811:, probably against the Shunga Empire, and possibly in defence of Buddhism: "After having conquered Saketa, the country of the Panchala and the Mathuras, the Yavanas, wicked and valiant, will reach Kusumadhvaja ("The town of the flower-standard", Pataliputra). The thick mud-fortifications at Pataliputra being reached, all the provinces will be in disorder, without doubt. Ultimately, a great battle will follow, with tree-like engines (siege engines)." "The Yavanas will command, the Kings will disappear. (But ultimately) the Yavanas, intoxicated with fighting, will not stay in Madhadesa (the Middle Country); there will be undoubtedly a civil war among them, arising in their own country, there will be a terrible and ferocious war." The "Anushasanaparava" of the
488:
476:
751:
877:
940:
1326:
246:
1088:
58:
1804:
The Śakas in India, 1981, p 12, Satya Shrava; Journal, 1920, p 175, University of
Calcutta. Department of Letters; India & Russia: Linguistic & Cultural Affinity, 1982, p 100, Weer Rajendra Rishi; Indological Studies, 1950, p 32, Dr B. C. Law; Political History of India from the Accession of
815:
affirms that the country of
Majjhimadesa was invaded the Yavanas and the Kambojas who were later utterly defeated. The Yona invasion of Majjhimadesa ("middle country, midlands") was jointly carried out by the Yonas and the Kambojas. Majjhimadesa here means the middle of Greater India which then
791:
Indologists like Dr H. C. Raychadhury, Dr B. C. Law, Dr Satya Shrava and others see in these verses the clear glimpses of the struggles of the Hindus with the mixed invading hordes of the barbaric Sakas, Yavanas, Kambojas, Pahlavas etc. from north-west. The time frame for these struggles is 2nd
531:
refers to the Greek populations under his rule. Rock Edicts V and XIII mention the Yonas (or the Greeks) along with the
Kambojas and Gandharas as a subject people forming a frontier region of his empire and attest that he sent envoys to the Greek rulers in the West as far as the Mediterranean,
2294:
Inscriptions of Campā based on the editions and translations of Abel
Bergaigne, Étienne Aymonier, Louis Finot, Édouard Huber and other French scholars and of the work of R. C. Majumdar. Newly presented, with minor corrections of texts and translations, together with calculations of given
1238:...the masters and slaves, and that the Arya could become Dasa and vice versa. The Vishnu Purana also indicates that the "Chaturvarna" or four class social system was absent in the lands of Kiratas in the East, and the Yavanas and Kambojas etc. in the West.
36:
985:
in 120 CE, there are six inscriptions made by self-described Yavana donors, who donated six of the pillars, although their names are
Buddhist names. They account for nearly half of the known dedicatory inscriptions on the pillars of the Chaitya.
1188:
king
Parvataka. This Himalayan alliance gave Chandragupta a powerful composite army made up of the frontier martial tribes of the Shakas, Kambojas, Yavanas, Parasikas, Bahlikas etc. which he may have utilised to aid defeat the
1858:
A reference to a Yona in the Sanchi inscriptions is also of immense value.(...) One of the inscriptions announces the gift of a
Setapathia Yona, "Setapathiyasa Yonasa danam" i.e the gift of a Yona, inhabitant of Setapatha.
726:
kings of the Shakas, Yavanas, Kambojas, Bahlikas etc. shall rule the earth un-righteously in
Kaliyuga ...". This reference apparently alludes to chaotic political scenario following the collapse of the
1987:
differ on the content of this inscription. Here, Epigraphia Indica Vol.7 was chosen, as
Epigraphia Indica Vol.18 only mentions an inscription similar to that of pillar No.3, a possible mixup.
402:
The usage of "Yona" and "Yavana, or variants such as "Yauna" and "Javana", appears repeatedly, and particularly in relation to the Greek kingdoms which neighboured or sometimes occupied the
1805:
Parikshit to the
Coronation of Bimbisara, 1923, Page iii, Hemchandra Raychaudhuri; Political History of Ancient India, 1996, p 4, Raychaudhury; Indological Studies, 1950, p 4, Dr B. C. Law.
1223:(Hindu caste). Anushasanaparva of Mahabharata also views the Yavanas, Kambojas, Shakas etc. in the same light. Patanjali's Mahabhashya regards the Yavanas and Sakas as Anirvasita (pure)
1356:, however "mlechas" was also used probably due to their barbaric behaviour as invaders. Indian languages did not base a distinction on religion early on but after the arrival of
2481:
1130:
Udyogaparva of Mahabharata says that the composite army of the Kambojas, Yavanas and Sakas had participated in the Mahabharata war under the supreme command of Kamboja king
1426:, derived from the Indian word for Greek, "Yavana", however, it is actually the transcription of the word "Viet" or "Yueh" rather than "Yavana", because the Khmer word
1111:
groups the Yavanas with the Kambojas and the Chinas and calls them "Mlechchas" (Barbarians). In the Shanti Parva section, the Yavanas are grouped with the Kambojas,
607:) Maharakkhita was sent to the "Yona country" and he preached Buddhism among the Yonas and the Kambojas, and that at the same time the Yona elder monk (
1337:
was donated by a Yavana, according to the inscription on the central flat surface of the lotus. Detail of the "Ya-va-na-sa" circular inscription in
1127:(dacoits). In another chapter of the same Parva, the Yaunas, Kambojas, Gandharas etc. are spoken of as equal to the "Svapakas" and the "Grddhras".
2496:
2195:. Department of Culture and Monuments, Authority for the Protection and Management of the Region Angkor / Siem Reap. 2006. pp. 117, 118, 119.
229:
In general, the words "Yoṇa" or "Yoṇaka" were the current Greek Hellenistic forms, while the term "Yavana" was the Indian word to designate the
1841:"A guide to Sanchi" John Marshall. These "Greek-looking foreigners" are also described in Susan Huntington, "The art of ancient India", p. 100
2317:
2276:
2220:
1885:
1672:
1645:
1606:
1579:
2486:
1153:
king Vishwamitra The Kishkindha Kanda of Ramayana locates the Sakas, Kambojas, Yavanas and Paradas in the extreme north-west beyond the
651:
or "Great Chronicle" of Sri Lanka refers to the thera Mahārakkhita being sent to preach to the Yona country, and also to the Yona thera
487:
159:
2501:
2430:
2404:
2174:
1734:
475:
2476:
1465:
The word Yona, or one of its derivatives, is still used by some languages to designate contemporary Greece, such as in Arabic (
1280:
informs us that the kings of the Shakas and the Yavanas, like those of the Kambojas, may also be addressed by their respective
2443:
774:
There are important references to the warring Mleccha hordes of the Shakas, Yavanas, Kambojas, the Pahlavas and others in the
2262:
424:
750:
1230:
The Assalayana Sutta of Majjhima Nikaya attests that in Yona and Kamboja nations, there were only two classes of people...
912:. They are all celebrating at the entrance of the stupa. These men would be foreigners from north-west India visiting the
620:
1435:
2152:
Religions and Trade: Religious Formation, Transformation and Cross-Cultural Exchange between East and West, BRILL, 2013
660:
1754:
1915:
World Heritage Monuments and Related Edifices in India, Volume 1 ʻAlī Jāvīd, Tabassum Javeed, Algora Publishing, 2008
679:
576:
216:
1360:
to the subcontinent, the term Yavana was used along with Turuka, Turuska, Tajik, and Arab more than Mussalaman or
876:
1423:
939:
1299:
like the Shakas, Kambojas, Yavanas, Tusharas, Parasikas, Hunas etc. by annihilating these sinners completely.
1227:. Gautama-Dharmasutra regards the Yavanas or Greeks as having sprung from Shudra females and Kshatriya males.
2372:
1145:
also groups the Yavanas with the Kambojas, Sakas, Pahlavas etc. and refers to them as the military allies of
1596:
900:, capes and sandals. The musical instruments are also quite characteristic, such as the double flute called
888:
also show devotees in Greek attire. The men are depicted with short curly hair, often held together with a
552:
836:, who had sent an ambassador to the court of the Shunga emperor Bhagabhadra, was also qualified as "Yona".
1325:
598:
564:
539:, the Greek kings to the West are associated unambiguously with the term "Yona": Antiochus is referred as
512:
411:
102:
958:
i.e. "(This) pillar (is) the gift of the Yavana Yasavadhana from Denukakata". Below: detail of the word
893:
855:
258:
20:
1053:. It is described by other donors in other inscriptions as a "vaniya-gama" (A community of merchants).
262:
2491:
2353:
1565:
1489:
1376:
556:
504:
61:
Yavana kingdom alongside other locations of kingdoms and republics mentioned in the Indian epics or
1529:
1524:
1194:
1181:
500:
440:
2212:
Rethinking Cultural Resource Management in Southeast Asia: Preservation, Development, and Neglect
1970:
Problems of Ancient Indian History: New Perspectives and Perceptions, Shankar Goyal – 2001, p.104
1705:
1450:
1306:
1150:
544:
496:
415:
406:
over a period of several centuries from the 4th century BCE to the first century CE, such as the
382:
166:
27:
1277:
549:"param ca tena Atiyokena cature 4 rajani Turamaye nama Amtikini nama Maka nama Alikasudaro nama"
2394:
2426:
2400:
2313:
2272:
2236:
2216:
2210:
2170:
2033:
1881:
1730:
1697:
1668:
1641:
1635:
1622:
1602:
1575:
1400:
1269:
attests that it was a practice among the Yavanas and the Kambojas to wear short-cropped hair (
1257:
and refers to the peculiar hair styles of these people which were different from those of the
1177:
825:
675:
492:
480:
444:
419:
181:
2266:
2248:
2153:
1931:
1916:
1875:
1724:
1662:
1569:
1454:
1190:
536:
524:
379:
270:
170:
2456:
1758:
1514:
979:
560:
508:
407:
341:
266:
927:
Three inscriptions are known from Yavana donors at Sanchi, the clearest of which reads "
758:(photograph and rubbing). Detail of the "Yo-ṇa-ka-sa" word (adjectival form of "Yoṇaka",
706:(160–135 BC), and to the guard of "five hundred Greeks" that constantly accompanies him.
1980:
1959:
1947:
735:
in northern India and its subsequent occupation by foreign hordes such as of the Yonas,
636:
2206:
1519:
1431:
1419:
1254:
1216:
1206:
921:
582:
452:
360:
94:
62:
44:
2334:
2310:
Cities of Nineteenth Century Colonial Vietnam: Hanoi, Saigon, Hue and the Champa Ruins
2021:
2009:
1997:
1984:
1943:
1904:
1266:
639:
are found everywhere in his empire except in the lands of the Yonas and the Kambojas.
459:
245:
2470:
2241:
1396:
1388:
1338:
1334:
1198:
1165:
1096:
963:
917:
767:
732:
728:
695:
683:
652:
616:
612:
433:
351:
295:
284:
196:
90:
1292:
1169:
1146:
1050:
909:
865:
844:
668:
664:
593:
519:: 𑀬𑁄𑀦, third and fourth letters after the first occurrence of Antigonus in red).
429:
208:
2423:
The shape of ancient thought. Comparative Studies in Greek and Indian philosophies
1091:
Vedika pillar with possible Greek warrior (headband of a king, tunic etc...) from
2190:
1851:
1415:, the Cham reference for the Viet should have been derived from "Yue" or "Viet".
2308:
Barrelon, Pierre; De Corbigny, Brossard; Lemire, Charles; Cahen, Gaston (1999).
1545:
1135:
1108:
1057:
975:
944:
833:
808:
763:
755:
719:
368:
234:
177:
122:
35:
1095:. Bharhut, Madhya Pradesh, Shunga Period, c.100-80BC. Reddish brown sandstone.
515:
by name (underlined in colour). Here the Greek rulers are described as "Yona" (
375:', as they were the first Greeks with whom the Persians had extensive contact).
1212:
1131:
703:
699:
192:
40:
2032:
Faces of Power: Alexander's Image and Hellenistic Politics by Andrew Stewart
1701:
1476:
1430:
spelled with the diphthong uo, not v in "Yavana". According to Kiernan, "the
1395:(yvan). Both terminologies in Cham materials were written in Cham script and
1782:
1769:
1749:
1438:
as part of a millennial ethnic epic"; therefore they altered the meaning of
1310:
1296:
1288:
1262:
1220:
1185:
1158:
1087:
848:
840:
587:
221:
203:
136:
131:
1330:
1138:
numerously applauds this composite army as being very fierce and wrathful.
97:
speakers. "Yona" and "Yavana" are transliterations of the Greek word for "
2461:
1534:
1380:
1379:
as "Yavana". However this statement is largely vague. Cham sources refer
1154:
1142:
1100:
1073:
982:
889:
800:
784:
744:
736:
656:
624:
448:
148:
113:
86:
1877:
The Idea of Ancient India: Essays on Religion, Politics, and Archaeology
1709:
1688:
Lal, Shyam Bihari (2004). "Yavanas in the Ancient Indian Inscriptions".
1056:
The Yavanas are also known for their donation of a complete cave at the
931:" ("Gift of the Yona of Setapatha"), Setapatha being an uncertain city.
283:
This usage was shared by many of the countries east of Greece, from the
1598:
Ancient Persia: A Concise History of the Achaemenid Empire, 550–330 BCE
1539:
1314:
1250:
1242:
1202:
1120:
1092:
1081:
1045:"(This) pillar (is) the gift of the Yavana Chulayakha from Dhenukakata"
1015:"(This) pillar (is) the gift of the Yavana Yasavadhana from Denukakata"
971:
829:
804:
779:
723:
632:
386:
326:
316:
185:
154:
Examples of direct association of these terms with the Greeks include:
98:
78:
1035:"(This) pillar (is) the gift of the Yavana Dhamadhaya from Denukakata"
995:"(This) pillar (is) the gift of the Yavana Sihadhaya from Dhenukataka"
57:
1502:
1372:
1361:
1353:
1224:
1112:
1061:
1025:"This pillar is the gift of the Yavana Vitasamghata from Umehanakata"
905:
885:
759:
528:
516:
403:
390:
306:
230:
144:
443:'s invasion, the Greek settlements had existed in eastern parts of
26:"Yavana" redirects here. For the Hellenistic kingdom in India, see
2396:
Encyclopaedia of the World Muslims: Tribes, Castes and Communities
1368:
1357:
1302:
The Brahmanda Purana refers to the horses born in Yavana country.
1281:
1258:
1124:
1086:
913:
901:
897:
875:
796:
749:
682:
in the country of the Yonas, to be present at the building of the
603:
486:
474:
372:
346:
288:
250:
244:
56:
1352:
The terms "Yona", "Yonaka" or "Yavana" literally referred to the
1049:
The city of Dhenukakata is thought to be Danahu near the city of
954:, like five other pillars. The inscription of this pillar reads:
754:
Dedication by a man of Greek descent on a wall of Cave 17 in the
1930:
Some Early Dynasties of South India, by Sudhakar Chattopadhyaya
1501:), or the Pashto, Hindi, Urdu, Malay and Indonesian languages ("
1246:
1235:
1231:
1173:
1116:
1084:
and other northwestern tribes in numerous ancient Indian texts.
1077:
816:
included Afghanistan, Pakistan and large parts of Central Asia.
795:
The other Indian records prophecies the 180 BCE Yona attacks on
740:
74:
1060:(cave No.17), and for their donations with inscriptions at the
1068:
The Yonas and other northwestern invaders in Indian literature
858:
class the language of the Yavanas with the Milakkhabhasa i.e.
48:
371:
word for designating the Greeks, namely "Yauna" (literally '
109:), who were probably the first Greeks to be known in India.
1621:
The Greeks in Bactria and India by William Woodthorpe Tarn
151:, as two societies where there are only nobles and slaves.
1574:. Asian Educational Services. p. 85 with footnote 2.
1493:
1072:
The Yavanas or Yonas are frequently found listed with the
698:(Chapter I), where "Yonaka" is used to refer to the great
1899:
1897:
1411:
are connected. Similarly for Kiernan's argument to Khmer
19:
This article is about the Pali word. For other uses, see
2044:
D.N. Jha,"Early India: A Concise History"p.150, plate 17
1403:, showing little linguistic evidence to prove that Cham
851:, probably contributing to trade between East and West.
1861:
The word Yona can't be here anything, but a Greek donor
2425:, by Thomas Mc Evilly (Allworth Press, New York 2002)
1601:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 173.
1457:, is thought to have been derived from the term Yona.
1309:
speaks of Yona and Parama Yona, probably referring to
1215:
lists the Yavanas with the Kambojas, Sakas, Pahlavas,
16:
Term used to designate Greek-speakers in ancient India
1946:
and Epigraphia Indica Vol.7 [Epigraphia Indica Vol.7
1856:. Indian Archaeological Society. 1975. p. 188.
1391:: nagara yvan, lit. "Viet state"), and the Viets as
868:
traders in Tamilakkam were also considered Yavanas.
1422:word "Yuon" (yuôn) យួន /yuən/ was thought to be an
523:Some of the better-known examples are those of the
479:Territories "conquered by the Dharma" according to
2240:
2438:10:2. "Filii Iapheth: Gomer et Magog et Madai et
1814:Political History of Ancient India, 1996, pp 3–4.
1364:for invaders professing Islam as their religion.
956:"Dhenukakata Yavanasa/ Yasavadhanana/ thabo dana"
2169:. Oxford : Oxford University Press. p. 52.
2393:Singh, Nagendra Kr; Khan, Abdul Mabud (2001).
2352:Kenneth Tso and Sophal Ear (8 February 2010).
2167:Subordinate and marginal groups in early India
1480:
1434:, following French orientalists, mythologized
880:Foreigners on the Northern Gateway of Stupa I.
1123:etc. and are spoken of as living the life of
8:
1466:
659:("the Western Ends"). It also mentions that
458:The Yavanas are mentioned by the grammarian
2268:Encyclopedia of Ancient Asian Civilizations
1399:, the first dated 1142 during the reign of
896:. The clothing too is Greek, complete with
547:"), beyond whom live the four other kings:
451:. The references to the Yonas in the early
447:, northwest of India, as neighbours to the
2247:. University of California Press. p.
1690:Proceedings of the Indian History Congress
1661:Roisman, Joseph; Worthington, Ian (2011).
495:of Ashoka, which mentions the Greek kings
462:, probably in reference to their writing.
1832:Gargi-Samhita, Yuga Purana Chapter, No 7.
615:was sent to the country of Aparantaka in
418:. The Yavanar are mentioned in detail in
2380:Yale University Genocide Studies Program
2209:; Goh, Geok Yian; O'Connor, Sue (2011).
1729:. Harvard University Press. p. 57.
1637:A Companion to the Classical Greek World
1324:
943:Left pillar No.9 of the Great Chatya at
938:
551:(lit. "And beyond Antiochus, four kings
428:, describing their brisk trade with the
195:and his bodyguard of "500 Yonas" in the
34:
2134:Brahmanda Purana, Upodghatapada, 16–17.
1823:Gargi-Samhita Paragraph 5, Yuga Purana.
1557:
1295:had unburdened the sacred earth of the
1245:literature groups the Yavanas with the
545:The Greek king by the name of Antiochus
2482:Ancient Greece–Ancient India relations
1640:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 202.
1005:"Of Dhamma, a Yavana from Dhenukakata"
947:. This pillar was donated by a Yavana
832:in Central India, the Indo-Greek king
1926:
1924:
1667:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 87.
393:", which may come from the term Yona.
241:Comparable terms in the ancient world
7:
2457:Pali dictionary definition of "Yona"
1494:
532:faultlessly naming them one by one.
2271:. Infobase Publishing. p. 64.
1467:
678:, is mentioned as having come from
527:(c. 250 BCE), in which the Emperor
212:"Nativity of the Yavanas" (150 CE).
2312:. White Lotus Press. p. 191.
2297:. Shaker Verlag. pp. 199–200.
1219:etc. and regards them as degraded
537:the Gandhari original of Rock XIII
160:Persepolis Administrative Archives
158:The mention of the "Yauna" in the
53:, lit. "of Saviour King Menander".
14:
2125:Brihat-Katha-Manjari 10.1.285-86.
1880:. SAGE Publications. p. 18.
1442:that being misleading implied as
219:, "the city of the Yonas" in the
2442:et Thubal et Mosoch et Thiras."
2373:"Myth, nationalism and genocide"
1664:A Companion to Ancient Macedonia
843:also attests Yona settlement in
1571:The History of Buddhist Thought
935:Buddhist caves of Western India
694:Another example is that of the
107:Ἴωνες < Ἰάoνες < *Ἰάϝoνες
39:The "Yona" Greek king of India
2497:Ancient peoples of Afghanistan
1726:The Land of the Elephant Kings
962:(adjectival form of "Yavana",
623:also pairs the Yonas with the
225:, Chapter 29 (4th century CE).
176:The mention of the "Yona king
165:The mention of the "Yona king
143:The Yona are mentioned in the
120:appears, for instance, in the
43:(160–135 BCE). Inscription in
1:
2215:. Anthem Press. p. 241.
1983:and Epigraphia Indica Vol.18
1453:term Yonaka referring to the
1342:
1040:15th pillar of the right row:
1030:13th pillar of the right row:
948:
892:of the type commonly seen on
274:
206:and Greek terminology in the
147:inscriptions, along with the
130:appears in texts such as the
112:Both terms appear in ancient
2354:"Yuon: What's in a xenonym?"
2165:Parasher-Sen, Aloka (2004).
1271:Kamboja-mundah Yavana-mundah
1205:, and thus establishing his
1020:5th pillar of the right row:
770:for reference. Circa 120 CE.
661:Pandukabhaya of Anuradhapura
455:may be related to the same.
2487:Ancient peoples of Pakistan
2292:Golzio, Karl-Heinz (2004).
1010:9th pillar of the left row:
1000:4th pillar of the left row:
990:3rd pillar of the left row:
2518:
2333:Post Staff (4 July 2003).
2116:Gautama-Dharmasutra IV.21.
2080:See: Mudrarakshas, Act II.
1424:ethnic slur for Vietnamese
929:Setapathiyasa Yonasa danam
762:: 𑀬𑁄𑀡𑀓𑀲), with Nasik/
722:contains prophecies that "
680:Alexandria on the Caucasus
577:Greco-Buddhist monasticism
574:
217:Alexandria on the Caucasus
106:
50:Bασιλέως Σωτῆρος Μενάνδρου
49:
25:
18:
2143:Mahaniddesa, pp 155, 415.
2020:Epigraphia Indica Vol.18
2008:Epigraphia Indica Vol.18
1996:Epigraphia Indica Vol.18
1981:p.55-56 Inscription No.10
1942:Epigraphia Indica Vol.18
1903:Epigraphia Indica Vol.18
1634:Kinzl, Konrad H. (2010).
1481:
1472:
471:Edicts of Ashoka (250 BC)
202:The description of Greek
2502:Ancient peoples of India
1979:Epigraphia Indica Vol.7
1960:p.53-54 Inscription No.7
1958:Epigraphia Indica Vol.7
1795:Mahabharata 3.188.34–36.
1723:Kosmin, Paul J. (2014).
663:set aside a part of his
621:Ashoka's Rock Edict XIII
541:"Amtiyoko nama Yonaraja"
483:of Ashoka (260–218 BCE).
249:The Achaemenid name for
2335:"From Ionia to Vietnam"
2053:Mahabharata 5.19.21–23.
1757:20 October 2014 at the
1475:), in Turkish ("
1436:its conflict with Hanoi
1333:of the Chaitya Hall at
978:built and dedicated by
884:Some of the friezes of
792:century BCE downwards.
2477:Ancient Greeks in Asia
2010:p.326 Inscription No 4
1985:p.327 Inscription No.7
1905:p.328 Inscription No10
1874:Upinder Singh (2016).
1375:are thought referring
1349:
1287:Brihatkathamanjari of
1104:
967:
881:
771:
599:Third Buddhist council
597:reveal that after the
553:by the name of Ptolemy
520:
484:
481:Major Rock Edict No.13
412:Greco-Bactrian kingdom
280:
66:
54:
2098:Mahabharata 13.33.23.
2022:p.327 Inscription No6
1998:p.326 Inscription No1
1595:Waters, Matt (2014).
1566:Thomas, Edward Joseph
1328:
1291:informs us that king
1090:
942:
894:ancient Greek coinage
879:
753:
557:the name of Antigonos
490:
478:
259:Old Persian cuneiform
248:
60:
38:
21:Yona (disambiguation)
2371:Ben Kiernan (2001).
2251:. GGKEY:J7QZAZWA45P.
1853:Purātattva, Number 8
1317:as the Parama Yona.
854:Buddhist texts like
674:Another Yona thera,
344:, the word was יוון
2358:The Phnom Penh Post
2339:The Phnom Penh Post
2107:Mahabhasya II.4.10.
2089:Manusmriti X.43–44.
1530:History of Buddhism
1525:Names of the Greeks
1444:savages, foreigners
1209:in northern India.
1195:Alexander the Great
1164:The Buddhist drama
904:. Also visible are
631:) and conveys that
441:Alexander the Great
81:, and the analogue
2243:The Vermilion Bird
2237:Schafer, Edward H.
1461:Contemporary usage
1350:
1149:Vishistha against
1105:
968:
882:
856:Sumangala Vilasini
772:
676:Mahādhammarakkhita
655:, who was sent to
601:, the elder monk (
565:the name Alexander
521:
485:
416:Indo-Greek kingdom
281:
67:
55:
28:Indo-Greek kingdom
2399:. Global Vision.
2319:978-9-74843-456-8
2278:978-1-4381-0996-1
2222:978-0-85728-389-4
1887:978-93-5150-647-8
1674:978-1-4443-5163-7
1647:978-1-4443-3412-8
1608:978-1-10700-9-608
1581:978-81-206-1095-8
1479:"), in Armenian (
1184:'s alliance with
1178:Parishishtaparvan
826:Heliodorus pillar
710:Invasion of India
571:In Buddhist Texts
561:the name of Magas
493:Khalsi rock edict
445:Achaemenid Empire
420:Sangam literature
182:Heliodorus pillar
2509:
2411:
2410:
2390:
2384:
2383:
2377:
2368:
2362:
2361:
2349:
2343:
2342:
2330:
2324:
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2305:
2299:
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2289:
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2259:
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2227:
2226:
2203:
2197:
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2187:
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2162:
2156:
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2144:
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2135:
2132:
2126:
2123:
2117:
2114:
2108:
2105:
2099:
2096:
2090:
2087:
2081:
2078:
2072:
2069:
2063:
2062:Ramayana 55.2–3.
2060:
2054:
2051:
2045:
2042:
2036:
2030:
2024:
2018:
2012:
2006:
2000:
1994:
1988:
1977:
1971:
1968:
1962:
1956:
1950:
1940:
1934:
1928:
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1913:
1907:
1901:
1892:
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1871:
1865:
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1842:
1839:
1833:
1830:
1824:
1821:
1815:
1812:
1806:
1802:
1796:
1793:
1787:
1784:(Mahawamsa XXIX)
1780:
1774:
1767:
1761:
1747:
1741:
1740:
1720:
1714:
1713:
1685:
1679:
1678:
1658:
1652:
1651:
1631:
1625:
1619:
1613:
1612:
1592:
1586:
1585:
1562:
1497:
1496:
1484:
1483:
1474:
1470:
1469:
1455:Sri Lankan Moors
1347:
1344:
1313:as the Yona and
953:
950:
924:or Indo-Greeks.
820:Other references
525:Edicts of Ashoka
466:Role in Buddhism
279:
276:
271:Darius the Great
171:Edicts of Ashoka
108:
52:
51:
2517:
2516:
2512:
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2467:
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2290:
2286:
2279:
2263:Higham, Charles
2261:
2260:
2256:
2235:
2234:
2230:
2223:
2207:Miksic, John N.
2205:
2204:
2200:
2189:
2188:
2184:
2177:
2164:
2163:
2159:
2151:
2147:
2142:
2138:
2133:
2129:
2124:
2120:
2115:
2111:
2106:
2102:
2097:
2093:
2088:
2084:
2079:
2075:
2071:Ramayana 43.12.
2070:
2066:
2061:
2057:
2052:
2048:
2043:
2039:
2031:
2027:
2019:
2015:
2007:
2003:
1995:
1991:
1978:
1974:
1969:
1965:
1957:
1953:
1941:
1937:
1929:
1922:
1914:
1910:
1902:
1895:
1888:
1873:
1872:
1868:
1850:
1849:
1845:
1840:
1836:
1831:
1827:
1822:
1818:
1813:
1809:
1803:
1799:
1794:
1790:
1781:
1777:
1768:
1764:
1759:Wayback Machine
1751:(Mahavamsa XII)
1748:
1744:
1737:
1722:
1721:
1717:
1687:
1686:
1682:
1675:
1660:
1659:
1655:
1648:
1633:
1632:
1628:
1620:
1616:
1609:
1594:
1593:
1589:
1582:
1564:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1515:Greeks in India
1511:
1463:
1345:
1323:
1172:as well as the
1070:
980:Western Satraps
951:
937:
874:
860:impure language
824:On the 110 BCE
822:
712:
692:
671:for the Yonas.
645:
579:
573:
473:
468:
408:Seleucid Empire
400:
385:for modern-day
342:Biblical Hebrew
277:
267:DNa inscription
243:
215:The mention of
89:, were used in
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2515:
2513:
2505:
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2499:
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2489:
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2464:
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2452:
2451:External links
2449:
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1542:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1520:Greco-Buddhism
1517:
1510:
1507:
1471:), in Hebrew (
1462:
1459:
1432:Pol Pot regime
1322:
1321:Later meanings
1319:
1207:Mauryan Empire
1193:successors of
1069:
1066:
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1037:
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922:Indo-Scythians
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821:
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733:Shunga Empires
711:
708:
691:
688:
653:Dhammarakkhita
644:
641:
583:Buddhist texts
575:Main article:
572:
569:
472:
469:
467:
464:
453:Buddhist texts
422:epics such as
399:
396:
395:
394:
376:
363:used the word
358:
338:
329:used the word
324:
319:used the word
314:
303:
298:used the word
242:
239:
227:
226:
213:
200:
189:
174:
163:
63:Bharata Khanda
15:
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2436:Liber Genesis
2434:
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2406:9788187746102
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2176:0-19-566542-2
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2059:
2056:
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2011:
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1999:
1993:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1976:
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1964:
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1955:
1952:
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1939:
1936:
1933:
1927:
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1912:
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1838:
1835:
1829:
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1820:
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1811:
1808:
1801:
1798:
1792:
1789:
1786:
1785:
1779:
1776:
1773:
1772:
1771:(Mahavamsa X)
1766:
1763:
1760:
1756:
1753:
1752:
1746:
1743:
1738:
1736:9780674728820
1732:
1728:
1727:
1719:
1716:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1696:: 1115–1120.
1695:
1691:
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1676:
1670:
1666:
1665:
1657:
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1433:
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1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1365:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1346: 120 CE
1340:
1339:Brahmi script
1336:
1335:Manmodi Caves
1332:
1327:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1303:
1300:
1298:
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1196:
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1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
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1167:
1166:Mudrarakshasa
1162:
1160:
1156:
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1141:Balakanda of
1139:
1137:
1133:
1128:
1126:
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1118:
1114:
1110:
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1098:
1097:Indian Museum
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987:
984:
981:
977:
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970:In the Great
965:
964:Brahmi script
961:
960:"Ya-va-na-sa"
957:
952: 120 CE
946:
941:
934:
932:
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769:
768:Brahmi script
765:
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748:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
725:
721:
717:
709:
707:
705:
701:
697:
696:Milinda Panha
689:
687:
685:
684:Ruwanwelisaya
681:
677:
672:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
642:
640:
638:
634:
630:
629:Yonakambojesu
626:
622:
618:
617:Western India
614:
613:Dharmaraksita
610:
606:
605:
600:
596:
595:
591:and the 1861
590:
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584:
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566:
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434:Sangam period
431:
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425:Paṭṭiṉappālai
421:
417:
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409:
405:
397:
392:
388:
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352:Modern Hebrew
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328:
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297:
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285:Mediterranean
278: 490 BC
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247:
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224:
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205:
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198:
197:Milinda Panha
194:
190:
187:
183:
179:
175:
172:
168:
164:
162:(550–333 BC).
161:
157:
156:
155:
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141:
139:
138:
133:
129:
125:
124:
119:
115:
110:
104:
103:Ancient Greek
100:
96:
93:to designate
92:
91:Ancient India
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
64:
59:
46:
42:
37:
33:
29:
22:
2444:Nova vulgata
2439:
2435:
2422:
2395:
2388:
2379:
2366:
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2328:
2309:
2303:
2293:
2287:
2267:
2257:
2242:
2231:
2211:
2201:
2191:
2185:
2166:
2160:
2154:p.97 Note 97
2148:
2139:
2130:
2121:
2112:
2103:
2094:
2085:
2076:
2067:
2058:
2049:
2040:
2028:
2016:
2004:
1992:
1975:
1966:
1954:
1938:
1911:
1876:
1869:
1860:
1857:
1852:
1846:
1837:
1828:
1819:
1810:
1800:
1791:
1783:
1778:
1770:
1765:
1750:
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1570:
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1544:
1498:
1485:
1464:
1448:
1443:
1439:
1427:
1417:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1401:Harivarman I
1392:
1384:
1366:
1351:
1341:: 𑀬𑀯𑀦𑀲,
1304:
1301:
1293:Vikramaditya
1286:
1275:
1270:
1249:, Kambojas,
1240:
1229:
1211:
1182:Chandragupta
1170:Visakhadutta
1163:
1140:
1129:
1106:
1071:
1062:Junnar caves
1055:
1048:
969:
959:
955:
928:
926:
883:
864:
859:
853:
845:Anuradhapura
838:
823:
812:
794:
790:
783:
775:
773:
715:
713:
693:
690:Milindapanha
673:
669:Anuradhapura
665:capital city
648:
646:
628:
608:
602:
594:Sasana Vamsa
592:
586:
585:such as the
580:
548:
540:
534:
522:
457:
438:
430:Early Cholas
423:
401:
378:The ancient
364:
354:
345:
334:
330:
320:
310:
299:
282:
254:
228:
220:
209:Yavanajātaka
207:
178:Aṃtalikitasa
153:
142:
135:
127:
121:
117:
116:literature.
111:
82:
70:
68:
32:
2492:Indo-Greeks
1546:Yavana Rani
1407:and Indian
1385:nagara Yuen
1307:Mahaniddesa
1276:Vartika of
1109:Mahabharata
1058:Nasik Caves
976:Karla Caves
945:Karla Caves
916:, possibly
847:in ancient
834:Antialcidas
813:Mahabharata
809:Pataliputra
756:Nasik Caves
720:Mahabharata
369:Old Persian
327:Babylonians
235:Indo-Greeks
123:Mahabharata
2471:Categories
2417:References
1488:), modern
1477:Yunanistan
1297:Barbarians
1278:Katayayana
1221:Kshatriyas
1213:Manusmriti
1201:rulers of
1132:Sudakshina
1119:, and the
966:𑀬𑀯𑀦𑀲).
776:Bala Kanda
716:Vanaparava
700:Indo-Greek
134:chronicle
132:Sri Lankan
1944:p.326-328
1702:2249-1937
1486:Hounistan
1482:Հունաստան
1451:Sinhalese
1311:Arachosia
1289:Kshmendra
1263:Ganapatha
1241:Numerous
1186:Himalayan
1180:refer to
1159:Hindukush
849:Sri Lanka
841:Mahavamsa
649:Mahavamsa
643:Mahavamsa
588:Dipavamsa
513:Alexander
505:Antigonus
497:Antiochus
367:from the
317:Assyrians
296:Egyptians
265:) in the
222:Mahavamsa
204:astrology
188:(110 BCE)
180:" in the
173:(280 BCE)
169:" in the
137:Mahavamsa
69:The word
2265:(2014).
2239:(1967).
1755:Archived
1710:44144820
1568:(1933).
1535:Kambojas
1509:See also
1381:Dai Viet
1377:Đại Việt
1251:Pahlavas
1197:and the
1143:Ramayana
1121:Pahlavas
1101:Calcutta
1082:Pahlavas
1074:Kambojas
983:Nahapana
890:headband
801:Panchala
785:Ramayana
766:-period
745:Pahlavas
737:Kambojas
704:Menander
657:Aparanta
637:śramaṇas
633:brahmans
625:Kambojas
449:Kambojas
414:and the
387:Ferghana
361:Persians
335:Yamanaya
253:Greeks:
167:Aṃtiyoka
149:Kambojas
126:, while
114:Sanskrit
87:Sanskrit
79:Prakrits
77:and the
41:Menander
1948:p.53-54
1540:Mleccha
1499:Yawnoye
1490:Aramaic
1397:Old Cam
1315:Bactria
1284:names.
1255:Paradas
1243:Puranic
1225:Shudras
1217:Paradas
1203:Magadha
1155:Himavat
1113:Kiratas
1093:Bharhut
974:of the
972:Chaitya
830:Vidisha
805:Mathura
780:Valmiki
724:Mleccha
543:(lit. "
501:Ptolemy
432:in the
398:History
380:Chinese
373:Ionians
300:ywnj-ꜥꜣ
233:or the
193:Milinda
186:Vidisha
99:Ionians
2462:Yavana
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1671:
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1362:Muslim
1354:Greeks
1331:façade
1282:tribal
1267:Pāṇini
1259:Hindus
1176:works
1157:(i.e.
1134:. The
1125:Dasyus
918:Mallas
908:-like
906:carnyx
898:tunics
886:Sanchi
872:Sanchi
760:Brahmi
729:Maurya
619:also.
581:Other
529:Ashoka
517:Brahmi
460:Pāṇini
439:After
410:, the
404:Punjab
391:Dayuan
383:exonym
321:Iawanu
309:it is
307:Arabic
263:𐎹𐎢𐎴
251:Ionian
231:Greeks
145:Ashoka
118:Yavana
83:Yavana
2440:Iavan
2376:(PDF)
2295:dates
2192:Udaya
2034:p.180
1706:JSTOR
1623:p.257
1553:Notes
1468:يونان
1420:Khmer
1369:Chams
1358:Islam
1247:Sakas
1236:Dasas
1232:Aryas
1199:Nanda
1191:Greek
1174:Jaina
1151:Vedic
1117:Sakas
1078:Sakas
1051:Karli
914:stupa
910:horns
902:aulos
866:Roman
797:Saket
764:Karla
741:Sakas
702:king
609:thero
604:thero
509:Magas
365:Yauna
355:Yavan
347:Yāwān
331:Yaman
311:Yūnān
289:Sindh
255:Yauna
191:King
95:Greek
45:Greek
2427:ISBN
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1932:p.83
1917:p.42
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