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disguised as a facial cream. Oiwa, unbeknownst to her at the time, is instantly scarred by the cream when she applies it. Upon seeing his wife's ghastly new countenance, Iemon decides he can no longer remain with her. He asks
Takuetsu to rape Oiwa so that he will have an honorable basis for divorce. Takuetsu cannot bring himself to do this, so instead he simply shows Oiwa her reflection in a mirror. Realizing that she has been deceived, Oiwa becomes hysterical and, picking up a sword, runs towards the door. Takuetsu moves to grab her but Oiwa, attempting to evade him, accidentally punctures her own throat with the sword's tip. As she lies bleeding to death before a stunned Takuetsu, she curses Iemon's name. Not long after, Iemon becomes engaged to Oume. Act 2 closes with Iemon being tricked by Oiwa's ghost into slaying both Oume and her grandfather on the night of the wedding.
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another effect of the poison. In a spectacular scene in the kabuki play, the living Oiwa sits before a mirror and combs her hair, which comes falling out due to the poison. This scene is a subversion of erotically-charged hair combing scenes in kabuki love plays. The hair piles up to tremendous heights, achieved by a stage hand who sits under the stage and pushes more and more hair up through the floor while Oiwa is combing.
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including television and movie adaptations, have reported mysterious accidents, injuries and even deaths. Prior to staging an adaptation of
Yotsuya Kaidan it is now a tradition for the principal actors and the director to make a pilgrimage to Oiwa's grave and ask her permission and blessing for their
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At the opening
Naosuke is pressuring Osode to consummate their marriage, to which she seems oddly averse. Yomoshichi appears and accuses Osode of adultery. Osode resigns herself to death in atonement and convinces Naosuke and Yomoshichi that they should kill her. She leaves a farewell note from which
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The play was incredibly successful, and forced the producers to schedule extra out-of-season performances to meet demand. The story tapped into people's fears by bringing the ghosts of Japan out of the temples and aristocrats' mansions and into the home of common people, the exact type of people who
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There are specific traits to Oiwa that set her apart physically from other onryou. Most famous is her left eye, which droops down her face due to poison given her by Iemon. This feature is exaggerated in kabuki performances to give Oiwa a distinct appearance. She is often shown as partially bald,
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Oume, the granddaughter of Itô Kihei, has fallen in love with Iemon. However, believing herself to be less attractive than Oiwa, she doesn't think Iemon will ever want to become her husband. Sympathizing with Oume's plight, the Itôs scheme to have Oiwa disfigured by sending her a topical poison
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The remaining members of the Itô household are annihilated. Iemon kicks Oyumi, the mother of Oume, into the Onbô Canal and Omaki, the servant of Oyumi, drowns by accident. Naosuke arrives in disguise as Gonbei, an eel vendor, and blackmails Iemon into handing over a valuable document. Iemon
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era was a time of social unrest, and the repressed position of women in society was severe. The exchange of power for powerlessness was something audiences could relate to. Oiwa went from a delicate victim to a powerful avenger, while Iemon transforms from tormentor to tormented.
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Iemon, still haunted by the ghost of Oiwa, flees to an isolated mountain retreat. There he rapidly descends into madness as his dreams and reality begin to merge and Oiwa's haunting intensifies. The act closes with
Yomoshichi slaying Iemon out of both vengeance and compassion.
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contemplates his prospects while fishing at the Onbô canal. On the embankment above the canal, Iemon, Yomoshichi and
Naosuke appear to fumble as they struggle for possession of a note which passes from hand to hand in the darkness.
377:, combining fact and fiction in a manner that resonated with audiences. The first involved two servants who had murdered their respective masters. They were caught and executed on the same day. The second murder was from a
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have been altered over time, often bearing little resemblance to the original kabuki play, and sometimes removing the ghostly element altogether. However, the base story usually remains the same and recognizable.
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made a visual quotation of
Hokusai's design in the illustration above, including Iemon as he turns to meet the apparition, drawing his sword. The lantern scene is a favorite, also being carved into
251:(Note: the following summary is of the original 1825 Nakamuraza production. As such, it does not detail the numerous subplots and characters added to the story over the intervening years.)
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when Hitomi is watching the television, the television presenter is morphed into a woman with one small eye and one large eye- possibly a reference to Oiwa.
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Naosuke learns that Osode was his younger sister. For the shame of this, as well as for the killing of his former master, he commits suicide.
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Normally, with a Kabuki double-feature, the first play is staged in its entirety, followed by the second play. However, in the case of
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was having an affair with a servant. The samurai had the faithless concubine and servant nailed to a wooden board and thrown into the
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to Oiwa. Her final appearance is a direct adaptation of Oiwa, including the cascading hair and drooping, malformed eye. Also in
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980:"From scrolls to prints to moving pictures: iconographic ghost imagery from pre-modern Japan to the contemporary horror film"
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The first film adaptation was made in 1912, and it was filmed some 18 times between 1913 and 1937. A notable adaptation was
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illustrated the scene at
Hebiyama, showing a still-lantern-headed Oiwa coming for Iemon, surrounded by snakes and smoke.
431:, with her ruined face projecting magnificently from an onstage lantern, and her hair falling out in impossible amounts.
1172:, in: Journal of Modern Literature in Chinese 12.1, Winter 2014, Special Issue on "Recognizing Ghosts", pp. 73–88.
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s popularity is often accounted for by the way it fit the mood of its time, as well as its use of universal
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it was decided to interweave the two dramas, with a full staging on two days: the first day started with
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Oiwa Inari Tamiya Jinja, a shrine connected to one of Japan's most famous ghost stories "Yotsuya Kaidan"
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Galbraith, Stuart (1994). Japanese
Science Fiction, Fantasy and Horror Films. McFarland. p. 357.
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Galbraith, Stuart (1994). Japanese
Science Fiction, Fantasy and Horror Films. McFarland. p. 324.
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Some critics have identified loose connections between the story of Oiwa and the plot of the
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production. This is considered especially important of the actor assuming the role of Oiwa.
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of all time, it has been adapted for film over 30 times and continues to be an influence on
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removed the ghostly elements and presented Oiwa as an apparition of her husband's guilty
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feel to the name (and also makes it less likely to be misread by
Westerners as "Lemon").
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from Act I to Act III. The following day started with the Onbo canal scene, followed by
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appeared at the Nakamuraza Theater in Edo (the former name of present-day Tokyo) as a
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artists as well. In 1826, the same year the play opened at Sumiza Theater in
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Being a popular Kabuki play, Yotsuya Kaidan soon became a popular subject for
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An unusual image featuring a still-living Oiwa was depicted as one of the
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Haunting Gaps: Gender, Modernity, Film and the Ghosts of Yotsuya Kaidan
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Ghosts and the Japanese: Cultural Experience in Japanese Death Legends
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Chaos and Cosmos: Ritual in Early and Medieval Japanese Literature
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527:. She is recognizable by her drooping eyes and partial baldness.
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847:"Realism in Kabuki of the early nineteenth century. A case study"
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Nanboku incorporated two sensational and real-life murders into
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There have also been adaptations on television. Story 1 of the
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created perhaps the most iconic image of Oiwa, in his series
185:. It is now generally shortened, and loosely translates as
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Yotsuya is a neighborhood in the southeastern section of
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returned to the Kabuki roots and combined the stories of
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As the most-adapted Japanese ghost story, the details of
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906:. James T. Araki (trans.). Columbia University Press.
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from Act VII to Act XI, then came Act IV and Act V of
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Oiwa is supposedly buried at a temple, Myogyo-ji, in
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a cup of tea in her victory pose in the arcade game
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Traditional Japanese Theater: An Anthology of Plays
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Traditional Japanese Theater: An Anthology of Plays
51:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1065:Japanese Fantasy, Science Fiction and Horror Films
162:today. Written in 1825 by Tsuruya Nanboku IV as a
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1101:"The Grudge's Ghost Origin Story Explained"
456:'s image of Oiwa emerging from the Lantern.
341:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
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1158:, Tokyo, Japan, Tuttle Publishing, 1996,
1144:, USA, Utah State University Press 1994,
361:Learn how and when to remove this message
111:Learn how and when to remove this message
1214:"Yotsuya-Kaidan, A Japanese Ghost Story"
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122:
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593:The New Version of the Ghost of Yotsuya
1137:, USA, Columbia University Press, 1998
412:Also, Oiwa is much more direct in her
1123:, USA, George Braziller, Inc., 1986,
558:. This image of Oiwa appears to give
7:
339:adding citations to reliable sources
49:adding citations to reliable sources
235:were the audience of his theater.
219:from Act I to Act VI, followed by
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1156:Supernatural and Mysterious Japan
782:. This romanization gives a more
181:Ghost Story of Yotsuya in Tokaido
423:In addition, the performance of
311:
25:
16:Japanese ghost story of betrayal
1103:. Screen Rant. 28 December 2019
36:needs additional citations for
948:Plutschow, Herbert E. (1990).
691:Ayakashi: Samurai Horror Tales
532:New Forms of Thirty-Six Ghosts
1:
1087:"Kaidan Hyaku Shosetsu 怪談百物語"
523:, Shunkosai Hokushu produced
166:play, the original title was
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154:. Arguably the most famous
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3524:Female legendary creatures
1121:Japanese Ghosts and Demons
1002:Bush, Laurence C. (2001).
437:paired the conventions of
427:was filled with fantastic
1067:. McFarland and Co., Inc.
1063:Galbraith,Stuart (1994).
1004:Asian Horror Encyclopedia
978:Sumpter, Sara L. (2006).
679:Japanese television drama
547:One Hundred Ghost Stories
231:to conclude the program.
175:
144:
1233:"Yotsuya-Kaidan on Film"
1089:– via jdorama.com.
1040:"Yotsuya-Kaidan on Film"
597:Shinshaku Yotsuya kaidan
3504:Japanese horror fiction
902:Brazell, Karen (1998).
607:. It was also known as
187:Ghost Story of Yotsuya.
3035:Yashima no Hage-tanuki
1218:TOPICS online magazine
1006:. Writers Club Press.
688:, and episodes 1–4 of
636:produced a version of
629:Tokaido Yotsuya kaidan
609:The Phantom of Yotsuya
582:Shimpan Yotsuya Kaidan
457:
229:Tōkaidō Yotsuya Kaidan
221:Tōkaidō Yotsuya Kaidan
169:Tōkaidō Yotsuya Kaidan
131:
3519:Japanese horror films
1569:Konjaku Monogatarishū
856:: 157. Archived from
682:Kaidan Hyaku Shosetsu
648:that was released as
452:
225:Kanadehon Chushingura
217:Kanadehon Chushingura
207:Kanadehon Chushingura
126:
1601:in Japanese Folklore
1599:Legendary Creatures
1268:by Tanaka Kotaro at
1168:Scherer, Elisabeth,
823:"TSURUYA NANBOKU IV"
640:in 1965 directed by
475:, a neighborhood of
335:improve this section
156:Japanese ghost story
130:'s portrait of Oiwa.
45:improve this article
1587:Uji Shūi Monogatari
1486:Taketori Monogatari
766:Iemon is sometimes
591:A 1949 adaptation,
536:Tsukioka Yoshitoshi
381:who discovered his
1140:Iwasaka, Michiko,
723:Japanese mythology
713:Banchō Sarayashiki
542:Katsushika Hokusai
458:
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1258:田中貢太郎「南北の東海道四谷怪談」
1237:Wild Realm Review
1133:Araki, James T.,
1044:Wild Realm Review
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959:978-90-04-08628-9
913:978-0-231-10872-0
684:was a version of
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56:Find sources:
50:
46:
40:
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34:This article
32:
28:
23:
22:
19:
3509:Kabuki plays
3219:Tsurara-onna
2722:Onihitokuchi
2675:Kijo/Onibaba
2666:Ibaraki-dōji
2620:
2358:Kuda-gitsune
2021:Hito-gitsune
1548:
1378:Hyakki Yagyō
1270:Aozora Bunko
1265:
1240:. Retrieved
1236:
1223:February 22,
1221:. Retrieved
1217:
1204:February 22,
1202:. Retrieved
1187:. Retrieved
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986:. Retrieved
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933:February 22,
931:. Retrieved
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885:. Retrieved
876:
865:. Retrieved
858:the original
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351:October 2016
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333:Please help
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101:October 2016
98:
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43:Please help
38:verification
35:
18:
3473:Inoue Enryō
3446:Folklorists
3172:Ittan-momen
3154:Boroboroton
3127:Abumi-guchi
3118:Tsukumogami
2950: [
2767:Osakabehime
2702:Shuten-dōji
2612:Oboroguruma
2459:Mokumokuren
2430:Miage-nyūdō
2313:Konaki-jiji
2093:Ishinagenjo
2008: [
1942:Gashadokuro
1866: [
1800:Bake-kujira
1719:Amefurikozō
1611:Abura-akago
1578:Otogi-zōshi
1504:Tawara Tōda
1387:Issun-bōshi
1351:Hachikazuki
1262:田中貢太郎「四谷怪談」
661:Chūshingura
586:Itō Daisuke
511:and ukiyo-e
496:is a clear
460:Oiwa is an
387:Kanda River
3514:1825 plays
3488:Categories
3458:Keigo Seki
3181:Kasa-obake
3109:Tsuchinoko
3100:Tsuchigumo
2972:Sunekosuri
2947:Shussebora
2866:Shidaidaka
2857:Shachihoko
2812:Rokurokubi
2758:Ootakemaru
2594:Nyūdō-bōzu
2567:Nurarihyon
2540:Noppera-bō
2412:Mikaribaba
2331:Koromodako
2203:Kasa-obake
2176:Kamaitachi
1996:Hiderigami
1960:Hanako-san
1836:Chimimōryō
1764:Aosaginohi
1531:Uriko-hime
1107:5 November
988:2010-12-04
867:2008-10-15
810:References
718:Botan Dōrō
439:kizewamono
393:Popularity
71:newspapers
3408:Yuki-onna
3336:Yamajijii
3228:Tsurubebi
3091:Tōfu-kozō
2893:Shinigami
2875:Shikigami
2848:Sazae-oni
2576:Nure-onna
2322:Korpokkur
2286:Kitsunebi
2048:Hone-onna
1978:Hashihime
1969:Harionago
1897:Funayūrei
1827:Binbōgami
1791:Azukiarai
1701:Amanozako
1692:Amanojaku
1629:Aka Manto
1405:Kasa Jizō
1323:Folktales
1178:1026-5120
952:. BRILL.
768:romanized
414:vengeance
383:concubine
322:does not
3399:Yosuzume
3354:Yamawaro
3345:Yama-uba
3327:Yamabiko
3282:Ushi-oni
3273:Umi zatō
3208:Ungaikyō
3199:Menreiki
3136:Bakezōri
2981:Takaonna
2902:Shiranui
2821:Samebito
2785:Otoroshi
2684:Kidōmaru
2585:Nurikabe
2558:Nuppeppō
2531:Noderabō
2504:Namahage
2477:Mononoke
2385:Kuzunoha
2340:Kotobuki
2275:Hakuzōsu
2239:Kijimuna
2230:Keukegen
2185:Kamikiri
2165:Nekomata
2156:Bakeneko
2129:Jorōgumo
2120:Jinmenju
2111:Janjanbi
2005:Hinezumi
1906:Furaribi
1863:Dorotabō
1854:Dodomeki
1782:Ayakashi
1647:Akashita
1459:Oto-hime
1441:Momotarō
1432:Kurozuka
1360:Hakuzōsu
1242:July 28,
1049:July 28,
800:Shinjuku
707:See also
622:'s 1959
616:Shintoho
3309:Wanyūdō
3264:Umibōzu
3246:Ubagabi
2938:Shōkera
2911:Shirime
2884:Shikome
2731:Onikuma
2648:Ōmukade
2450:Mizuchi
2304:Komainu
2266:Kitsune
2221:Kawauso
2138:Jubokko
2102:Isonade
2084:Inugami
2057:Hyōsube
1987:Hibagon
1755:Aonyōbō
1737:Amikiri
1728:Ameonna
1683:Aoandon
1656:Akateko
1638:Akaname
1414:Kintarō
1189:July 6,
887:July 6,
797:Tokyo's
784:archaic
728:Macbeth
703:films.
556:netsuke
517:ukiyo-e
454:Hokusai
379:samurai
343:removed
328:sources
192:History
176:東海道四谷怪談
85:scholar
3372:Yobuko
3363:Yanari
3073:Tenome
3064:Tennin
2990:Tanuki
2963:Sōjōbō
2920:Shiryō
2839:Satori
2830:Sankai
2749:Ōnyūdō
2522:Ningyo
2513:Namazu
2495:Mujina
2468:Momiji
2441:Misaki
2403:Mazoku
2376:Kumiho
2295:Kodama
2248:Kinoko
2147:Kaibyō
2075:Ikuchi
2066:Ikiryō
1933:Gagoze
1888:Enenra
1879:Dragon
1746:Aobōzu
1674:Amabie
1260:&
1176:
1162:
1148:
1127:
1010:
956:
910:
772:Iyemon
605:psyche
599:), by
498:homage
473:Sugamo
406:Bunsei
404:. The
402:themes
164:kabuki
87:
80:
73:
66:
58:
3426:Yūrei
3390:Yōsei
3381:Yōkai
3300:Waira
3255:Ubume
3082:Tesso
3055:Tengu
2954:]
2929:Shōjō
2803:Raijū
2776:Osaki
2740:Onryō
2713:Onibi
2639:Okubi
2630:Okiku
2603:Obake
2486:Mōryō
2394:Kyubi
2367:Kudan
2257:Kirin
2212:Kasha
2194:Kappa
2012:]
1951:Goryō
1870:]
1818:Basan
1665:Akuma
1560:Texts
983:(PDF)
861:(PDF)
850:(PDF)
802:ward.
754:Notes
748:Yūrei
738:Onryō
733:Obake
700:Ju-On
521:Osaka
502:Ju-On
477:Tokyo
462:onryō
418:Okiku
416:than
294:Act 5
285:Act 4
276:Act 3
267:Act 2
261:rōnin
255:Act 1
239:Story
92:JSTOR
78:books
3318:Yako
3291:Uwan
2794:Ouni
2621:Oiwa
1915:Fūri
1809:Baku
1244:2006
1225:2006
1206:2006
1191:2006
1174:ISSN
1160:ISBN
1146:ISBN
1125:ISBN
1109:2020
1051:2006
1008:ISBN
954:ISBN
935:2006
908:ISBN
889:2006
664:and
634:Toho
614:The
493:Ring
326:any
324:cite
145:四谷怪談
64:news
3046:Ten
2657:Oni
2549:Nue
778:as
770:as
584:by
534:by
337:by
47:by
3490::
2952:ja
2010:ja
1868:ja
1235:.
1216:.
1042:.
1031:^
968:^
852:.
835:^
825:.
780:ye
674:.
611:.
566:.
538:.
389:.
179:,
1307:e
1300:t
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776:e
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89:·
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68:·
41:.
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