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380:. In 1938, Schreyer demonstrated a circuit on this basis to a small audience, and explained his vision of an electronic computing machine – but since the largest operational electronic devices contained far fewer tubes this was considered practically infeasible. In that year when presenting the plan for a computer with 2,000 electron tubes, Zuse and Schreyer, who was an assistant at
447:
963:(NB. This script was published in December 2013 in a three-volume book series "Geschichte der Rechenautomaten": "Von der Himmelsscheibe von Nebra bis zu den ersten Rechenmaschinen", "Von mechanischen Chiffriergeräten bis zu den ersten programmierbaren Rechnern" and "Von der Entwicklung der Hardware bis zum WWW" by
515:
with a stack of two registers, R1 and R2. The first load operation in a program would load the contents of a memory location into R1; the next load operation would load the contents of a memory location into R2. Arithmetic instructions would operate on the contents of R1 and R2, leaving the result
548:). Rojas concludes, "We can therefore say that, from an abstract theoretical perspective, the computing model of the Z3 is equivalent to the computing model of today's computers. From a practical perspective, and in the way the Z3 was really programmed, it was not equivalent to modern computers."
694:, and the concept had actually been mentioned earlier by Konrad Zuse himself, in a 1936 patent application (that was rejected). Konrad Zuse himself remembered in his memoirs: "During the war it would have barely been possible to build efficient stored program devices anyway."
458:
was improved over that of the Z1 in that it implemented exception handling "using just a few relays", the exceptional values (plus infinity, minus infinity and undefined) could be generated and passed through operations. It further added a square root instruction.
395:, were discouraged by members of the institute who knew about the problems with electron tube technology. Zuse later recalled: "They smiled at us in 1939, when we wanted to build electronic machines ... We said: The electronic machine is great, but first the
516:
in R1, and clearing R2; the next load operation would load into R2. A store operation would store the contents of R1 into a memory location, and clear R1; the next load operation would load the contents of a memory location into R1.
544:. He proposed that the tape program would have to be long enough to execute every possible path through both sides of every branch. It would compute all possible answers, but the unneeded results would be canceled out (a kind of
420:("German Laboratory for Aviation") in 1940 in Berlin-Adlershof. Zuse was lucky – this presentation was one of the few instances where the Z2 actually worked and could convince the DVL to partly finance the next design.
462:
The Z3, like its predecessors, stored its program on an external punched tape, thus no rewiring was necessary to change programs. However, it did not have conditional branching found in later universal computers.
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started in 1997 and finished in 2003. It is now in the Konrad Zuse Museum in HĂĽnfeld, Germany. Memory was halved to 32 words. Power consumption is about 400 W, and weight is about 30 kilograms (66 lb).
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A read keyboard operation would read a number from the keyboard into R1 and clear R2. A display instruction would display the contents of R1 and clear R2; the next load instruction would load into R2.
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Man hat 1939 über uns gelächelt, als wir elektronische Geräte bauen wollten. Wir sagten uns damals: Die elektronische
Maschine ist wunderbar, aber erst mĂĽssen ihre Bauelemente entwickelt werden.
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for the typical engineering applications of the 1940s. Mindful of the existing hardware restrictions, Zuse's main goal at the time was to have a workable device to facilitate his work as a
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Zuse earned the semi-official title of "inventor of the modern computer" for his series of automatic calculators, which he invented to help him with his lengthy engineering calculations.
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later wrote: "His visionary ideas (live programs) which were only to be published years afterwards aimed at the right practical direction but were never implemented by him."
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2503:. IFIP WG 9.7 International Conference, HC 2013. IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology. Vol. 416. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. pp. 287–296.
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2390:[ visionary ideas (Living programs) which were only to be published years afterwards aimed at the right practical direction but were never implemented by him.]
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Zuse's coworker Helmut
Schreyer built an electronic digital experimental model of a computer using 100 vacuum tubes in 1942, but it was lost at the end of the war.
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403:(OKW) to discuss a potential project for developing an electronic computer, but when they estimated a duration of two or three years, the proposal was rejected.
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erst Jahre später publizierten visionären Ideen (Lebendige
Rechenpläne) zielten in die richtige praktische Richtung, wurden von ihm aber nie verwirklicht.
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both of 1949 were the world's earliest working computers that stored program instructions and data in the same space. In this they implemented the
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to implement switches and used decimal representation for numbers. Until 1948 programming was, as with
Colossus, by patch leads and switches.
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The Konrad-Zuse-Zentrum fĂĽr
Informationstechnik Berlin (ZIB), founded in 1986, is a working memorial to the German inventor of the computer.
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problems. Zuse asked the German government for funding to replace the relays with fully electronic switches, but funding was denied during
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The success of Zuse's Z3 is often attributed to its use of the simple binary system. This was invented roughly three centuries earlier by
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On 12 May 1941, the Z3 was presented to an audience of scientists including the professors Alfred
Teichmann and Curt Schmieden of the
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In 2008, Horst Zuse started a reconstruction of the Z3 by himself. It was presented in 2010 in the Konrad Zuse Museum in HĂĽnfeld.
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in 1935 to 1936 and built it from 1936 to 1938. The Z1 was wholly mechanical and only worked for a few minutes at a time at most.
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Während des
Krieges wäre es freilich ohnehin kaum möglich gewesen, leistungsfähige Geräte mit Speicherprogrammen zu bauen.
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967:, but abandoned when a lot of the content was found to have been plagiarized from other sources including Knowledge (XXG).
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It could solve problems like systems of linear equations and their determinants, quadratic equations and
Eigenvalues (for
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design. Zuse, however, did not know of
Shannon's work and developed the groundwork independently for his first computer
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2702:, University of Minnesota. Collection contains published reports, articles, product literature, and other materials.
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Input and Output was facilitated by a terminal, with a special keyboard for input and a row of lamps to show results
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in 1941. It was not considered vital, so it was never put into everyday operation. Based on the work of the German
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and binary representation of numbers. Programming was by means of re-plugging patch panels and setting switches.
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In 1941, improving on the basic Z2 machine, he built the Z3 in a highly secret project of the German government.
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2591:; Darius, Frank; Göktekin, Cüneyt; Heyne, Georg (2005-08-22). "The reconstruction of Konrad Zuse's Z3".
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414:, who manufactured small calculating machines. The Z2 was completed and presented to an audience of the
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1098:
Reckoners: The
Prehistory of The Digital Computer, From Relays to the Stored Program Concept, 1935–1945
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326:, the Z3 only meets this definition by speculatively computing all possible outcomes of a calculation.
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2341:(April 1998). "Wer erfand den von-Neumann-Rechner?" [Who invented the von Neumann computer?].
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2499:(2013). "Reconstruction of Konrad Zuse's Z3". In Arthur Tatnall; Tilly Blyth; Roger Johnson (eds.).
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1282:(in German). Schriften des Max-Planck-Instituts für Gesellschaftsforschung Köln. pp. 148–149.
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2651:(edited transscript of speech). Vol. 37. Computing Before Computers seminar, Science Museum:
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Kognitive Strukturen und Steuerungsprobleme der Forschung. Kernphysik und Informatik im Vergleich
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2009:. Seventh Annual Machine Intelligence Workshop. Machine Intelligence. Vol. 7. Edinburgh:
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The Z3 was completed in 1941 and was faster and far more reliable than the Z1 and Z2. The Z3
372:) in 1937 he worked on the implementation of Boolean operations and (in today's terminology)
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or Experimental Model 3) but was renamed so that it would not be confused with Germany's
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439:. A further intermediary between Zuse and the Reich Air Ministry was the aerodynamicist
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have to be developed." In 1940, Zuse and Schreyer managed to arrange a meeting at the
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1997:
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From various sides Konrad Zuse was awarded with the title "Inventor of the computer".
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1548:"1977-compilation by Zuse of people in contact to his computers from 1935 to 1945"
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Zuse decided to implement the next design based on relays. The realization of the
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1906:
The Rocket and the Reich: PeenemĂĽnde and the Coming of the Ballistic Missile Era
1821:
The Rocket and the Reich: PeenemĂĽnde and the Coming of the Ballistic Missile Era
1759:
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the idea of mapping Boolean algebra onto electronic relays in a seminal work on
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1949:
Tomayko, James E. (1985). "Helmut Hoelzer's Fully Electronic Analog Computer".
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acted as a government supervisor for orders of the ministry to Zuse's company
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Average calculation speed: addition – 0.8 seconds, multiplication – 3 seconds
499:'s ballistic missile development. When World War II ended, Zuse retreated to
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advised Zuse to use a different technology. As a doctoral student at the
280:), a "Program to Compute a Complex Matrix" was written and used to solve
303:. A fully functioning replica was built in 1961 by Zuse's company, Zuse
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2072:. Mark Priestley, Crispin Rope. Cambridge, Massachusetts; London:
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2309:(in German) (5 ed.). Berlin, Germany: Springer. p. 78.
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in 1938, and completed in 1941. It was the world's first working
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2648:
Resurrection - The Bulletin of the Computer Conservation Society
2039:
Colossus: The Secrets of Bletchley Park's Codebreaking Computers
1935:
1211:
Computer-aided software design: build quality software with CASE
739:
690:
and colleagues. Von Neumann is said to have given due credit to
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182:
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This seeming limitation belies the fact that the Z3 provided a
528:
It was possible to construct loops on the Z3, but there was no
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in the Alps with the Z4, where he remained for several years.
243:
2695:
1764:"My First Computer and First Thoughts About Data Processing"
1683:"Technische Universität Berlin – Rechenhilfe für Ingenieure"
1248:(in German). Berlin: Springer. pp. 102, 113, 115, 152.
1246:
Geschichten der Informatik. Visionen, Paradigmen, Leitmotive
291:
The original Z3 was destroyed on 21 December 1943 during an
16:
First working programmable, fully automatic digital computer
333:
has often been suggested as the inventor of the computer.
1611:"Konrad Zuse's Legacy: The Architecture of the Z1 and Z3"
1470:, June Jamrich Parsons, Dan Oja. Cengage Learning, 2007.
2069:
ENIAC in action: making and remaking the modern computer
1156:(NB. This is a translation of the original German title
1323:
1321:
288:
since such development was deemed "not war-important".
2408:[Annotation on the John von Neumann computer]
1452:"Konrad Zuse and the Invention of the Modern Computer"
1011:
Weiss, Eric A. (Summer 1996). "Konrad Zuse Obituary".
714:, 22-bit, add, subtract, multiply, divide, square root
2289:
Konrad Zuses BemĂĽhungen um die Patentanmeldung der Z3
1058:[75 years ago: Computer Z3 is demonstrated].
318:
The Z3 was demonstrated in 1998 to be, in principle,
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1599:
1597:
732:
Elements: Around 2,000 relays (1,400 for the memory)
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which is frequently (but erroneously) attributed to
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Electromagnetic memory (relays) included in the Z3,
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2696:
Paul E. Ceruzzi Collection on Konrad Zuse (CBI 219)
2003:
On Alan Turing and the Origins of Digital Computers
1705:"Die Geschichte des DLR-Standorts Berlin-Adlershof"
875:
Dalle calcolatrici ai computer degli anni Cinquanta
450:
Drawing of the Z3 computer from Zuse's 1941 patent.
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921:"Kapitel 14 – Die ersten programmierbaren Rechner"
825:Programm fĂĽr die Berechnung einer komplexen Matrix
427:(1905–1977), member of the "Research-Leadership" (
611:, which he designed and built from 1935 to 1938.
1984:
1982:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1233:
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1046:
1044:
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1438:he built the world's first computer in Berlin
1426:"Z like Zuse: German inventor of the computer"
1084:
1082:
1080:
1078:
985:"A Computer Pioneer Rediscovered, 50 Years On"
861:
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853:
851:
849:
847:
845:
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491:design, which he completed in a bunker in the
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2721:
2443:"Reconstruction of Konrad Zuse's Z3 Computer"
1793:"Helmut Schreyer" at the University of Berlin
329:Thanks to this machine and its predecessors,
8:
1348:(3) (published July–September 1998): 51–54.
1333:"How to Make Zuse's Z3 a Universal Computer"
1270:
1268:
1157:
1056:"Vor 75 Jahren: Computer Z3 wird vorgefĂĽhrt"
1006:
1004:
911:
909:
907:
905:
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467:
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28:
3879:Computer performance by orders of magnitude
2461:"Reconstructing the calculating machine Z3"
923:[The first programmable computers]
173:Terminal, with a special keyboard for input
4344:
3984:
3605:
3463:
3177:
2881:
2867:
2859:
2728:
2714:
2706:
2406:"Anmerkungen zum John von Neumann Rechner"
1804:H. Otto Hirschler, 87, Aided Space Program
1667:(German Historical Museum). Archived from
34:
27:
2508:
2252:
878:(in Italian). FrancoAngeli. p. 177.
590:'s book on elementary mathematical logic
2501:Making the History of Computing Relevant
659:computer, completed after the war, used
261:. Initial values were entered manually.
2594:IEEE Annals of the History of Computing
2199:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1952:IEEE Annals of the History of Computing
1619:IEEE Annals of the History of Computing
1341:IEEE Annals of the History of Computing
1014:IEEE Annals of the History of Computing
839:
800:
757:Z3 reconstruction in 2010 by Horst Zuse
307:, which is now on permanent display at
4837:Computer-related introductions in 1941
2136:"First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC"
1845:
1424:von Leszczynski, Ulrike (2010-06-27).
744:Weight: Around 1 tonne (2,200 lb)
726:Output: Decimal floating-point numbers
720:Program memory: Punched celluloid tape
532:instruction. Nevertheless, the Z3 was
472:("German Laboratory for Aviation") in
469:Deutsche Versuchsanstalt fĂĽr Luftfahrt
417:Deutsche Versuchsanstalt fĂĽr Luftfahrt
1468:"New perspectives, computer concepts"
1142:Springer Science & Business Media
738:Power consumption: Around 4,000
723:Input: Decimal floating-point numbers
257:. Program code was stored on punched
7:
4827:German inventions of the Nazi period
3850:Floating-point operations per second
1824:. 3.1 (2 ed.). Washington, DC:
761:A modern reconstruction directed by
295:. That Z3 was originally called V3 (
2564:www.horst-zuse.homepage.t-online.de
2540:www.horst-zuse.homepage.t-online.de
2483:www.horst-zuse.homepage.t-online.de
1852:: CS1 maint: ignored ISBN errors (
935:The history of calculating machines
1244:Hellige, Hans Dieter, ed. (2004).
930:Die Geschichte der Rechenautomaten
621:was built by the rocket scientist
14:
2195:"The Modern History of Computing"
1770:. Computer Pioneers – Konrad Zuse
147:64 words with a length of 22 bits
4776:Semiconductor device fabrication
2691:The Life and Work of Konrad Zuse
1571:"Konrad Zuse und die ETH ZĂĽrich"
650:thermionic valves (vacuum tubes)
593:Principles of Mathematical Logic
524:Z3 as a universal Turing machine
4832:World War II German electronics
4751:History of general-purpose CPUs
2978:Nondeterministic Turing machine
2686:Z3 page at Horst Zuse's website
2667:from the original on 2022-06-25
2419:from the original on 2022-03-11
1741:from the original on 2022-05-07
1641:from the original on 2022-07-03
1487:Alexander Kauther, Paul Wirtz:
1363:from the original on 2021-12-09
627:PeenemĂĽnde Army Research Center
540:on the Z3 was shown in 1998 by
536:– how to implement a universal
391:Telecommunication Institute at
2931:Deterministic finite automaton
2562:[Z3 – Presentations].
2536:"Events during Zuse Year 2010"
2325:
2307:Der Computer – Mein Lebenswerk
2227:"Electronic Digital Computers"
1160:Der Computer – Mein Lebenswerk
1159:
238:. The Z3 was built with 2,600
192:Around 1 tonne (2,200 lb)
40:Zuse Z3 replica on display at
1:
4847:Computers designed in Germany
3722:Simultaneous and heterogenous
2653:Computer Conservation Society
1687:Technische Universität Berlin
1665:Deutsches Historisches Museum
783:History of computing hardware
578:later used it to develop his
393:Technische Universität Berlin
370:Technische Universität Berlin
322:. However, because it lacked
4817:Electro-mechanical computers
4406:Integrated memory controller
4388:Translation lookaside buffer
3587:Memory dependence prediction
3030:Random-access stored program
2983:Probabilistic Turing machine
2510:10.1007/978-3-642-41650-7_26
2465:Konrad Zuse Internet Archive
2353:Spektrum Akademischer Verlag
993:. 1994-04-20. Archived from
717:Data memory: 64 22-bit words
293:Allied bombardment of Berlin
165:Row of lamps to show results
3862:Synaptic updates per second
2481:[Z3 replica 2001].
1918:The Smithsonian Institution
1830:The Smithsonian Institution
1550:(in German). Archived from
1450:Bellis, Mary (2017-07-31).
943:10.1007/978-3-642-36193-7_6
4870:
4266:Heterogeneous architecture
3188:Orthogonal instruction set
2958:Alternating Turing machine
2946:Quantum cellular automaton
2351:(2). Heidelberg, Germany:
2219:Williams, Frederic Calland
2105:Cruz, Frank (2013-11-09).
2011:Edinburgh University Press
1491:. Grin Verlag Gmbh, 2013,
1208:Schindler, Max J. (1990).
1104:. pp. 21, 30, 32–39.
872:Morelli, Marcello (2001).
410:was helped financially by
401:Oberkommando der Wehrmacht
249:length that operated at a
224:electromechanical computer
84:electromechanical computer
18:
4756:Microprocessor chronology
4719:Dynamic frequency scaling
3874:Cache performance metrics
2744:
2700:Charles Babbage Institute
2534:Zwernemann-Blech, Irene.
1914:Simon & Schuster Inc.
1576:(in German). ETH Zurich.
1304:"Z3 Computer (1938–1941)"
1094:"2. Computers in Germany"
456:floating-point arithmetic
33:
4771:Hardware security module
4114:Digital signal processor
4091:Graphics processing unit
3903:Graphics processing unit
2412:(in German). p. 9.
2167:"Stored-program concept"
1582:10.3929/ethz-a-006313025
1489:Der Einzelkämpfer Dorner
1052:Borchers, Detlef Henning
1027:10.1109/mahc.1996.489747
710:Arithmetic unit: Binary
646:Atanasoff–Berry computer
264:The Z3 was completed in
4822:One-of-a-kind computers
4724:Dynamic voltage scaling
4507:Memory address register
4401:Branch target predictor
4365:Address generation unit
4108:Physics processing unit
3897:Central processing unit
3856:Transactions per second
3844:Instructions per second
3767:Array processing (SIMT)
2911:Stored-program computer
2339:Bauer, Friedrich Ludwig
2287:Faber, Susanne (2000),
2171:Encyclopædia Britannica
2107:"Programming the ENIAC"
2043:Oxford University Press
1965:10.1109/MAHC.1985.10025
1728:"Obituary: Konrad Zuse"
1709:German Aerospace Center
1478:. Retrieved 2010-03-14.
1383:"Konrad Zuse Biography"
788:Reverse Polish notation
670:of 1948 along with the
582:. Zuse was inspired by
478:German Aerospace Center
368:in Charlottenburg (now
119:Costs: ca. 50,000
4530:Hardwired control unit
4412:Memory management unit
4377:Memory management unit
4126:Secure cryptoprocessor
4120:Tensor Processing Unit
4102:Vision processing unit
3836:Cycles per instruction
3830:Instructions per cycle
3777:Associative processing
3468:Instruction pipelining
2890:Processor technologies
2736:Computers designed by
2066:Haigh, Thomas (2016).
1723:Campbell-Kelly, Martin
1430:Monsters & Critics
1214:. Wiley. p. 419.
1158:
1137:The Computer – My Life
917:Lippe, Wolfram-Manfred
824:
758:
749:Modern reconstructions
680:stored-program concept
566:Relation to other work
468:
451:
416:
353:
337:Design and development
157:Punched celluloid tape
95:; 83 years ago
4613:Sum-addressed decoder
4359:Arithmetic logic unit
3486:Classic RISC pipeline
3440:Epiphany architecture
3287:Motorola 68000 series
2447:dcis.inf.fu-berlin.de
2368:10.1007/s002870050091
2113:. Columbia University
2111:Programming the ENIAC
1308:www.computermuseum.li
756:
735:Frequency: 5–10 hertz
546:speculative execution
511:The Z3 operated as a
495:mountains, alongside
487:Zuse moved on to the
476:, today known as the
449:
366:Technische Hochschule
344:
324:conditional branching
58:V3 (Versuchsmodell 3)
4734:Performance per watt
4312:replacement policies
3978:Package on a package
3868:Performance per watt
3772:Pipelined processing
3542:Tomasulo's algorithm
3347:Clipper architecture
3203:Application-specific
2916:Finite-state machine
2643:"The Zuse Computers"
2607:10.1109/mahc.2005.48
2191:Copeland, Brian Jack
2076:. pp. 113–114.
2035:Copeland, Brian Jack
1768:history.computer.org
1180:Portraits in Silicon
242:, implementing a 22-
19:For other uses, see
4766:Digital electronics
4419:Instruction decoder
4371:Floating-point unit
4025:Soft microprocessor
3972:System in a package
3547:Reservation station
3077:Transport-triggered
2560:"Z3-Präsentationen"
2344:Informatik Spektrum
2326:English translation
2245:1948Natur.162..487W
1902:Neufeld, Michael J.
1816:Neufeld, Michael J.
1609:(April–June 1997).
1513:Forschung als Waffe
937:] (in German).
253:of about 5–10
30:
21:Z3 (disambiguation)
4638:Integrated circuit
4482:Processor register
4136:Baseband processor
3481:Operand forwarding
2941:Cellular automaton
1661:"An einem 12. Mai"
1565:Herbert Bruderer,
1187:. pp. 46–47.
990:The New York Times
759:
696:Friedrich L. Bauer
640:(1943), built by
530:conditional branch
452:
433:Reich Air Ministry
382:Wilhelm Stäblein's
356:Zuse designed the
354:
274:Hans Georg KĂĽssner
234:, fully automatic
121:â„›︁â„ł︁
116:Introductory price
79:, fully automatic
4799:
4798:
4688:
4687:
4307:Instruction cache
4297:Scratchpad memory
4144:
4143:
4131:Network processor
4060:Network on a chip
4015:Ultra-low-voltage
3966:Multi-chip module
3809:
3808:
3595:
3594:
3582:Branch prediction
3559:Register renaming
3453:
3452:
3435:VISC architecture
3257:Quantum computing
3252:VISC architecture
3134:Secondary storage
3050:Microarchitecture
3010:Register machines
2856:
2855:
2479:"Z3-Nachbau-2001"
2132:von Neumann, John
2083:978-0-262-03398-5
2052:978-0-19-284055-4
1878:Walter de Gruyter
1839:987-1-58834-467-0
1826:Smithsonian Books
1632:10.1109/85.586067
1533:978-3-8353-0109-2
1476:978-1-4239-0610-0
1354:10.1109/85.707574
1289:978-3-593-36102-4
1255:978-3-540-00217-8
672:Manchester Mark 1
572:Gottfried Leibniz
497:Wernher von Braun
441:Herbert A. Wagner
429:ForschungsfĂĽhrung
216:
215:
153:Removable storage
93:May 12, 1941
4859:
4852:Serial computers
4761:Processor design
4653:Power management
4535:Instruction unit
4396:Branch predictor
4345:
4043:System on a chip
3985:
3825:Transistor count
3749:Flynn's taxonomy
3606:
3464:
3267:Addressing modes
3178:
3124:Memory hierarchy
2988:Hypercomputation
2906:Abstract machine
2883:
2876:
2869:
2860:
2730:
2723:
2716:
2707:
2675:
2673:
2672:
2641:(Spring 2006) .
2634:
2575:
2574:
2572:
2571:
2556:
2550:
2549:
2547:
2546:
2531:
2525:
2524:
2520:978-3-64241649-1
2512:
2493:
2487:
2486:
2475:
2469:
2468:
2457:
2451:
2450:
2435:
2429:
2427:
2425:
2424:
2418:
2411:
2398:
2392:
2391:
2361:
2335:
2329:
2323:
2316:978-3-64212095-4
2299:
2293:
2292:
2284:
2278:
2277:
2275:
2274:
2265:. Archived from
2256:
2254:10.1038/162487a0
2215:
2209:
2208:
2206:
2205:
2187:
2181:
2180:
2178:
2177:
2163:
2157:
2156:
2154:
2153:
2147:
2141:. Archived from
2140:
2128:
2122:
2121:
2119:
2118:
2102:
2096:
2095:
2063:
2057:
2056:
2031:
2025:
2024:
2008:
1994:Meltzer, Bernard
1986:
1977:
1976:
1946:
1940:
1939:
1898:
1892:
1891:
1887:978-3-48675518-3
1873:Analog Computing
1864:
1858:
1857:
1851:
1843:
1812:
1806:
1801:
1795:
1790:
1784:
1778:
1776:
1775:
1756:
1750:
1749:
1747:
1746:
1730:
1719:
1713:
1712:
1701:
1695:
1694:
1689:. Archived from
1679:
1673:
1672:
1657:
1651:
1649:
1647:
1646:
1640:
1615:
1603:
1592:
1591:
1589:
1588:
1575:
1562:
1556:
1555:
1544:
1538:
1537:
1525:
1517:Wallstein Verlag
1505:
1499:
1485:
1479:
1465:
1459:
1458:
1447:
1441:
1440:
1432:. Archived from
1421:
1415:
1414:
1400:
1394:
1393:
1379:
1373:
1371:
1369:
1368:
1362:
1337:
1325:
1316:
1315:
1310:. Archived from
1300:
1294:
1293:
1276:Hohn, Hans-Willy
1272:
1263:
1262:
1241:
1226:
1225:
1221:978-0-47150650-8
1205:
1199:
1198:
1194:978-0-26269131-4
1171:
1165:
1163:
1155:
1151:978-3-66202931-2
1128:
1122:
1121:
1119:
1118:
1090:Ceruzzi, Paul E.
1086:
1073:
1072:
1070:
1069:
1048:
1039:
1038:
1008:
999:
998:
981:
975:
960:
958:
957:
951:
945:. Archived from
926:
913:
896:
895:
893:
892:
885:978-8-84642879-0
869:
827:
818:
812:
805:
688:John von Neumann
471:
437:ZUSE Apparatebau
425:Joseph Jennissen
419:
390:
376:on the basis of
309:Deutsches Museum
297:Versuchsmodell 3
236:digital computer
103:
101:
96:
55:
42:Deutsches Museum
38:
31:
4869:
4868:
4862:
4861:
4860:
4858:
4857:
4856:
4812:1940s computers
4802:
4801:
4800:
4795:
4781:Tick–tock model
4739:
4695:
4684:
4624:
4608:Address decoder
4562:
4516:
4512:Program counter
4487:Status register
4468:
4423:
4383:Load–store unit
4350:
4343:
4270:
4239:
4140:
4097:Image processor
4072:
4065:
4035:
4029:
4005:Microcontroller
3995:Embedded system
3983:
3883:
3816:
3805:
3743:
3693:
3591:
3568:
3552:Re-order buffer
3523:
3504:Data dependency
3490:
3449:
3279:
3273:
3172:
3171:Instruction set
3165:
3151:Multiprocessing
3119:Cache hierarchy
3112:Register/memory
3036:
2936:Queue automaton
2892:
2887:
2857:
2852:
2740:
2734:
2682:
2670:
2668:
2637:
2587:
2584:
2582:Further reading
2579:
2578:
2569:
2567:
2558:
2557:
2553:
2544:
2542:
2533:
2532:
2528:
2521:
2495:
2494:
2490:
2477:
2476:
2472:
2459:
2458:
2454:
2437:
2436:
2432:
2422:
2420:
2416:
2409:
2400:
2399:
2395:
2355:
2337:
2336:
2332:
2317:
2301:
2300:
2296:
2286:
2285:
2281:
2272:
2270:
2217:
2216:
2212:
2203:
2201:
2189:
2188:
2184:
2175:
2173:
2165:
2164:
2160:
2151:
2149:
2145:
2138:
2130:
2129:
2125:
2116:
2114:
2104:
2103:
2099:
2084:
2065:
2064:
2060:
2053:
2033:
2032:
2028:
2021:
2006:
1988:
1987:
1980:
1948:
1947:
1943:
1928:
1920:. p. 106.
1900:
1899:
1895:
1888:
1866:
1865:
1861:
1844:
1840:
1832:. p. 138.
1814:
1813:
1809:
1802:
1798:
1791:
1787:
1773:
1771:
1758:
1757:
1753:
1744:
1742:
1734:The Independent
1721:
1720:
1716:
1703:
1702:
1698:
1681:
1680:
1676:
1659:
1658:
1654:
1644:
1642:
1638:
1613:
1605:
1604:
1595:
1586:
1584:
1573:
1564:
1563:
1559:
1546:
1545:
1541:
1534:
1526:. p. 847.
1519:
1507:
1506:
1502:
1486:
1482:
1466:
1462:
1449:
1448:
1444:
1436:on 2013-05-22.
1423:
1422:
1418:
1402:
1401:
1397:
1381:
1380:
1376:
1366:
1364:
1360:
1335:
1327:
1326:
1319:
1302:
1301:
1297:
1290:
1274:
1273:
1266:
1258:. p. 102:
1256:
1243:
1242:
1229:
1222:
1207:
1206:
1202:
1195:
1173:
1172:
1168:
1152:
1130:
1129:
1125:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1102:Greenwood Press
1088:
1087:
1076:
1067:
1065:
1050:
1049:
1042:
1010:
1009:
1002:
983:
982:
978:
965:Springer Vieweg
955:
953:
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924:
915:
914:
899:
890:
888:
886:
871:
870:
841:
836:
831:
830:
819:
815:
806:
802:
797:
779:
751:
704:
668:Manchester Baby
625:in 1942 at the
619:analog computer
605:digital circuit
580:Boolean algebra
568:
556:instruction set
534:Turing-complete
526:
509:
507:Instruction set
384:
362:Helmut Schreyer
339:
320:Turing-complete
276:(known for the
251:clock frequency
99:
97:
94:
53:
48:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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4829:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4804:
4803:
4797:
4796:
4794:
4793:
4788:
4786:Pin grid array
4783:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4747:
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4738:
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4634:
4632:
4626:
4625:
4623:
4622:
4620:Barrel shifter
4617:
4616:
4615:
4610:
4603:Binary decoder
4600:
4599:
4598:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4572:
4570:
4564:
4563:
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4555:
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4509:
4504:
4499:
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4492:Stack register
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4459:
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4139:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4117:
4111:
4105:
4099:
4094:
4088:
4086:AI accelerator
4083:
4077:
4075:
4067:
4066:
4064:
4063:
4057:
4052:
4049:Multiprocessor
4046:
4039:
4037:
4031:
4030:
4028:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
4000:Microprocessor
3997:
3991:
3989:
3988:By application
3982:
3981:
3975:
3969:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3931:Tile processor
3928:
3923:
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3913:
3912:
3911:
3900:
3893:
3891:
3885:
3884:
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3881:
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3807:
3806:
3804:
3803:
3802:
3801:
3791:
3786:
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3779:
3774:
3769:
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3753:
3751:
3745:
3744:
3742:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3725:
3724:
3719:
3717:Hyperthreading
3709:
3703:
3701:
3699:Multithreading
3695:
3694:
3692:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3680:
3679:
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3516:
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3506:
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3498:
3492:
3491:
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3488:
3483:
3478:
3476:Pipeline stall
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3454:
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3425:z/Architecture
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3167:
3166:
3164:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3137:
3136:
3131:
3129:Virtual memory
3121:
3116:
3115:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3068:
3067:
3057:
3052:
3046:
3044:
3038:
3037:
3035:
3034:
3033:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2996:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2953:Turing machine
2950:
2949:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2913:
2908:
2902:
2900:
2894:
2893:
2888:
2886:
2885:
2878:
2871:
2863:
2854:
2853:
2851:
2850:
2842:
2834:
2826:
2818:
2810:
2802:
2794:
2786:
2778:
2770:
2762:
2754:
2745:
2742:
2741:
2735:
2733:
2732:
2725:
2718:
2710:
2704:
2703:
2693:
2688:
2681:
2680:External links
2678:
2677:
2676:
2635:
2583:
2580:
2577:
2576:
2551:
2526:
2519:
2488:
2470:
2452:
2430:
2393:
2330:
2315:
2294:
2279:
2225:(1948-09-25).
2210:
2193:(2006-06-09).
2182:
2158:
2123:
2097:
2082:
2058:
2051:
2037:, ed. (2006).
2026:
2019:
1998:Michie, Donald
1990:Randell, Brian
1978:
1959:(3): 227–240.
1941:
1926:
1910:The Free Press
1893:
1886:
1880:. p. 38.
1859:
1838:
1807:
1796:
1785:
1762:(1987-10-02).
1751:
1725:(1995-12-21).
1714:
1696:
1693:on 2009-02-13.
1674:
1671:on 2013-05-30.
1652:
1593:
1557:
1554:on 2011-09-28.
1539:
1532:
1500:
1480:
1460:
1442:
1416:
1408:The German Way
1395:
1374:
1331:(1997-09-05).
1317:
1314:on 2008-06-17.
1295:
1288:
1264:
1254:
1227:
1220:
1200:
1193:
1175:Slater, Robert
1166:
1150:
1144:. p. 64.
1123:
1110:
1074:
1054:(2016-05-12).
1040:
1000:
997:on 2016-11-04.
976:
897:
884:
838:
837:
835:
832:
829:
828:
813:
799:
798:
796:
793:
792:
791:
785:
778:
775:
750:
747:
746:
745:
742:
736:
733:
730:
727:
724:
721:
718:
715:
712:floating-point
708:
703:
702:Specifications
700:
633:trajectories.
598:Claude Shannon
567:
564:
560:civil engineer
538:Turing machine
525:
522:
508:
505:
338:
335:
278:KĂĽssner effect
214:
213:
208:
204:
203:
198:
194:
193:
190:
186:
185:
179:
175:
174:
171:
167:
166:
163:
159:
158:
155:
149:
148:
145:
141:
140:
130:
124:
123:
117:
113:
112:
109:
105:
104:
91:
87:
86:
74:
70:
69:
64:
60:
59:
56:
50:
49:
39:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4865:
4864:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4809:
4807:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4748:
4746:
4742:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4701:
4699:
4697:
4691:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4640:
4639:
4636:
4635:
4633:
4631:
4627:
4621:
4618:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4605:
4604:
4601:
4597:
4594:
4593:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4581:Demultiplexer
4579:
4577:
4574:
4573:
4571:
4569:
4565:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4527:
4525:
4523:
4519:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4502:Memory buffer
4500:
4498:
4497:Register file
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4479:
4477:
4475:
4471:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4454:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4437:Combinational
4435:
4434:
4432:
4430:
4426:
4420:
4417:
4413:
4410:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4372:
4369:
4366:
4363:
4360:
4357:
4356:
4354:
4352:
4346:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4289:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4279:
4277:
4273:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4248:
4246:
4242:
4234:
4231:
4230:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4155:
4153:
4151:
4147:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4121:
4118:
4115:
4112:
4109:
4106:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4078:
4076:
4074:
4068:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4050:
4047:
4044:
4041:
4040:
4038:
4032:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3992:
3990:
3986:
3979:
3976:
3973:
3970:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3910:
3907:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3898:
3895:
3894:
3892:
3890:
3886:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3869:
3866:
3863:
3860:
3857:
3854:
3851:
3848:
3845:
3842:
3837:
3834:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3822:
3820:
3818:
3812:
3800:
3797:
3796:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3764:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3754:
3752:
3750:
3746:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3714:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3704:
3702:
3700:
3696:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3678:
3675:
3674:
3673:
3670:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3657:
3656:
3653:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3640:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3618:
3617:
3614:
3613:
3611:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3598:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3579:
3577:
3575:
3571:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3544:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3537:Scoreboarding
3535:
3534:
3532:
3530:
3526:
3520:
3519:False sharing
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3501:
3499:
3497:
3493:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3473:
3471:
3469:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3456:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3430:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3407:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3327:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3312:Stanford MIPS
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3284:
3282:
3276:
3268:
3265:
3264:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3226:
3223:
3222:
3221:
3218:
3214:
3211:
3210:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3185:
3183:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3173:architectures
3168:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3141:Heterogeneous
3139:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3126:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3094:
3093:
3092:Memory access
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3066:
3063:
3062:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3047:
3045:
3043:
3039:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3025:Random-access
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3012:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3005:Stack machine
3003:
3001:
2998:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2955:
2954:
2951:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2921:with datapath
2919:
2918:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2903:
2901:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2884:
2879:
2877:
2872:
2870:
2865:
2864:
2861:
2848:
2847:
2843:
2840:
2839:
2835:
2832:
2831:
2827:
2824:
2823:
2819:
2816:
2815:
2811:
2808:
2807:
2803:
2800:
2799:
2795:
2792:
2791:
2787:
2784:
2783:
2779:
2776:
2775:
2771:
2768:
2767:
2763:
2760:
2759:
2755:
2752:
2751:
2747:
2746:
2743:
2739:
2731:
2726:
2724:
2719:
2717:
2712:
2711:
2708:
2701:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2683:
2679:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2649:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2595:
2590:
2586:
2585:
2581:
2565:
2561:
2555:
2552:
2541:
2537:
2530:
2527:
2522:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2492:
2489:
2484:
2480:
2474:
2471:
2466:
2462:
2456:
2453:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2434:
2431:
2415:
2407:
2403:
2397:
2394:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2359:
2354:
2350:
2347:(in German).
2346:
2345:
2340:
2334:
2331:
2327:
2322:
2318:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2298:
2295:
2290:
2283:
2280:
2269:on 2009-04-06
2268:
2264:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2239:(4117): 487.
2238:
2234:
2233:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2214:
2211:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2186:
2183:
2172:
2168:
2162:
2159:
2148:on 2014-10-16
2144:
2137:
2133:
2127:
2124:
2112:
2108:
2101:
2098:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2070:
2062:
2059:
2054:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2030:
2027:
2022:
2020:0-85224-234-4
2016:
2012:
2005:
2004:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1985:
1983:
1979:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1953:
1945:
1942:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1927:0-02-922895-6
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1897:
1894:
1889:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1874:
1869:
1868:Ulmann, Bernd
1863:
1860:
1855:
1849:
1841:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1822:
1817:
1811:
1808:
1805:
1800:
1797:
1794:
1789:
1786:
1782:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1755:
1752:
1740:
1736:
1735:
1729:
1724:
1718:
1715:
1710:
1707:(in German).
1706:
1700:
1697:
1692:
1688:
1685:(in German).
1684:
1678:
1675:
1670:
1666:
1663:(in German).
1662:
1656:
1653:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1620:
1612:
1608:
1602:
1600:
1598:
1594:
1583:
1579:
1572:
1568:
1561:
1558:
1553:
1549:
1543:
1540:
1535:
1529:
1523:
1518:
1515:(in German).
1514:
1510:
1509:Maier, Helmut
1504:
1501:
1498:
1497:3-656-04860-6
1494:
1490:
1484:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1464:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1446:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1420:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1404:"Konrad Zuse"
1399:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1378:
1375:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1342:
1334:
1330:
1324:
1322:
1318:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1299:
1296:
1291:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1271:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1251:
1247:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1228:
1223:
1217:
1213:
1212:
1204:
1201:
1196:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1181:
1176:
1170:
1167:
1162:
1161:
1153:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1138:
1133:
1127:
1124:
1113:
1111:0-313-23382-9
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1085:
1083:
1081:
1079:
1075:
1063:
1062:
1057:
1053:
1047:
1045:
1041:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1015:
1007:
1005:
1001:
996:
992:
991:
986:
980:
977:
973:
971:
969:
966:
962:
952:on 2011-07-19
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
931:
922:
918:
912:
910:
908:
906:
904:
902:
898:
887:
881:
877:
876:
868:
866:
864:
862:
860:
858:
856:
854:
852:
850:
848:
846:
844:
840:
833:
826:
822:
817:
814:
810:
804:
801:
794:
789:
786:
784:
781:
780:
776:
774:
771:
768:
764:
755:
748:
743:
741:
737:
734:
731:
728:
725:
722:
719:
716:
713:
709:
706:
705:
701:
699:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
664:
662:
658:
653:
651:
647:
643:
642:Tommy Flowers
639:
634:
632:
628:
624:
623:Helmut Hölzer
620:
615:
612:
610:
606:
602:
599:
595:
594:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
565:
563:
561:
557:
554:
549:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
523:
521:
517:
514:
513:stack machine
506:
504:
502:
498:
494:
490:
485:
483:
479:
475:
470:
464:
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457:
448:
444:
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418:
413:
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398:
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279:
275:
271:
267:
262:
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256:
252:
248:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
222:was a German
221:
212:
209:
205:
202:
199:
195:
191:
187:
184:
181:Around 4,000
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
154:
150:
146:
142:
139:
135:
131:
129:
125:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
92:
88:
85:
82:
78:
75:
71:
68:
65:
61:
57:
54:Also known as
51:
47:
43:
37:
32:
26:
22:
4791:Chip carrier
4729:Clock gating
4648:Mixed-signal
4545:Write buffer
4522:Control unit
4334:Clock signal
4073:accelerators
4055:Cypress PSoC
3712:Simultaneous
3529:Out-of-order
3161:Neuromorphic
3042:Architecture
3000:Belt machine
2993:Zeno machine
2926:Hierarchical
2844:
2836:
2828:
2820:
2812:
2804:
2796:
2788:
2780:
2772:
2765:
2764:
2756:
2748:
2669:. Retrieved
2646:
2601:(3): 23–32.
2598:
2592:
2568:. Retrieved
2563:
2554:
2543:. Retrieved
2539:
2529:
2500:
2491:
2485:(in German).
2482:
2473:
2464:
2455:
2446:
2433:
2421:. Retrieved
2396:
2387:
2348:
2342:
2333:
2320:
2306:
2303:Zuse, Konrad
2297:
2288:
2282:
2271:. Retrieved
2267:the original
2236:
2230:
2223:Kilburn, Tom
2213:
2202:. Retrieved
2198:
2185:
2174:. Retrieved
2170:
2161:
2150:. Retrieved
2143:the original
2126:
2115:. Retrieved
2110:
2100:
2068:
2061:
2038:
2029:
2002:
1956:
1950:
1944:
1908:. New York:
1905:
1896:
1872:
1862:
1820:
1810:
1799:
1788:
1780:
1772:. Retrieved
1767:
1760:Zuse, Konrad
1754:
1743:. Retrieved
1732:
1717:
1699:
1691:the original
1677:
1669:the original
1655:
1643:. Retrieved
1626:(2): 5–16 .
1623:
1617:
1585:. Retrieved
1560:
1552:the original
1542:
1512:
1503:
1488:
1483:
1463:
1455:
1445:
1437:
1434:the original
1429:
1419:
1411:
1407:
1398:
1390:
1386:
1377:
1365:. Retrieved
1345:
1339:
1312:the original
1307:
1298:
1279:
1259:
1245:
1210:
1203:
1179:
1169:
1136:
1132:Zuse, Konrad
1126:
1115:. Retrieved
1097:
1066:. Retrieved
1061:heise online
1059:
1018:
1012:
995:the original
988:
979:
954:. Retrieved
947:the original
934:
929:
889:. Retrieved
874:
816:
809:wing flutter
803:
772:
760:
684:a 1945 paper
665:
661:vacuum tubes
654:
648:(1942) used
635:
629:to simulate
616:
613:
591:
569:
552:
550:
527:
518:
510:
486:
465:
461:
453:
436:
428:
422:
405:
378:vacuum tubes
355:
328:
317:
296:
290:
286:World War II
282:wing flutter
270:aerodynamics
263:
232:programmable
226:designed by
219:
217:
90:Release date
77:Programmable
25:
4842:Konrad Zuse
4576:Multiplexer
4540:Data buffer
4251:Single-core
4223:bit slicing
4081:Coprocessor
3936:Coprocessor
3817:performance
3739:Cooperative
3729:Speculative
3689:Distributed
3648:Superscalar
3633:Instruction
3601:Parallelism
3574:Speculative
3406:System/3x0
3278:Instruction
3055:Von Neumann
2968:Post–Turing
2738:Konrad Zuse
2639:Rojas, RaĂşl
2589:Rojas, RaĂşl
2566:(in German)
2497:Zuse, Horst
2439:Rojas, RaĂşl
2402:Zuse, Horst
2356: [
2291:(in German)
1779:Search for
1607:Rojas, RaĂşl
1520: [
1329:Rojas, RaĂşl
1064:(in German)
692:Alan Turing
596:. In 1937,
501:Hinterstein
412:Kurt Pannke
385: [
331:Konrad Zuse
228:Konrad Zuse
197:Predecessor
67:Konrad Zuse
4806:Categories
4696:management
4591:Multiplier
4452:Logic gate
4442:Sequential
4349:Functional
4329:Clock rate
4302:Data cache
4275:Components
4256:Multi-core
4244:Core count
3734:Preemptive
3638:Pipelining
3621:Bit-serial
3564:Wide-issue
3509:Structural
3431:Tilera ISA
3397:MicroBlaze
3367:ETRAX CRIS
3262:Comparison
3107:Load–store
3087:Endianness
2671:2008-07-26
2570:2018-11-03
2545:2018-11-03
2428:(18 pages)
2423:2022-09-18
2273:2009-04-10
2204:2023-09-07
2176:2014-03-24
2152:2014-03-24
2117:2016-05-16
1774:2018-05-14
1745:2021-05-11
1650:(12 pages)
1645:2022-07-03
1587:2023-12-04
1567:ETH Zurich
1367:2022-07-02
1117:2018-11-03
1068:2018-05-13
1021:(2): 3–4.
956:2010-06-21
891:2014-08-05
834:References
767:Horst Zuse
763:RaĂşl Rojas
644:, and the
631:V-2 rocket
601:introduced
542:RaĂşl Rojas
397:components
374:flip-flops
100:1941-05-12
4630:Circuitry
4550:Microcode
4474:Registers
4317:coherence
4292:CPU cache
4150:Word size
3815:Processor
3459:Execution
3362:DEC Alpha
3340:Power ISA
3156:Cognitive
2963:Universal
2661:0958-7403
2623:1058-6180
2615:1934-1547
2376:0170-6012
2362:: 84–88.
2092:952615433
2074:MIT Press
1848:cite book
1372:(8 pages)
1185:MIT Press
1035:1058-6180
919:(2010) .
588:Ackermann
553:practical
431:) in the
301:V-weapons
272:engineer
207:Successor
63:Developer
4568:Datapath
4261:Manycore
4233:variable
4071:Hardware
3707:Temporal
3387:OpenRISC
3082:Cellular
3072:Dataflow
3065:modified
2665:Archived
2631:16288658
2414:Archived
2404:(2006).
2384:28380924
2328:exists.)
2324:(NB. An
2305:(2010).
2134:(1945).
2000:(eds.).
1992:(1972).
1973:15986944
1936:94-30088
1904:(1995).
1870:(2013).
1818:(2013).
1739:Archived
1636:Archived
1569:(2010).
1511:(2007).
1358:Archived
1278:(1998).
1177:(1989).
1134:(2013).
1092:(1983).
777:See also
638:Colossus
108:Lifespan
4744:Related
4675:Quantum
4665:Digital
4660:Boolean
4558:Counter
4457:Quantum
4218:512-bit
4213:256-bit
4208:128-bit
4051:(MPSoC)
4036:on chip
4034:Systems
3852:(FLOPS)
3665:Process
3514:Control
3496:Hazards
3382:Itanium
3377:Unicore
3335:PowerPC
3060:Harvard
3020:Pointer
3015:Counter
2973:Quantum
2655:(CCS).
2263:4110351
2241:Bibcode
1711:. 1941.
1387:RTD Net
586:'s and
584:Hilbert
482:Cologne
162:Display
136:@ 5–10
111:2 years
98: (
81:digital
4680:Switch
4670:Analog
4408:(IMC)
4379:(MMU)
4228:others
4203:64-bit
4198:48-bit
4193:32-bit
4188:24-bit
4183:16-bit
4178:15-bit
4173:12-bit
4010:Mobile
3926:Stream
3921:Barrel
3916:Vector
3905:(GPU)
3864:(SUPS)
3832:(IPC)
3684:Memory
3677:Vector
3660:Thread
3643:Scalar
3445:Others
3392:RISC-V
3357:SuperH
3326:Power
3322:MIPS-X
3297:PDP-11
3146:Fabric
2898:Models
2849:(1943)
2841:(1942)
2833:(1961)
2825:(1963)
2817:(1963)
2809:(1961)
2801:(1955)
2793:(1955)
2785:(1953)
2777:(1945)
2769:(1941)
2761:(1940)
2753:(1938)
2659:
2629:
2621:
2613:
2517:
2382:
2374:
2313:
2261:
2232:Nature
2090:
2080:
2049:
2017:
1971:
1934:
1924:
1884:
1836:
1530:
1495:
1474:
1286:
1252:
1218:
1191:
1148:
1108:
1033:
882:
821:German
474:Berlin
313:Munich
266:Berlin
240:relays
144:Memory
134:relays
132:2,600
46:Munich
4736:(PPW)
4694:Power
4586:Adder
4462:Array
4429:Logic
4390:(TLB)
4373:(FPU)
4367:(AGU)
4361:(ALU)
4351:units
4287:Cache
4168:8-bit
4163:4-bit
4158:1-bit
4122:(TPU)
4116:(DSP)
4110:(PPU)
4104:(VPU)
4093:(GPU)
4062:(NoC)
4045:(SoC)
3980:(PoP)
3974:(SiP)
3968:(MCM)
3909:GPGPU
3899:(CPU)
3889:Types
3870:(PPW)
3858:(TPS)
3846:(IPS)
3838:(CPI)
3609:Level
3420:S/390
3415:S/370
3410:S/360
3352:SPARC
3330:POWER
3213:TRIPS
3181:Types
2627:S2CID
2611:eISSN
2417:(PDF)
2410:(PDF)
2380:S2CID
2360:]
2259:S2CID
2146:(PDF)
2139:(PDF)
2007:(PDF)
1969:S2CID
1639:(PDF)
1614:(PDF)
1574:(PDF)
1524:]
1361:(PDF)
1336:(PDF)
950:(PDF)
933:[
925:(PDF)
795:Notes
790:(RPN)
740:watts
676:EDSAC
657:ENIAC
576:Boole
389:]
183:watts
178:Power
170:Input
4714:ACPI
4447:Glue
4339:FIFO
4282:Core
4020:ASIP
3961:CPLD
3956:FPOA
3951:FPGA
3946:ASIC
3799:SPMD
3794:MIMD
3789:MISD
3782:SWAR
3762:SIMD
3757:SISD
3672:Data
3655:Task
3626:Word
3372:M32R
3317:MIPS
3280:sets
3247:ZISC
3242:NISC
3237:OISC
3232:MISC
3225:EPIC
3220:VLIW
3208:EDGE
3198:RISC
3193:CISC
3102:HUMA
3097:NUMA
2657:ISSN
2619:ISSN
2515:ISBN
2372:ISSN
2311:ISBN
2088:OCLC
2078:ISBN
2047:ISBN
2015:ISBN
1932:LCCN
1922:ISBN
1882:ISBN
1854:link
1834:ISBN
1781:1941
1528:ISBN
1493:ISBN
1472:ISBN
1284:ISBN
1250:ISBN
1216:ISBN
1189:ISBN
1146:ISBN
1106:ISBN
1031:ISSN
880:ISBN
765:and
674:and
666:The
655:The
636:The
493:Harz
349:and
259:film
247:word
218:The
189:Mass
73:Type
4709:APM
4704:PMU
4596:CPU
4553:ROM
4324:Bus
3941:PAL
3616:Bit
3402:LMC
3307:ARM
3302:x86
3292:VAX
2830:Z64
2822:Z31
2814:Z25
2806:Z23
2798:Z22
2790:Z11
2603:doi
2505:doi
2364:doi
2249:doi
2237:162
1961:doi
1628:doi
1578:doi
1350:doi
1023:doi
939:doi
686:by
617:An
480:in
351:Z11
311:in
244:bit
128:CPU
44:in
4808::
4643:3D
2846:S2
2838:S1
2782:Z5
2774:Z4
2766:Z3
2758:Z2
2750:Z1
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2645:.
2625:.
2617:.
2609:.
2599:27
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315:.
305:KG
255:Hz
220:Z3
211:Z4
201:Z2
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