177:
165:
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36:
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406:, as well as all history, philosophy, arts and sciences. It was a massive collation of excerpts and works from the entirety of Chinese literature and knowledge. Emperor Yongle was so pleased with the finished encyclopedia that he named it after his reign, and personally wrote a lengthy preface highlighting the importance of preserving the works.
483:
point of view for the encyclopedia, non-Confucian scholars were also included, and contributed to the
Buddhist, Daoist, and Divination sections of the encyclopedia. The inclusion of these subjects intensified the scrutiny against the Yongle Emperor amongst Neo-Confucians who believed the encyclopedia
336:
Prior to his reign, the Hanlin
Academy was responsible for various clerical tasks such as drafting proclamations and edicts. Emperor Yongle decided to elevate the status of the Hanlin Academy and began selecting only the highest-ranking recruits for the academy. Clerical duties were relegated to
514:, the encyclopedia was narrowly saved from a fire that burnt down three palaces in the Forbidden City. A manuscript copy was commissioned by Jiajing Emperor in 1562 and completed in 1567. The original copy was lost afterwards. The theories as to what happened to the original are:
541:. The time when the Jiajing Emperor was buried was very close to the time of completion of the manuscript copy. Jiajing Emperor died in December 1566, but was buried three months later, in March 1567. One possibility is that they were waiting for the manuscript to be completed.
484:
was nothing but "wheat and chaff". However, despite the varied opinions, the encyclopedia is widely regarded as a priceless contribution in preserving a wide range of China's historic works, many of which would be lost otherwise.
76:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge.
349:
was commissioned by the Yongle
Emperor and completed in 1408. In 1404, a year after the work was commissioned, a team of 100 scholars, mostly from the Hanlin Academy, completed a manuscript called
86:
464:
At the end of the Ming, scholars began to question the Yongle
Emperor's motives for not commissioning more copies of the encyclopedia, instead of keeping them in storage. Some scholars, like
291:
in 1403 and completed by 1408. It comprised 22,937 manuscript rolls in 11,095 volumes. Fewer than 400 volumes survive today, comprising about 800 rolls, or 3.5% of the original work.
176:
414:
The encyclopedia's physical appearance differed from any other
Chinese encyclopedias of the time. It was larger in size, used special paper, and was bound in a "wrapped back" (
1780:
1507:
452:
was exclusively handwritten. Each handwritten entry was a collection of existing literature, some of which derived from rare and delicate texts. The importance of the
746:
1128:
360:. Emperor Yongle assigned his personal advisor, Dao Yan, a monk, and Liu Jichi, the deputy minister of punishment, as co-editors of the encyclopedia, supporting
1987:
1760:
1389:
681:
424:) style. The use of red ink for titles and authors, an ink exclusively reserved for the emperor, helped to confirm that the volumes were of royal production.
675:
1639:
571:
resulted in the majority of the encyclopedia being burnt or looted, with
British and French soldiers taking large portions of the manuscript as souvenirs.
1222:
1190:
385:). It comprised 22,937 manuscript rolls or chapters, in 11,095 volumes, occupying roughly 40 cubic metres (1,400 cu ft), and using 370 million
1355:
1792:
325:
1402–1424) was an intellectual who enjoyed reading. His love for research led him to develop the idea of categorizing literary works into a reference
96:
Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
688:
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Each volume was protected by a hard cover which was wrapped in yellow silk. Unlike other encyclopedias, it was not arranged by subject, but by
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In 1405, under
Emperor Yongle's command, the number of scholars rose to 2,169. Scholars were sent all over China to find books and expand the
1833:
1681:
993:
953:
811:
1040:
Campbell, Ducan. "The
Huntington Library's Volume of the Yongle Encyclopaedia (Yongle Dadian 湛樂댕듕): A Bibliographical and Historical Note."
1883:
1738:
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to preserve rare books and simplify research. Instrumental to this undertaking was
Emperor Yongle's own changes to the function of the
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104:
585:, allied soldiers took hundreds of volumes, and many were destroyed in the Hanlin Academy fire. Only 60 volumes remained in Beijing.
1382:
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2018:
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Imperial officers, whereas the Hanlin
Academy, now full of elite scholars, began to work on literary projects for the Emperor.
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476:. The Yongle Emperor's literary undertaking did attract the attention of these scholars, who eventually joined the project.
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overthrew the Ming dynasty and took over the Ming capital, Beijing. A few months later, he was defeated by the coalition of
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Content in this edit is translated from the existing Chinese Knowledge article at ]; see its history for attribution.
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was almost completely lost by the end of the Ming dynasty. 90 percent of the 1567 manuscript survived until the
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were refusing to take civil service exams, or participate in any imperial duties, due to the Yongle Emperor's
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Most of the text was lost during the latter half of the 19th century, in the midst of events including the
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5,000 volumes remained by 1875, less than half of the original, which dwindled to 800 by 1894. During the
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872:"The Yongle Dadian: The Origin, Destruction, Dispersal and Reclamation of a Chinese Cultural Treasure"
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302:. Its sheer scope and size made it the world's largest general encyclopedia until it was surpassed by
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Two volumes were sold at a Paris auction on July 7, 2020, for more than €8 million (US$ 9 million).
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846:"600-year-old Chinese book found in SoCal |Across America |chinadaily.com.cn"
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was the preservation of such texts, and the vast number of subjects it covered.
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in Beijing, which holds 221 volumes. The next largest collection is at the
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Emperor Yongle rejected this work and insisted on adding other volumes.
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has 6 volumes; 5 volumes are held in various libraries across Germany.
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The original was destroyed in late Ming dynasty. In 1644, rebel leader
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to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is
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was intended to include every commentary that had been written on the
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encyclopedia, under the leadership of general editor Yao Guangxiao.
1129:"Huntington archivist finds historic piece of China's largest book"
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530:. Li burned the Forbidden City when he withdrew from Beijing. The
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Ebrey, Patricia Buckley, Anne Walthall, James B. Palais. (2006).
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1172:"Experts Urge Collectors To Share World's Earliest Encyclopedia"
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Experts Urge Collectors To Share World's Earliest Encyclopedia
29:
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The Oxford History of Historical Writing: Volume 2: 400-1400
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1148:"China's Colossal Encyclopedia | Library of Congress Blog"
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1191:"Holdings of Yong Le Da Dian in United Kingdom Libraries"
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Destruction of Chinese books in the Peking Siege of 1900
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to this template: there are already 292 articles in the
831:. Vol. 18 (15th ed.). 2007. pp. 257–286.
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A page from the manuscript of 'Yongle Encyclopedia'.
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East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History
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The BP Exhibition: Ming: 50 Years That Changed China
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Online. April 2002 - aspirations, pending approval.
479:Because the Yongle Emperor did not want a strictly
988:. Harvard University Asia Center. pp. 604–5.
314:Although known for his military achievements, the
1346:China to Digitalize World's Earliest Encyclopedia
619:51 volumes are in the United Kingdom held at the
800:; Woolf, Daniel R.; Robinson, Chase F. (2012).
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373:The encyclopedia was completed in 1408 at the
364:. The scholars spent four years compiling the
111:accompanying your translation by providing an
60:Click for important translation instructions.
47:expand this article with text translated from
1988:Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties
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682:Complete Classics Collection of Ancient China
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8:
946:Perpetual Happiness: The Ming Emperor Yongle
876:Journal of Library & Information Science
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676:List of most expensive books and manuscripts
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1070:Clunas, Craig, and Jessica Harrison-Hall.
745:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
306:in late 2007, nearly six centuries later.
1335:Davis, Donald G.; Cheng, Huanwen (1996).
270:'Great Canon of Yongle') Chinese
1341:. 62nd IFLA General Conference. Beijing.
1285:Digitized chapters of the Encyclopedia:
806:. Oxford University Press. p. 42.
721:"Yongle dadian (Chinese encyclopaedia)"
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689:Complete Library of the Four Treasuries
647:of the United States holds 41 volumes;
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1274:. Shanghai: Commercial Press, 1937.
510:. In 1557, during the reign of the
1196:. Bodleian Library. Archived from
948:. University of Washington Press.
827:"Encyclopedias and Dictionaries".
608:Sections 10,270 and 10,271 of the
25:
1356:Biggest and Earliest Encyclopedia
1112:Vast Documents of the Yung-lo Era
911:Jianying, Huo. "Emperor Yongle."
537:The original was buried with the
276:encyclopedia commissioned by the
569:Anglo-French invasion of Beijing
474:violent usurpation of the throne
198:
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1574:Japanese missions to Ming China
870:Christos, Lauren (April 2010).
719:Kathleen Kuiper (31 Aug 2006).
555:The original manuscript of the
544:The original was burned in the
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1448:Campaign against the Uriankhai
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944:Tsai, Shih-shan Henry (2001).
725:Encyclopædia Britannica Online
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351:A Complete Work of Literature.
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121:You may also add the template
1:
1508:Campaigns against the Mongols
157:, in 2014, on display at the
2046:Covered jar with carp design
1662:Transition from Ming to Qing
1146:Tucker, Neely (2021-11-19).
641:Cambridge University Library
2041:Ming presentation porcelain
1640:Japanese invasions of Korea
1364:. china.org.cn. April 2002.
1295:in Beijing (online via the
1074:. The British Museum, 2014.
616:in San Marino, California.
93:will aid in categorization.
2179:
1903:Compilations and Documents
1534:Luchuan–Pingmian campaigns
1221:Guy, Jack (July 8, 2020).
1044:, no. 42 (March 2018): 1.
649:Cornell University Library
605:, which holds 62 volumes.
68:Machine translation, like
2036:Chinese lacquerware table
1798:Embroidered Uniform Guard
1559:Prince of Anhua rebellion
1293:National Library of China
1087:Lin, Guang (2017-02-28).
1018:National Library of China
985:Chinese History: A Manual
595:National Library of China
159:National Library of China
49:the corresponding article
2099:Great Ming Treasure Note
1978:Ming Ancestors Mausoleum
1761:Administrative divisions
1564:Prince of Ning rebellion
670:Four Great Books of Song
551:The original was hidden.
2148:Ming dynasty literature
1918:The Hundred-word Eulogy
1584:Great Rites Controversy
1438:Ming conquest of Yunnan
829:Encyclopædia Britannica
775:. World Digital Library
753:Encyclopædia Britannica
392:Encyclopædia Britannica
132:For more guidance, see
1956:Palaces and Mausoleums
1946:Ming Veritable Records
1594:Luso-Chinese agreement
1327:Chester Beatty Library
1116:National Palace Museum
599:National Palace Museum
184:
182:Chester Beatty Library
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123:{{Translated|zh|永乐大典}}
2143:Chinese encyclopedias
2051:Yongning Temple Stele
1788:Imperial Commissioner
1513:Reign of Ren and Xuan
1473:Ming treasure voyages
1463:Dao Ganmeng rebellion
1297:World Digital Library
1027:on December 26, 2010.
850:www.chinadaily.com.cn
773:"Yongle Encyclopedia"
583:occupation of Beijing
580:Eight-Nation Alliance
179:
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152:
134:Knowledge:Translation
105:copyright attribution
1650:Sino-Dutch conflicts
1549:Rebellion of Cao Qin
1478:Ming–Turpan conflict
1428:Red Turban Rebellion
664:Chinese encyclopedia
637:University of London
27:Chinese encyclopedia
1997:Society and Culture
1932:Yongle Encyclopedia
1771:Imperial Clan Court
1714:Kingdom of Tungning
1667:Jurchen unification
1599:Jiajing wokou raids
1488:Battle of Palembang
1453:Battle of Buir Lake
1358:. chinaculture.org.
1317:Library of Congress
1135:. October 16, 2014.
980:Wilkinson, Endymion
727:. Chicago, Illinois
645:Library of Congress
610:Yongle Encyclopedia
454:Yongle Encyclopedia
450:Yongle Encyclopedia
347:Yongle Encyclopedia
230:traditional Chinese
190:Yongle Encyclopedia
170:Yongle Encyclopedia
155:Yongle Encyclopedia
1846:Military conquests
1692:Peasant rebellions
1569:Capture of Malacca
1544:Defense of Beijing
1458:Lin Kuan rebellion
1319:in Washington D.C.
1189:Helliwell, David.
1176:Xinhua News Agency
1089:"《永乐大典》 正本陪葬了嘉靖帝？"
1042:East Asian History
614:Huntington Library
387:Chinese characters
383:Nanjing University
287:1402–1424) of the
238:simplified Chinese
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113:interlanguage link
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1793:Grand coordinator
1756:Grand Secretariat
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1493:Battle of Kherlen
1443:Ming–Mong Mao War
1433:Wu Mian rebellion
1419:(1368–1435)
1267:Yongle dadian kao
1133:Los Angeles Times
1011:"国家图书馆《永乐大典》收藏史话"
995:978-0-674-00249-4
955:978-0-295-98109-3
915:, April 2004, 58.
813:978-0-19-923642-8
741:cite encyclopedia
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1682:Great Plague
1625:Jianzhou war
1399:Ming dynasty
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1325:held by the
1315:held by the
1305:held by the
1291:held by the
1289:221 chapters
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1744:Family tree
1655:Liaoluo Bay
1589:Renyin plot
1539:Tumu Crisis
1303:49 chapters
913:China Today
798:Foot, Sarah
563:during the
466:Sun Chengze
341:Development
172:volume 2262
2153:Lost books
2138:1408 books
2132:Categories
2029:Zhe School
1983:Ming tombs
1867:Inner Asia
1839:Shenjiying
1829:Great Wall
1727:Government
1323:9 chapters
1313:41 volumes
1207:2018-03-27
1157:2021-11-20
1098:2018-07-30
888:2001084158
779:24 January
696:References
520:Li Zicheng
498:Wenyuan Ge
310:Background
256:Wade–Giles
51:in Chinese
2024:Wu School
2009:Musicians
1872:Manchuria
1860:Frontiers
1329:in Dublin
1309:in London
701:Citations
524:Wu Sangui
481:Confucian
460:Reception
375:Guozijian
304:Knowledge
196:English:
127:talk page
79:Consider
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2014:Painting
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1817:Military
982:(2000).
884:ProQuest
658:See also
298:and the
103:provide
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2056:Economy
1884:Vietnam
1776:Princes
1734:Emperor
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1408:History
1238:Sources
1227:CTVNews
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379:Nanjing
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125:to the
107:in the
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1877:Tibet
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1271:永樂大典考
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