542:
463:. Despite the claims that they were lovers, Gabrielle showed no hesitation in distancing herself from Vaudreuil whenever she felt her own social position was threatened by the Queen's dislike of the manipulative courtier. There are hardly any letters surviving from the couple, who either in reality may not have been sufficiently close to write to each other when separated, or may just have been very careful in masking their communications for political reasons. Their letters may have been subsequently destroyed either by themselves or others for precaution's sake.
1753:
310:
459:, although many of her friends considered Vaudreuil too domineering and too uncouth for the kind of society in which Gabrielle moved. It was rumored at Versailles that Gabrielle's youngest child was actually fathered by Vaudreuil. However, the exact nature of Gabrielle's relationship with Vaudreuil has been debated by some historians, who doubted the liaison was sexual. This theory has recently been resurrected by Catholic novelist and commentator
336:, who was instantly "dazzled" by her, and invited her to move permanently to Versailles. The cost of maintaining oneself at the court of Versailles was ruinous, and Gabrielle replied that her husband did not have the money to finance a permanent move to the palace. Determined to keep her new favourite by her side, the Queen agreed to settle the family's many outstanding debts and to find an appointment for Gabrielle's husband.
433:
393:, had spent in one. Others have contended that to some extent she deserved her negative reputation because, despite the inaccuracies of the claims that she was sexually disreputable, other criticisms of her were valid: she was cold, self-centred, self-indulgent, and masked a love of gossip and intrigue behind a sweet-toned voice and flawless manners. This argument was particularly championed by the author and biographer
51:
401:"Not even Madame de Maintenon, not even the Pompadour, cost as much as this favourite, this angel, with downcast eyes, this modest and gentle Polignac. Those who were not themselves swept into the whirlpool, stood at the marge contemplating it with astonishment ... the Queen's hand was invisibly guided by the violet-eyed, the lovely, the gentle Polignac."
347:, who was grateful for her calming influence on his wife and who encouraged their friendship. Gabrielle was, however, resented by other members of the royal entourage, particularly the Queen's confessor and her chief political adviser, the Austrian ambassador. In a letter to the Queen's mother, Empress
784:
and that she embodied the exclusivity, the obliviousness, and the selfish extravagance of the ruling class. However, more sympathetic historians, such as Pierre de Nolhac and the
Marquis de SĂ©gur, agree that most of the problems originated with her entourage and that she was certainly no worse than
358:
The entire
Polignac family benefited enormously from the Queen's considerable generosity, but their increasing wealth and lavish lifestyle outraged many aristocratic families, who resented their dominance at court. Ultimately, the Queen's favouritism towards the Polignac family was one of the many
525:, that she was "suffering acute dissatisfaction" over the Polignacs. Wrote Campan: "Her Majesty observed to me that when a sovereign raises up favourites in her court she raises up despots against herself". Eventually, Gabrielle felt Marie Antoinette's displeasure and decided to visit friends in
647:
No specific mention of her disease was made in the various allegorical pamphlets which showed the Angel of Death descending to take the soul of the still-beautiful duchesse de
Polignac. Her beauty and early death became metaphors for the demise of the old regime, at least in early pamphlets. In
615:
After her departure from France, she and her family lived an ambulating life, travelling from one place to another. She kept in contact with Marie
Antoinette through correspondence, by which her place of residence can be traced. The Polignac family travelled through Switzerland, Turin, Rome and
635:
Gabrielle developed a terminal illness while living in
Switzerland, although she had arguably been in poor health for several years. She died in Austria in December 1793, shortly after hearing of Marie Antoinette's execution. Gabrielle's family simply announced that she had died as a result of
564:
saw the Queen and the duchesse de
Polignac become close again. Politically, Gabrielle and her friends supported the ultra-monarchist movement in Versailles, and Gabrielle became increasingly important in royalist intrigues as the summer progressed, usually in partnership with her friend, the
443:
As a result of her new position, Gabrielle was given a 13-room apartment for herself in the palace. Technically, this was within the acceptable limits of etiquette, but the size of the apartment was unprecedented, particularly in a place as overpopulated as
Versailles. Royal governesses had
223:(1722-1794), who served as French ambassador to Switzerland, and Jeanne Charlotte HĂ©rault de Vaucresson (1726-1753). As was customary with aristocrats, most of whom bore more than one Christian name, she was generally known by the last of her names (Gabrielle). She was born into a family of
1620:, recounted that the Queen had finally abandoned all pretence of being pleasant to Vaudreuil, after he broke one of her ivory billiard cues at a party in Gabrielle's apartments. In the American edition of Madame Campan's memoirs, her account of the Queen's reaction can be found on p. 195-6
253:(1746â1817), whom she married on 7 July 1767, a few months before her 18th birthday. Polignac's family had a "well-bred" ancestry similar to Gabrielle's family, and was in equally uncomfortable financial straits. At the time of his marriage, Polignac was serving in the
429:, had to resign her post due to a scandal caused by her husband's bankruptcy. The Queen replaced the princess with Gabrielle. This appointment generated outrage at court, where it was felt Gabrielle's social status was insufficient for a post of that magnitude.
354:
Charismatic and beautiful, Gabrielle became the undisputed leader of the Queen's exclusive circle and ensured that few entered without her approval. Gabrielle was considered by many of her friends to be elegant, sophisticated, charming, and entertaining.
382:. Although there was no evidence to back up these accusations, they did immeasurable damage to the prestige of the monarchy, especially given the deep-rooted suspicion of homosexuality held by the bourgeoisie and urban working-classes at the time.
788:
Assessments of her character aside, it is generally agreed that she was one of the key figures in the ultra-monarchist movement throughout the early summer of 1789, acting under the influence of her friend, the Comte d'Artois.
520:
was born. The Queen was becoming increasingly dissatisfied with the ambition of her favourites, especially when they championed a politician whom the Queen despised. Marie
Antionette confided to another lady-in-waiting,
672:, who became Prime Minister for Charles X (the former comte d'Artois) in 1829. She was also the mother of Aglaé de Polignac, duchesse de Guiche, who died in 1803, in an accidental fire. Two of her grandsons were
554:
456:
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causes which fueled Marie
Antoinette's unpopularity with some of her husband's subjects (especially Parisians) and members of the politically liberal nobility. In 1780, Gabrielle's husband was given the title
493:), third duc de Polignac. Married firstly Barbara Campbell (1788â1819); secondly Mary Charlotte Parkyns (1792â1864); was French Prime Minister from 1829 to 1830, in the government of Gabrielle's friend
516:
Perhaps due to the Queen's intense dislike of the Comte de
Vaudreuil, whom she found rude and irritating, Gabrielle's influence over Marie Antoinette temporarily waned after 1785, when the Queen's
385:
Several historians have suggested that reports of Gabrielle's extravagance have been greatly exaggerated, and they point out that, during her 14-year residency at Versailles she spent as much as
292:
Her particular freshness of appearance an impression of "utter naturalness" ... with her cloud of dark hair, her big eyes, her neat nose and pretty pearly teeth, was generally likened to a
455:
Gabrielle's marriage was cordial, if not successful; it was typical of aristocratic arranged marriages. For many years, she was apparently in love with the captain of the Royal Guard,
533:, who was the leader of London high society and one of Gabrielle's closest friends. During her time in England, she earned the nickname "Little Po," due to her delicate constitution.
549:
On September 14, 1788, anti-monarchy protests renewed, and in October 1788, protestors demanded money for fireworks, they demanded that anyone in a carriage dismount and salute to
1548:(New Haven: Yale University Press, 2019), pp. 83-88, for a profile of Vaudreuil's career in which he argues Vaudreuil was lovers with Madame de Polignac, and Vincent Cronin,
285:), generally looks "like some harvested and luscious fruit." She had dark brunette hair, very pale white skin, and, perhaps most unusually, lilac or violet-coloured eyes.
584:. However, without the necessary military support to crush the insurrection, Necker's dismissal fuelled the serious violence in Paris, culminating in the attack on the
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580:, Bombelles' godfather and former diplomat, and the comte d'Artois, Gabrielle persuaded Marie Antoinette to work against the King's popular minister of finances,
553:, and they also burned effigies representing Yolande de Polastron, and then the troops were deployed and they dispersed the crowds with great bloodshed in the
261:. Within a few years of the marriage, Jules and Gabrielle had two children: a daughter Aglaé and a son. Two more sons followed several years later, including
1521:
Memoirs of the Private Life of Marie Antoinette: To which are Added Personal Recollections Illustrative of the Reigns of Louis XIV, Louis XV, and Louis XVI
246:
657:
351:, the ambassador wrote, "It is almost unexampled that in so short a time, the royal favour should have brought such overwhelming advantages to a family."
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previously been quartered in four- or five-room apartments. Gabrielle was even given her own cottage in Marie Antoinette's favorite pastoral refuge, the
227:, but by the time of Gabrielle's birth the family, despite its exalted ancestry, was encumbered by many debts, and its lifestyle was far from luxurious.
604:
688:. Her descendants can also be found in France and in Russia, where her granddaughter, daughter of "Guichette", married a nobleman, Aleksandr Lvovich
1851:
576:, a diplomat and politician, remembered Gabrielle's ceaseless work to promote hardline responses against the emergent revolution. Together with the
1519:
780:
Her critics among historians have argued that the Duchesse de Polignac typified the aristocratic hangers-on at the court of Versailles before the
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Venice (where she attended the wedding of her son in March 1790), and from Italy to Vienna in Austria in 1791. She was reportedly present in the
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199:. She was considered one of the great beauties of pre-Revolutionary society, but her extravagance and exclusivity earned her many enemies.
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603:, where she kept in contact with the Queen through letters. After Gabrielle had left, the care of the royal children was entrusted to the
437:
278:
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414:
1332:
1871:
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624:, and in July 1791, she is noted as one of the extravagantly dressed women who attended the émigrée court of the count of Provence in
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in southern France. When Gabrielle was 3, her mother died and her welfare was entrusted to an aunt, who arranged for her to receive a
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Once she was installed in the palace, near the Queen's apartments, Gabrielle also won the friendship of the King's youngest brother,
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Armand Jules Marie HĂ©racle de Polignac, duc de Polignac (11 January 1771, Paris; died 1 March 1847 in Paris), second duc de Polignac
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Camille Henri Melchior de Polignac, comte de Polignac (27 December 1781 in Versailles; died 2 February 1855 in
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Compiling the contemporary accounts of her, one modern historian has summarised her physical appearance thus:
1681:
Langlade, Ămile. Rose Bertin: Creator of Fashion at the Court of Marie Antoinette (London: John Long, 1913).
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on 14 July 1789, all the members of the Polignac family went into exile. On Louis XVI's express orders, the
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Gabrielle de Polastron's mark in history can be seen in history books, novels, movies, and other media.
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1552:(London: Collins, 1973), pp. 220-221, 316, for the argument that their liaison was essentially platonic
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Most surviving portraits show her to be pretty. One historian said that Gabrielle, in her portraits by
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The Road from Versailles: Louis XVI, Marie Antoinette, and the Fall of the French Monarchy
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Pamphlet against the duchesse de Polignac printed in 1789, after her escape to Switzerland
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Aglaé Louise Françoise Gabrielle de Polignac (7 May 1768, Paris; died 30 March 1803 in
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subsequent family correspondence, the duchess's beauty was a much-emphasised point.
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50:
328:, Gabrielle came with her husband and was presented at a formal reception in the
504:), married Marie Charlotte Calixte Alphonsine Le Vassor de la Touche (1791â1861)
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While Gabrielle was still an infant, her parents moved the family to ChĂąteau of
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Yolande Martine Gabrielle de Polastron was born in Paris in the reign of King
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1433:
Zweig, Stefan & Paul, E. (Editor) & Paul, C. (Translator) (1938).
1231:
Zweig, Stefan & Paul, E. (Editor) & Paul, C. (Translator) (1938).
1132:
Zweig, Stefan & Paul, E. (Editor) & Paul, C. (Translator) (1938).
1065:
Zweig, Stefan & Paul, E. (Editor) & Paul, C. (Translator) (1938).
949:
Zweig, Stefan & Paul, E. (Editor) & Paul, C. (Translator) (1938).
897:
Zweig, Stefan & Paul, E. (Editor) & Paul, C. (Translator) (1938).
785:
many of the aristocrats or favourites who had preceded her at Versailles.
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heartbreak and suffering. Most historians have concluded that she died of
332:
in 1775, at which time she was formally presented to the Queen of France,
211:. Her parents were Jean François Gabriel, Count of Polastron, seigneur de
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216:
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1524:. University of Michigan: H. Young and Sons. pp. 195â196, 185â191.
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1437:(1988 ed.). London: Cassell Biographies. pp. 122 and 124.
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A Scented Palace: The Secret History of Marie-Antoinette's Perfumer
655:
540:
431:
308:
84:
1518:
Campan, Jeanne-Louise-Henriette; Jean François BarriÚre (1823).
457:
Joseph Hyacinthe François de Paule de Rigaud, Comte de Vaudreuil
628:. The emigree court in Koblenz was however dissolved after the
901:(1988 ed.). London: Cassell Biographies. pp. 121â4.
1671:. Translated by N. F. Dryhurst. New York: Vanguard Printings.
1691:
Bombelles, Marc Marie; Grassion, Jean; Durif, Frans (1977).
1632:
The Private Life of Marie Antoinette: A Confidante's Account
640:, and contradictory royalist reports of her death suggested
183:(8 September 1749 – 9 December 1793) was the
1235:(1988 ed.). London: Cassell Biographies. p. 121.
1136:(1988 ed.). London: Cassell Biographies. p. 122.
1069:(1988 ed.). London: Cassell Biographies. p. 124.
181:
Yolande Martine Gabrielle de Polastron, Duchess of Polignac
1221:
Describes Madame de Polignac's impact on Marie Antoinette.
662:
Jules Auguste Armand Marie de Polignac, prince de Polignac
378:
lover, including accusations that the pair had engaged in
257:("1er régiment de dragons"), on an annual salary of 4,000
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left, as did Breteuil; Gabrielle went with her family to
265:, who became the prime minister of France in 1829, under
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The months leading up to the July 1789 outbreak of the
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in 1792, and she returned to Austria, where she died.
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A more formal portrait of the Duchesse de Polignac by
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in 1775, the year after Marie Antoinette became the
367:, a further source of irritation to the courtiers.
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1721:The great nation: France from Louis XV to Napoleon
1435:Marie Antoinette: The portrait of an average woman
1233:Marie Antoinette: The portrait of an average woman
1134:Marie Antoinette: The portrait of an average woman
1067:Marie Antoinette: The portrait of an average woman
951:Marie Antoinette: The portrait of an average woman
899:Marie Antoinette: The portrait of an average woman
316:was instantly "dazzled" by the duchess of Polignac
374:pamphlets alleged that Gabrielle was the Queen's
489:(10 November 1780, Paris; died 30 March 1847 in
290:
1546:Marie-Antoinette: The Making of a French Queen
953:(1988 ed.). London: Cassell Biographies.
883:Citizens: A Chronicle of the French Revolution
674:Camille Armand Jules Marie, Prince de Polignac
476:). Nicknamed Guichette by her family, married
245:At the age of 16, Gabrielle was betrothed to
191:, whom she met when she was presented at the
8:
448:, built in the 1780s on the grounds of the
1758:
1751:
1205:describes the King's support of Gabrielle.
1004:Marie-Antoinette: The Last Queen of France
49:
29:
27:French aristocrat and courtier (1749â1793)
18:Yolande de Polastron, Duchesse de Polignac
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718:(1979), a shĆujo manga/anime created by
405:Another critic is Elisabeth de Feydeau.
247:Jules François Armand, comte de Polignac
1326:
1324:
870:
847:Marie-Antoinette, la VĂ©ritable Histoire
829:Marie-Antoinette, Reine d'un seul amour
1668:The Great French Revolution, 1789-1793
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712:She is one of the major characters in
1847:Governesses to the Children of France
1665:Peter Kropotkin (1909). "Chapter 5".
7:
415:Governess of the Children of France
409:Governess of the Children of France
805:Marie Antoinette - Reine de France
166:Jean François Gabriel de Polastron
25:
1749:National Portrait Gallery, London
1745:Portraits of Yolande de Polastron
1563:"Madame de Polignac and Politics"
1407:. Johns Hopkins University Press.
1337:. Macmillan. pp. 14â15, 72.
1648:Georgiana: Duchess of Devonshire
531:Georgiana, Duchess of Devonshire
478:Antoine duc de Gramont et Guiche
370:By the late 1780s, thousands of
569:, the King's youngest brother.
134:
1405:Eroticism and the Body Politic
992:Chapter 15: "The New Society".
279:Louise Ălisabeth VigĂ©e Le Brun
1:
1827:French countesses by marriage
1695:. GenĂšve: Droz. p. 297.
1693:Journal: marquis de Bombelles
1217:Marie Antoinette: The Journey
1119:Marie Antoinette: The Journey
686:Rainier III, Prince of Monaco
480:at Versailles on 11 July 1780
1862:18th-century French nobility
1852:Ancien RĂ©gime office-holders
1832:French duchesses by marriage
1618:First Lady of the Bedchamber
849:(2006) by Marie-Ăve Beaulieu
813:(1975) by Corinne Le Poulain
680:. Her great-great-grandson,
668:Gabrielle was the mother of
497:, the former comte d'Artois.
324:invited her to the court at
283:Self-portrait in a Straw Hat
225:ancient aristocratic lineage
63:Self-portrait in a Straw Hat
819:(1988) by Claudia Cardinale
452:in the park of Versailles.
343:, and the approval of King
1898:
1201:Louis XVI: The Silent King
855:(2012) by Virginie Ledoyen
831:(1989) by Isabelle GĂ©linas
801:(USA, 1938) by Ruth Hussey
765:in the television series
363:, thus making Gabrielle a
1872:18th-century French women
1785:
1774:
1766:
1761:
825:(1989) by Yolande Folliot
678:Prince Edmond de Polignac
670:Jules, prince de Polignac
644:as an alternative cause.
487:Jules, prince de Polignac
263:Jules, prince de Polignac
255:RĂ©giment de Royal Dragons
48:
39:
793:In cinema and television
682:Count Pierre de Polignac
593:storming of the Bastille
174:Jeanne Charlotte HĂ©rault
1842:French royal favourites
1789:The Marquise of Tourzel
1770:The Princess of Guéméné
1652:sometimes published as
730:La Révolution française
320:When her sister-in-law
1857:French Roman Catholics
1822:Countesses of Polignac
1723:. London: Allen Lane.
1601:Gastel Family Database
1215:Fraser, Lady Antonia.
1117:Fraser, Lady Antonia.
1017:Gastel Family Database
823:LâĂ©tĂ© de la RĂ©volution
807:(1956) by Marina Berti
715:The Rose of Versailles
665:
546:
440:
438:Ălisabeth VigĂ©e-Lebrun
403:
317:
302:
57:Elisabeth Vigée-Lebrun
1719:Jones, Colin (2002).
1331:Price, Munro (2003).
861:(2022) by Liah OâPrey
853:Les Adieux Ă la Reine
728:in the two-part film
659:
544:
491:Saint-Germain-en-Laye
435:
399:
312:
234:, in the province of
1581:Louis and Antoinette
1550:Louis and Antoinette
1485:Feydeau, Elisabeth.
1420:Louis and Antoinette
1390:The Queen's Necklace
1375:Louis and Antoinette
1315:Louis and Antoinette
1300:The Queen's Necklace
1186:Louis and Antoinette
1037:Louis and Antoinette
843:(2006) by Rose Byrne
761:She is portrayed by
748:She is portrayed by
735:She is portrayed by
684:, was the father of
618:Austrian Netherlands
574:marquis de Bombelles
427:Henri Louis de Rohan
423:princesse de Guéméné
193:Palace of Versailles
42:Duchesse de Polignac
34:Yolande de Polastron
1817:Nobility from Paris
1403:Hunt, Lynn (1991).
1317:. pp. 149â150.
605:Marquise de Tourzel
391:Madame de Pompadour
158:Camille de Polignac
1882:Court of Louis XVI
1779:Children of France
1569:. 6 December 2007.
1544:See John Hardman,
1463:has generic name (
1261:has generic name (
1162:has generic name (
1095:has generic name (
1022:2012-02-18 at the
1006:. pp. 99â100.
979:has generic name (
927:has generic name (
817:Les Années LumiÚre
755:Farewell, My Queen
704:In popular culture
666:
622:Flight to Varennes
547:
446:Hameau de la Reine
441:
341:the comte d'Artois
318:
152:Armand de Polignac
1795:
1794:
1786:Succeeded by
1377:. pp. 138â9.
1302:. pp. 132â3.
1287:. pp. 166â7.
1219:. pp. 155â6.
886:. pp. 181â3.
782:French Revolution
726:Claudia Cardinale
724:She is played by
578:baron de Breteuil
562:French Revolution
555:Place de la GrĂšve
461:Elena Maria Vidal
419:Victoire de Rohan
322:Diane de Polignac
178:
177:
155:Jules de Polignac
149:Aglaé de Polignac
126:Jules de Polignac
114:Holy Roman Empire
16:(Redirected from
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1767:Preceded by
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55:Portrait by
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1812:1793 deaths
1807:1749 births
1599:Dates from
1418:Cronin, V.
1373:Cronin, V.
1035:Cronin, V.
763:Liah O'Prey
642:consumption
620:during the
601:Switzerland
242:education.
1877:Louis XVII
1801:Categories
1783:1782â1789
1388:Mossiker.
1298:Mossiker.
1002:Lever, E.
879:Schama, S.
866:References
799:Antoinette
776:In history
737:Rose Byrne
591:After the
588:fortress.
537:Revolution
518:second son
512:In England
326:Versailles
305:Versailles
273:Appearance
77:1749-09-08
1453:cite book
1285:Georgiana
1283:Foreman.
1251:cite book
1152:cite book
1085:cite book
969:cite book
917:cite book
495:Charles X
474:Edinburgh
380:tribadism
345:Louis XVI
267:Charles X
236:Languedoc
232:Noueilles
213:Noueilles
203:Biography
185:favourite
120:Spouse(s)
1583:, p. 394
1579:Cronin,
1500:Fraser.
1358:Fraser.
1313:Cronin.
1184:Cronin.
1052:Citizens
1050:Schama.
1020:Archived
660:Her son
586:Bastille
551:Henri IV
467:Children
387:Louis XV
365:duchesse
217:Venerque
209:Louis XV
1747:at the
690:Davydov
652:Progeny
626:Koblenz
527:England
376:lesbian
298:Raphael
294:Madonna
251:Mancini
240:convent
221:Grépiac
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110:Austria
59:, 1782.
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837:(1989)
771:(2022)
758:(2012)
745:(2006)
732:(1989)
696:Legacy
638:cancer
259:livres
171:Mother
163:Father
106:Vienna
89:France
611:Exile
281:(see
145:Issue
133:(
129:
85:Paris
1725:ISBN
1697:ISBN
1526:ISBN
1472:link
1465:help
1439:ISBN
1339:ISBN
1270:link
1263:help
1237:ISBN
1171:link
1164:help
1138:ISBN
1104:link
1097:help
1071:ISBN
988:link
981:help
955:ISBN
936:link
929:help
903:ISBN
676:and
572:The
219:and
96:Died
71:Born
296:by
187:of
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