42:
805:泥丸 ("muddy pellet; one of the Nine Palaces in the head"). With more and more Indian and Central Asian texts being translated into Chinese, the use of Sanskrit and Middle Indo-Aryan transcriptions and technical vocabulary increased, and became progressively more difficult to comprehend. Meanwhile, errors occurred in the copying and circulation of the scriptures, which the scholar of Buddhism Liu Yu 柳豫 describes:
2710:
825:
in 788 and finished it in 810 (or, according to another account, started in 783 and finished in 807). The text has two prefaces by Tang scholars, one written by the monk Gu Qizhi 顧齊之 and one by the poet Jing Fan 景審. The preface says Huilin's wordbook "is as vast as the sea, embracing numerous streams
1208:
is valuable for three reasons. It is extremely useful for studying
Buddhist scriptures. It is significant to exegesis for providing the pronunciations and meanings of ancient words. And it is the main sourcebook for textual reconstructions, citing many classic works that would otherwise be unknown.
1200:
became the definitive glossary. Scholars value it for having accurately recorded the pronunciations and understandings of
Buddhist technical terms during the Tang dynasty. Yong and Peng call it a "huge masterpiece of notation and interpretation of the sounds and meanings of characters in Buddhist
809:
The
Buddhist scriptures are voluminous and the argumentations in them are profound. They are afflicted with errors and misspellings, and their phonetic notations and semantic interpretations are often rough and neglectful. Days and months are spent in studying and sorting them. There is some
841:
monk Xilin 希麟. This 10-chapter dictionary had entries taken from 226 Buddhist scriptures. Each entry gave the phonetic notation, definition, and citations from dictionaries, rime dictionaries, histories, and other classic literature. In addition to their value in establishing the
Chinese
918:. At the beginning of each chapter, Huilin listed the sutras and chapters from which the headwords are selected. This user-unfriendly method of collating headwords is comparable to the (c. 800)
2597:
818:
was to standardize the diverse
Chinese Buddhist technical terminology used in the Buddhist canon, gloss correct pronunciation, note variant transcriptions, and give semantic explanations.
1193:
glossaries and dictionaries have some basic features of modern bilingual dictionaries, they can be considered as the "most distant forerunners of modern
Chinese bilingual dictionaries".
1711:
Science and
Civilisation in China, Volume 5 Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Part 3: Spagyrical Discovery and Invention: Historical Survey, from Cinnabar Elixirs to Synthetic Insulin
1134:
Fourth, when
Buddhist terminology was not included previous dictionaries or commentaries, Huilin quoted commentaries for the Chinese classics, both Confucian and Daoist. For instance,
394:"a composite collection of all the glossaries of scripture words and expressions compiled in and before the Tang Dynasty" and "the archetype of the Chinese bilingual dictionary".
1016:
In order to explain the pronunciations and meanings of difficult words used in
Buddhist scriptures, Huilin cited from over 750 lexicographical and commentarial works, including
1201:
scriptures – exhaustively embracing the ancient exegetic interpretations, phonetically notating the
Sanskrit classics – and it is broad in collection and rich in content".
672:). Huilin "inwardly strictly observes the regulations and outwardly studies the Confucian Classics. He has a profound knowledge of Indian philology and exegetic studies"
2148:
1803:
2537:
2527:
886:), with a total of about 600,000 characters. There are 31,000 headword entries for difficult terms excerpted from over 1,300 different Buddhist scriptures.
2405:
2567:
1796:
769:
2577:
2517:
842:
interpretation of Buddhist technical terms, these "pronunciation and meaning" glossaries also serve as important sources for studying the
810:
progress, but concerns are inevitable. Reflections on them often come to nothing. All the scholars of good will would be troubled by them.
1032:. Many of these are now lost, but have been partly reconstructed on the basis of Huilin's "ample and carefully attributed" quotations.
2607:
2747:
1552:
1481:
1369:
1289:
1255:
1241:
2547:
826:
and therefore profound, and is as bright as a mirror, reflecting tirelessly the objects in the world". In 851, during the reign of
1789:
2732:
755:
368:
compiled by Xuanying 玄應. Collectively, Xuanying's 25-chapter and Huilin's 100-chapter versions constitute the oldest surviving
754:. The wide variety of methods, source texts, and exegetical strategies used by different translators of Buddhist texts in the
1644:
71:
2737:
85:
2713:
2557:
843:
18:
This article is about the Chinese Buddhist dictionary by Huilin. For the identically titled dictionary by Xuanying, see
2203:
901:
of entries, Huilin copied Xuanying's arrangement by provenance in individual scripture, which in turn was copied from
853:
were later transmitted to Korea and Japan. In 1737, it was first printed in Japan, and those copies were reprinted by
747:
1360:
Chien, David; Creamer, Thomas (1986). "A Brief History of Chinese Bilingual Lexicography". In R.R.K. Hartmann (ed.).
827:
2438:
1247:
1228:
679:
Huilin 慧琳 (lit. "Wisdom Gem") was first used by another Buddhist monk. Huilin 慧琳 (fl. 421-445), who was favored by
493:音義 "pronunciation and meaning", which refers to explaining the phonology and semantics of words, originated in the
19:
2482:
1766:
1744:
2449:
1758:
738:
Buddhist missionaries and Chinese monks, often had difficulties accurately rendering Buddhist terminology from
439:
989:
Huilin's preface says the pronunciation glosses were based on "Qinyun" 秦韻 "Qin pronunciation", that is, the
859:
2587:
1281:
680:
54:
2501:
998:
353:
263:
2742:
1753:
1468:. International Conference on Globalized Buddhism, Bumthang, Bhutan, May 21-23, 2012. pp. 221–242.
1736:
1640:
1771:
1426:
2661:
2385:
2181:
1727:
1362:
The History of Lexicography: Papers from the Dictionary Research Centre Seminar at Exeter, March 1986
1185:
in the modern meaning of Sanskrit headwords and Chinese translation equivalents, it is technically a
1182:
1069:
373:
323:
1781:
419:
2249:
962:無復 : The second character in the Wú 吳 pronunciation is 扶救切 ; in the Qín 秦 pronunciation it is 切 .
46:
182:
2690:
2170:
2066:
1816:
1812:
1106:
1054:
688:
369:
937:
pronunciation of rare or difficult characters, Chinese translation, and comments. The entry for
2651:
2077:
2055:
2044:
2011:
1548:
1477:
1365:
1285:
1251:
1021:
1017:
990:
915:
2671:
2460:
2348:
1469:
1145:
1114:
1029:
837:續一切経音義 "Extended Pronunciation and Meaning in the Complete Buddhist Canon", compiled by the
649:
498:
116:
2427:
2271:
2218:
2192:
2088:
1170:
1003:
920:
907:
751:
617:
41:
137:
2394:
2099:
1430:
1236:
942:
777:
653:
502:
203:
196:
478:
2726:
1956:
1901:
1105:
Third, Huilin cited from phonetic-semantic commentaries for Buddhist sutras, such as
1074:
795:
735:
621:
1001:
in Chinese phonology, and more closely correlate with the 106 rimes of the (c. 780)
489:大藏經, referring to all the classic scriptures or the entire Buddhist canon. The term
2370:
2359:
2337:
2326:
1150:
854:
838:
731:一切經音 "Pronunciation in the Complete Buddhist Canon", which did not gloss meanings.
720:
700:
616:宋高僧傳 "Biographies of Eminent Song Dynasty Monks" gives a detailed record. Huilin's
357:
172:
123:
2315:
1209:
According to the Qing scholar of Buddhism Yang Shoujing 楊守敬 (1835-1915), Huilin's
1749:
1723:
1275:
1244:, Volume 7 The Social Background, Part 1: Language and Logic in Traditional China
2681:
2033:
1978:
1879:
1850:
1186:
1140:
1135:
1127:
971:
897:. He incorporated all of Xuanying's definitions, with some corrections. For the
890:
724:
716:
676:
657:
645:
633:
482:
448:
409:
386:
644:, the westernmost city in China). Huilin was a disciple of Master Bukong 不空 or
967:
911:
759:
1213:"is where philological studies reside and a diamond in the academic forest".
1934:
1890:
1165:
1160:
902:
898:
669:
151:
879:, and the resultant dictionary is huge. It comprises 100 chapters/volumes (
2282:
2227:
979:
739:
712:
661:
641:
494:
413:
300:
158:
1473:
2304:
2260:
1989:
1923:
1912:
1731:
1155:
1131:". Hulin's dictionary was the first to comment on many Buddhist works.
983:
975:
764:
629:
606:
361:
179:
883:
462:
455:
428:
2627:
2238:
2137:
1967:
1461:
1098:古今正字 "The Rectification of Ancient and Contemporary Characters", and
1080:
1049:
1009:
954:
933:
792:
665:
226:
1196:
Within the Chinese "pronunciation and meaning" tradition, Huilin's
711:"pronunciation and meaning" dictionary. This genre originated when
2293:
2159:
2022:
1945:
1118:
1086:
931:
entry first gives any variant transcriptions of the headword, the
648:(705-744), one of the Patriarchs of Chinese Esoteric Buddhism and
609:
monk Huilin (733-817) than his predecessor Xuanying (d. c. 661).
432:
286:
240:
1518:
Religious Publishing and Print Culture in Modern China: 1800-2012
830:, Huilin's book was officially included into the Buddhist Canon.
208:
2000:
1861:
743:
511:
1785:
1611:
1609:
1497:
1495:
1493:
993:
spoken in the capital Chang'an. Pronunciations in the (c. 807)
687:白黑論 "Discourse on White and Black" that expressed doubts about
1028:
commentaries to Buddhist scriptures, and commentaries to the
505:(220-280) scholar Sun Yan 孫炎 used it in his commentary title
187:
715:
became a popular Chinese religion in the period between the
1102:開元音義 "Pronunciations and Meanings of Kaiyuan Characters".
952:"not again; only once"; Muller exemplifies Huilin's use of
783:涅槃, but also had alternate phonetic transcriptions such as
364:
Huilin 慧琳 as an expanded revision of the original (c. 649)
1583:
1581:
1579:
1577:
390:). A recent history of Chinese lexicography call Huilin's
1325:
1323:
1310:
1308:
1035:
First, Huilin cited early rime dictionaries, such as the
605:
There is more biographical information available for the
163:
2598:
Lin Yutang's Chinese-English Dictionary of Modern Usage
1427:
Yiqiejing yinyi 一切經音義 "Sound and Meaning of All Sutras"
1277:
Chinese Lexicography: A History from 1046 BC to AD 1911
442:" string; thread; rule (that holds teachings together)"
593:", and to distinguish it from Xuanying's version, the
328:
1709:
Needham, Joseph, Ho Ping-Yu and Lu Gwei-djen (1976),
1512:
1510:
1355:
1353:
1189:
dictionary of Chinese Buddhist terms. Although early
762:
and repurposed Chinese terms. For instance, Sanskrit
142:
128:
1072:
and glossaries. Some are familiar lexicons like the
527:
Sounds and Meanings of all the Buddhist Sacred Books
268:
2643:
2620:
2509:
2500:
2474:
2419:
2384:
2217:
2113:
1830:
1823:
863:edition of the Chinese Buddhist canon included the
402:The dictionary title combines three Chinese words:
322:
317:
299:
285:
280:
262:
257:
239:
225:
220:
202:
195:
178:
171:
157:
150:
136:
122:
115:
110:
98:
84:
70:
65:
27:
833:Huilin's dictionary was supplemented by the (987)
546:Sounds and Meanings of all the Buddhist Scriptures
2149:Ministry of Education Mandarin Chinese Dictionary
1681:
1384:
561:A Lexicon of Sounds and Meanings in the Tripitaka
352:一切經音義 "Pronunciation and Meaning in the Complete
1455:
1453:
1451:
758:period (420-589) gave rise to a large number of
1346:. Presbyterian Mission Press. pp. 52, 382.
727:(550-577) Buddhist monk Daohui 道慧 compiled the
571:Pronunciation and Meaning of All the Scriptures
1421:
1419:
1417:
893:as an expanded version of Xuanying's (c. 649)
477:一切經 "all the sutras; complete Buddhist canon;
305:
291:
2538:A Syllabic Dictionary of the Chinese Language
1797:
1516:Clart, Philip and Gregory Adam Scott (2015),
1223:Buswell, Robert E.; Lopez, Donald S. (2013).
90:
76:
8:
1615:
1543:Baxter, William H.; Sagart, Laurent (2014).
1501:
451:"pronunciation and meaning of a text", with
245:
231:
2406:Great Dictionary of Modern Chinese Dialects
814:Xuanying's purpose in writing the original
597:慧琳音義 "Huilin's Pronunciation and Meaning".
566:The Sound and the Meaning of All Scriptures
518:There is no regular English translation of
102:Pronunciation and Meaning in all the Sutras
2709:
2617:
2506:
1827:
1804:
1790:
1782:
1125:妙法蓮華經音義 "Pronunciation and Meaning in the
1007:rime dictionary than the 193 of the (601)
791:涅槃那, and a similarly pronounced term from
314:
254:
107:
40:
2528:Medhurst's Chinese and English Dictionary
1669:
1443:The Globalization of Knowledge in History
1408:
541:Pronunciation and Meaning of all Classics
1694:
1627:
1600:
1587:
1568:
1530:
1396:
1329:
1314:
1267:Bernhard Karlgren: Portrait of a Scholar
1304:
875:Huilin spent over 20 years editing the
589:大藏音義 "Pronunciation and Meaning in the
576:Sounds and meanings for all scriptures
509:爾雅音義 "Pronunciation and Meaning in the
1053:". These three exemplify the numerous
536:The Sound and Meaning of the Tripitaka
531:Sounds and Meanings of the Whole Canon
24:
1462:"Buddhist impact on Chinese Language"
1057:that were primarily reassembled from
1047:考聲切韻 "Examining Pronunciation in the
7:
2578:Concise Dictionary of Spoken Chinese
2518:A Dictionary of the Chinese Language
1778:, CBETA Chinese Electronic Tripitaka
1225:The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism
412:"all; whole; every; everything" for
2568:Mathews' Chinese–English Dictionary
1658:A Handbook of Old Chinese Phonology
1090:; others are little known like the
1068:quotes linguistic information from
857:scholars. The Japanese (1924-1934)
734:Early translators, including both
14:
1545:Old Chinese: A New Reconstruction
1364:. John Benjamins. p. 35 (35-47).
1274:Yong, Heming; Peng, Jing (2008).
1242:Science and Civilisation in China
668:, at the eastern terminus of the
458:"sound; tone; pronunciation" and
435:; scripture; canon; classic" for
2708:
1239:; Harbsmeier, Christoph (1998).
683:, wrote the controversial (443)
1656:Tr. Baxter, William H. (1992),
756:Southern and Northern dynasties
556:Sound and Meaning of All Sutras
209:
188:
164:
2608:ABC Chinese–English Dictionary
2126:
2121:
2117:
1839:
1645:Digital Dictionary of Buddhism
1344:Essays on the Chinese Language
958:反切 glosses for pronunciation.
821:Huilin started to compile the
469:"sound and meaning (of words)"
374:Buddhist technical terminology
329:
269:
143:
129:
91:
77:
1:
1868:
1713:, Cambridge University Press.
1682:Needham & Harbsmeier 1998
1385:Needham & Harbsmeier 1998
551:Glosses of the Buddhist Texts
485:(581-618), also known as the
481:" first came into use in the
465:"meaning; significance", for
2714:List of Chinese dictionaries
2558:The Five Thousand Dictionary
2548:A Chinese–English Dictionary
1739:, Chapters 53-53 of Hulin's
1660:, Mouton de Gruyter. p. 319.
1520:, Walter de Gruyter. p. 125.
914:dictionary of the Confucian
772:with the Chinese characters
723:(618-907). For example, the
522:, compare these renderings:
2204:Xiandai Hanyu Guifan Cidian
1547:. Oxford University Press.
1269:. Rowman & Littlefield.
948:無復 "never again" (Sanskrit
748:Middle Indo-Aryan languages
422:"whole; entire; all; every"
2764:
2439:Yiqiejing Yinyi (Xuanying)
1265:Malmqvist, N.G.D. (2010).
1248:Cambridge University Press
1229:Princeton University Press
1043:韻英 "Rime Essentials", and
1039:韻詮 "Rime Interpretation",
974:correspond to present day
966:The Tang period states of
699:In the history of Chinese
20:Yiqiejing yinyi (Xuanying)
17:
2748:9th-century Chinese books
2706:
2483:Zhongguo Renming Dacidian
1834:
1767:National Library of China
1752:, 1931 Japanese edition,
1745:Waseda University Library
1425:Theobald, Ulrich (2011),
1123:Miàofǎ liánhuá jīng yīnyì
999:diachronic simplification
340:
313:
306:
292:
253:
246:
232:
106:
39:
35:
2450:Yiqiejing Yinyi (Huilin)
1743:, early Korean edition,
1730:, Pelliot chinois 4683,
1724:Yi qie jing yin yi 一切經音義
1639:Muller, Charles (2005),
1616:Buswell & Lopez 2013
1502:Buswell & Lopez 2013
1466:Buddhism Without Borders
1113:華嚴經疏 "Commentary to the
828:Emperor Xuānzong of Tang
72:Traditional Chinese
2588:Grammata Serica Recensa
1282:Oxford University Press
1148:'s (賈逵, 30-101) to the
681:Emperor Wen of Liu Song
652:. He was a monk at the
632:" (a city-state in the
86:Simplified Chinese
2733:Chinese Buddhist texts
2656:(Tangut; 12th century)
1856:(first millennium BCE)
964:
812:
707:was an early Buddhist
624:裴, and he was born in
356:" was compiled by the
1872: 3rd century BC
1754:National Diet Library
1441:Renn, Jürgen (2012),
1158:'s commentary to the
1138:'s commentary to the
1094:字統 "All Characters",
960:
807:
210:ʔJittshetkeng ʔimngje
2738:Chinese dictionaries
2662:Pentaglot Dictionary
2182:Xiandai Hanyu Cidian
1728:Dunhuang manuscripts
1695:Yong & Peng 2008
1628:Yong & Peng 2008
1601:Yong & Peng 2008
1588:Yong & Peng 2008
1569:Yong & Peng 2008
1531:Yong & Peng 2008
1460:Guang, Xing (2012).
1397:Yong & Peng 2008
1342:Watters, T. (1889).
1330:Yong & Peng 2008
1315:Yong & Peng 2008
1183:bilingual dictionary
1070:Chinese dictionaries
889:Huilin compiled his
144:I-ch'ieh-ching yin-i
2250:Kanmiu Buque Qieyun
717:Eastern Han dynasty
585:titles include the
58:Śāriputraparipṛcchā
47:Dunhuang manuscript
2691:Han-Han Dae Sajeon
2644:In other languages
2171:Zhongwen Da Cidian
2067:Zhonghua Da Zidian
1817:Chinese characters
1815:for scripts using
1726:, c. 8th century,
1181:is not strictly a
867:(T 54, no. 2128).
835:Xu yiqiejing yinyi
689:karmic retribution
614:Song gaoseng zhuan
370:Chinese dictionary
2720:
2719:
2702:
2701:
2652:Pearl in the Palm
2639:
2638:
2496:
2495:
2332:(c. 12th century)
2078:Xinhua Dictionary
2056:Shuowen Jiezi Zhu
2045:Kangxi Dictionary
2006:(c. 11th century)
1445:, epubli. p. 259.
1022:Chinese character
1018:rime dictionaries
916:Thirteen Classics
844:Chinese phonology
344:
343:
336:
335:
276:
275:
270:Ilch'egyŏng ŭm'ŭi
264:McCune–Reischauer
216:
215:
117:Standard Mandarin
49:(c. 8th century)
2755:
2712:
2711:
2695:
2687:
2677:
2676:(Japanese; 1960)
2672:Dai Kan-Wa Jiten
2667:
2657:
2632:
2618:
2613:
2603:
2593:
2583:
2573:
2563:
2553:
2543:
2533:
2523:
2507:
2489:
2467:
2461:Longkan Shoujian
2456:
2445:
2434:
2412:
2401:
2400:(c. 1st century)
2377:
2366:
2355:
2349:Zhongyuan Yinyun
2344:
2333:
2322:
2311:
2300:
2289:
2278:
2267:
2256:
2245:
2234:
2210:
2199:
2188:
2177:
2166:
2155:
2144:
2128:
2123:
2119:
2106:
2095:
2084:
2073:
2062:
2051:
2040:
2029:
2018:
2007:
1996:
1985:
1984:(c. 7th century)
1974:
1963:
1962:(c. 4th century)
1952:
1941:
1930:
1919:
1908:
1897:
1886:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1857:
1841:
1836:
1828:
1806:
1799:
1792:
1783:
1698:
1691:
1685:
1679:
1673:
1667:
1661:
1654:
1648:
1637:
1631:
1625:
1619:
1613:
1604:
1597:
1591:
1585:
1572:
1565:
1559:
1558:
1540:
1534:
1527:
1521:
1514:
1505:
1499:
1488:
1487:
1457:
1446:
1439:
1433:
1423:
1412:
1406:
1400:
1394:
1388:
1382:
1376:
1375:
1357:
1348:
1347:
1339:
1333:
1327:
1318:
1312:
1295:
1270:
1261:
1232:
1030:Chinese classics
860:Taishō Tripiṭaka
846:of their times.
796:internal alchemy
719:(25-220 CE) and
650:Shingon Buddhism
499:Chinese classics
332:
331:
315:
309:
308:
295:
294:
272:
271:
255:
249:
248:
235:
234:
212:
211:
191:
190:
189:It-chhèkeng imgī
167:
166:
165:Jatcaiging jamji
146:
145:
132:
131:
130:Yīqièjīng yīn-yì
108:
94:
93:
80:
79:
44:
25:
2763:
2762:
2758:
2757:
2756:
2754:
2753:
2752:
2723:
2722:
2721:
2716:
2698:
2693:
2685:
2675:
2665:
2655:
2635:
2630:
2616:
2611:
2601:
2591:
2581:
2571:
2561:
2551:
2541:
2531:
2521:
2510:Chinese–English
2492:
2487:
2470:
2465:
2454:
2443:
2432:
2428:Jingdian Shiwen
2415:
2410:
2399:
2380:
2375:
2364:
2353:
2342:
2331:
2320:
2309:
2298:
2287:
2276:
2272:Yunhai jingyuan
2265:
2254:
2243:
2232:
2213:
2208:
2197:
2193:Hanyu Da Cidian
2186:
2175:
2164:
2153:
2142:
2115:
2109:
2104:
2093:
2089:Hanyu Da Zidian
2082:
2071:
2060:
2049:
2038:
2027:
2016:
2005:
1994:
1983:
1972:
1961:
1950:
1939:
1928:
1917:
1906:
1895:
1884:
1871:
1866:
1855:
1832:
1819:
1810:
1776:Yiqiejing yinyi
1763:Yiqiejing yinyi
1761:, 1738 edition
1741:Yiqiejing yinyi
1720:
1706:
1704:Further reading
1701:
1692:
1688:
1680:
1676:
1668:
1664:
1655:
1651:
1638:
1634:
1626:
1622:
1618:, p. 1031.
1614:
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1562:
1555:
1542:
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1537:
1528:
1524:
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1508:
1504:, p. 1030.
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1211:Yiqiejing yinyi
1206:Yiqiejing yinyi
1198:Yiqiejing yinyi
1179:Yiqiejing yinyi
1066:Yiqiejing yinyi
1059:Yiqiejing yinyi
1045:Kaosheng qieyun
1004:Yunhai jingyuan
995:Yiqiejing yinyi
929:Yiqiejing yinyi
921:Leiden Glossary
908:Jingdian Shiwen
895:Yiqiejing yinyi
877:Yiqiejing yinyi
873:
865:Yiqiejing yinyi
851:Yiqiejing yinyi
823:Yiqiejing yinyi
816:Yiqiejing yinyi
752:written Chinese
705:Yiqiejing yinyi
697:
603:
583:Yiqiejing yinyi
520:Yiqiejing yinyi
400:
392:Yiqiejing yinyi
376:(for instance,
366:Yiqiejing yinyi
349:Yiqiejing yinyi
324:Revised Hepburn
99:Literal meaning
61:
51:Yiqiejing yinyi
29:Yiqiejing yinyi
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11:
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2100:Zhonghua Zihai
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1718:External links
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1686:
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1672:, p. 159.
1670:Malmqvist 2010
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1506:
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1431:Chinaknowledge
1413:
1411:, p. 158.
1409:Malmqvist 2010
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1399:, p. 110.
1389:
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636:, present-day
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1097:
1096:Gujin zhengzi
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2743:Tang dynasty
2680:
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2475:Biographical
2459:
2448:
2437:
2426:
2404:
2393:
2371:Peiwen Yunfu
2369:
2360:Qi Lin Bayin
2358:
2347:
2338:Menggu Ziyun
2336:
2327:Pingshui Yun
2325:
2314:
2303:
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2125:
2098:
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2054:
2043:
2032:
2021:
2010:
1999:
1988:
1977:
1966:
1955:
1944:
1933:
1922:
1911:
1900:
1889:
1878:
1860:
1849:
1838:
1813:Dictionaries
1775:
1762:
1750:一切経音義. 巻第1之4
1740:
1737:一切経音義 / 慧琳 撰
1710:
1689:
1677:
1665:
1657:
1652:
1635:
1623:
1595:
1563:
1544:
1538:
1525:
1517:
1474:10722/149321
1465:
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1343:
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1064:Second, the
1063:
1058:
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988:
965:
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894:
888:
880:
876:
874:
864:
858:
855:Qing dynasty
850:
848:
839:Liao dynasty
834:
832:
822:
820:
815:
813:
808:
802:
798:
788:
784:
780:
773:
763:
733:
728:
721:Tang dynasty
708:
704:
701:lexicography
698:
684:
675:The Chinese
674:
637:
625:
613:
611:
604:
595:Huilin yinyi
594:
590:
587:Dazang yinyi
586:
582:
580:
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545:
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391:
385:
381:
377:
365:
358:Tang dynasty
348:
347:
345:
173:Southern Min
124:Hanyu Pinyin
66:Chinese name
57:
55:Mahāsāṃghika
53:section for
50:
28:
15:
2453:一切經音義 (慧琳)
2442:一切經音義 (玄英)
2034:Zhengzitong
1979:Ganlu Zishu
1885:(c. 220 BC)
1880:Cangjiepian
1851:Shizhoupian
1824:Monolingual
1774:, Huilin's
1187:monolingual
1136:Zheng Zhong
1128:Lotus Sutra
1061:citations.
891:magnum opus
770:transcribed
768:is usually
725:Northern Qi
677:Dharma name
646:Amoghavajra
634:Tarim Basin
483:Sui dynasty
387:Bodhisattva
221:Korean name
2727:Categories
2420:Exegetical
2409:現代漢語方言大詞典
1896:(c. 40 BC)
1831:Characters
1217:References
1168:'s to the
1055:lost works
912:exegetical
789:ngetbannop
760:neologisms
703:, Hulin's
685:Baihei lun
612:The (988)
581:Alternate
507:Erya yinyi
487:Dàzàngjīng
307:いっさいきょうおんぎ
138:Wade–Giles
2502:Bilingual
2386:Varieties
2316:Qiyin lüe
2207:现代汉语规范词典
1935:Xiao Erya
1891:Jijiupian
1772:慧琳《一切經音義》
1759:慧琳《一切经音义》
1300:Footnotes
1204:Huilin's
1166:Sima Biao
1161:Huainanzi
1141:Kaogongji
997:document
905:'s (583)
903:Lu Deming
899:collation
670:Silk Road
591:Tripiṭaka
479:Tripiṭaka
475:yīqièjīng
473:The term
467:śabdârtha
384:菩提薩埵 for
382:Pútísàtuo
2694:(Korean)
2486:中國人名大辭典
2455:(c. 807)
2444:(c. 649)
2433:(c. 583)
2283:Guangyun
2233:(c. 230)
2228:Shenglei
2152:教育部國語辭典
1973:(c. 543)
1951:(c. 350)
1929:(c. 230)
1918:(c. 200)
1171:Zhuangzi
980:Zhejiang
946:mjubjuwH
785:nièpánnà
740:Sanskrit
713:Buddhism
658:Chang'an
642:Xinjiang
495:exegesis
414:Sanskrit
301:Hiragana
159:Jyutping
31:(Huilin)
2395:Fangyan
2305:Yunjing
2261:Tangyun
2253:刊謬補缺切韻
2185:现代汉语词典
1990:Leipian
1924:Guangya
1913:Shiming
1732:Gallica
1643:entry,
1156:Xu Shen
1146:Jia Kui
1117:", and
1107:Huiyuan
1041:Yunying
1037:Yunquan
984:Shaanxi
976:Jiangsu
871:Content
803:nejhwan
781:ngetban
765:nirvana
695:History
630:Kashgar
618:surname
607:Kashgar
180:Hokkien
60:(舍利弗問經)
2631:(1997)
2628:CEDICT
2621:Online
2612:(1996)
2602:(1972)
2592:(1957)
2582:(1947)
2572:(1931)
2562:(1926)
2552:(1892)
2542:(1874)
2532:(1842)
2522:(1823)
2488:(1921)
2411:(2002)
2376:(1711)
2354:(1324)
2310:(1161)
2299:(1037)
2288:(1008)
2239:Qieyun
2209:(2004)
2198:(1994)
2196:漢語大詞典
2187:(1978)
2176:(1968)
2174:中文大辭典
2165:(1938)
2154:(1926)
2143:(1915)
2138:Ciyuan
2105:(1994)
2094:(1989)
2092:漢語大字典
2083:(1957)
2072:(1915)
2070:中華大字典
2061:(1815)
2059:說文解字注
2050:(1716)
2039:(1627)
2028:(1615)
2017:(1254)
2012:Zitong
1995:(1066)
1968:Yupian
1957:Ziyuan
1551:
1480:
1368:
1288:
1254:
1164:, and
1092:Zitong
1084:, and
1081:Yupian
1050:Qieyun
1010:Qieyun
955:fanqie
950:apunar
934:fanqie
793:Daoist
774:nièpán
746:, and
666:Shanxi
601:Author
501:. The
446:yīn-yì
407:yị̄qiè
380:菩薩 or
227:Hangul
2466:(997)
2464:龍龕手鑒
2431:經典釋文
2374:佩文韻府
2363:戚林八音
2352:中原音韻
2341:蒙古字韻
2294:Jiyun
2277:(780)
2275:韻海鏡源
2266:(732)
2255:(706)
2244:(601)
2160:Cihai
2114:Words
2103:中华字海
2081:新华字典
2048:康熙字典
2023:Zihui
1982:干祿字書
1946:Zilin
1905:說文解字
1191:yinyi
1151:Guoyu
1119:Kuiji
1087:Zilin
1026:yinyi
941:<
927:Each
801:<
799:níwán
787:<
776:<
750:into
709:yinyi
662:Xi'an
638:Kashi
626:Shule
491:yīnyì
440:सूत्र
437:sūtra
433:sutra
417:sarva
398:Title
293:一切經音義
287:Kanji
247:일체경음의
241:Hanja
233:一切經音義
92:一切经音义
78:一切經音義
2330:平水韻
2319:七音略
2219:Rime
2037:正字通
2001:Piya
1938:小爾雅
1894:急就篇
1883:倉頡篇
1862:Erya
1854:史籀篇
1693:Tr.
1599:Tr.
1567:Tr.
1549:ISBN
1529:Tr.
1478:ISBN
1366:ISBN
1286:ISBN
1252:ISBN
1177:The
1121:'s
1109:'s
982:and
970:and
939:wúfù
881:juan
744:Pali
640:喀什,
628:疏勒 "
620:was
512:Erya
426:jīng
420:सर्व
378:Púsà
362:monk
2398:方言
2308:韻鏡
2297:集韻
2286:廣韻
2264:唐韻
2242:切韻
2231:聲類
2163:辭海
2141:辭源
2026:字彙
2015:字通
2004:埤雅
1993:類篇
1971:玉篇
1960:字苑
1949:字林
1927:廣雅
1916:釋名
1865:爾雅
1470:hdl
972:Qin
656:in
622:Pei
529:or
515:".
497:of
453:yīn
372:of
183:POJ
2729::
2127:cí
2124:;
1869:c.
1840:zì
1837:;
1765:,
1641:無復
1608:^
1576:^
1509:^
1492:^
1476:.
1464:.
1450:^
1429:,
1416:^
1352:^
1322:^
1307:^
1284:.
1280:.
1250:.
1246:.
1227:.
1174:.
1154:,
1144:,
1078:,
1020:,
1013:.
986:.
968:Wu
924:.
742:,
691:.
664:,
463:義
460:yì
449:音義
410:一切
2130:)
2122:词
2120:／
2118:詞
2116:(
1874:)
1867:(
1843:)
1835:字
1833:(
1805:e
1798:t
1791:v
1647:.
1557:.
1486:.
1472::
1374:.
1294:.
1260:.
1231:.
978:-
884:卷
456:音
431:"
429:經
22:.
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