2114:
1335:
enabled him to confirm that
Xiaotun was indeed the Yinxu (Ruins of Yin) in the historical records. In 1917 Wang Guowei successfully deciphered the names in oracle bone inscriptions of Shang ancestors and from these was able to reconstruct the Shang genealogy. It matched the record in (司馬遷), Sima Qian's 'Shiji' (史記) (Records of the Historian). Thus, the legend of Shang dynasty was confirmed as history and the importance of Yinxu was recognized by the academic world. The first excavations at Yinxu began in 1928.
94:
66:
87:
704:
1021:
3268:
3258:
59:
988:
1434:
Archeology, Chinese
Academy of Social Sciences (formerly Chinese Academy of Sciences) have been responsible for excavations have yielded some very important results: evidence of stratification of the Hougang site, remains of palaces and temples, royal cemeteries, oracle bone inscriptions, bronze-and bone-workshops and the discovery of the Shang city on the north bank of the Huan River.
3278:
29:
1334:
The
Discovery of Oracle Bones and the Locating of Yinxu site. In 1899, Wang Yirong, the director of the Imperial College and a well-known scholar of ancient inscriptions discovered dragon bones (known today as oracle bone inscriptions). He sent his assistants to Xiaotun village in Anyang, (安陽), and
1034:
Before the excavation of Yinxu, the
Chinese historical record began in the first year of the subsequent Zhou dynasty, but the discovery of oracle bone inscriptions confirmed the historicity of the Shang, which had come under question. The framework of early ancient Chinese history was reconstructed,
983:
At 30 square kilometers, Yinxu is the largest archaeological site in China. Excavations have uncovered over 80 rammed-earth foundation sites including palaces, shrines, tombs and workshops. From these remains archaeologists have been able to confirm that this was the spiritual and cultural center of
1433:
Since the first excavation in 1928, archaeologists have been working at the Yinxu site for over seventy years. There have been two main periods of excavation: (1) from 1928–1937, when excavations were carried out by the
Institute of History and Philosophy; and (2) since 1950, when the Institute of
1011:
and has been dated to 1250 BCE. It was completely undisturbed, having escaped the looting that had damaged the other tombs on the site, and in addition to the remains of the Queen the tomb was discovered to contain six dog skeletons, 16 human slave skeletons, and numerous grave goods of huge
743:
News of the discovery of the oracle bones created a market for them among antiques collectors, and led to multiple waves of illegal digs over several decades, with tens of thousands of pieces taken. The source of the "dragon bones" was eventually traced to the small village of
1012:
archaeological value. The tomb was thoroughly excavated and extensively restored and is now open to the public. The exhibition hall also features chariot pits where the earliest samples of animal-driven carts discovered by
Chinese archaeology are on display.
957:
For most of Yinxu I, the site was a small settlement. The first large buildings appeared in the later part of the period, together with oracle bone inscriptions, large-scale human sacrifice and chariot burials. Dong also included kings
482:
that were discovered being sold nearby. The rediscovery of Yinxu marked the beginning of decades of intensive excavation and study. It is one of China's oldest and largest archeological sites, and was selected by
2113:
974:
urban site, which was roughly contemporaneous with the early part of Yinxu I. Excavation at the latter site is complicated by the fact that it lies under Anyang airport, and no inscriptions have been found.
1045:
oracle bones unearthed at Yinxu comprise much of the earliest evidence of written
Chinese. Bronze and jade relics constitute evidence of the funeral customs of Yinxu, including human and animal sacrifice.
2450:
3322:
568:
Among surviving ancient
Chinese historical documents, Yin is described as the final capital of the Shang dynasty. There is some disagreement, though, as to when the move to Yin took place. Both the
778:, confirming the historical authenticity of the legendary Shang dynasty and the archaeological importance of Yinxu. However, the oracle bone inscriptions record the name of the state as Dàyìshāng (
813:
805:. They uncovered the remains of a royal palace, several royal tombs, and more than 100,000 oracle bones that show the Shang had a well-structured script with a complete system of written signs.
816:
have uncovered evidence of stratification at the
Hougang site, remains of palaces and temples, royal cemeteries, oracle bone inscriptions, bronze and bone workshops and the discovery of the
478:. Along with oracle bone script and other material evidence for the Shang's existence, the site was forgotten for millennia. Its rediscovery in 1899 resulted from an investigation into
2504:
2371:
1998:
1049:
A large number of handicrafts and workshops have been discovered at Yinxu. Patterns on utensils and bronzeware include those resembling animal faces, whorl patterns, and the
644:, the last of the Shang dynasty kings, is particularly remembered for his ruthlessness and debauchery. His increasingly autocratic laws alienated the nobility until King
533:) originally referred to "vibrant music-making". Although frequently used throughout written history to refer to both the Shang dynasty and its final capital, the name
637:. Wu Ding launched numerous military campaigns from this base against surrounding tribes, thus securing Shang rule and raising the dynasty to its historical zenith.
3332:
691:
period (420-589 CE). Thereafter, the once-great city of Yīn was relegated to legend along with its founding dynasty until its rediscovery in the final years of the
740:) at a traditional Chinese pharmacy. He noticed strange carvings on these bones and concluded that these could be samples of an ancient form of Chinese writing.
2435:
2497:
2221:
1991:
832:
588:
moved the Shang capital to Yin. The Bamboo Annals state, more specifically, that during his reign Pan Geng moved the capital from Yān (奄; present-day
768:
deciphered the oracle bone inscriptions of the names of the Shang kings and constructed a complete Shang genealogy. This closely matched that in the
3307:
970:
in his oracle bone period I, but no inscriptions can be reliably assigned to pre-Wu Ding reigns. Some scholars assign these kings to the nearby
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1984:
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2007:
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824:. One of the largest and oldest sites of Chinese archaeology, excavations here have laid the foundation for work across the country.
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2532:
2167:
1870:
1746:
1724:
1268:
86:
827:
Four periods are recognized at the site based on pottery types. They correlate approximately with oracle bone periods assigned by
3281:
2270:
1756:——— (1999), "The Shang: China's first historical dynasty", in Loewe, Michael; Shaughnessy, Edward L. (eds.),
688:
2626:
770:
669:
610:
344:
134:
379:
1952:
1092:
640:
According to the traditional accounts, later rulers became pleasure-seekers who took no interest in state affairs. King
433:
2029:
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affirmed that the area was the site of the last Shang dynasty capital. Canadian missionary and oracle bone analyst
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2275:
2079:
1838:
1683:
1611:
Peng, Peng (2021). "Decentralizing the Origin of
Civilization: Early Archaeological Efforts in China".
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187:
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1301:
1233:
1190:
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522:
471:
429:
1332:"The Discovery of Oracle Bones and the Locating of Yinxu site". The Garden Museum of Yin Ruins.
1446:
3233:
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2955:
2758:
2698:
2631:
2621:
2604:
2587:
2440:
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1913:
1890:
1866:
1823:"A Critical Review on the Rise of Civilization, the Formation of the State, and Early Slavery"
1807:
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1909:
1851:
1734:
1313:
1245:
1202:
1074:(inherited in the maternal line) from Yinxu graves showed similarity with modern northern
1008:
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475:
304:
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3177:
3027:
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3011:
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2910:
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2734:
2318:
2070:
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making it possible to assess the credibility of traditional accounts of Shang history.
996:
922:
674:
633:
Regardless, Yin was clearly established as the Shang capital by the time of Shang king
117:
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3144:
3114:
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2723:
2718:
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2060:
1958:
1679:
1675:
1640:
1414:
683:
627:
580:
517:
437:
630:, on the south side of the river—a location inconsistent with the location of Yin.)
3210:
2987:
2943:
2800:
2752:
2713:
2430:
2034:
1056:
1025:
967:
793:
The first official archeological excavations at Yinxu were led by the archeologist
736:
692:
649:
619:
544:
479:
372:
290:
1697:
1471:
Thorp, Robert L. (1981). "The Date of Tomb 5 at Yinxu, Anyang: A Review Article".
1884:
1860:
1510:
Xià-Shāng-Zhōu duàndài gōngchéng 1996—2000 nián jiēduàn chéngguǒ bàogào: Jiǎn běn
574:, (specifically, the "Pan Geng" chapter, which is believed to date from the late
3094:
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2926:
2597:
2575:
2553:
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2211:
2141:
1976:
1075:
987:
926:
828:
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723:
715:
548:
1791:
1518:
The Xia-Shang-Zhou Chronology Project Report for the years 1996–2000 (abridged)
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2610:
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2455:
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2236:
2226:
2201:
2178:
2050:
2015:
1660:. 82nd Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists.
1405:
1388:
995:
The best preserved of the Shang dynasty royal tombs unearthed at Yinxu is the
821:
753:
678:
456:
1632:
1508:
149:
136:
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2903:
2465:
2404:
2098:
2065:
2054:
2044:
1775:
912:
775:
727:
664:
615:
337:
1216:
1778:(2002), "The Xia-Shang-Zhou Chronology Project: Methodology and Results",
1739:
Sources of Shang History: The Oracle-Bone Inscriptions of Bronze Age China
2886:
2157:
2103:
2039:
1173:
963:
959:
663:, and Yīn was abandoned to fall into ruin. These ruins were mentioned by
660:
585:
358:
3194:
2854:
2829:
2674:
2409:
2343:
2328:
2260:
2146:
2093:
1968:
1934:
1906:
Ancient Chinese Writing, Oracle Bone Inscriptions from the Ruins of Yin
1657:
Poster: Preliminary Research on Hereditary Features of Yinxu Population
1492:
1097:
1004:
971:
908:
870:
817:
731:
718:, which were first recognized as containing ancient Chinese writing in
708:
656:
634:
1121:
623:
526:
470:) which spanned the reigns of 12 Shang kings and saw the emergence of
200:
2817:
1284:
1125:
1051:
1000:
892:
749:
504:
496:
484:
452:
121:
1484:
1146:
1655:
1624:
2812:
2790:
2763:
2691:
1654:
Zeng, Wen; Li, Jiawei; Yue, Hongbin; Zhou, Hui; Zhu, Hong (2013).
1019:
986:
942:
702:
500:
492:
730:. One account of Wang's discovery was that he was suffering from
707:
Ox scapula recording divinations by Zhēng 爭 in the reign of King
652:
was able to gain the support to rise up and overthrow the Shang.
543:) appears to have not been used in this way until the succeeding
2089:
1945:
760:
also independently identified Anyang as the capital in 1910. In
618:, Pan Geng moved the Shang capital from a location north of the
589:
28:
2486:
1980:
1055:
pattern. Large-scale bronzeware excavated at the site like the
384:
814:
Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences
1760:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 232–291,
1692:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 124–231,
1078:, but significant differences from southern Han Chinese.
363:
349:
1825:. draft. The Science & Philosophy Forums (2005–2008)
3323:
Major National Historical and Cultural Sites in Henan
1431:"Information Panel". The Garden Museum of Yin Ruins.
325:
309:
295:
33:
Yinxu, the site of the Shang dynasty capital between
3186:
3163:
3128:
3105:
3058:
3003:
2919:
2864:
2744:
2645:
2541:
2418:
2385:
2362:
2284:
2192:
2121:
2014:
378:
371:
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343:
336:
319:
303:
289:
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277:
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251:
242:
226:
218:
206:
196:
186:
178:
169:
128:
113:
1003:was a military leader and the wife of Shang King
547:. In particular, the name does not appear in the
1912:and Jeff Moser. Taipei: National Palace Museum.
1889:(2nd ed.). Harvard University Asia Center.
1062:were cast by an elaborate section-mold process.
797:of the Institute of History and Philosophy from
1447:"An Yang, ancient capital of the Shang dynasty"
2460:Migratory Bird Sanctuaries along the Coast of
2049:Migratory Bird Sanctuaries along the Coast of
655:The Zhou dynasty established their capital at
455:, Henan, Yin served as the capital during the
2498:
2436:Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties
1992:
1426:
1424:
785:
779:
603:
597:
556:
538:
257:
16:Site of the last capital of the Shang dynasty
8:
1935:UNESCO World Heritage Center - Yinxu Listing
1741:, Berkeley: University of California Press,
1717:Oracle Bone Collections in the United States
1327:
1325:
1323:
734:at the time and was prescribed Longgu (龍骨) (
21:
423:
2505:
2491:
2483:
1999:
1985:
1977:
1939:
1804:Early China: a social and cultural history
507:. Public access to the site is permitted.
274:
27:
20:
1862:The magic square: cities in ancient China
1551:
1404:
1370:
1160:
831:, royal reigns and dates assigned by the
1806:, New York: Cambridge University Press,
866:
837:
1387:Goodrich, L. Carrington (August 1957).
1113:
626:, the capital of Shang dynasty founder
3333:National archaeological parks of China
1847:
1836:
1758:The Cambridge History of Ancient China
1689:The Cambridge History of Ancient China
1539:
1309:
1299:
1241:
1231:
1198:
1188:
491:in 2006. Yinxu is located in northern
409:
327:
239:
1007:. The tomb was discovered in 1976 by
602:), where it was then renamed to Yīn (
428:'Ruins of Yin') is a Chinese
225:
217:
205:
195:
185:
177:
168:
7:
1904:Xu, Yahui (許雅惠 Hsu Ya-huei) (2002).
1865:. Edition Axel Menges. p. 428.
1346:
3277:
1263:. Beijing: Foreign Language Press.
2395:Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor
1719:. University of California Press.
1575:
1563:
1358:
1088:Periodization of the Shang dynasty
677:, and described in some detail by
499:and the borders Henan shares with
14:
1780:Journal of East Asian Archaeology
1389:"James Mellon Menzies, 1885–1957"
991:Burial pit at Tomb of Lady Fu Hao
833:Xia–Shang–Zhou Chronology Project
608:). (Conversely, according to the
3276:
3267:
3266:
3256:
2130:Ancient Building Complex in the
2112:
1678:(1999), "Shang archaeology", in
565:(大邑商 "Great Settlement Shang").
92:
85:
64:
57:
3308:Archaeological museums in China
2271:Sichuan Giant Panda Sanctuaries
689:Southern and Northern Dynasties
684:Commentary to the River Classic
385:
364:
350:
1715:Chou, Hung-hsiang 周鴻翔 (1976).
820:site on the north bank of the
771:Records of the Grand Historian
670:Records of the Grand Historian
611:Records of the Grand Historian
551:, which refer to the state as
326:
310:
296:
258:
1:
3348:World Heritage Sites in China
3313:Chinese architectural history
2513:Prehistoric cultures of China
2008:World Heritage Sites in China
1698:10.1017/CHOL9780521470308.005
596:), to a site called Běimĕng (
515:According to the 2nd century
460:
441:
93:
65:
41:
34:
2147:Kaiping Diaolou and Villages
1821:Lin, Ershen (19 July 2007).
1588:Zhou Yaogang (周要港) (2020).
1393:The Journal of Asian Studies
1093:Historical capitals of China
938:
918:
904:
884:
714:Yinxu is well known for its
561:), and its final capital as
2030:Classical Gardens of Suzhou
1513:夏商周断代工程1996—2000年阶段成果报告: 简本
1261:An Outline History of China
812:ongoing excavations by the
3369:
1792:10.1163/156852302322454585
1520:], Beijing: 世界图书出版公司,
699:Archaeological discoveries
451:). Located in present-day
432:corresponding to Yin, the
172:UNESCO World Heritage Site
3252:
3239:Yellow River civilization
3229:
2518:
2217:Honghe Hani Rice Terraces
2174:Zuojiang Huashan Rock Art
2110:
1965:
1950:
1942:
1908:. English translation by
1886:Chinese History: A Manual
1406:10.1017/S0021911800134813
901:
896:
879:
874:
869:
854:
786:
780:
752:. In 1910, noted scholar
604:
598:
557:
539:
419:
396:
273:
247:
234:
192:Cultural: ii, iii, iv, vi
165:
51:
26:
3303:Ancient Chinese capitals
2920:Middle and Upper Yangtze
2137:Historic Centre of Macau
2023:Archaeological Ruins of
1593:
1589:
1512:
1451:China Central Television
673:, more precisely in the
576:Spring and Autumn period
2329:Ancient City of Pingyao
2299:Chengde Mountain Resort
1963:1350 BC – 1046 BC
1859:Schinz, Alfred (1996).
687:, published during the
521:dictionary (說文解字), the
407:Mandarin pronunciation:
3004:Lower Yangtze and Huai
2627:Liaoning bronze dagger
2305:Putuo Zongcheng Temple
2202:Chengjiang Fossil Site
2156:Historic Monuments of
1846:Cite journal requires
1684:Shaughnessy, Edward L.
1554:, pp. 97–98, 203.
1031:
992:
711:
584:state that Shang king
150:36.12667°N 114.31389°E
2276:Three Parallel Rivers
2080:Cemetery of Confucius
1613:History of Humanities
1023:
1016:Historical importance
990:
706:
474:, the earliest known
3244:Yangtze civilization
2354:Beijing Central Axis
2168:Gaocheng Observatory
1507:XSZCP Group (2000),
1259:Bai, Shouyi (2002).
999:. The extraordinary
468: 1046 BCE
449: 1046 BCE
45: 1046 BCE
2745:Middle Yellow River
2472:Badain Jaran Desert
2468:of China (Phase II)
2241:Leshan Giant Buddha
2084:Kong Family Mansion
1881:Wilkinson, Endymion
1735:Keightley, David N.
984:the Shang dynasty.
511:Traditional history
489:World Heritage Site
155:36.12667; 114.31389
146: /
23:
2865:Lower Yellow River
2646:Upper Yellow River
2542:Northeastern China
2309:Xumi Fushou Temple
2207:Dazu Rock Carvings
2057:of China (Phase I)
1590:文化遗产价值的评估——以安阳殷墟为例
1032:
993:
850:Approximate dates
844:Oracle bone period
726:, director of the
712:
472:oracle bone script
430:archeological site
179:Official name
73:Shown within Henan
3290:
3289:
3234:Liao civilization
2480:
2479:
2441:South China Karst
2405:Xinjiang Tianshan
2164:Shaolin Monastery
1975:
1974:
1966:Succeeded by
1919:978-957-562-420-0
1896:978-0-674-00249-4
1813:978-0-521-71981-0
1767:978-0-521-47030-8
1707:978-0-521-47030-8
1578:, pp. 80–83.
1527:978-7-5062-4138-0
1072:mitochondrial DNA
955:
954:
594:Shandong Province
592:, in present-day
571:Book of Documents
523:Chinese character
426:
400:
399:
392:
391:
345:Yale Romanization
284:Standard Mandarin
238:
237:
104:Show map of China
76:Show map of Henan
3360:
3328:Museums in Henan
3280:
3279:
3270:
3269:
3260:
2617:Upper Xiajiadian
2593:Lower Xiajiadian
2507:
2500:
2493:
2484:
2419:Multiple regions
2349:Yungang Grottoes
2339:Temple of Heaven
2315:
2267:
2170:
2152:Longmen Grottoes
2132:Wudang Mountains
2116:
2001:
1994:
1987:
1978:
1953:Capital of China
1943:Preceded by
1940:
1923:
1900:
1876:
1855:
1849:
1844:
1842:
1834:
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1830:
1817:
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1585:
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1552:Keightley (1985)
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1459:
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1408:
1384:
1378:
1371:Wilkinson (2000)
1368:
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1213:
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1200:
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1186:
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1170:
1164:
1161:Keightley (1999)
1158:
1152:
1143:
1137:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1118:
1044:
1043:
979:Excavation sites
838:
789:
788:
783:
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728:Imperial Academy
659:near modern-day
607:
606:
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560:
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462:
450:
446:
443:
427:
424:
421:
413:
408:
388:
387:
367:
366:
353:
352:
332:
331:
330:
315:
314:
313:
299:
298:
275:
261:
260:
240:
227:Buffer zone
161:
160:
158:
157:
156:
151:
147:
144:
143:
142:
139:
105:
96:
95:
89:
77:
68:
67:
61:
46:
43:
39:
36:
31:
24:
3368:
3367:
3363:
3362:
3361:
3359:
3358:
3357:
3318:Cities in Henan
3293:
3292:
3291:
3286:
3248:
3225:
3182:
3159:
3124:
3101:
3054:
2999:
2915:
2860:
2740:
2641:
2537:
2514:
2511:
2481:
2476:
2414:
2410:Qinghai Hoh Xil
2381:
2358:
2302:
2280:
2258:
2246:Mount Qingcheng
2188:
2161:
2117:
2108:
2010:
2005:
1971:
1962:
1956:
1948:
1931:
1926:
1920:
1910:Mark Caltonhill
1903:
1897:
1879:
1873:
1858:
1845:
1835:
1828:
1826:
1820:
1814:
1798:
1774:
1768:
1755:
1749:
1733:
1727:
1714:
1708:
1674:
1665:
1653:
1652:
1648:
1610:
1609:
1605:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1586:
1582:
1574:
1570:
1562:
1558:
1550:
1546:
1538:
1534:
1528:
1514:
1506:
1505:
1501:
1485:10.2307/3249839
1470:
1469:
1465:
1455:
1453:
1445:
1444:
1440:
1430:
1429:
1422:
1386:
1385:
1381:
1369:
1365:
1357:
1353:
1345:
1341:
1331:
1330:
1321:
1308:
1298:
1291:
1289:
1283:
1282:
1278:
1271:
1258:
1257:
1253:
1240:
1230:
1223:
1221:
1215:
1214:
1210:
1197:
1187:
1180:
1178:
1172:
1171:
1167:
1159:
1155:
1144:
1140:
1130:
1128:
1120:
1119:
1115:
1106:
1084:
1068:
1066:Genetic studies
1041:
1039:
1018:
1009:Zheng Zhenxiang
981:
748:, just outside
701:
513:
476:Chinese writing
467:
463:
448:
444:
411:[ín.ɕý]
406:
311:
266:Literal meaning
174:
154:
152:
148:
145:
140:
137:
135:
133:
132:
109:
108:
107:
106:
103:
102:
99:
98:
97:
80:
79:
78:
75:
74:
71:
70:
69:
47:
44:
37:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3366:
3364:
3356:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3338:Ruins in China
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3295:
3294:
3288:
3287:
3285:
3284:
3274:
3264:
3253:
3250:
3249:
3247:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3230:
3227:
3226:
3224:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3190:
3188:
3184:
3183:
3181:
3180:
3175:
3169:
3167:
3161:
3160:
3158:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3134:
3132:
3126:
3125:
3123:
3122:
3117:
3111:
3109:
3103:
3102:
3100:
3099:
3098:
3097:
3087:
3086:
3085:
3075:
3070:
3062:
3060:
3059:Southern China
3056:
3055:
3053:
3052:
3047:
3046:
3045:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3007:
3005:
3001:
3000:
2998:
2997:
2992:
2991:
2990:
2980:
2979:
2978:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2952:
2951:
2941:
2936:
2935:
2934:
2923:
2921:
2917:
2916:
2914:
2913:
2908:
2907:
2906:
2896:
2891:
2890:
2889:
2879:
2874:
2868:
2866:
2862:
2861:
2859:
2858:
2851:
2850:
2849:
2847:Xiaoshuangqiao
2844:
2834:
2833:
2832:
2822:
2821:
2820:
2815:
2805:
2804:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2767:
2766:
2756:
2748:
2746:
2742:
2741:
2739:
2738:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2695:
2694:
2689:
2679:
2678:
2677:
2672:
2662:
2661:
2660:
2649:
2647:
2643:
2642:
2640:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2607:
2602:
2601:
2600:
2590:
2585:
2584:
2583:
2578:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2557:
2556:
2545:
2543:
2539:
2538:
2536:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2519:
2516:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2509:
2502:
2495:
2487:
2478:
2477:
2475:
2474:
2469:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2422:
2420:
2416:
2415:
2413:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2391:
2389:
2383:
2382:
2380:
2379:
2374:
2368:
2366:
2360:
2359:
2357:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2319:Forbidden City
2316:
2296:
2290:
2288:
2282:
2281:
2279:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2259:including the
2252:
2243:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2198:
2196:
2190:
2189:
2187:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2162:including the
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2127:
2125:
2119:
2118:
2111:
2109:
2107:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2087:
2073:
2071:Wuyi Mountains
2068:
2063:
2058:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2020:
2018:
2012:
2011:
2006:
2004:
2003:
1996:
1989:
1981:
1973:
1972:
1967:
1964:
1949:
1944:
1938:
1937:
1930:
1929:External links
1927:
1925:
1924:
1918:
1901:
1895:
1877:
1871:
1856:
1848:|journal=
1818:
1812:
1796:
1772:
1766:
1753:
1747:
1731:
1725:
1712:
1706:
1680:Loewe, Michael
1676:Bagley, Robert
1671:
1664:
1663:
1646:
1625:10.1086/715935
1619:(2): 515–548.
1603:
1596:(in Chinese).
1580:
1568:
1566:, p. 330.
1556:
1544:
1542:, p. 181.
1532:
1526:
1499:
1479:(3): 239–246.
1463:
1438:
1420:
1399:(4): 672–673.
1379:
1363:
1351:
1339:
1319:
1310:|website=
1276:
1269:
1251:
1242:|website=
1208:
1199:|website=
1165:
1163:, p. 232.
1153:
1138:
1112:
1105:
1102:
1101:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1083:
1080:
1067:
1064:
1017:
1014:
997:Tomb of Fu Hao
980:
977:
953:
952:
951:1101–1046 BCE
949:
940:
937:
933:
932:
931:1147–1102 BCE
929:
920:
916:
915:
906:
903:
899:
898:
897:1191–1148 BCE
895:
886:
882:
881:
877:
876:
875:1250–1192 BCE
873:
868:
864:
863:
862:1300–1250 BCE
860:
858:
856:
852:
851:
848:
845:
842:
784:) or Shāngyì (
700:
697:
675:Battle of Julu
512:
509:
495:, near modern
398:
397:
394:
393:
390:
389:
382:
376:
375:
369:
368:
361:
355:
354:
347:
341:
340:
338:Yue: Cantonese
334:
333:
323:
317:
316:
307:
301:
300:
293:
287:
286:
280:
279:
278:Transcriptions
271:
270:
269:"Ruins of Yin"
267:
263:
262:
255:
249:
248:
245:
244:
236:
235:
232:
231:
228:
224:
223:
220:
216:
215:
208:
204:
203:
198:
194:
193:
190:
184:
183:
180:
176:
175:
170:
167:
166:
163:
162:
130:
126:
125:
124:, Henan, China
118:Yindu District
115:
111:
110:
100:
91:
90:
84:
83:
82:
81:
72:
63:
62:
56:
55:
54:
53:
52:
49:
48:
32:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3365:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3343:Shang dynasty
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3300:
3298:
3283:
3275:
3273:
3265:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3254:
3251:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3231:
3228:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3196:
3192:
3191:
3189:
3185:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3170:
3168:
3166:
3162:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3140:
3136:
3135:
3133:
3131:
3127:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3112:
3110:
3108:
3104:
3096:
3093:
3092:
3091:
3088:
3084:
3081:
3080:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3068:
3064:
3063:
3061:
3057:
3051:
3048:
3044:
3041:
3040:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3013:
3009:
3008:
3006:
3002:
2996:
2993:
2989:
2986:
2985:
2984:
2981:
2977:
2974:
2973:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2950:
2947:
2946:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2933:
2930:
2929:
2928:
2925:
2924:
2922:
2918:
2912:
2909:
2905:
2902:
2901:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2888:
2885:
2884:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2869:
2867:
2863:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2839:
2838:
2835:
2831:
2828:
2827:
2826:
2823:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2810:
2809:
2806:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2788:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2765:
2762:
2761:
2760:
2757:
2754:
2750:
2749:
2747:
2743:
2736:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2684:
2683:
2680:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2667:
2666:
2663:
2659:
2656:
2655:
2654:
2651:
2650:
2648:
2644:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2612:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2599:
2596:
2595:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2573:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2555:
2552:
2551:
2550:
2547:
2546:
2544:
2540:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2520:
2517:
2508:
2503:
2501:
2496:
2494:
2489:
2488:
2485:
2473:
2470:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2423:
2421:
2417:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2392:
2390:
2388:
2384:
2378:
2377:Mukden Palace
2375:
2373:
2372:Koguryo sites
2370:
2369:
2367:
2365:
2361:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2334:Summer Palace
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2314:
2313:Puning Temple
2310:
2306:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2291:
2289:
2287:
2283:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2266:
2262:
2256:
2255:Potala Palace
2253:
2251:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2199:
2197:
2195:
2191:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2169:
2165:
2159:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2129:
2128:
2126:
2124:
2123:South Central
2120:
2115:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2091:
2088:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2061:Mount Sanqing
2059:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2025:Liangzhu City
2022:
2021:
2019:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2002:
1997:
1995:
1990:
1988:
1983:
1982:
1979:
1970:
1961:
1960:
1955:
1954:
1947:
1941:
1936:
1933:
1932:
1928:
1921:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1902:
1898:
1892:
1888:
1887:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1872:3-930698-02-1
1868:
1864:
1863:
1857:
1853:
1840:
1824:
1819:
1815:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1763:
1759:
1754:
1750:
1748:0-520-05455-5
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1726:0-520-09534-0
1722:
1718:
1713:
1709:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1690:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1672:
1670:
1669:
1659:
1658:
1650:
1647:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1607:
1604:
1599:
1584:
1581:
1577:
1572:
1569:
1565:
1560:
1557:
1553:
1548:
1545:
1541:
1540:Bagley (1999)
1536:
1533:
1529:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1503:
1500:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1473:Artibus Asiae
1467:
1464:
1452:
1448:
1442:
1439:
1435:
1427:
1425:
1421:
1416:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1383:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1367:
1364:
1360:
1355:
1352:
1348:
1343:
1340:
1336:
1328:
1326:
1324:
1320:
1315:
1303:
1288:
1287:
1286:Annals of Yin
1280:
1277:
1272:
1270:7-119-02347-0
1266:
1262:
1255:
1252:
1247:
1235:
1220:
1219:
1212:
1209:
1204:
1192:
1177:
1176:
1169:
1166:
1162:
1157:
1154:
1151:
1150:說文解字 entry 殷.
1149:
1148:Shuowen Jiezi
1142:
1139:
1127:
1123:
1117:
1114:
1111:
1110:
1103:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1085:
1081:
1079:
1077:
1073:
1065:
1063:
1061:
1060:
1054:
1053:
1047:
1036:
1030:
1029:
1022:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
989:
985:
978:
976:
973:
969:
965:
961:
950:
948:
944:
941:
935:
934:
930:
928:
924:
921:
917:
914:
910:
907:
900:
894:
890:
887:
883:
878:
872:
865:
861:
859:
857:
853:
849:
846:
843:
840:
839:
836:
834:
830:
825:
823:
819:
815:
811:
806:
804:
800:
796:
791:
777:
773:
772:
767:
763:
759:
758:James Menzies
755:
751:
747:
741:
739:
738:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
710:
705:
698:
696:
694:
690:
686:
685:
680:
676:
672:
671:
666:
662:
658:
653:
651:
647:
643:
638:
636:
631:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
612:
595:
591:
587:
583:
582:
581:Bamboo Annals
577:
573:
572:
566:
564:
554:
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546:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
519:
518:Shuowen Jiezi
510:
508:
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502:
498:
494:
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486:
481:
477:
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458:
454:
439:
438:Shang dynasty
435:
434:final capital
431:
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112:
101:Yinxu (China)
88:
60:
50:
30:
25:
19:
2988:Panlongcheng
2801:Yangguanzhai
2753:Nanzhuangtou
2431:China Danxia
2387:Northwestern
2194:Southwestern
2183:
2035:Fujian tulou
1957:
1951:
1905:
1885:
1861:
1839:cite journal
1827:. Retrieved
1803:
1783:
1779:
1757:
1738:
1716:
1688:
1667:
1666:
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1649:
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1583:
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1559:
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1535:
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1454:. Retrieved
1441:
1432:
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1382:
1366:
1361:, p. 6.
1354:
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1342:
1333:
1290:. Retrieved
1285:
1279:
1260:
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1222:. Retrieved
1217:
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1179:. Retrieved
1174:
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1116:
1108:
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1050:
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835:as follows:
826:
807:
792:
769:
742:
737:dragon bones
735:
716:oracle bones
713:
693:Qing dynasty
682:
668:
654:
650:Zhou dynasty
639:
632:
620:Yellow River
609:
579:
569:
567:
562:
552:
549:oracle bones
545:Zhou dynasty
534:
530:
516:
514:
480:oracle bones
402:
401:
373:Southern Min
291:Hanyu Pinyin
18:
3272:Archaeology
3155:Shirenzigou
3095:Fanchengdui
3090:Fanchengdui
2949:Tangjiagang
2927:Pengtoushan
2598:Xinglonggou
2576:Xinglonggou
2554:Xinglonggou
2523:Paleolithic
2446:Grand Canal
2400:Mogao Caves
2324:Zhoukoudian
2294:Mount Wutai
2265:Norbulingka
2212:Fanjingshan
2142:Shennongjia
1786:: 321–333,
1668:Works cited
1076:Han Chinese
1070:A study of
927:Wen Wu Ding
829:Dong Zuobin
766:Wang Guowei
724:Wang Yirong
578:), and the
464: 1250
445: 1600
210:2006 (30th
207:Inscription
153: /
141:114°18′50″E
129:Coordinates
38: 1350
3297:Categories
3083:Dayangzhou
3043:Guangfulin
3033:Lingjiatan
2971:Sanxingdui
2939:Chengbeixi
2729:Maoqinggou
2687:Xishanping
2670:Xishanping
2658:Xishanping
2637:Chaodaogou
2611:Xituanshan
2581:Niuheliang
2566:Zhaobaogou
2549:Xinglongwa
2533:Bronze Age
2462:Yellow Sea
2456:Tusi Sites
2451:Silk Roads
2426:Great Wall
2303:including
2250:Dujiangyan
2237:Mount Emei
2227:Jiuzhaigou
2179:Wulingyuan
2051:Yellow Sea
1776:Li, Xueqin
1175:Pan Geng I
1104:References
822:Huan River
754:Luo Zhenyu
679:Li Daoyuan
563:Dàyì Shāng
466: – c.
457:Late Shang
447: – c.
365:Jan1 heoi1
305:Wade–Giles
138:36°07′36″N
3206:Xichengyi
3173:Dabenkeng
3067:Zengpiyan
3023:Majiabang
3012:Kuahuqiao
2956:Qujialing
2932:Bashidang
2904:Chengziya
2842:Zhengzhou
2796:Jiangzhai
2759:Peiligang
2735:Majiayuan
2699:Zhukaigou
2632:Jinggouzi
2622:Baijinbao
2605:Laohushan
2588:Xiaoheyan
2528:Neolithic
2466:Bohai Sea
2364:Northeast
2222:Huanglong
2099:West Lake
2066:Mount Tai
2055:Bohai Sea
2045:Huangshan
1737:(1985) ,
1641:244133983
1633:2379-3163
1576:Li (2013)
1564:Li (2002)
1415:162745662
1347:Chou 1976
1312:ignored (
1302:cite book
1244:ignored (
1234:cite book
1201:ignored (
1191:cite book
1109:Citations
913:Geng Ding
902:Yinxu III
880:Yinxu II
776:Sima Qian
665:Sima Qian
616:Sima Qian
197:Reference
3130:Xinjiang
3038:Liangzhu
2995:Feijiahe
2983:Erligang
2961:Shijiahe
2899:Longshan
2894:Dawenkou
2887:Xishuipo
2882:Yangshao
2837:Erligang
2808:Longshan
2786:Yangshao
2665:Majiayao
2571:Hongshan
2158:Dengfeng
2104:Kulangsu
1883:(2000).
1802:(2013),
1800:Li, Feng
1686:(eds.),
1456:6 August
1292:28 March
1224:28 March
1218:Pan Geng
1181:29 March
1131:6 August
1122:"Yin Xu"
1082:See also
1057:Houmuwu
1026:Houmuwu
1001:Lady Hao
964:Xiao Xin
960:Pan Geng
936:Yinxu IV
586:Pan Geng
459:period (
359:Jyutping
188:Criteria
114:Location
3282:History
3262:History
3221:Shajing
3195:Beifudi
3150:Subeshi
3078:Wucheng
2855:Huanbei
2830:Xinzhai
2825:Erlitou
2776:Dadiwan
2704:Xindian
2675:Banshan
2653:Dadiwan
2261:Jokhang
2232:Lijiang
2094:Hongcun
2086:in Qufu
1829:3 March
1497:p. 241.
1493:3249839
1359:Xu 2002
1098:Huanbei
1005:Wu Ding
972:Huanbei
968:Xiao Yi
909:Lin Xin
889:Zu Geng
871:Wu Ding
855:Yinxu I
818:Huanbei
746:Xiaotun
732:malaria
709:Wu Ding
681:in his
667:in his
657:Fenghao
648:of the
635:Wu Ding
436:of the
416:Chinese
351:Yānhēui
312:Yin-hsü
253:Chinese
212:Session
3216:Shanma
3178:Beinan
3165:Taiwan
3139:Xiaohe
3120:Qugong
3073:Shixia
3050:Maqiao
3028:Songze
3018:Hemudu
2976:Jinsha
2966:Baodun
2911:Yueshi
2877:Beixin
2818:Shimao
2781:Baijia
2771:Cishan
2344:Xanadu
2092:, and
2076:Temple
2040:Lushan
1916:
1893:
1869:
1810:
1764:
1745:
1723:
1704:
1639:
1631:
1524:
1491:
1413:
1267:
1126:UNESCO
1052:taotie
947:Di Xin
893:Zu Jia
808:Since
750:Anyang
622:to Bo
505:Shanxi
497:Anyang
485:UNESCO
453:Anyang
418::
380:Tâi-lô
230:720 ha
222:414 ha
182:Yin Xu
122:Anyang
3353:Yinxu
3201:Yumin
3187:Other
3145:Tarim
3115:Karuo
3107:Tibet
2872:Houli
2813:Taosi
2791:Banpo
2764:Jiahu
2724:Ordos
2719:Kayue
2709:Xicha
2692:Lajia
2682:Qijia
2561:Xinle
2286:North
2184:Yinxu
1959:Shang
1637:S2CID
1600:: 71.
1516:[
1489:JSTOR
1411:S2CID
943:Di Yi
923:Wu Yi
847:Kings
841:Layer
795:Li Ji
661:Xi'an
553:Shāng
501:Hebei
493:Henan
487:as a
403:Yinxu
386:Ûn-hi
297:Yīnxū
243:Yinxu
22:Yinxu
3211:Siba
2944:Daxi
2714:Siwa
2311:and
2263:and
2248:and
2239:and
2166:and
2090:Xidi
2082:and
2078:and
2016:East
1914:ISBN
1891:ISBN
1867:ISBN
1852:help
1831:2009
1808:ISBN
1762:ISBN
1743:ISBN
1721:ISBN
1702:ISBN
1629:ISSN
1594:洛阳考古
1522:ISBN
1458:2007
1314:help
1294:2018
1265:ISBN
1246:help
1226:2018
1203:help
1183:2018
1145:See
1133:2007
1059:ding
1038:The
1028:ding
1024:The
966:and
810:1950
799:1928
762:1917
720:1899
642:Zhòu
628:Tang
590:Qufu
503:and
425:lit.
219:Area
201:1114
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1969:Hao
1946:Yan
1788:doi
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1401:doi
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1042:000
1040:150
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781:大邑商
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