
1987:National Council for Geographic Education
1129:
1119:
345:minerals. This impact may have ended the
235:, quartz-feldspar-biotite-garnet gneiss,
48:land mass. It is bounded by a mixture of
1089:
1087:
1066:, Western Australia Geological Survey,
1050:
1006: – Sedimentary basin in Australia
927:Emily Ann and Maggie Hays nickel mines
862:Partial list of ore deposits and mines
830:volcanic packages are known to exist.
550:is the oldest in the world, recording
651:and considerable iron ore resources.
44:that constitutes a major part of the
7:
2241:
2031:
1284:Australian Journal of Earth Sciences
322:The Murchison Province contains the
2043:
1312:, Geological Society of Australia.
980:Bald Hill Lithium and Tantalum Mine
1041: – Australian drainage region
739:, at Mount Gibson, Weld Range and
308:(now pegmatite-banded orthogneiss)
267:trondhjemite-tonalite-granodiorite
14:
16:Large craton in Western Australia
2240:
2228:
2217:
2216:
2203:
2042:
2030:
2018:
2007:
2006:
1982:International Geography Olympiad
1296:10.1046/j.1440-0952.2002.00912.x
1064:The Geology of Western Australia
975:Mt Cattlin Lithium-Tantalum mine
935:or Fimiston Open Cut, Kalgoorlie
304:Early granodiorite-monzogranite
929:, Lake Johnston Greenstone Belt
75:zircon dated as old as 4.4 Ga.
1695:Geographic information science
959:Windimurra vanadium resource,
596:Southern Cross Greenstone Belt
298:Luke Creek Group metavolcanics
281:suite granites were emplaced.
1:
1801:Geographic information system
1081:by I. R. Williams page 33–81.
901:high-grade massive sulphides.
619:reserves, 80% of the world's
379:The lithostratigraphy of the
2269:Geology of Western Australia
1728:Environmental social science
677:, and minor centres such as
326:, which is the oldest dated
365:clastic sedimentary rocks (
80:Yarrabubba impact structure
2320:
1121:10.1038/s41467-019-13985-7
391:Eastern Goldfield Province
18:
2212:
2201:
2098:
2002:
1843:Global Positioning System
1366:
970:Greenbushes Lithium mine
806:and the newly developed
735:from hematite weathered
21:Yilgarn (disambiguation)
2304:Physiographic provinces
1951:National mapping agency
1916:Survey (human research)
1858:Participant observation
955:Kanowna Belle Gold Mine
950:Jundee-Nimary Gold Mine
623:reserves, considerable
605:Gullewa Greenstone Belt
554:events as early as the
496:Sedimentary basin cover
353:Southern Cross Province
84:meteorite impact crater
1941:Geographical societies
1738:Landscape architecture
585:age, at about 180 Ma.
473:Narryer Gneiss Terrane
206:Narryer Gneiss Terrane
168:Western Gneiss Terrane
162:West Australian Shield
33:
2279:Precambrian Australia
1733:Environmental studies
1705:Statistical geography
1586:Environmental science
1100:Nature Communications
1004:Centralian Superbasin
737:banded iron formation
248:banded iron formation
57:fold and thrust belts
31:
1946:Geoscience societies
1911:Interview (research)
1883:Land change modeling
1784:Computer cartography
1762:Techniques and tools
1620:Earth system science
1016:Geology of Australia
961:Windimurra Intrusion
945:Bronzewing Gold Mine
599:Norseman-Wiluna Belt
485:Albany-Fraser Orogen
479:Albany-Fraser Orogen
343:shock-recrystallised
212:-grade gneisses and
2103:Atmospheric science
1992:Spatial citizenship
1977:Geographers on Film
1967:Geography education
1577:Atmospheric science
1112:2020NatCo..11..300E
842:, primarily in the
840:rare-earth elements
834:Rare-earth elements
785:Nickel-PGE deposits
469:Yarlarweelor Gneiss
347:Huronian glaciation
2299:Historical geology
2294:Structural geology
2195:Quaternary science
2092:Physical geography
1873:Statistical survey
1823:Geologic modelling
1662:Quaternary science
922:Widgiemooltha Dome
301:Mount Farmer Group
285:Murchison Province
50:sedimentary basins
46:Western Australian
34:
2256:
2255:
2190:Landscape ecology
2134:Coastal geography
2058:
2057:
1924:
1923:
1756:
1755:
1743:Landscape ecology
1563:Coastal geography
1175:(6817): 175–178.
1073:978-0-7244-6084-7
1057:Earlier known as
998:Australian Shield
939:Golden Grove Mine
917:and Widgiemooltha
907:lateritic nickel.
415:Bounding terranes
367:Diemals Formation
324:Yarrabubba crater
100:continental crust
2311:
2284:Economic geology
2244:
2243:
2232:
2220:
2219:
2207:
2125:Paleoclimatology
2085:
2078:
2071:
2062:
2046:
2045:
2034:
2033:
2022:
2010:
2009:
1838:Geovisualization
1767:
1710:Spatial analysis
1595:Paleoclimatology
1404:
1350:
1343:
1336:
1327:
1321:
1306:
1300:
1299:
1279:
1270:
1266:
1260:
1257:
1251:
1247:
1241:
1230:
1224:
1213:
1207:
1206:
1204:
1203:
1181:10.1038/35051550
1160:
1154:
1150:
1144:
1143:
1133:
1123:
1091:
1082:
1076:
1055:
880:St Ives-Kambalda
808:Jaguar zinc mine
610:Economic geology
453:Gascoyne Complex
447:Gascoyne Complex
339:magnetic anomaly
135:mineralisation.
2319:
2318:
2314:
2313:
2312:
2310:
2309:
2308:
2259:
2258:
2257:
2252:
2208:
2199:
2129:Palaeogeography
2094:
2089:
2059:
2054:
1998:
1955:
1920:
1887:
1806:Distributed GIS
1752:
1714:
1666:
1599:Palaeogeography
1527:
1395:
1362:
1354:
1324:
1307:
1303:
1281:
1280:
1273:
1267:
1263:
1258:
1254:
1248:
1244:
1231:
1227:
1214:
1210:
1201:
1199:
1162:
1161:
1157:
1151:
1147:
1093:
1092:
1085:
1074:
1061:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1039:Western Plateau
988:
864:
855:
836:
800:
787:
767:
722:
612:
544:
498:
481:
457:Glengarry Basin
449:
429:
417:
393:
384:greenstone belt
362:greenstone belt
355:
306:intrusive suite
287:
170:
92:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2317:
2315:
2307:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2261:
2260:
2254:
2253:
2251:
2250:
2238:
2226:
2213:
2210:
2209:
2202:
2200:
2198:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2140:
2131:
2118:
2116:Phytogeography
2109:
2099:
2096:
2095:
2090:
2088:
2087:
2080:
2073:
2065:
2056:
2055:
2053:
2052:
2040:
2028:
2016:
2003:
2000:
1999:
1997:
1996:
1995:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1963:
1961:
1957:
1956:
1954:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1932:
1930:
1926:
1925:
1922:
1921:
1919:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1897:
1895:
1889:
1888:
1886:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1868:Remote sensing
1865:
1863:Photogrammetry
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1828:Geomathematics
1825:
1820:
1819:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1798:
1793:
1792:
1791:
1786:
1775:
1773:
1764:
1758:
1757:
1754:
1753:
1751:
1750:
1748:Time geography
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1724:
1722:
1716:
1715:
1713:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1690:Geoinformatics
1687:
1682:
1676:
1674:
1668:
1667:
1665:
1664:
1659:
1645:
1636:
1631:
1622:
1617:
1616:
1615:
1606:
1601:
1588:
1583:
1569:
1560:
1559:
1558:
1553:
1551:Phytogeography
1548:
1537:
1535:
1529:
1528:
1526:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1509:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1412:
1410:
1401:
1397:
1396:
1394:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1367:
1364:
1363:
1355:
1353:
1352:
1345:
1338:
1330:
1323:
1322:
1301:
1271:
1261:
1252:
1242:
1225:
1208:
1155:
1145:
1083:
1072:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1043:
1042:
1036:
1033:Pilbara Craton
1030:
1024:
1018:
1013:
1007:
1001:
995:
987:
984:
983:
982:
977:
972:
967:
957:
952:
947:
942:
936:
930:
924:
918:
913:nickel mines,
908:
902:
876:Sons of Gwalia
863:
860:
854:
851:
835:
832:
799:
796:
786:
783:
766:
763:
729:Pilbara Craton
721:
718:
691:Southern Cross
611:
608:
607:
606:
603:
600:
597:
543:
540:
497:
494:
480:
477:
465:Musgrave Block
448:
445:
428:
425:
416:
413:
392:
389:
354:
351:
333:, at 2229 ± 5
316:
315:
312:
309:
302:
299:
286:
283:
227:gneiss belts.
169:
166:
91:
88:
63:grains in the
38:Yilgarn Craton
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2316:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2266:
2264:
2249:
2248:
2239:
2237:
2236:
2231:
2227:
2225:
2224:
2215:
2214:
2211:
2206:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2171:Geostatistics
2169:
2167:
2166:Geomorphology
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2104:
2101:
2100:
2097:
2093:
2086:
2081:
2079:
2074:
2072:
2067:
2066:
2063:
2051:
2050:
2041:
2039:
2038:
2029:
2027:
2026:
2021:
2017:
2015:
2014:
2005:
2004:
2001:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1969:
1968:
1965:
1964:
1962:
1958:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1933:
1931:
1927:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1898:
1896:
1894:
1890:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1833:Geostatistics
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1803:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1796:Geochronology
1794:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1781:
1780:
1777:
1776:
1774:
1772:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1759:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1725:
1723:
1721:
1717:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1677:
1675:
1673:
1669:
1663:
1660:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1626:
1625:Geomorphology
1623:
1621:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1578:
1575:
1574:
1573:
1572:Earth science
1570:
1568:
1564:
1561:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1543:
1542:
1539:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1530:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1493:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1413:
1411:
1409:
1405:
1402:
1398:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1368:
1365:
1361:
1358:
1351:
1346:
1344:
1339:
1337:
1332:
1331:
1328:
1319:
1318:0-909869-55-3
1315:
1311:
1305:
1302:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1278:
1276:
1272:
1265:
1262:
1256:
1253:
1246:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1229:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1212:
1209:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1159:
1156:
1149:
1146:
1141:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1090:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1079:Yilgarn Block
1075:
1069:
1065:
1060:
1059:Yilgarn Block
1054:
1051:
1045:
1040:
1037:
1034:
1031:
1028:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1011:
1010:Gawler Craton
1008:
1005:
1002:
999:
996:
993:
990:
989:
985:
981:
978:
976:
973:
971:
968:
966:
962:
958:
956:
953:
951:
948:
946:
943:
941:Cu-Zn-Au mine
940:
937:
934:
931:
928:
925:
923:
919:
916:
915:Kambalda Dome
912:
909:
906:
905:Murrin Murrin
903:
900:
897:
896:
895:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
861:
859:
852:
850:
848:
845:
841:
833:
831:
829:
825:
821:
817:
811:
809:
805:
797:
795:
793:
784:
782:
778:
774:
770:
764:
762:
760:
755:
753:
749:
744:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
719:
717:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
694:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
609:
604:
601:
598:
595:
594:
593:
590:
586:
584:
580:
577:
573:
569:
565:
560:
557:
553:
549:
541:
539:
537:
536:Officer Basin
533:
528:
526:
525:palaeochannel
521:
519:
518:Darling Fault
515:
514:Darling Scarp
511:
510:Canning Basin
507:
503:
495:
493:
490:
486:
478:
476:
474:
470:
466:
462:
461:Yerrida Basin
458:
454:
446:
444:
442:
441:Darling Fault
438:
434:
426:
424:
422:
414:
412:
408:
404:
400:
398:
390:
388:
385:
382:
381:Marda–Diemals
377:
375:
370:
368:
363:
360:
359:Marda–Diemals
352:
350:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
331:impact crater
329:
325:
320:
313:
310:
307:
303:
300:
297:
296:
295:
291:
284:
282:
280:
276:
272:
268:
262:
260:
259:calc-silicate
254:
251:
249:
245:
242:
238:
234:
228:
226:
222:
219:
215:
211:
207:
202:
200:
196:
192:
188:
183:
179:
175:
167:
165:
163:
158:
156:
152:
147:
145:
141:
136:
134:
130:
126:
123:
119:
116:
112:
108:
103:
101:
97:
89:
87:
85:
81:
76:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
55:
51:
47:
43:
39:
30:
26:
22:
2245:
2233:
2221:
2143:Soil science
2138:Oceanography
2112:Biogeography
2047:
2035:
2023:
2011:
1972:Geo-literacy
1929:Institutions
1811:Internet GIS
1771:Quantitative
1648:Soil science
1567:Oceanography
1556:Zoogeography
1541:Biogeography
1416:Agricultural
1309:
1304:
1287:
1283:
1264:
1255:
1245:
1237:
1233:
1228:
1220:
1216:
1211:
1200:. Retrieved
1172:
1168:
1158:
1148:
1103:
1099:
1078:
1063:
1058:
1053:
965:Mount Magnet
865:
856:
837:
818:in Northern
812:
804:Golden Grove
801:
788:
779:
775:
771:
768:
756:
745:
723:
695:
653:
647:, hard-rock
613:
602:Duketon Belt
591:
587:
561:
545:
538:and others.
532:Bremer Basin
529:
522:
499:
482:
450:
430:
418:
409:
405:
401:
394:
378:
371:
356:
321:
317:
292:
288:
271:trondhjemite
263:
255:
252:
229:
203:
180:leucocratic
171:
159:
148:
137:
129:metamorphism
111:granodiorite
104:
98:of existing
93:
77:
37:
35:
25:
2121:Climatology
2107:Meteorology
2049:WikiProject
1901:Ethnography
1893:Qualitative
1853:Map algebra
1848:Hydrography
1789:Web mapping
1779:Cartography
1591:Climatology
1581:Meteorology
1436:Development
1027:Perth Basin
1021:Ore genesis
872:Sunrise Dam
847:Carbonatite
798:Base metals
671:Meekatharra
576:ferruginous
506:Phanerozoic
433:Perth Basin
427:Perth Basin
421:Proterozoic
241:sillimanite
225:Proterozoic
210:amphibolite
197:of unknown
178:feldspathic
155:metamorphic
127:; regional
71:, with one
54:Proterozoic
40:is a large
2263:Categories
2176:Glaciology
2156:Geobiology
2151:Edaphology
1906:Geopoetics
1720:Integrated
1656:Edaphology
1634:Glaciology
1609:Geophysics
1604:Geobiology
1491:Settlement
1481:Population
1451:Historical
1421:Behavioral
1381:Philosophy
1202:2007-08-14
1106:(1): 300.
1077:, section
1046:References
844:Mount Weld
816:Kidd Creek
741:Jack Hills
733:Kalgoorlie
659:Kalgoorlie
635:and minor
572:Palaeocene
556:Cretaceous
552:weathering
502:Palaeozoic
372:East–West
269:suite and
237:andalusite
214:migmatites
151:greenstone
144:subduction
115:tholeiitic
65:Jack Hills
2185:Limnology
2181:Hydrology
1960:Education
1878:Surveying
1700:Geomatics
1680:Geodesign
1672:Technical
1643:Limnology
1639:Hydrology
1518:Strategic
1501:Transport
1476:Political
1466:Marketing
1426:Cognitive
1357:Geography
933:Super Pit
748:magnetite
714:Geraldton
706:Esperance
702:Fremantle
568:Caenozoic
564:saprolite
489:protolith
397:Super Pit
328:meteorite
233:quartzite
221:ophiolite
199:protolith
182:granulite
140:accretion
125:volcanism
122:komatiite
2223:Category
2147:Pedology
2013:Category
1652:Pedology
1533:Physical
1496:Regional
1486:Religion
1471:Military
1461:Language
1456:Internet
1441:Economic
1431:Cultural
1400:Branches
1371:Glossary
1269:443–460.
1250:219–239.
1189:11196637
1153:249–266.
1140:31964860
992:Archaean
986:See also
911:Kambalda
884:Tarmoola
868:Norseman
759:Laverton
725:Iron ore
720:Iron ore
683:Leinster
679:Laverton
667:Norseman
663:Kambalda
649:titanium
645:vanadium
641:platinum
625:iron ore
621:tantalum
615:world's
583:Jurassic
579:laterite
548:regolith
542:Regolith
437:Jurassic
275:tonalite
218:obducted
195:gneisses
174:Archaean
96:terranes
73:detrital
2289:Cratons
2274:Archean
2247:Commons
2161:Geology
2037:Commons
1816:Web GIS
1685:Geodesy
1629:Geology
1613:Geodesy
1546:Ecology
1523:Tourism
1391:Outline
1376:History
1197:4319774
1131:6974607
1108:Bibcode
888:Wallaby
853:Uranium
820:Ontario
687:Leonora
374:orogeny
279:diorite
244:schists
107:granite
90:Geology
2235:Portal
2025:Portal
1513:Social
1446:Health
1360:topics
1316:
1195:
1187:
1169:Nature
1138:
1128:
1070:
892:Wiluna
828:felsic
824:Canada
752:Yalgoo
710:Albany
675:Wiluna
655:Mining
629:copper
617:nickel
187:felsic
138:These
118:basalt
61:Zircon
42:craton
1506:Urban
1408:Human
1386:Index
1290:(1).
1193:S2CID
698:Perth
581:of a
435:, of
191:mafic
1314:ISBN
1185:PMID
1136:PMID
1068:ISBN
890:and
765:Gold
689:and
673:and
637:lead
633:zinc
516:and
504:and
471:and
459:and
239:and
189:and
133:gold
120:and
109:and
52:and
36:The
1292:doi
1236:in
1219:in
1177:doi
1173:409
1126:PMC
1116:doi
712:or
570:to
369:).
2265::
2183:/
2149:/
2145:/
2136:/
2127:/
2123:/
2114:/
2105:/
1641:/
1627:/
1611:/
1597:/
1593:/
1579:/
1565:/
1288:49
1286:.
1274:^
1191:.
1183:.
1171:.
1167:.
1134:.
1124:.
1114:.
1104:11
1102:.
1098:.
1086:^
963:,
886:,
882:,
878:,
874:,
870:,
822:,
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23:.
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