2216:
2229:
2019:
2241:
2031:
2055:
40:
2253:
2043:
800:
The greater
Kambalda district hosts a world-class nickel-sulfide mining district with a total pre-mining resource of 2 megatons (Mt) of nickel metal. Approximately 1.1 Mt of nickel metal has been produced since 1967, at an average rate of 35,000 tons of nickel per year. The Kambalda Dome is located
417:
Extrusive komatiites (ultramafic volcanic rocks) occur along the
Norseman-Wiluna Greenstone Belt. A change from volcanic-dominated to plutonic-dominated magmatism occurred in the Norseman-Wiluna Greenstone Belt approximately 2685–2675 Ma. Voluminous high-Ca granite intrusions occurred 2670–2655 Ma.
599:
The regolith of the
Yilgarn impacts directly on the flora and fauna, as some of the soil is essentially fossilised. Much of the groundwater of the Yilgarn is hypersaline, with some being supersaturated in salt. This renders swathes of land barren, with significant salt lakes, and high saline water
868:
The
Yilgarn Craton and its cover sequences are host to a significant percentage of the world's endowment in economically demonstrable and recoverable reserves (EDR) of uranium. Most uranium is hosted within palaeochannels derived from granites of the Yilgarn Craton and/or its flanking Proterozoic
329:
The structural framework in the northeastern
Yilgarn craton was largely shaped by transpression that led to the development of folds, reverse faults, sinistral strike-slip movement on NNW-trending regional shear zones, followed by regional folding and shortening. The later occurred in overlapping
625:
The
Yilgarn Craton is Australia's premier mineral province. It attracts more than half of Australia's minerals exploration expenditure, and produces two thirds of all gold and most of the nickel mined in Australia. The craton contains some 30% of the world's known gold reserves, about 20% of the
375:
in the
Southern Cross Terrane can be divided into three layers: the lower greenstone belt (ca. 3.0 Ga) characterized by mafic volcanic rock and banded iron formation, a felsic-intermediate volcanism layer, and an upper sedimentary layer (ca. 2.73 Ga) of calc-alkaline volcanic (Marda Complex) and
783:
Major gold deposits occur at
Kalgoorlie, Kambalda, Mount Magnet, Boddington, Laverton and Wiluna, and are hosted in greenstone belts. These form linear belts of mafic, ultramafic and felsic volcanics, intercalated with sedimentary sequences, and have been deformed and metamorphosed. The mode of
1163:
Chen, She Fa, John E. Greenfield, David R. Nelson, Angela
Riganti, and Steven Wyche. (2003) "Lithostratigraphy and tectonic evolution of contrasting greenstone successions in the central Yilgarn Craton, Western Australia". Precambrian Research, Vol. 127, Issues 1-3 , 10 November, pp.
397:
are similar to the northern
Murchison Terrane, but has older greenstones and deformation events than the southern Eastern Goldfields Terrane. This indicates that the Eastern Goldfields Terrane may have accreted to an older Murchison–Southern Cross granite–greenstone nucleus.
421:
An earlier gold event 2660-2655 Ma was associated with major extension (normal faulting and granite doming) resulting in the formation of late basins and the intrusion of mantle-derived magmas (syenites and Mafic-type granites/porphyries) and tight anticlockwise PTt paths.
824:
The desert area encircling Kalgoorlie, with an area of 500,000 square kilometres, is theorised to host a 100 million tonne copper-zinc deposit. The geology of several volcanic belts in the Yilgarn Craton are strikingly similar to the world's great base-metal mines at
267:
On the southwest of the Yilgarn Craton the Balingup Gneiss Complex is situated inboard from the Early Proterozoic Leeuwin Complex of metamorphic rocks. The Balingup Complex consists primarily of metasedimentary paragneiss, granite orthogneiss, with minor layers of
241:
On the western edge of the Yilgarn Craton, partially covered by Phanerozoic sedimentary basins and in faulted contact with the 2.7 Ga to 2.55 Ga Yilgarn tectonic domains, lies the Jimperding Gneiss Complex of 2.75 to 2.65 Ga age, composed primarily of micaceous
791:
Signatures of the mantle are found in many large deposits, including melts from metasomatised mantle wedge as well as lamprophyres. Debate continues whether these mantle rocks were a fluid and/or metal source, or simply reflect a favourable pathway.
300:
The Murchison Province is exposed in the western and northern third of the Yilgarn Craton. The Province is bounded by major transcrustal structures which separate it from the surrounding tectonic provinces of the craton and the Western Gneiss Belt.
413:
These gold deposits are generally of large tonnage and are confined to the volcanic-intrusive-sedimentary sequences of the greenstone belts and not the granites. There is a pattern of gold distribution along the Archean Boulder-Lefroy shear zone.
275:
In total, the Western Gneiss Terrane sub-blocks represent an earlier substrate upon which the majority of the Yilgarn Craton's about 2.70 to 2.55 Ga greenstone metavolcanic belts have been deposited and into which the voluminous Archaean
387:(ca. 2730–2680 Ma) occurred in two stages; an earlier folding phase and a late phase that resulted in deposition and deformation of the Diemals Formation. Subsequent orogeny (ca. 2680–2655 Ma) resulted in shear zones and arcuate structures.
502:
gneisses, migmatites and granites. The Albany-Fraser Orogen displays both subduction-related and prolonged strike-slip tectonic structures and is intimately interconnected with the other Proterozoic basins and mobile belts of Australia.
569:
Period. This has been created by the generally subtropical latitudes and conditions of the Yilgarn craton, with minimal to no glaciation and generally flat topographical relief resulting in comparatively minor erosion.
195:
gneisses, which represent some of the oldest crustal fragments on Earth. The Western Gneiss Terrane is distinct from the remainder of the Yilgarn Craton in that the latter has a predominance of metavolcanic rocks, both
1260:
Moresi, Louis, Peter van der Borgh, and Roberto F. Weinberg. (2003) "Timing of deformation in the Norseman-Wiluna Belt, Yilgarn Craton, Western Australia". Precambrian Research, Vol. 120, Issues 3-4, 10 February, pp.
600:
tables. The origin of this salt is thought to be from precipitation of sea salt carried over the Australian landmass for the past several dozen million years, and the high evaporation rate leaving the salt behind.
304:
The Murchison Province Stratigraphy, after Watkins (1990), is divided into six basic structural-stratigraphic components - two greenstone belt metavolcanic-metasedimentary sequences and four suites of granitoids.
1279:
Sheppard, S., Occhipinti, S. A. and Nelson, D. R., 2005. Intracontinental reworking in the Capricorn Orogen, Western Australia: the 1680–1620 Ma Mangaroon Orogeny. Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, 52, p.
787:
A key feature beneath many of the region's gold deposits are granite-cored domes at a range of scales. These provided an architecture that focussed fluid metals into the upper crust's depositional sites.
821:. Minor amounts of copper have been recovered from several copper-bearing gold deposits such as those in the Gullewa Greenstone Belt, at Burtville south of Laverton, at Granny Smith and elsewhere.
761:
ore in the Albany-Fraser Complex, where a large deposit is being proposed at Southdown. The Jack Hills, Weld Range and Mount Gibson banded iron formations, as well as banded iron formations around
585:
tropical conditions, as evidenced by mottled duricrust which records fossilised tree roots, some over 60 million years old. Previous weathering events have been recorded in magnetically remnant
1270:
Cawood, P. A. and Tyler, I. M., 2004. Assembling and reactivating the Proterozoic Capricorn Orogen: lithotectonic elements, orogenies, and significance. Precambrian Research, 128, p. 201–218.
406:
The Archaean Norseman-Wiluna Greenstone Belt in the Eastern Goldfield Province contains most of Australia's lode gold deposits, including the famous Kalgoorlie Golden Mile containing the
160:
The craton is primarily composed of approximately 2.8 billion year old (~2.8 Ga) granite-gneiss metamorphic terrain (the Southwestern Province and Western Gneiss Belt), and three granite-
1946:
272:, ultramafic and ortho-amphibolite gneiss. The metamorphic grade is considered to be peak granulite facies, but the majority has preserved peak amphibolite facies assemblages.
486:, indicate prolonged multi-phased strike-slip movement (relative to the Yilgarn Craton margin) from the late Archaean through to neoproterozoic and even into the Palaeozoic.
869:
orogens, and this metal is deposited within Tertiary or younger palaeodrainage and current drainage systems. Examples include Yeelirrie, Mulga Rock and Lake Way-Centipede.
757:
The Karara Iron Ore Project is the only operational magnetite mine in the Yilgarn Craton, however, other magnetite iron ore deposits are being investigated as a source of
1321:
Physical volcanology of komatiites; A field guide to the komatiites of the Norseman-Wiluna Greenstone Bel, Eastern Goldfields Province, Yilgarn Block, Western Australia
531:
which separate the Yilgarn Craton from the Perth Basin to the west, and is covered by several remnant sedimentary basins of Jurassic age such as the Collie Sub-Basin.
264:
Detrital zircons in the Jimperding Gneiss Complex range in age from 3267 ± 30 Ma to 3341 ± 100 Ma, with metamorphic overgrowth dated at 3180 Ma.
909:
2093:
802:
860:. Smaller carbonatite occurrences at Ponton, near Laverton, and regionally within the eastern granite-gneiss and greenstone belts, may also prove economic.
434:
age. The boundaries between the various flanking terranes provide considerable evidence of the post-Archaean events which have involved the Yilgarn Craton.
1358:
418:
Much of the gold was deposited between 2650–2630 Ma, with much of this associated with strike-slip reactivation of earlier faults (normal and reverse).
227:, dated at greater than 3.3 Ga and up to 3.8 Ga in age, flanked by the Murgoo Gneiss Terrane (2.95 Ga), as well as sheets of 2.75 Ga to 2.6 Ga granite,
538:
deposits derived from prolonged erosion, sedimentation and redeposition of older cover sequences and regolith as well as the Archaean basement itself.
1997:
937:
837:. Exploration for copper is continuing in several areas around Ravensthorpe, Balagundi, in the Yandall Belt, and the Duketon Belt, where large
2279:
1082:
105:
The Yilgarn Craton appears to have been assembled between ~2.94 and 2.63 Ga by the accretion of a multitude of formerly present blocks or
990:
43:
Basic geological regions of Australia, by age. The large brown region in the lower left of the continent constitutes the Yilgarn Craton.
277:
2059:
1328:
701:
348:. The crater is heavily eroded and no surface expression remains of the original structure. The primary trace is an elliptical aero-
784:
occurrence of the gold mineralisation tends to be small- to medium-sized structurally controlled lodes, shears, and quartz veins.
2314:
2086:
1992:
1956:
360:
by climate forcing with a significant pulse of greenhouse gases, as the age broadly overlaps with the youngest glacial deposits.
765:, are also considered potential sources of magnetite iron ore, although no operations are as yet running on this type of ore.
738:
is currently recovered from several areas in the Yilgarn Craton, although it is a much smaller set of mines than those in the
2289:
1951:
1705:
1351:
1105:
Erickson, Timmons M.; Kirkland, Christopher L.; Timms, Nicholas E.; Cavosie, Aaron J.; Davison, Thomas M. (21 January 2020).
681:
557:
The Yilgarn craton is believed to have remained at or above sea level for a considerable length of time. Some of the Yilgarn
1107:"Precise radiometric age establishes Yarrabubba, Western Australia, as Earth's oldest recognised meteorite impact structure"
168:
Murchison Provinces). Some greenstone belts and granites are as old as 3.1-2.9 Ga, and some are younger, at ~2.75-2.65 Ga.
1811:
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1977:
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physiographic division, which comprises the Stirling-Mount Barren Block, Darling Hills, and Recherche Shelf sections.
90:
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The Yilgarn Craton is host to around 4% of the world's economically demonstrably recoverable reserves (EDR) of gold.
697:
2294:
1853:
1344:
762:
720:
685:
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tectonic processes. The first deformation event is poorly understood but appears to have involved N-S thrusting.
215:
The Western Gneiss Terrane is exposed along the western half of the northern margin of the Yilgarn Craton as the
772:
are also under investigation, although infrastructure is considered too poor to render these deposits economic.
708:
31:
1245:
Towards a Structural and Tectonic Framework for the central Norseman-Wiluna Greenstone Belt, Western Australia
801:
in the south-central part of the Archaean Norseman-Wiluna greenstone belt in the southeastern Yilgarn Craton.
1226:
Swager, C. P., Witt W. K., Griffin A. L., Ahmat A. L., Hunter W. M., McGoldrick P. J. & Wyche, S., 1992.
1961:
1926:
1868:
1391:
965:
932:
1176:"Evidence from detrital zircons for the existence of continental crust and oceans on the Earth 4.4 Gyr ago"
1781:
1748:
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1426:
898:
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216:
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events occurred in several phases, probably by accretion of continental fragments separated by pauses in
1903:
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2002:
1987:
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The Yilgarn Craton is bound on all sides by younger terranes of various ages, but predominantly of
407:
391:
369:
357:
150:
2240:
2030:
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in the Western Gneiss Terrane from hematite banded iron formation to produce direct-shipping ore.
542:
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2102:
2023:
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1471:
1466:
1451:
1441:
1203:
894:
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60:
1046: – Old and stable part of the continental lithosphere located in Pilbara, Western Australia
1175:
2200:
2144:
1753:
1573:
1533:
1324:
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Late Archaean Granite-Greenstones of the Kalgoorlie Terrane, Yilgarn Craton, Western Australia
1195:
1146:
1078:
1008:
949:
890:
814:
334:
172:
110:
56:
478:. The Gascoyne complex and other metamorphic belts of this age including reactivation of the
142:
and deformation as well as the emplacement of the vast majority of the craton's endowment in
2299:
2284:
2245:
2215:
2135:
2035:
1848:
1720:
1605:
1523:
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1302:
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The Yilgarn Craton also has a considerable Tertiary and younger sedimentary veneer of
2273:
2181:
2176:
1843:
1806:
1635:
1582:
1306:
1020:
546:
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341:
269:
94:
454:. The Perth Basin is considered to be a rift fill basin formed on a passive margin.
2153:
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1982:
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1207:
975:
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The regolith is extremely deeply weathered, in some areas completely converted to
219:, a composite of heavily polydeformed feldspathic metagranite and metasedimentary
474:, which are all part of a middle Proterozoic mobile belt which leads east to the
2131:
2117:
1911:
1863:
1858:
1799:
1789:
1601:
1591:
1293:
Anand R.; Paine M. "Regolith Geology of the Yilgarn Craton, Western Australia".
1037:
1031:
1023: – Province of the larger West Australian Shield in central South Australia
857:
577:
up to 100 metres below surface. This is considered to have been produced during
516:
443:
431:
368:
The Southern Cross Province lies in the central area of the Yilgarn craton. The
251:
235:
220:
64:
1131:
1034: – How the various types of mineral deposits form within the Earth's crust
352:, measuring approximately 20 km by 11 km, as well as the presence of
2186:
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1916:
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1644:
1619:
1614:
854:
826:
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566:
562:
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345:
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154:
75:
17:
877:
World-class deposits in the eastern Yilgarn Craton include: Mount Charlotte,
768:
Further away from the coast, deposits of banded iron formation at Wiluna and
2195:
2191:
1888:
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1649:
1367:
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338:
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terrains (the North-East Goldfields, the Southern Cross and the greenschist
135:
132:
125:
79:
1199:
1150:
511:
The Yilgarn Craton is partially covered by onlapping sedimentary basins of
1174:
Wilde, Simon A.; John W. Valley; William H. Peck; Colin M. Graham (2001).
668:
is conducted mostly in the greenstone belts around mining centres such as
39:
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1662:
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735:
659:
655:
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635:
631:
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558:
447:
285:
188:
83:
910:
Cosmos Nickel Projects, Cosmos Pit, Cosmos Deeps, Alec Mairs and Tapinos
707:
Ore concentrates or finished product are transported by rail or road to
183:
The Western Gneiss Terrane is a series of polydeformed high-grade early
2171:
1826:
1695:
1639:
1623:
1556:
1002:
830:
384:
289:
184:
117:
106:
498:, composed primarily of amphibolite to greenschist facies sedimentary
124:
intrusions, which comprise over 70% of the Yilgarn craton; voluminous
2071:
1191:
838:
834:
665:
639:
627:
494:
The Yilgarn Craton is bounded on the east-southeast by the ~1,300 Ma
254:
205:
197:
128:
71:
52:
261:
and other exotics, intruded by minor masses of porphyritic granite.
1336:
905:. World-class nickel deposits include: Mount Keith, Kambalda and
805:
are the primary source of nickel metal within the Yilgarn Craton.
201:
38:
1319:
Hill R. E. T, Barnes S. J., Gole M. J., and Dowling S. E., 1990.
849:
The Yilgarn Craton may host up to 60% of the world's recoverable
171:
The craton is one of the distinct physiographic provinces of the
647:
643:
143:
2075:
1340:
204:, whereas the former consists of high-grade metasediments and
1251:, University of Western Australia, Publication 22, pp. 39–49.
1234:, University of Western Australia, Publication 22, pp. 39–49.
325:
Two post-tectonic differentiated suites of granitoid rocks
234:
sheets (the Trillbar Complex) and some 2.4 Ga to 2.0 Ga
442:
The Yilgarn Craton is bound on the western side by the
931:
Miitel, Mariners, Redross and Wannaway nickel mines,
93:, at over 2 billion years old it is the oldest dated
603:
The greenstone belts of the Yilgarn Craton include:
1970:
1939:
1902:
1780:
1771:
1729:
1681:
1542:
1417:
1410:
1288:
1286:
113:, most of which formed between 3.2 Ga and 2.8 Ga.
89:The Murchison Province of the craton contains the
1249:The Archaean: Terrains, Processes and Metallogeny
1232:The Archaean: Terrains, Processes and Metallogeny
1005: – Geologic eon, 4031–2500 million years ago
1011: – Large part of the continent of Australia
541:Recognised Tertiary cover sequences include the
157:, with renewed activity occurring episodically.
1073:Geological Survey of Western Australia (1975),
813:Copper, lead and zinc are currently mined from
742:. Iron ore is mined at Koolyanobbing, north of
116:This accretion event is recorded by widespread
1040: – Sedimentary basin in Western Australia
519:age in the east and north-east, including the
30:"Yilgarn" redirects here. For other uses, see
2087:
1947:Geographic data and information organizations
1352:
462:The Perth Basin is bound on the north by the
450:age, and is separated from this basin by the
187:metamorphic belts, composed predominantly of
8:
803:Kambalda type komatiitic nickel ore deposits
322:Monzogranite Suite (now folded, metagranite)
523:. It is bounded on the western edge by the
78:, Narryer Terrane have been dated at ~4.27
2094:
2080:
2072:
1777:
1414:
1359:
1345:
1337:
1243:Hammond, R. L. & Nisbett B. W., 1992.
650:reserves. The craton contains significant
1998:National Council for Geographic Education
1140:
1130:
356:minerals. This impact may have ended the
246:, quartz-feldspar-biotite-garnet gneiss,
59:land mass. It is bounded by a mixture of
1100:
1098:
1077:, Western Australia Geological Survey,
1061:
1017: – Sedimentary basin in Australia
938:Emily Ann and Maggie Hays nickel mines
873:Partial list of ore deposits and mines
841:volcanic packages are known to exist.
561:is the oldest in the world, recording
662:and considerable iron ore resources.
55:that constitutes a major part of the
7:
2252:
2042:
1295:Australian Journal of Earth Sciences
333:The Murchison Province contains the
2054:
1323:, Geological Society of Australia.
991:Bald Hill Lithium and Tantalum Mine
1052: – Australian drainage region
750:, at Mount Gibson, Weld Range and
319:(now pegmatite-banded orthogneiss)
278:trondhjemite-tonalite-granodiorite
25:
27:Large craton in Western Australia
2251:
2239:
2228:
2227:
2214:
2053:
2041:
2029:
2018:
2017:
1993:International Geography Olympiad
1307:10.1046/j.1440-0952.2002.00912.x
1075:The Geology of Western Australia
986:Mt Cattlin Lithium-Tantalum mine
946:or Fimiston Open Cut, Kalgoorlie
315:Early granodiorite-monzogranite
940:, Lake Johnston Greenstone Belt
86:zircon dated as old as 4.4 Ga.
1706:Geographic information science
970:Windimurra vanadium resource,
607:Southern Cross Greenstone Belt
309:Luke Creek Group metavolcanics
292:suite granites were emplaced.
1:
1812:Geographic information system
1092:by I. R. Williams page 33–81.
912:high-grade massive sulphides.
630:reserves, 80% of the world's
390:The lithostratigraphy of the
2280:Geology of Western Australia
1739:Environmental social science
688:, and minor centres such as
337:, which is the oldest dated
376:clastic sedimentary rocks (
91:Yarrabubba impact structure
2331:
1132:10.1038/s41467-019-13985-7
402:Eastern Goldfield Province
29:
2223:
2212:
2109:
2013:
1854:Global Positioning System
1377:
981:Greenbushes Lithium mine
817:and the newly developed
746:from hematite weathered
32:Yilgarn (disambiguation)
2315:Physiographic provinces
1962:National mapping agency
1927:Survey (human research)
1869:Participant observation
966:Kanowna Belle Gold Mine
961:Jundee-Nimary Gold Mine
634:reserves, considerable
616:Gullewa Greenstone Belt
565:events as early as the
507:Sedimentary basin cover
364:Southern Cross Province
95:meteorite impact crater
1952:Geographical societies
1749:Landscape architecture
596:age, at about 180 Ma.
484:Narryer Gneiss Terrane
217:Narryer Gneiss Terrane
179:Western Gneiss Terrane
173:West Australian Shield
44:
2290:Precambrian Australia
1744:Environmental studies
1716:Statistical geography
1597:Environmental science
1111:Nature Communications
1015:Centralian Superbasin
748:banded iron formation
259:banded iron formation
68:fold and thrust belts
42:
1957:Geoscience societies
1922:Interview (research)
1894:Land change modeling
1795:Computer cartography
1773:Techniques and tools
1631:Earth system science
1027:Geology of Australia
972:Windimurra Intrusion
956:Bronzewing Gold Mine
610:Norseman-Wiluna Belt
496:Albany-Fraser Orogen
490:Albany-Fraser Orogen
354:shock-recrystallised
223:-grade gneisses and
2114:Atmospheric science
2003:Spatial citizenship
1988:Geographers on Film
1978:Geography education
1588:Atmospheric science
1123:2020NatCo..11..300E
853:, primarily in the
851:rare-earth elements
845:Rare-earth elements
796:Nickel-PGE deposits
480:Yarlarweelor Gneiss
358:Huronian glaciation
2310:Historical geology
2305:Structural geology
2206:Quaternary science
2103:Physical geography
1884:Statistical survey
1834:Geologic modelling
1673:Quaternary science
933:Widgiemooltha Dome
312:Mount Farmer Group
296:Murchison Province
61:sedimentary basins
57:Western Australian
45:
2267:
2266:
2201:Landscape ecology
2145:Coastal geography
2069:
2068:
1935:
1934:
1767:
1766:
1754:Landscape ecology
1574:Coastal geography
1186:(6817): 175–178.
1084:978-0-7244-6084-7
1068:Earlier known as
1009:Australian Shield
950:Golden Grove Mine
928:and Widgiemooltha
918:lateritic nickel.
426:Bounding terranes
378:Diemals Formation
335:Yarrabubba crater
111:continental crust
16:(Redirected from
2322:
2295:Economic geology
2255:
2254:
2243:
2231:
2230:
2218:
2136:Paleoclimatology
2096:
2089:
2082:
2073:
2057:
2056:
2045:
2044:
2033:
2021:
2020:
1849:Geovisualization
1778:
1721:Spatial analysis
1606:Paleoclimatology
1415:
1361:
1354:
1347:
1338:
1332:
1317:
1311:
1310:
1290:
1281:
1277:
1271:
1268:
1262:
1258:
1252:
1241:
1235:
1224:
1218:
1217:
1215:
1214:
1192:10.1038/35051550
1171:
1165:
1161:
1155:
1154:
1144:
1134:
1102:
1093:
1087:
1066:
891:St Ives-Kambalda
819:Jaguar zinc mine
621:Economic geology
464:Gascoyne Complex
458:Gascoyne Complex
350:magnetic anomaly
146:mineralisation.
21:
2330:
2329:
2325:
2324:
2323:
2321:
2320:
2319:
2270:
2269:
2268:
2263:
2219:
2210:
2140:Palaeogeography
2105:
2100:
2070:
2065:
2009:
1966:
1931:
1898:
1817:Distributed GIS
1763:
1725:
1677:
1610:Palaeogeography
1538:
1406:
1373:
1365:
1335:
1318:
1314:
1292:
1291:
1284:
1278:
1274:
1269:
1265:
1259:
1255:
1242:
1238:
1225:
1221:
1212:
1210:
1173:
1172:
1168:
1162:
1158:
1104:
1103:
1096:
1085:
1072:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1050:Western Plateau
999:
875:
866:
847:
811:
798:
778:
733:
623:
555:
509:
492:
468:Glengarry Basin
460:
440:
428:
404:
395:greenstone belt
373:greenstone belt
366:
317:intrusive suite
298:
181:
103:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2328:
2326:
2318:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2272:
2271:
2265:
2264:
2262:
2261:
2249:
2237:
2224:
2221:
2220:
2213:
2211:
2209:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2151:
2142:
2129:
2127:Phytogeography
2120:
2110:
2107:
2106:
2101:
2099:
2098:
2091:
2084:
2076:
2067:
2066:
2064:
2063:
2051:
2039:
2027:
2014:
2011:
2010:
2008:
2007:
2006:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1974:
1972:
1968:
1967:
1965:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1943:
1941:
1937:
1936:
1933:
1932:
1930:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1908:
1906:
1900:
1899:
1897:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1879:Remote sensing
1876:
1874:Photogrammetry
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1839:Geomathematics
1836:
1831:
1830:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1809:
1804:
1803:
1802:
1797:
1786:
1784:
1775:
1769:
1768:
1765:
1764:
1762:
1761:
1759:Time geography
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1735:
1733:
1727:
1726:
1724:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1701:Geoinformatics
1698:
1693:
1687:
1685:
1679:
1678:
1676:
1675:
1670:
1656:
1647:
1642:
1633:
1628:
1627:
1626:
1617:
1612:
1599:
1594:
1580:
1571:
1570:
1569:
1564:
1562:Phytogeography
1559:
1548:
1546:
1540:
1539:
1537:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1520:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1423:
1421:
1412:
1408:
1407:
1405:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1378:
1375:
1374:
1366:
1364:
1363:
1356:
1349:
1341:
1334:
1333:
1312:
1282:
1272:
1263:
1253:
1236:
1219:
1166:
1156:
1094:
1083:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1054:
1053:
1047:
1044:Pilbara Craton
1041:
1035:
1029:
1024:
1018:
1012:
1006:
998:
995:
994:
993:
988:
983:
978:
968:
963:
958:
953:
947:
941:
935:
929:
924:nickel mines,
919:
913:
887:Sons of Gwalia
874:
871:
865:
862:
846:
843:
810:
807:
797:
794:
777:
774:
740:Pilbara Craton
732:
729:
702:Southern Cross
622:
619:
618:
617:
614:
611:
608:
554:
551:
508:
505:
491:
488:
476:Musgrave Block
459:
456:
439:
436:
427:
424:
403:
400:
365:
362:
344:, at 2229 ± 5
327:
326:
323:
320:
313:
310:
297:
294:
238:gneiss belts.
180:
177:
102:
99:
74:grains in the
49:Yilgarn Craton
26:
24:
18:Yilgarn craton
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2327:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2277:
2275:
2260:
2259:
2250:
2248:
2247:
2242:
2238:
2236:
2235:
2226:
2225:
2222:
2217:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2182:Geostatistics
2180:
2178:
2177:Geomorphology
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2115:
2112:
2111:
2108:
2104:
2097:
2092:
2090:
2085:
2083:
2078:
2077:
2074:
2062:
2061:
2052:
2050:
2049:
2040:
2038:
2037:
2032:
2028:
2026:
2025:
2016:
2015:
2012:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1980:
1979:
1976:
1975:
1973:
1969:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1944:
1942:
1938:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1909:
1907:
1905:
1901:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1844:Geostatistics
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1814:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1807:Geochronology
1805:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1792:
1791:
1788:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1770:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1736:
1734:
1732:
1728:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
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1692:
1689:
1688:
1686:
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1680:
1674:
1671:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1637:
1636:Geomorphology
1634:
1632:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1589:
1586:
1585:
1584:
1583:Earth science
1581:
1579:
1575:
1572:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1554:
1553:
1550:
1549:
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1545:
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1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1504:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
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1483:
1480:
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1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1416:
1413:
1409:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1379:
1376:
1372:
1369:
1362:
1357:
1355:
1350:
1348:
1343:
1342:
1339:
1330:
1329:0-909869-55-3
1326:
1322:
1316:
1313:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1289:
1287:
1283:
1276:
1273:
1267:
1264:
1257:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1240:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1223:
1220:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1170:
1167:
1160:
1157:
1152:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1101:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1090:Yilgarn Block
1086:
1080:
1076:
1071:
1070:Yilgarn Block
1065:
1062:
1056:
1051:
1048:
1045:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1022:
1021:Gawler Craton
1019:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1007:
1004:
1001:
1000:
996:
992:
989:
987:
984:
982:
979:
977:
973:
969:
967:
964:
962:
959:
957:
954:
952:Cu-Zn-Au mine
951:
948:
945:
942:
939:
936:
934:
930:
927:
926:Kambalda Dome
923:
920:
917:
916:Murrin Murrin
914:
911:
908:
907:
906:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
872:
870:
863:
861:
859:
856:
852:
844:
842:
840:
836:
832:
828:
822:
820:
816:
808:
806:
804:
795:
793:
789:
785:
781:
775:
773:
771:
766:
764:
760:
755:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
730:
728:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
705:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
620:
615:
612:
609:
606:
605:
604:
601:
597:
595:
591:
588:
584:
580:
576:
571:
568:
564:
560:
552:
550:
548:
547:Officer Basin
544:
539:
537:
536:palaeochannel
532:
530:
529:Darling Fault
526:
525:Darling Scarp
522:
521:Canning Basin
518:
514:
506:
504:
501:
497:
489:
487:
485:
481:
477:
473:
472:Yerrida Basin
469:
465:
457:
455:
453:
452:Darling Fault
449:
445:
437:
435:
433:
425:
423:
419:
415:
411:
409:
401:
399:
396:
393:
392:Marda–Diemals
388:
386:
381:
379:
374:
371:
370:Marda–Diemals
363:
361:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
342:impact crater
340:
336:
331:
324:
321:
318:
314:
311:
308:
307:
306:
302:
295:
293:
291:
287:
283:
279:
273:
271:
270:calc-silicate
265:
262:
260:
256:
253:
249:
245:
239:
237:
233:
230:
226:
222:
218:
213:
211:
207:
203:
199:
194:
190:
186:
178:
176:
174:
169:
167:
163:
158:
156:
152:
147:
145:
141:
137:
134:
130:
127:
123:
119:
114:
112:
108:
100:
98:
96:
92:
87:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
41:
37:
33:
19:
2256:
2244:
2232:
2154:Soil science
2149:Oceanography
2123:Biogeography
2058:
2046:
2034:
2022:
1983:Geo-literacy
1940:Institutions
1822:Internet GIS
1782:Quantitative
1659:Soil science
1578:Oceanography
1567:Zoogeography
1552:Biogeography
1427:Agricultural
1320:
1315:
1298:
1294:
1275:
1266:
1256:
1248:
1244:
1239:
1231:
1227:
1222:
1211:. Retrieved
1183:
1179:
1169:
1159:
1114:
1110:
1089:
1074:
1069:
1064:
976:Mount Magnet
876:
867:
848:
829:in Northern
823:
815:Golden Grove
812:
799:
790:
786:
782:
779:
767:
756:
734:
706:
664:
658:, hard-rock
624:
613:Duketon Belt
602:
598:
572:
556:
549:and others.
543:Bremer Basin
540:
533:
510:
493:
461:
441:
429:
420:
416:
412:
405:
389:
382:
367:
332:
328:
303:
299:
282:trondhjemite
274:
266:
263:
240:
214:
191:leucocratic
182:
170:
159:
148:
140:metamorphism
122:granodiorite
115:
109:of existing
104:
88:
48:
46:
36:
2132:Climatology
2118:Meteorology
2060:WikiProject
1912:Ethnography
1904:Qualitative
1864:Map algebra
1859:Hydrography
1800:Web mapping
1790:Cartography
1602:Climatology
1592:Meteorology
1447:Development
1038:Perth Basin
1032:Ore genesis
883:Sunrise Dam
858:Carbonatite
809:Base metals
682:Meekatharra
587:ferruginous
517:Phanerozoic
444:Perth Basin
438:Perth Basin
432:Proterozoic
252:sillimanite
236:Proterozoic
221:amphibolite
208:of unknown
189:feldspathic
166:metamorphic
138:; regional
82:, with one
65:Proterozoic
51:is a large
2274:Categories
2187:Glaciology
2167:Geobiology
2162:Edaphology
1917:Geopoetics
1731:Integrated
1667:Edaphology
1645:Glaciology
1620:Geophysics
1615:Geobiology
1502:Settlement
1492:Population
1462:Historical
1432:Behavioral
1392:Philosophy
1213:2007-08-14
1117:(1): 300.
1088:, section
1057:References
855:Mount Weld
827:Kidd Creek
752:Jack Hills
744:Kalgoorlie
670:Kalgoorlie
646:and minor
583:Palaeocene
567:Cretaceous
563:weathering
513:Palaeozoic
383:East–West
280:suite and
248:andalusite
225:migmatites
162:greenstone
155:subduction
126:tholeiitic
76:Jack Hills
2196:Limnology
2192:Hydrology
1971:Education
1889:Surveying
1711:Geomatics
1691:Geodesign
1683:Technical
1654:Limnology
1650:Hydrology
1529:Strategic
1512:Transport
1487:Political
1477:Marketing
1437:Cognitive
1368:Geography
944:Super Pit
759:magnetite
725:Geraldton
717:Esperance
713:Fremantle
579:Caenozoic
575:saprolite
500:protolith
408:Super Pit
339:meteorite
244:quartzite
232:ophiolite
210:protolith
193:granulite
151:accretion
136:volcanism
133:komatiite
2234:Category
2158:Pedology
2024:Category
1663:Pedology
1544:Physical
1507:Regional
1497:Religion
1482:Military
1472:Language
1467:Internet
1452:Economic
1442:Cultural
1411:Branches
1382:Glossary
1280:443–460.
1261:219–239.
1200:11196637
1164:249–266.
1151:31964860
1003:Archaean
997:See also
922:Kambalda
895:Tarmoola
879:Norseman
770:Laverton
736:Iron ore
731:Iron ore
694:Leinster
690:Laverton
678:Norseman
674:Kambalda
660:titanium
656:vanadium
652:platinum
636:iron ore
632:tantalum
626:world's
594:Jurassic
590:laterite
559:regolith
553:Regolith
448:Jurassic
286:tonalite
229:obducted
206:gneisses
185:Archaean
107:terranes
84:detrital
2300:Cratons
2285:Archean
2258:Commons
2172:Geology
2048:Commons
1827:Web GIS
1696:Geodesy
1640:Geology
1624:Geodesy
1557:Ecology
1534:Tourism
1402:Outline
1387:History
1208:4319774
1142:6974607
1119:Bibcode
899:Wallaby
864:Uranium
831:Ontario
698:Leonora
385:orogeny
290:diorite
255:schists
118:granite
101:Geology
2246:Portal
2036:Portal
1524:Social
1457:Health
1371:topics
1327:
1206:
1198:
1180:Nature
1149:
1139:
1081:
903:Wiluna
839:felsic
835:Canada
763:Yalgoo
721:Albany
686:Wiluna
666:Mining
640:copper
628:nickel
198:felsic
149:These
129:basalt
72:Zircon
53:craton
1517:Urban
1419:Human
1397:Index
1301:(1).
1204:S2CID
709:Perth
592:of a
446:, of
202:mafic
1325:ISBN
1196:PMID
1147:PMID
1079:ISBN
901:and
776:Gold
700:and
684:and
648:lead
644:zinc
527:and
515:and
482:and
470:and
250:and
200:and
144:gold
131:and
120:and
63:and
47:The
1303:doi
1247:in
1230:in
1188:doi
1184:409
1137:PMC
1127:doi
723:or
581:to
380:).
2276::
2194:/
2160:/
2156:/
2147:/
2138:/
2134:/
2125:/
2116:/
1652:/
1638:/
1622:/
1608:/
1604:/
1590:/
1576:/
1299:49
1297:.
1285:^
1202:.
1194:.
1182:.
1178:.
1145:.
1135:.
1125:.
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