252:
308:
1141:
418:
In scholarly literature on southern
African languages, the linguistic classificatory category "Nguni" is traditionally considered to subsume two subgroups: "Zunda Nguni" and "Tekela Nguni". This division is based principally on the salient phonological distinction between corresponding
836:
is the ethnonym and language name of a group living in Malawi, who are a geographically distant descendant of South
African Nguni. Ngoni separated from all other Nguni languages subsequent to the massive political and social upheaval within southern Africa, the
230:
as a generic label suggests a historical monolithic unity of the people in question, where in fact the situation may have been more complex. The linguistic use of the label (referring to a subgrouping of Bantu) is relatively stable.
234:
From an
English editorial perspective, the articles "a" and "an" are both used with "Nguni", but "a Nguni" is more frequent and more correct especially if "Nguni" is pronounced as it is suggested (
1116:
411:
The Nguni languages are closely related, and in many instances different languages are mutually intelligible; in this way, Nguni languages might better be construed as a
257:
Proportion of the population that speaks a Nguni language at home in South Africa, not showing the areas in
Lesotho, Eswatini, Zimbabwe and southern Mozambique here.
1146:
544:
A distinction between high and low tones on noun prefixes, indicating different grammatical roles, accompanied in some cases by an overt pre-prefix called the
1032:
313:
Density of home-language speakers of Nguni languages in South Africa, not showing the areas in
Lesotho, Eswatini, Zimbabwe and southern Mozambique here.
1109:
439:), but there is a host of additional linguistic variables that enables a relatively straightforward division into these two substreams of Nguni.
1061:
913:
415:
than as a cluster of separate languages. On more than one occasion, proposals have been put forward to create a unified Nguni language.
1591:
1102:
401:
1606:
1136:
1611:
1596:
134:
1601:
73:
1361:
1331:
458:
251:
1551:
1195:
307:
93:
83:
78:
67:
1381:
1240:
1125:
1040:
767:
757:
626:
616:
546:
497:
491:
468:
208:
1277:
1586:
1186:
397:
103:
1203:
1163:
1048:
706:
428:
424:
235:
1526:
1176:
964:"Isizwe SamaHlubi: Submission to the Commission on Traditional Leadership Disputes and Claims: Draft 1"
1556:
1427:
1376:
1058:
Early Nguni
History: The Linguistic Evidence and Its Correlation with Archeology and Oral Tradition
1015:
561:
554:
463:
405:
860:
1069:
Wright, J. (1987). "Politics, ideology, and the invention of the 'nguni'". In Tom Lodge (ed.).
1417:
1371:
1356:
420:
412:
88:
1469:
1443:
1407:
1386:
1285:
1219:
852:
798:
667:
568:
474:
176:
98:
62:
55:
1541:
1531:
1503:
1438:
1432:
1412:
1351:
1346:
1304:
1256:
1248:
1211:
963:
856:
787:
777:
747:
656:
646:
636:
606:
535:
503:
479:
453:
448:
212:
200:
196:
162:
1580:
1391:
1366:
1264:
737:
596:
508:
204:
833:
216:
192:
180:
43:
1495:
531:
515:
17:
1509:
1171:
1094:
844:
156:
999:
1536:
1474:
188:
184:
838:
1091:
Ndlovu, Sambulo. 'Comparative
Reconstruction of Proto-Nguni Phonology'
1546:
1464:
717:(in the environment here following the nasal ). Zulu, Swazi, Hlubi
1561:
1422:
1142:
Commission for
Cultural, Religious and Linguistic Community Rights
848:
534:. (Phuthi has re-acquired a new series of superclose vowels from
1448:
1088:(series: Man in Southern Africa) South African Museum, Cape Town
894:
530:
A 5-vowel system, by merging the near-close and close series of
1098:
1045:
Some features of the phonetic and grammatical structure of Baca
895:"Language and National Unity in a Post-Apartheid South Africa"
1020:
The
Southern Bantu Languages. Handbook of African Languages
914:"Language Policy and National Unity in South Africa/Azania"
859:, the argot spoken by South African homosexuals who speak
541:
Spreading of high tones to the antepenultimate syllable.
526:
The following aspects of Nguni languages are typical:
851:
spoken by the homosexuals of South Africa who speak
553:
Development of breathy-voiced consonants, acting as
1519:
1494:
1487:
1457:
1400:
1339:
1324:
1297:
1276:
1231:
1194:
1185:
1162:
1155:
155:
140:
130:
61:
49:
39:
34:
408:(quite apart from any historical significance).
223:(see below) is an older, or a shifted, variant.
641:Ndi-ya-ti-thsandza ii-ntfonga t-akho etin-tsha
661:Ngi-ya-ti-tsandza ti-ntfonga t-akho letin-sha
1110:
8:
1071:Resistance and ideology in settler societies
680:Gi-ya-ti-tshadza ti-tshoga t-akho leti-tjha
631:Ngi-ya-zi-thanda iin-ntonga z-akho ezi-tjha
611:Ndi-ya-zi-thanda ii-ntonga z-akho ezin-tsha
601:Ngi-ya-zi-thanda izi-nduku z-akho ezin-tsha
672:Gi-ya-ti-tshadza ti-tfoga t-akho leti-tjha
621:Ngi-ya-zi-thanda i-ntonga z-akho ezin-tsha
215:. The appellation "Nguni" derives from the
1491:
1336:
1191:
1159:
1117:
1103:
1095:
1033:University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
705:= IPA , but in the environment cited here
27:Bantu languages spoken by the Nguni people
863:. IsiNgqumo is based on an Nguni lexicon.
651:Ng'ya-zi-thanda iin-duku z-akho ezintsha
987:
723:
582:
873:
226:It is sometimes argued that the use of
950:
880:
811:Gisi-visisa ka-ncinci të-jhë Si-kguwa
782:Ng'si-visisisa ka-ncani nje isi-Ngisi
31:
1062:University of California, Los Angeles
938:
772:Ngisi-zwisisa ka-ncani nje isi-Ngisi
139:
7:
926:
752:Ndisi-qonda ka-ncinci nje isi-Ngesi
731:"I understand only a little English"
1084:Shaw, E. M. and Davison, P. (1973)
1029:Aspects of Tone and Voice in Phuthi
803:Gisi-visisa ka-nci të-jhë Si-kguwa
1022:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
709:is "nasally permuted" to . Phuthi
514:Note: Maho (2009) also lists S401
431:(thus the native form of the name
179:spoken in southern Africa (mainly
25:
762:Ngisi-zwisisa ka-ncane isiKhiwa
580:Compare the following sentences:
400:, the label "Nguni" is used both
1137:Pan South African Language Board
713:= breathy voiced = Xhosa, Zulu
306:
250:
1000:www.northerndebele.blogspot.com
435:and the better-known Zulu form
1147:Department of Arts and Culture
792:Ngisiva ka-ncane nje si-Ngisi
404:(in the linguistic sense) and
1:
742:Ngisi-zwa ka-ncane isi-Ngisi
1056:Ownby, Caroline P. (1985).
1628:
912:Neville Alexander (1989).
841:, lasting until the 1830s.
469:Northern Transvaal Ndebele
195:. Nguni languages include
1592:Languages of South Africa
1132:
1126:Languages of South Africa
1060:(Doctoral dissertation).
1031:(Doctoral dissertation).
63:Linguistic classification
1047:(Masters dissertation).
1027:Donnelly, Simon (2009).
590:"I like your new sticks"
1607:Languages of Mozambique
1049:University of Cape Town
500:(South African Ndebele)
1612:Languages of Zimbabwe
1597:Languages of Eswatini
1527:Tsotsitaal and Camtho
893:Eric P. Louw (1992).
1602:Languages of Lesotho
1327:unofficial languages
1041:Jordan, Archibald C.
1016:Doke, Clement Martyn
562:aspirated consonants
555:depressor consonants
377: 1000–3000 /km²
699:⟨tsh⟩
695:⟨tjh⟩
691:⟨tsh⟩
396:Within a subset of
385: >3000 /km²
369: 300–1000 /km²
1206:(Sesotho sa Leboa)
1086:The Southern Nguni
1073:. pp. 96–118.
861:Germanic languages
822:⟨kg⟩
719:⟨ng⟩
711:⟨jh⟩
703:⟨sh⟩
471:(Sumayela Ndebele)
421:coronal consonants
361: 100–300 /km²
1574:
1573:
1570:
1569:
1483:
1482:
1332:1996 constitution
1320:
1319:
1316:
1315:
1241:Southern Ndebele
815:
814:
715:⟨j⟩
684:
683:
413:dialect continuum
353: 30–100 /km²
169:
168:
16:(Redirected from
1619:
1552:SA Sign Language
1492:
1382:Northern Ndebele
1337:
1329:mentioned in the
1192:
1160:
1119:
1112:
1105:
1096:
1074:
1065:
1052:
1036:
1023:
1002:
997:
991:
985:
979:
978:
976:
974:
968:
960:
954:
948:
942:
936:
930:
924:
918:
917:
909:
903:
902:
890:
884:
878:
855:; as opposed to
823:
768:Southern Ndebele
758:Northern Ndebele
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
627:Southern Ndebele
617:Northern Ndebele
583:
576:Comparative data
569:click consonants
498:Southern Ndebele
443:Tekela languages
430:
426:
384:
376:
368:
360:
352:
345: 10–30 /km²
344:
336:
328:
321: <1 /km²
320:
310:
296:
288:
280:
272:
264:
254:
237:
165:
149:Tekela languages
94:Southern Bantoid
32:
21:
1627:
1626:
1622:
1621:
1620:
1618:
1617:
1616:
1587:Nguni languages
1577:
1576:
1575:
1566:
1515:
1479:
1453:
1396:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1312:
1293:
1272:
1227:
1212:Southern Sotho
1204:Northern Sotho
1181:
1151:
1128:
1123:
1081:
1079:Further reading
1068:
1055:
1039:
1026:
1014:
1011:
1006:
1005:
998:
994:
990:, p. 1-61.
986:
982:
972:
970:
966:
962:
961:
957:
949:
945:
937:
933:
925:
921:
911:
910:
906:
892:
891:
887:
879:
875:
870:
853:Bantu languages
830:
821:
808:Sigxodo Phuthi
718:
714:
710:
702:
698:
697:= IPA ; Phuthi
694:
690:
677:Sigxodo Phuthi
578:
567:Development of
560:Development of
524:
522:Characteristics
488:
486:Zunda languages
445:
394:
393:
392:
391:
390:
389:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
337: 3–10 /km²
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
311:
303:
302:
301:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
255:
244:
177:Bantu languages
175:are a group of
173:Nguni languages
161:
146:Zunda languages
56:Southern Africa
51:
28:
23:
22:
18:Zunda languages
15:
12:
11:
5:
1625:
1623:
1615:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1579:
1578:
1572:
1571:
1568:
1567:
1565:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1542:Pretoria Sotho
1539:
1534:
1532:Oorlams Creole
1529:
1523:
1521:
1517:
1516:
1514:
1513:
1506:
1500:
1498:
1489:
1485:
1484:
1481:
1480:
1478:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1461:
1459:
1455:
1454:
1452:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1404:
1402:
1398:
1397:
1395:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1343:
1341:
1334:
1322:
1321:
1318:
1317:
1314:
1313:
1311:
1310:
1301:
1299:
1295:
1294:
1292:
1291:
1282:
1280:
1274:
1273:
1271:
1270:
1262:
1254:
1246:
1237:
1235:
1229:
1228:
1226:
1225:
1217:
1209:
1200:
1198:
1189:
1187:Southern Bantu
1183:
1182:
1180:
1179:
1174:
1168:
1166:
1157:
1153:
1152:
1150:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1133:
1130:
1129:
1124:
1122:
1121:
1114:
1107:
1099:
1093:
1092:
1089:
1080:
1077:
1076:
1075:
1066:
1053:
1037:
1024:
1010:
1007:
1004:
1003:
992:
980:
955:
943:
931:
919:
904:
885:
872:
871:
869:
866:
865:
864:
842:
829:
826:
813:
812:
809:
805:
804:
801:
794:
793:
790:
784:
783:
780:
774:
773:
770:
764:
763:
760:
754:
753:
750:
744:
743:
740:
734:
733:
728:
682:
681:
678:
674:
673:
670:
663:
662:
659:
653:
652:
649:
643:
642:
639:
633:
632:
629:
623:
622:
619:
613:
612:
609:
603:
602:
599:
593:
592:
587:
577:
574:
573:
572:
565:
558:
551:
542:
539:
523:
520:
512:
511:
506:
501:
495:
487:
484:
483:
482:
477:
472:
466:
461:
456:
451:
444:
441:
398:Southern Bantu
388:
387:
381:
379:
373:
371:
365:
363:
357:
355:
349:
347:
341:
339:
333:
331:
329: 1–3 /km²
325:
323:
317:
314:
312:
305:
304:
300:
299:
293:
291:
285:
283:
277:
275:
269:
267:
261:
258:
256:
249:
248:
247:
246:
245:
243:
242:Classification
240:
167:
166:
159:
153:
152:
151:
150:
147:
142:
138:
137:
132:
131:Proto-language
128:
127:
126:
125:
124:
123:
122:
121:
120:
119:
118:
117:
116:
115:
114:
113:
112:
111:
104:Southern Bantu
74:Atlantic–Congo
65:
59:
58:
53:
47:
46:
41:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1624:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1584:
1582:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1524:
1522:
1518:
1512:
1511:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1493:
1490:
1486:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1462:
1460:
1456:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1405:
1403:
1399:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1344:
1342:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1323:
1309:
1308:
1303:
1302:
1300:
1296:
1290:
1289:
1284:
1283:
1281:
1279:
1275:
1269:
1268:
1263:
1261:
1260:
1255:
1253:
1252:
1247:
1245:
1244:
1239:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1230:
1224:
1223:
1218:
1216:
1215:
1210:
1208:
1207:
1202:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1184:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1164:West Germanic
1161:
1158:
1154:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1134:
1131:
1127:
1120:
1115:
1113:
1108:
1106:
1101:
1100:
1097:
1090:
1087:
1083:
1082:
1078:
1072:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1012:
1008:
1001:
996:
993:
989:
988:Donnelly 2009
984:
981:
965:
959:
956:
952:
947:
944:
940:
935:
932:
928:
923:
920:
915:
908:
905:
900:
899:Critical Arts
896:
889:
886:
882:
877:
874:
867:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
843:
840:
835:
832:
831:
827:
825:
819:
810:
807:
806:
802:
800:
796:
795:
791:
789:
786:
785:
781:
779:
776:
775:
771:
769:
766:
765:
761:
759:
756:
755:
751:
749:
746:
745:
741:
739:
736:
735:
732:
729:
726:
725:
722:
688:
679:
676:
675:
671:
669:
665:
664:
660:
658:
655:
654:
650:
648:
645:
644:
640:
638:
635:
634:
630:
628:
625:
624:
620:
618:
615:
614:
610:
608:
605:
604:
600:
598:
595:
594:
591:
588:
585:
584:
581:
575:
570:
566:
563:
559:
556:
552:
549:
548:
543:
540:
537:
533:
529:
528:
527:
521:
519:
517:
510:
507:
505:
502:
499:
496:
493:
490:
489:
485:
481:
478:
476:
473:
470:
467:
465:
462:
460:
457:
455:
452:
450:
447:
446:
442:
440:
438:
434:
422:
416:
414:
409:
407:
406:typologically
403:
399:
380:
372:
364:
356:
348:
340:
332:
324:
316:
315:
309:
297: 80–100%
292:
284:
276:
268:
260:
259:
253:
241:
239:
232:
229:
224:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
164:
160:
158:
154:
148:
145:
144:
143:
136:
133:
129:
110:
107:
106:
105:
102:
101:
100:
97:
96:
95:
92:
91:
90:
87:
86:
85:
82:
81:
80:
77:
76:
75:
72:
71:
69:
66:
64:
60:
57:
54:
48:
45:
42:
38:
33:
30:
19:
1508:
1435:(historical)
1306:
1287:
1266:
1258:
1250:
1243:(isiNdebele)
1242:
1232:
1221:
1213:
1205:
1196:Sotho–Tswana
1085:
1070:
1057:
1044:
1028:
1019:
1009:Bibliography
995:
983:
971:. Retrieved
958:
946:
934:
922:
907:
898:
888:
876:
817:
816:
730:
686:
685:
589:
579:
545:
525:
513:
436:
432:
417:
410:
395:
289: 60–80%
281: 40–60%
273: 20–40%
233:
227:
225:
220:
217:Nguni cattle
193:Nguni people
181:South Africa
172:
170:
141:Subdivisions
108:
52:distribution
44:Nguni people
29:
1557:Angloromani
1496:LGBTQ slang
1307:(Tshivenḓa)
969:. July 2004
951:Jordan 1942
881:Wright 1987
532:Proto-Bantu
427:and Tekela
402:genetically
265: 0–20%
135:Proto-Nguni
84:Benue–Congo
79:Volta-Congo
68:Niger–Congo
1581:Categories
1428:Portuguese
1377:Nhlangwini
1340:Indigenous
1325:Recognised
1288:(Xitsonga)
1278:Tswa–Ronga
1259:(isiXhosa)
1222:(Setswana)
939:Ownby 1985
868:References
516:Old Mfengu
464:Nhlangwini
50:Geographic
1510:IsiNgqumo
1458:Religious
1267:(isiZulu)
1251:(siSwati)
1214:(Sesotho)
1172:Afrikaans
927:Doke 1954
845:IsiNgqumo
727:Language
701:= ; Zulu
693:= Phuthi
586:Language
494:(Ndebele)
236:/ŋˈɡuːni/
191:) by the
157:Glottolog
40:Ethnicity
1537:Fanagalo
1475:Sanskrit
1418:Gujarati
1156:Official
1043:(1942).
1018:(1954).
828:See also
824:= IPA .
492:Matabele
423:: Zunda
189:Eswatini
185:Zimbabwe
163:ngun1267
1401:Foreign
1357:Khoisan
1286:Tsonga
1220:Tswana
1177:English
973:28 July
839:mfecane
820:Phuthi
547:augment
209:Ndebele
89:Bantoid
1547:Scamto
1470:Hebrew
1465:Arabic
1444:Telugu
1408:German
1387:Phuthi
1305:Venda
1257:Xhosa
1249:Swazi
847:is an
799:Phuthi
797:Mpapa
689:Xhosa
668:Phuthi
666:Mpapa
475:Phuthi
383:
375:
367:
359:
351:
343:
335:
327:
319:
295:
287:
279:
271:
263:
219:type.
211:, and
1562:Kaaps
1520:Other
1504:Gayle
1488:Other
1439:Tamil
1433:Malay
1423:Hindi
1413:Greek
1347:Bhaca
1298:Venda
1265:Zulu
1233:Nguni
967:(PDF)
857:Gayle
849:argot
834:Ngoni
818:Note:
788:Swazi
778:Hlubi
748:Xhosa
687:Note:
657:Swazi
647:Hlubi
637:Bhaca
607:Xhosa
536:Sotho
504:Xhosa
480:Swazi
454:Hlubi
449:Bhaca
437:Swazi
433:Swati
228:Nguni
221:Ngoni
213:Swati
201:Hlubi
197:Xhosa
109:Nguni
99:Bantu
35:Nguni
1449:Urdu
1372:Nama
1367:Lozi
1362:Lala
1352:Khoe
975:2011
738:Zulu
721:= .
597:Zulu
509:Zulu
459:Lala
205:Zulu
187:and
171:The
1392:Tuu
707:/ʃ/
429:/t/
425:/z/
238:).
1583::
897:.
518:.
207:,
203:,
199:,
183:,
1118:e
1111:t
1104:v
1064:.
1051:.
1035:.
977:.
953:.
941:.
929:.
916:.
901:.
883:.
571:.
564:.
557:.
550:.
538:)
70:?
20:)
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