2125:
1346:
enabled him to confirm that
Xiaotun was indeed the Yinxu (Ruins of Yin) in the historical records. In 1917 Wang Guowei successfully deciphered the names in oracle bone inscriptions of Shang ancestors and from these was able to reconstruct the Shang genealogy. It matched the record in (司馬遷), Sima Qian's 'Shiji' (史記) (Records of the Historian). Thus, the legend of Shang dynasty was confirmed as history and the importance of Yinxu was recognized by the academic world. The first excavations at Yinxu began in 1928.
105:
77:
98:
715:
1032:
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Archeology, Chinese
Academy of Social Sciences (formerly Chinese Academy of Sciences) have been responsible for excavations have yielded some very important results: evidence of stratification of the Hougang site, remains of palaces and temples, royal cemeteries, oracle bone inscriptions, bronze-and bone-workshops and the discovery of the Shang city on the north bank of the Huan River.
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40:
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The
Discovery of Oracle Bones and the Locating of Yinxu site. In 1899, Wang Yirong, the director of the Imperial College and a well-known scholar of ancient inscriptions discovered dragon bones (known today as oracle bone inscriptions). He sent his assistants to Xiaotun village in Anyang, (安陽), and
1045:
Before the excavation of Yinxu, the
Chinese historical record began in the first year of the subsequent Zhou dynasty, but the discovery of oracle bone inscriptions confirmed the historicity of the Shang, which had come under question. The framework of early ancient Chinese history was reconstructed,
994:
At 30 square kilometers, Yinxu is the largest archaeological site in China. Excavations have uncovered over 80 rammed-earth foundation sites including palaces, shrines, tombs and workshops. From these remains archaeologists have been able to confirm that this was the spiritual and cultural center of
1444:
Since the first excavation in 1928, archaeologists have been working at the Yinxu site for over seventy years. There have been two main periods of excavation: (1) from 1928–1937, when excavations were carried out by the
Institute of History and Philosophy; and (2) since 1950, when the Institute of
1022:
and has been dated to 1250 BCE. It was completely undisturbed, having escaped the looting that had damaged the other tombs on the site, and in addition to the remains of the Queen the tomb was discovered to contain six dog skeletons, 16 human slave skeletons, and numerous grave goods of huge
754:
News of the discovery of the oracle bones created a market for them among antiques collectors, and led to multiple waves of illegal digs over several decades, with tens of thousands of pieces taken. The source of the "dragon bones" was eventually traced to the small village of
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archaeological value. The tomb was thoroughly excavated and extensively restored and is now open to the public. The exhibition hall also features chariot pits where the earliest samples of animal-driven carts discovered by
Chinese archaeology are on display.
968:
For most of Yinxu I, the site was a small settlement. The first large buildings appeared in the later part of the period, together with oracle bone inscriptions, large-scale human sacrifice and chariot burials. Dong also included kings
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that were discovered being sold nearby. The rediscovery of Yinxu marked the beginning of decades of intensive excavation and study. It is one of China's oldest and largest archeological sites, and was selected by
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urban site, which was roughly contemporaneous with the early part of Yinxu I. Excavation at the latter site is complicated by the fact that it lies under Anyang airport, and no inscriptions have been found.
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oracle bones unearthed at Yinxu comprise much of the earliest evidence of written
Chinese. Bronze and jade relics constitute evidence of the funeral customs of Yinxu, including human and animal sacrifice.
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3333:
579:
Among surviving ancient
Chinese historical documents, Yin is described as the final capital of the Shang dynasty. There is some disagreement, though, as to when the move to Yin took place. Both the
789:, confirming the historical authenticity of the legendary Shang dynasty and the archaeological importance of Yinxu. However, the oracle bone inscriptions record the name of the state as Dàyìshāng (
824:
816:. They uncovered the remains of a royal palace, several royal tombs, and more than 100,000 oracle bones that show the Shang had a well-structured script with a complete system of written signs.
827:
have uncovered evidence of stratification at the
Hougang site, remains of palaces and temples, royal cemeteries, oracle bone inscriptions, bronze and bone workshops and the discovery of the
489:. Along with oracle bone script and other material evidence for the Shang's existence, the site was forgotten for millennia. Its rediscovery in 1899 resulted from an investigation into
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2382:
2009:
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A large number of handicrafts and workshops have been discovered at Yinxu. Patterns on utensils and bronzeware include those resembling animal faces, whorl patterns, and the
655:, the last of the Shang dynasty kings, is particularly remembered for his ruthlessness and debauchery. His increasingly autocratic laws alienated the nobility until King
544:) originally referred to "vibrant music-making". Although frequently used throughout written history to refer to both the Shang dynasty and its final capital, the name
648:. Wu Ding launched numerous military campaigns from this base against surrounding tribes, thus securing Shang rule and raising the dynasty to its historical zenith.
3343:
702:
period (420-589 CE). Thereafter, the once-great city of Yīn was relegated to legend along with its founding dynasty until its rediscovery in the final years of the
751:) at a traditional Chinese pharmacy. He noticed strange carvings on these bones and concluded that these could be samples of an ancient form of Chinese writing.
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2232:
2002:
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moved the Shang capital to Yin. The Bamboo Annals state, more specifically, that during his reign Pan Geng moved the capital from Yān (奄; present-day
779:
deciphered the oracle bone inscriptions of the names of the Shang kings and constructed a complete Shang genealogy. This closely matched that in the
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in his oracle bone period I, but no inscriptions can be reliably assigned to pre-Wu Ding reigns. Some scholars assign these kings to the nearby
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2018:
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835:. One of the largest and oldest sites of Chinese archaeology, excavations here have laid the foundation for work across the country.
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Four periods are recognized at the site based on pottery types. They correlate approximately with oracle bone periods assigned by
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1767:——— (1999), "The Shang: China's first historical dynasty", in Loewe, Michael; Shaughnessy, Edward L. (eds.),
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According to the traditional accounts, later rulers became pleasure-seekers who took no interest in state affairs. King
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affirmed that the area was the site of the last Shang dynasty capital. Canadian missionary and oracle bone analyst
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Peng, Peng (2021). "Decentralizing the Origin of
Civilization: Early Archaeological Efforts in China".
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1343:"The Discovery of Oracle Bones and the Locating of Yinxu site". The Garden Museum of Yin Ruins.
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1834:"A Critical Review on the Rise of Civilization, the Formation of the State, and Early Slavery"
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1085:(inherited in the maternal line) from Yinxu graves showed similarity with modern northern
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making it possible to assess the credibility of traditional accounts of Shang history.
1007:
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685:
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Regardless, Yin was clearly established as the Shang capital by the time of Shang king
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641:, on the south side of the river—a location inconsistent with the location of Yin.)
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The first official archeological excavations at Yinxu were led by the archeologist
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703:
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630:
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383:
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1708:
1482:
Thorp, Robert L. (1981). "The Date of Tomb 5 at Yinxu, Anyang: A Review Article".
1895:
1871:
1521:
Xià-Shāng-Zhōu duàndài gōngchéng 1996—2000 nián jiēduàn chéngguǒ bàogào: Jiǎn běn
585:, (specifically, the "Pan Geng" chapter, which is believed to date from the late
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1987:
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The Xia-Shang-Zhou Chronology Project Report for the years 1996–2000 (abridged)
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2026:
1671:. 82nd Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists.
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The best preserved of the Shang dynasty royal tombs unearthed at Yinxu is the
832:
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348:
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1789:(2002), "The Xia-Shang-Zhou Chronology Project: Methodology and Results",
1750:
Sources of Shang History: The Oracle-Bone Inscriptions of Bronze Age China
17:
2897:
2168:
2114:
2050:
1184:
974:
970:
674:, and Yīn was abandoned to fall into ruin. These ruins were mentioned by
671:
596:
369:
3205:
2865:
2840:
2685:
2420:
2354:
2339:
2271:
2157:
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1979:
1945:
1917:
Ancient Chinese Writing, Oracle Bone Inscriptions from the Ruins of Yin
1668:
Poster: Preliminary Research on Hereditary Features of Yinxu Population
1503:
1108:
1015:
982:
919:
881:
828:
742:
729:, which were first recognized as containing ancient Chinese writing in
719:
667:
645:
1132:
634:
537:
481:) which spanned the reigns of 12 Shang kings and saw the emergence of
211:
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760:
515:
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463:
132:
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1157:
1666:
1635:
2823:
2801:
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2702:
1665:
Zeng, Wen; Li, Jiawei; Yue, Hongbin; Zhou, Hui; Zhu, Hong (2013).
1030:
997:
953:
713:
511:
503:
741:. One account of Wang's discovery was that he was suffering from
718:
Ox scapula recording divinations by Zhēng 爭 in the reign of King
663:
was able to gain the support to rise up and overthrow the Shang.
554:) appears to have not been used in this way until the succeeding
2100:
1956:
771:
also independently identified Anyang as the capital in 1910. In
629:, Pan Geng moved the Shang capital from a location north of the
600:
39:
2497:
1991:
1066:
pattern. Large-scale bronzeware excavated at the site like the
395:
825:
Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences
1771:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 232–291,
1703:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 124–231,
1089:, but significant differences from southern Han Chinese.
374:
360:
1836:. draft. The Science & Philosophy Forums (2005–2008)
3334:
Major National Historical and Cultural Sites in Henan
1442:"Information Panel". The Garden Museum of Yin Ruins.
336:
320:
306:
44:
Yinxu, the site of the Shang dynasty capital between
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1014:was a military leader and the wife of Shang King
558:. In particular, the name does not appear in the
1923:and Jeff Moser. Taipei: National Palace Museum.
1900:(2nd ed.). Harvard University Asia Center.
1073:were cast by an elaborate section-mold process.
808:of the Institute of History and Philosophy from
1458:"An Yang, ancient capital of the Shang dynasty"
2471:Migratory Bird Sanctuaries along the Coast of
2060:Migratory Bird Sanctuaries along the Coast of
666:The Zhou dynasty established their capital at
466:, Henan, Yin served as the capital during the
2509:
2447:Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties
2003:
1437:
1435:
796:
790:
614:
608:
567:
549:
268:
27:Site of the last capital of the Shang dynasty
8:
1946:UNESCO World Heritage Center - Yinxu Listing
1752:, Berkeley: University of California Press,
1728:Oracle Bone Collections in the United States
1338:
1336:
1334:
745:at the time and was prescribed Longgu (龍骨) (
32:
434:
2516:
2502:
2494:
2010:
1996:
1988:
1950:
1815:Early China: a social and cultural history
518:. Public access to the site is permitted.
285:
38:
31:
1873:The magic square: cities in ancient China
1562:
1415:
1381:
1171:
842:, royal reigns and dates assigned by the
1817:, New York: Cambridge University Press,
877:
848:
1398:Goodrich, L. Carrington (August 1957).
1124:
637:, the capital of Shang dynasty founder
3344:National archaeological parks of China
1858:
1847:
1769:The Cambridge History of Ancient China
1700:The Cambridge History of Ancient China
1550:
1320:
1310:
1252:
1242:
1209:
1199:
502:in 2006. Yinxu is located in northern
420:
338:
250:
1018:. The tomb was discovered in 1976 by
613:), where it was then renamed to Yīn (
439:'Ruins of Yin') is a Chinese
236:
228:
216:
206:
196:
188:
179:
7:
1915:Xu, Yahui (許雅惠 Hsu Ya-huei) (2002).
1876:. Edition Axel Menges. p. 428.
1357:
3288:
1274:. Beijing: Foreign Language Press.
2406:Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor
1730:. University of California Press.
1586:
1574:
1369:
1099:Periodization of the Shang dynasty
688:, and described in some detail by
510:and the borders Henan shares with
25:
1791:Journal of East Asian Archaeology
1400:"James Mellon Menzies, 1885–1957"
1002:Burial pit at Tomb of Lady Fu Hao
844:Xia–Shang–Zhou Chronology Project
619:). (Conversely, according to the
3287:
3278:
3277:
3267:
2141:Ancient Building Complex in the
2123:
1689:(1999), "Shang archaeology", in
576:(大邑商 "Great Settlement Shang").
103:
96:
75:
68:
3319:Archaeological museums in China
2282:Sichuan Giant Panda Sanctuaries
700:Southern and Northern Dynasties
695:Commentary to the River Classic
396:
375:
361:
1726:Chou, Hung-hsiang 周鴻翔 (1976).
831:site on the north bank of the
782:Records of the Grand Historian
681:Records of the Grand Historian
622:Records of the Grand Historian
562:, which refer to the state as
337:
321:
307:
269:
1:
3359:World Heritage Sites in China
3324:Chinese architectural history
2524:Prehistoric cultures of China
2019:World Heritage Sites in China
1709:10.1017/CHOL9780521470308.005
607:), to a site called Běimĕng (
526:According to the 2nd century
471:
452:
104:
76:
52:
45:
2158:Kaiping Diaolou and Villages
1832:Lin, Ershen (19 July 2007).
1599:Zhou Yaogang (周要港) (2020).
1404:The Journal of Asian Studies
1104:Historical capitals of China
949:
929:
915:
895:
725:Yinxu is well known for its
572:), and its final capital as
2041:Classical Gardens of Suzhou
1524:夏商周断代工程1996—2000年阶段成果报告: 简本
1272:An Outline History of China
823:ongoing excavations by the
3380:
1803:10.1163/156852302322454585
1531:], Beijing: 世界图书出版公司,
710:Archaeological discoveries
462:). Located in present-day
443:corresponding to Yin, the
183:UNESCO World Heritage Site
3263:
3250:Yellow River civilization
3240:
2529:
2228:Honghe Hani Rice Terraces
2185:Zuojiang Huashan Rock Art
2121:
1976:
1961:
1953:
1919:. English translation by
1897:Chinese History: A Manual
1417:10.1017/S0021911800134813
912:
907:
890:
885:
880:
865:
797:
791:
763:. In 1910, noted scholar
615:
609:
568:
550:
430:
407:
284:
258:
245:
203:Cultural: ii, iii, iv, vi
176:
62:
37:
3314:Ancient Chinese capitals
2931:Middle and Upper Yangtze
2148:Historic Centre of Macau
2034:Archaeological Ruins of
1604:
1600:
1523:
1462:China Central Television
684:, more precisely in the
587:Spring and Autumn period
2340:Ancient City of Pingyao
2310:Chengde Mountain Resort
1974:1350 BC – 1046 BC
1870:Schinz, Alfred (1996).
698:, published during the
532:dictionary (說文解字), the
418:Mandarin pronunciation:
3015:Lower Yangtze and Huai
2638:Liaoning bronze dagger
2316:Putuo Zongcheng Temple
2213:Chengjiang Fossil Site
2167:Historic Monuments of
1857:Cite journal requires
1695:Shaughnessy, Edward L.
1565:, pp. 97–98, 203.
1042:
1003:
722:
595:state that Shang king
161:36.12667°N 114.31389°E
2287:Three Parallel Rivers
2091:Cemetery of Confucius
1624:History of Humanities
1034:
1027:Historical importance
1001:
717:
485:, the earliest known
3255:Yangtze civilization
2365:Beijing Central Axis
2179:Gaocheng Observatory
1518:XSZCP Group (2000),
1270:Bai, Shouyi (2002).
1010:. The extraordinary
479: 1046 BCE
460: 1046 BCE
56: 1046 BCE
2756:Middle Yellow River
2483:Badain Jaran Desert
2479:of China (Phase II)
2252:Leshan Giant Buddha
2095:Kong Family Mansion
1892:Wilkinson, Endymion
1746:Keightley, David N.
995:the Shang dynasty.
522:Traditional history
500:World Heritage Site
166:36.12667; 114.31389
157: /
34:
2876:Lower Yellow River
2657:Upper Yellow River
2553:Northeastern China
2320:Xumi Fushou Temple
2218:Dazu Rock Carvings
2068:of China (Phase I)
1601:文化遗产价值的评估——以安阳殷墟为例
1043:
1004:
861:Approximate dates
855:Oracle bone period
737:, director of the
723:
483:oracle bone script
441:archeological site
190:Official name
84:Shown within Henan
3301:
3300:
3245:Liao civilization
2491:
2490:
2452:South China Karst
2416:Xinjiang Tianshan
2175:Shaolin Monastery
1986:
1985:
1977:Succeeded by
1930:978-957-562-420-0
1907:978-0-674-00249-4
1824:978-0-521-71981-0
1778:978-0-521-47030-8
1718:978-0-521-47030-8
1589:, pp. 80–83.
1538:978-7-5062-4138-0
1083:mitochondrial DNA
966:
965:
605:Shandong Province
603:, in present-day
582:Book of Documents
534:Chinese character
437:
411:
410:
403:
402:
356:Yale Romanization
295:Standard Mandarin
249:
248:
115:Show map of China
87:Show map of Henan
16:(Redirected from
3371:
3339:Museums in Henan
3291:
3290:
3281:
3280:
3271:
2628:Upper Xiajiadian
2604:Lower Xiajiadian
2518:
2511:
2504:
2495:
2430:Multiple regions
2360:Yungang Grottoes
2350:Temple of Heaven
2326:
2278:
2181:
2163:Longmen Grottoes
2143:Wudang Mountains
2127:
2012:
2005:
1998:
1989:
1964:Capital of China
1954:Preceded by
1951:
1934:
1911:
1887:
1866:
1860:
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1853:
1845:
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1563:Keightley (1985)
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1382:Wilkinson (2000)
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1172:Keightley (1999)
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1129:
1055:
1054:
990:Excavation sites
849:
800:
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794:
793:
739:Imperial Academy
670:near modern-day
618:
617:
612:
611:
571:
570:
553:
552:
480:
476:
473:
461:
457:
454:
438:
435:
432:
424:
419:
399:
398:
378:
377:
364:
363:
343:
342:
341:
326:
325:
324:
310:
309:
286:
272:
271:
251:
238:Buffer zone
172:
171:
169:
168:
167:
162:
158:
155:
154:
153:
150:
116:
107:
106:
100:
88:
79:
78:
72:
57:
54:
50:
47:
42:
35:
21:
3379:
3378:
3374:
3373:
3372:
3370:
3369:
3368:
3329:Cities in Henan
3304:
3303:
3302:
3297:
3259:
3236:
3193:
3170:
3135:
3112:
3065:
3010:
2926:
2871:
2751:
2652:
2548:
2525:
2522:
2492:
2487:
2425:
2421:Qinghai Hoh Xil
2392:
2369:
2313:
2291:
2269:
2257:Mount Qingcheng
2199:
2172:
2128:
2119:
2021:
2016:
1982:
1973:
1967:
1959:
1942:
1937:
1931:
1921:Mark Caltonhill
1914:
1908:
1890:
1884:
1869:
1856:
1846:
1839:
1837:
1831:
1825:
1809:
1785:
1779:
1766:
1760:
1744:
1738:
1725:
1719:
1685:
1676:
1664:
1663:
1659:
1621:
1620:
1616:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1597:
1593:
1585:
1581:
1573:
1569:
1561:
1557:
1549:
1545:
1539:
1525:
1517:
1516:
1512:
1496:10.2307/3249839
1481:
1480:
1476:
1466:
1464:
1456:
1455:
1451:
1441:
1440:
1433:
1397:
1396:
1392:
1380:
1376:
1368:
1364:
1356:
1352:
1342:
1341:
1332:
1319:
1309:
1302:
1300:
1294:
1293:
1289:
1282:
1269:
1268:
1264:
1251:
1241:
1234:
1232:
1226:
1225:
1221:
1208:
1198:
1191:
1189:
1183:
1182:
1178:
1170:
1166:
1155:
1151:
1141:
1139:
1131:
1130:
1126:
1117:
1095:
1079:
1077:Genetic studies
1052:
1050:
1029:
1020:Zheng Zhenxiang
992:
759:, just outside
712:
524:
487:Chinese writing
478:
474:
459:
455:
422:[ín.ɕý]
417:
322:
277:Literal meaning
185:
165:
163:
159:
156:
151:
148:
146:
144:
143:
120:
119:
118:
117:
114:
113:
110:
109:
108:
91:
90:
89:
86:
85:
82:
81:
80:
58:
55:
48:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3377:
3375:
3367:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3349:Ruins in China
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3306:
3305:
3299:
3298:
3296:
3295:
3285:
3275:
3264:
3261:
3260:
3258:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3241:
3238:
3237:
3235:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3201:
3199:
3195:
3194:
3192:
3191:
3186:
3180:
3178:
3172:
3171:
3169:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3145:
3143:
3137:
3136:
3134:
3133:
3128:
3122:
3120:
3114:
3113:
3111:
3110:
3109:
3108:
3098:
3097:
3096:
3086:
3081:
3073:
3071:
3070:Southern China
3067:
3066:
3064:
3063:
3058:
3057:
3056:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3018:
3016:
3012:
3011:
3009:
3008:
3003:
3002:
3001:
2991:
2990:
2989:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2963:
2962:
2952:
2947:
2946:
2945:
2934:
2932:
2928:
2927:
2925:
2924:
2919:
2918:
2917:
2907:
2902:
2901:
2900:
2890:
2885:
2879:
2877:
2873:
2872:
2870:
2869:
2862:
2861:
2860:
2858:Xiaoshuangqiao
2855:
2845:
2844:
2843:
2833:
2832:
2831:
2826:
2816:
2815:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2778:
2777:
2767:
2759:
2757:
2753:
2752:
2750:
2749:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2706:
2705:
2700:
2690:
2689:
2688:
2683:
2673:
2672:
2671:
2660:
2658:
2654:
2653:
2651:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2618:
2613:
2612:
2611:
2601:
2596:
2595:
2594:
2589:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2568:
2567:
2556:
2554:
2550:
2549:
2547:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2530:
2527:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2520:
2513:
2506:
2498:
2489:
2488:
2486:
2485:
2480:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2433:
2431:
2427:
2426:
2424:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2402:
2400:
2394:
2393:
2391:
2390:
2385:
2379:
2377:
2371:
2370:
2368:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2330:Forbidden City
2327:
2307:
2301:
2299:
2293:
2292:
2290:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2270:including the
2263:
2254:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2209:
2207:
2201:
2200:
2198:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2173:including the
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2138:
2136:
2130:
2129:
2122:
2120:
2118:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2098:
2084:
2082:Wuyi Mountains
2079:
2074:
2069:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2031:
2029:
2023:
2022:
2017:
2015:
2014:
2007:
2000:
1992:
1984:
1983:
1978:
1975:
1960:
1955:
1949:
1948:
1941:
1940:External links
1938:
1936:
1935:
1929:
1912:
1906:
1888:
1882:
1867:
1859:|journal=
1829:
1823:
1807:
1783:
1777:
1764:
1758:
1742:
1736:
1723:
1717:
1691:Loewe, Michael
1687:Bagley, Robert
1682:
1675:
1674:
1657:
1636:10.1086/715935
1630:(2): 515–548.
1614:
1607:(in Chinese).
1591:
1579:
1577:, p. 330.
1567:
1555:
1553:, p. 181.
1543:
1537:
1510:
1490:(3): 239–246.
1474:
1449:
1431:
1410:(4): 672–673.
1390:
1374:
1362:
1350:
1330:
1321:|website=
1287:
1280:
1262:
1253:|website=
1219:
1210:|website=
1176:
1174:, p. 232.
1164:
1149:
1123:
1116:
1113:
1112:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1094:
1091:
1078:
1075:
1028:
1025:
1008:Tomb of Fu Hao
991:
988:
964:
963:
962:1101–1046 BCE
960:
951:
948:
944:
943:
942:1147–1102 BCE
940:
931:
927:
926:
917:
914:
910:
909:
908:1191–1148 BCE
906:
897:
893:
892:
888:
887:
886:1250–1192 BCE
884:
879:
875:
874:
873:1300–1250 BCE
871:
869:
867:
863:
862:
859:
856:
853:
795:) or Shāngyì (
711:
708:
686:Battle of Julu
523:
520:
506:, near modern
409:
408:
405:
404:
401:
400:
393:
387:
386:
380:
379:
372:
366:
365:
358:
352:
351:
349:Yue: Cantonese
345:
344:
334:
328:
327:
318:
312:
311:
304:
298:
297:
291:
290:
289:Transcriptions
282:
281:
280:"Ruins of Yin"
278:
274:
273:
266:
260:
259:
256:
255:
247:
246:
243:
242:
239:
235:
234:
231:
227:
226:
219:
215:
214:
209:
205:
204:
201:
195:
194:
191:
187:
186:
181:
178:
177:
174:
173:
141:
137:
136:
135:, Henan, China
129:Yindu District
126:
122:
121:
111:
102:
101:
95:
94:
93:
92:
83:
74:
73:
67:
66:
65:
64:
63:
60:
59:
43:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3376:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3354:Shang dynasty
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3311:
3309:
3294:
3286:
3284:
3276:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3265:
3262:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3242:
3239:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3207:
3203:
3202:
3200:
3196:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3181:
3179:
3177:
3173:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3151:
3147:
3146:
3144:
3142:
3138:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3123:
3121:
3119:
3115:
3107:
3104:
3103:
3102:
3099:
3095:
3092:
3091:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3079:
3075:
3074:
3072:
3068:
3062:
3059:
3055:
3052:
3051:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3024:
3020:
3019:
3017:
3013:
3007:
3004:
3000:
2997:
2996:
2995:
2992:
2988:
2985:
2984:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2961:
2958:
2957:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2944:
2941:
2940:
2939:
2936:
2935:
2933:
2929:
2923:
2920:
2916:
2913:
2912:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2899:
2896:
2895:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2880:
2878:
2874:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2850:
2849:
2846:
2842:
2839:
2838:
2837:
2834:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2821:
2820:
2817:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2799:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2776:
2773:
2772:
2771:
2768:
2765:
2761:
2760:
2758:
2754:
2747:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2695:
2694:
2691:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2678:
2677:
2674:
2670:
2667:
2666:
2665:
2662:
2661:
2659:
2655:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2623:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2610:
2607:
2606:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2584:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2566:
2563:
2562:
2561:
2558:
2557:
2555:
2551:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2531:
2528:
2519:
2514:
2512:
2507:
2505:
2500:
2499:
2496:
2484:
2481:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2434:
2432:
2428:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2403:
2401:
2399:
2395:
2389:
2388:Mukden Palace
2386:
2384:
2383:Koguryo sites
2381:
2380:
2378:
2376:
2372:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2345:Summer Palace
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2325:
2324:Puning Temple
2321:
2317:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2302:
2300:
2298:
2294:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2277:
2273:
2267:
2266:Potala Palace
2264:
2262:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2210:
2208:
2206:
2202:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2180:
2176:
2170:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2140:
2139:
2137:
2135:
2134:South Central
2131:
2126:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2102:
2099:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2072:Mount Sanqing
2070:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2036:Liangzhu City
2033:
2032:
2030:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2013:
2008:
2006:
2001:
1999:
1994:
1993:
1990:
1981:
1972:
1971:
1966:
1965:
1958:
1952:
1947:
1944:
1943:
1939:
1932:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1913:
1909:
1903:
1899:
1898:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1883:3-930698-02-1
1879:
1875:
1874:
1868:
1864:
1851:
1835:
1830:
1826:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1774:
1770:
1765:
1761:
1759:0-520-05455-5
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1737:0-520-09534-0
1733:
1729:
1724:
1720:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1701:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1683:
1681:
1680:
1670:
1669:
1661:
1658:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1618:
1615:
1610:
1595:
1592:
1588:
1583:
1580:
1576:
1571:
1568:
1564:
1559:
1556:
1552:
1551:Bagley (1999)
1547:
1544:
1540:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1514:
1511:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1484:Artibus Asiae
1478:
1475:
1463:
1459:
1453:
1450:
1446:
1438:
1436:
1432:
1427:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1394:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1378:
1375:
1371:
1366:
1363:
1359:
1354:
1351:
1347:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1331:
1326:
1314:
1299:
1298:
1297:Annals of Yin
1291:
1288:
1283:
1281:7-119-02347-0
1277:
1273:
1266:
1263:
1258:
1246:
1231:
1230:
1223:
1220:
1215:
1203:
1188:
1187:
1180:
1177:
1173:
1168:
1165:
1162:
1161:說文解字 entry 殷.
1160:
1159:Shuowen Jiezi
1153:
1150:
1138:
1134:
1128:
1125:
1122:
1121:
1114:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1096:
1092:
1090:
1088:
1084:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1071:
1065:
1064:
1058:
1047:
1041:
1040:
1033:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1000:
996:
989:
987:
984:
980:
976:
972:
961:
959:
955:
952:
946:
945:
941:
939:
935:
932:
928:
925:
921:
918:
911:
905:
901:
898:
894:
889:
883:
876:
872:
870:
868:
864:
860:
857:
854:
851:
850:
847:
845:
841:
836:
834:
830:
826:
822:
817:
815:
811:
807:
802:
788:
784:
783:
778:
774:
770:
769:James Menzies
766:
762:
758:
752:
750:
749:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
721:
716:
709:
707:
705:
701:
697:
696:
691:
687:
683:
682:
677:
673:
669:
664:
662:
658:
654:
649:
647:
642:
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112:Yinxu (China)
99:
71:
61:
41:
36:
30:
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2999:Panlongcheng
2812:Yangguanzhai
2764:Nanzhuangtou
2442:China Danxia
2398:Northwestern
2205:Southwestern
2194:
2046:Fujian tulou
1968:
1962:
1916:
1896:
1872:
1850:cite journal
1838:. Retrieved
1814:
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1452:
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1365:
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1353:
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1296:
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1228:
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1185:
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1152:
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1127:
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837:
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803:
780:
753:
748:dragon bones
746:
727:oracle bones
724:
704:Qing dynasty
693:
679:
665:
661:Zhou dynasty
650:
643:
631:Yellow River
620:
590:
580:
578:
573:
563:
560:oracle bones
556:Zhou dynasty
545:
541:
527:
525:
491:oracle bones
413:
412:
384:Southern Min
302:Hanyu Pinyin
29:
3283:Archaeology
3166:Shirenzigou
3106:Fanchengdui
3101:Fanchengdui
2960:Tangjiagang
2938:Pengtoushan
2609:Xinglonggou
2587:Xinglonggou
2565:Xinglonggou
2534:Paleolithic
2457:Grand Canal
2411:Mogao Caves
2335:Zhoukoudian
2305:Mount Wutai
2276:Norbulingka
2223:Fanjingshan
2153:Shennongjia
1797:: 321–333,
1679:Works cited
1087:Han Chinese
1081:A study of
938:Wen Wu Ding
840:Dong Zuobin
777:Wang Guowei
735:Wang Yirong
589:), and the
475: 1250
456: 1600
221:2006 (30th
218:Inscription
164: /
152:114°18′50″E
140:Coordinates
49: 1350
3308:Categories
3094:Dayangzhou
3054:Guangfulin
3044:Lingjiatan
2982:Sanxingdui
2950:Chengbeixi
2740:Maoqinggou
2698:Xishanping
2681:Xishanping
2669:Xishanping
2648:Chaodaogou
2622:Xituanshan
2592:Niuheliang
2577:Zhaobaogou
2560:Xinglongwa
2544:Bronze Age
2473:Yellow Sea
2467:Tusi Sites
2462:Silk Roads
2437:Great Wall
2314:including
2261:Dujiangyan
2248:Mount Emei
2238:Jiuzhaigou
2190:Wulingyuan
2062:Yellow Sea
1787:Li, Xueqin
1186:Pan Geng I
1115:References
833:Huan River
765:Luo Zhenyu
690:Li Daoyuan
574:Dàyì Shāng
477: – c.
468:Late Shang
458: – c.
376:Jan1 heoi1
316:Wade–Giles
149:36°07′36″N
18:Yin (city)
3217:Xichengyi
3184:Dabenkeng
3078:Zengpiyan
3034:Majiabang
3023:Kuahuqiao
2967:Qujialing
2943:Bashidang
2915:Chengziya
2853:Zhengzhou
2807:Jiangzhai
2770:Peiligang
2746:Majiayuan
2710:Zhukaigou
2643:Jinggouzi
2633:Baijinbao
2616:Laohushan
2599:Xiaoheyan
2539:Neolithic
2477:Bohai Sea
2375:Northeast
2233:Huanglong
2110:West Lake
2077:Mount Tai
2066:Bohai Sea
2056:Huangshan
1748:(1985) ,
1652:244133983
1644:2379-3163
1587:Li (2013)
1575:Li (2002)
1426:162745662
1358:Chou 1976
1323:ignored (
1313:cite book
1255:ignored (
1245:cite book
1212:ignored (
1202:cite book
1120:Citations
924:Geng Ding
913:Yinxu III
891:Yinxu II
787:Sima Qian
676:Sima Qian
627:Sima Qian
208:Reference
3141:Xinjiang
3049:Liangzhu
3006:Feijiahe
2994:Erligang
2972:Shijiahe
2910:Longshan
2905:Dawenkou
2898:Xishuipo
2893:Yangshao
2848:Erligang
2819:Longshan
2797:Yangshao
2676:Majiayao
2582:Hongshan
2169:Dengfeng
2115:Kulangsu
1894:(2000).
1813:(2013),
1811:Li, Feng
1697:(eds.),
1467:6 August
1303:28 March
1235:28 March
1229:Pan Geng
1192:29 March
1142:6 August
1133:"Yin Xu"
1093:See also
1068:Houmuwu
1037:Houmuwu
1012:Lady Hao
975:Xiao Xin
971:Pan Geng
947:Yinxu IV
597:Pan Geng
470:period (
370:Jyutping
199:Criteria
125:Location
3293:History
3273:History
3232:Shajing
3206:Beifudi
3161:Subeshi
3089:Wucheng
2866:Huanbei
2841:Xinzhai
2836:Erlitou
2787:Dadiwan
2715:Xindian
2686:Banshan
2664:Dadiwan
2272:Jokhang
2243:Lijiang
2105:Hongcun
2097:in Qufu
1840:3 March
1508:p. 241.
1504:3249839
1370:Xu 2002
1109:Huanbei
1016:Wu Ding
983:Huanbei
979:Xiao Yi
920:Lin Xin
900:Zu Geng
882:Wu Ding
866:Yinxu I
829:Huanbei
757:Xiaotun
743:malaria
720:Wu Ding
692:in his
678:in his
668:Fenghao
659:of the
646:Wu Ding
447:of the
427:Chinese
362:Yānhēui
323:Yin-hsü
264:Chinese
223:Session
3227:Shanma
3189:Beinan
3176:Taiwan
3150:Xiaohe
3131:Qugong
3084:Shixia
3061:Maqiao
3039:Songze
3029:Hemudu
2987:Jinsha
2977:Baodun
2922:Yueshi
2888:Beixin
2829:Shimao
2792:Baijia
2782:Cishan
2355:Xanadu
2103:, and
2087:Temple
2051:Lushan
1927:
1904:
1880:
1821:
1775:
1756:
1734:
1715:
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1642:
1535:
1502:
1424:
1278:
1137:UNESCO
1063:taotie
958:Di Xin
904:Zu Jia
819:Since
761:Anyang
633:to Bo
516:Shanxi
508:Anyang
496:UNESCO
464:Anyang
429::
391:Tâi-lô
241:720 ha
233:414 ha
193:Yin Xu
133:Anyang
3364:Yinxu
3212:Yumin
3198:Other
3156:Tarim
3126:Karuo
3118:Tibet
2883:Houli
2824:Taosi
2802:Banpo
2775:Jiahu
2735:Ordos
2730:Kayue
2720:Xicha
2703:Lajia
2693:Qijia
2572:Xinle
2297:North
2195:Yinxu
1970:Shang
1648:S2CID
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1527:[
1500:JSTOR
1422:S2CID
954:Di Yi
934:Wu Yi
858:Kings
852:Layer
806:Li Ji
672:Xi'an
564:Shāng
512:Hebei
504:Henan
498:as a
414:Yinxu
397:Ûn-hi
308:Yīnxū
254:Yinxu
33:Yinxu
3222:Siba
2955:Daxi
2725:Siwa
2322:and
2274:and
2259:and
2250:and
2177:and
2101:Xidi
2093:and
2089:and
2027:East
1925:ISBN
1902:ISBN
1878:ISBN
1863:help
1842:2009
1819:ISBN
1773:ISBN
1754:ISBN
1732:ISBN
1713:ISBN
1640:ISSN
1605:洛阳考古
1533:ISBN
1469:2007
1325:help
1305:2018
1276:ISBN
1257:help
1237:2018
1214:help
1194:2018
1156:See
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1070:ding
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1039:ding
1035:The
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773:1917
731:1899
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639:Tang
601:Qufu
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1957:Yan
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