468:
converted some weeks later. According to Höss, Bunker 1 held 800 victims and Bunker 2 held 1,200 victims. These structures were in use for mass-murder until early 1943. At that point, the Nazis decided to greatly increase the gassing capacity of
Birkenau. Crematorium II was originally designed as a mortuary with morgues in the basement and ground-level incinerators; they converted it into a killing factory by installing gas-tight doors, vents for the Zyklon B to be dropped into the chamber, and ventilation equipment to remove the gas afterwards. Crematorium III was built using the same design. Crematoria IV and V, designed from the beginning as gassing centers, were also constructed that spring. By June 1943, all four crematoria were operational. Most of the victims were murdered using these four structures.
492:(special work crews forced to work at the gas chambers) wearing gas masks then dragged the bodies from the chamber. The victims' glasses, artificial limbs, jewelry, and hair were removed, and any dental work was extracted so the gold could be melted down. If the gas chamber was crowded, which they typically were, the corpses were found half-squatting, their skin discolored pink with red and green spots, with some foaming at the mouth or bleeding from their ears. Others were covered in excrement, vomit, menstrual fluid and suffered nose bleeds. The corpses were burned in the nearby incinerators, and the ashes were buried, thrown in the river, or used as fertilizer. With the Soviet
245:
618:, a sample of gasket material taken from a different camp building, had no cyanide residue. In 1999, James Roth, the chemist who had analyzed Leuchter's samples, stated that the test was flawed because the material that was sent for testing included large chunks, and the chemical would only be within 10 microns of the surface. The surface that had been exposed to the chemical was not identified, and the large size of the specimens meant that any chemical present was diluted by an undeterminable amount. In 1994, the Institute for Forensic Research in
417:, and Testa supplied it to Auschwitz and Majdanek; camps also occasionally bought it directly from the manufacturers. Some 56 tonnes of the 729 tonnes sold in Germany in 1942â44 were sold to concentration camps, amounting to about 8 percent of domestic sales. Auschwitz received 23.8 tonnes, of which 6 tonnes were used for fumigation. The remainder was used in the gas chambers or lost to spoilage (the product had a stated shelf life of only three months). Testa conducted fumigations for the
236:, the electrons that would situate themselves on the heme a3 group can no longer do so. Instead, these electrons destabilize the compound; thus, the heme group no longer accepts them. Consequently, electron transport is halted, and cells can no longer produce the energy needed to synthesize ATP. Death occurs in a human being weighing 68 kilograms (150 lb) within two minutes of inhaling 70 mg of hydrogen cyanide.
514:
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272:), a state-controlled consortium formed to investigate military use of the chemical. Chemists at Degesch added a cautionary eye irritant to a less volatile cyanide compound which reacted with water in the presence of heat to become hydrogen cyanide. The new product was marketed as the pesticide Zyklon (cyclone). As a similar formula had been used as a weapon by the Germans during World War I, Zyklon was soon banned.
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A special SS bureau known as the
Hygienic Institute delivered the Zyklon B to the crematoria by ambulance. The actual delivery of the gas to the victims was always handled by the SS, on the order of the supervising SS doctor. After the doors were shut, SS men dropped Zyklon B pellets through vents in
463:
in the main camp. They repeated the experiment on more
Russian POWs in September, with Höss watching. Block 11 proved unsuitable, as the basement was difficult to air out afterwards and the crematorium (Crematorium I, which operated until July 1942) was some distance away. The site of the murders was
467:
The first gas chamber at
Auschwitz IIâBirkenau was the "red house" (called Bunker 1 by SS staff), a brick cottage converted to a gassing facility by tearing out the inside and bricking up the windows. It was operational by March 1942. A second brick cottage, called the "white house" or Bunker 2, was
405:, and elsewhere. Zyklon B was preferred because it was assumed to be a "humane" killing method, with the Nazis priding themselves as "civilized killers". Most of the victims were Jews, and by far the majority of murders using this method took place at Auschwitz. Distributor Heli supplied Zyklon B to
471:
The Nazis began shipping large numbers of Jews from all over Europe to
Auschwitz in the middle of 1942. Those who were not selected for work crews were immediately gassed. Those selected to die generally comprised about three-quarters of the total and included almost all children, women with small
537:
Use of hydrogen cyanide as a pesticide or cleaner has been banned or restricted in some countries. Most hydrogen cyanide is used in industrial processes, made by companies in
Germany, Japan, the Netherlands and the US. Degesch resumed production of Zyklon B after the war. The product was sold as
533:
of Tesch & Stabenow were tried in a
British military court and executed for knowingly providing Zyklon B to the SS for use on humans. Gerhard Peters, who served as principal operating officer of Degesch and Heli and also held posts in the Nazi government, served two years and eight months in
538:
Cyanosil in
Germany and Zyklon in other countries. It was still produced as of 2008. Degussa sold Degesch to Detia-Freyberg GmbH in 1986. The company is now called Detia-Degesch. Up until around 2015, a fumigation product similar to Zyklon B was in production by LuÄebnĂ zĂĄvody Draslovka of the
184:
for use on humans. Hydrogen cyanide is now rarely used as a pesticide but still has industrial applications. Firms in several countries continue to produce Zyklon B under alternative brand names, including Detia-Degesch, the successor to
Degesch, who renamed the product Cyanosil in 1974.
427:
in the safe handling and use of the material for fumigation purposes. In April 1941, the German agriculture and interior ministries designated the SS as an authorized applier of the chemical, which meant they were able to use it without any further training or governmental oversight.
325:
While
Degesch owned the rights to the brand name Zyklon and the patent on the packaging system, the chemical formula was owned by Degussa. Schlempe GmbH, which was 52 percent owned by Degussa, owned the rights to a process to extract hydrogen cyanide from waste products of
577:
had proposed to use for a new line of home appliances in the United States. (The firm was already using the name in Germany for one of their vacuum cleaners.) Protests were lodged by the Simon Wiesenthal Center after the trademark application was reported to
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to form the final product, which was packaged using equipment, labels, and canisters provided by Degesch. The finished goods were sent to Degesch, who forwarded the product to two companies that acted as distributors: Heerdt-Linger GmbH (Heli) of
368:
clothing (often using a portable sealed chamber invented by Degesch in the 1930s) and fumigating ships, warehouses, and trains. By 1943, sales of Zyklon B accounted for 65 percent of Degesch's sales revenue and 70 percent of its gross profits.
622:
re-examined Leuchter's claim, stating that formation of Prussian blue by exposure of bricks to cyanide is not a highly probable reaction. Using microdiffusion techniques, they tested 22 samples from the gas chambers and delousing chambers (as
302:. The new product was also labelled as Zyklon, but it became known as Zyklon B to distinguish it from the earlier version. Heerdt was named the inventor of Zyklon B in the Degesch patent application (number DE 438818) dated 20 June 1922. The
464:
moved to Crematorium I, where more than 700 victims could be murdered at once. By the middle of 1942, the operation was moved to Auschwitz IIâBirkenau, a nearby satellite camp that had been under construction since October 1941.
330:
processing. This process was performed under license by two companies, Dessauer Werke and Kaliwerke Kolin, who also combined the resulting hydrogen cyanide with stabilizer from IG Farben and a cautionary agent from
265:
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Prior to World War II Degesch derived most of its Zyklon B profits from overseas sales, particularly in the United States, where it was produced under license by Roessler & Hasslacher prior to 1931 and by
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by an SS doctor not to be completely fit. The victims were told that they were to undergo delousing and a shower. They were stripped of their belongings and herded into the gas chamber.
51:; the first and third panels contain manufacturer information and the brand name, the center panel reads "Poison Gas! Cyanide preparation to be opened and used only by trained personnel"
484:, an SS doctor who oversaw gassings, testified that the "shouting and screaming of the victims could be heard through the opening and it was clear that they fought for their lives".
306:
awarded the patent on 27 December 1926. Beginning in the 1920s, Zyklon B was used at U.S. Customs facilities along the Mexican border to fumigate the clothing of border crossers.
2881:
549:
Subsequent use of the word "Zyklon" in trade names has prompted angry reactions in English-speaking countries. The name "Zyklon" on portable roller coasters made since 1965 by
352:
river, with Heli handling clients to the west and south, and Testa those to the east. Degesch owned 51 percent of the shares of Heli, and until 1942 owned 55 percent of Testa.
1900:
719:
The gas chamber also had to be heated, as the Zyklon B pellets would not vaporize into hydrogen cyanide unless the temperature was 27 °C (81 °F) or above.
1780:, Heerdt, Walter, "Verfahren zur Schaedlingsbekaempfung", issued 27 December 1926, assigned to Deutsche Gesellschaft fĂŒr SchĂ€dlingsbekĂ€mpfung mbH.
710:
Soviet officials initially stated that over 4 million people were killed using Zyklon B at Auschwitz, but this figure was proven to be greatly exaggerated.
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627:) and living quarters (as negative controls). They found cyanide residue in both the delousing chambers and the gas chambers but none in the living quarters.
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1857:
134:), a pesticide that released hydrogen cyanide upon exposure to water and heat. It was banned after World War I, when Germany used a similar product as a
2428:
2272:
Consolidated List of Products Whose Consumption And/or Sale Have Been Banned, Withdrawn, Severely Restricted Or Not Approved by Governments: Chemicals
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651:
1610:(in German). J. Bailer, F. Freund, T. Geisler, W. Lasek, N. Neugebauer, G. Spenn, W. Wegner. Wien: Bundesministerium fuer Unterricht und Kultur.
176:
The Nazis started using Zyklon B in extermination camps in early 1942 to murder prisoners during the Holocaust. Tesch and his deputy executive,
260:, ships, and mills. Its light weight and rapid dispersal meant its application had to take place under tents or in enclosed areas. Research by
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1997:
1975:
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1626:"Bekanntmachung der geprĂŒften und anerkannten Mittel und Verfahren zur BekĂ€mpfung von tierischen SchĂ€dlingen nach §18 Infektionsschutzgesetz"
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445:, commandant of Auschwitz, said that the use of Zyklon-B to murder prisoners came about on the initiative of one of his subordinates, SS-
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322:, in exchange for the right to market pesticide products of those two companies through Degesch. Degussa retained managerial control.
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in samples of the gas chamber walls and ceilings. Leuchter attributed its presence to general delousing of the buildings. Leuchter's
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2009:"A Study of the Cyanide Compounds Content in the Walls of the Gas Chambers in the Former Auschwitz and Birkenau Concentration Camps"
1932:
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1628:[Notice of tested and approved means and procedures for combating animal pests according to §18, Infection Protection Act]
165:. The new product was also named Zyklon, but it became known as Zyklon B to distinguish it from the earlier version. Uses included
1809:
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1943:
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provoked protests among Jewish groups in the U.S. in 1993 and 1999. In 2002, British sportswear and football equipment supplier
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used Zyklon B to fumigate freight trains and clothes of Mexican immigrants entering the United States. Uses in Germany included
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157:, devised a method of packaging hydrogen cyanide in sealed canisters along with a cautionary eye irritant and one of several
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596:("green cap") in 2013 after protests from Jewish groups. A rabbi said the name was "horrible ignorance at best, and a
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approaching through Poland, the last mass gassing at Auschwitz took place on 30 October 1944. In November 1944,
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issued an apology and stopped using the name "Zyklon", which had appeared since 1999 on the box for one of its
294:, and others worked on packaging hydrogen cyanide in sealed canisters along with a cautionary eye irritant and
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claim that Zyklon B gas was not used in the gas chambers, relying for evidence on the discredited research of
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In early 1942, the Nazis began using Zyklon B as the preferred killing tool in extermination camps during
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The Origins of the Final Solution : The Evolution of Nazi Jewish Policy, September 1939 â March 1942
79:) was the trade name of a cyanide-based pesticide invented in Germany in the early 1920s. It consists of
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withdrew its application for an American trademark of the word "Zyklon", which their subsidiary
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containing iron groups. The cyanide component of Zyklon B can bind at one of these iron groups,
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of citrus trees in California. Its use spread to other countries for the fumigation of silos,
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1640:. Bundesamtes fĂŒr Verbraucherschutz und Lebensmittelsicherheit. 20 June 2008. Archived from
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Amoklauf gegen die Wirklichkeit: NS-Verbrechen und "revisionistische" Geschichtsschreibung
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the roof or holes in the side of the chamber. The victims were dead within 20 minutes.
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in evil and cynicism if the company did know the history of the name of its product."
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Understanding Willing Participants: Milgram's Obedience Experiments and the Holocaust
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Hydrogen cyanide, discovered in the late 18th century, was used in the 1880s for the
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Bundesgesundheitsblatt: Bundesgesundheitsbl â Gesundheitsforsch â Gesundheitsschutz
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led to the founding in 1919 of Deutsche Gesellschaft fĂŒr SchĂ€dlingsbekĂ€mpfung mbH (
148:
92:
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prison as an accessory before being released due to amendments to the penal code.
1669:. Comprehensive History of the Holocaust. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
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by one of their readers. French company IPC's product names used "Cyclone" for
505:, head of the SS, ordered gassing operations to cease throughout Nazi Germany.
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1588:"Auschwitz: Inside the Nazi State. Auschwitz 1940â1945. The Killing Evolution"
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1963:
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397:. They used it to murder roughly 1.1 million people in gas chambers at
365:
337:
315:
295:
166:
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84:
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275:
Deutsche Gold- und Silber-Scheideanstalt (German Gold and Silver Refinery;
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2611:
2470:
2029:"Mr. Death: The Rise and Fall of Fred A. Leuchter, Jr. (film transcript)"
493:
460:
402:
108:
122:, was first used as a pesticide in California in the 1880s. Research at
83:(prussic acid), as well as a cautionary eye irritant and one of several
17:
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3938:
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A fumigation team in New Orleans, 1939. Zyklon canisters are visible.
221:
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266:
Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry
279:) became sole owners of Degesch in 1922. There, beginning in 1922,
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Dzombak, David A.; Ghosh, Rajat S.; Wong-Chong, George M. (2005).
554:
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and supplied them with Zyklon B. They also offered courses to the
376:
243:
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purchased Degesch in 1922. Their team of chemists, which included
38:
2270:
United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (2002).
1858:"French Firm's Cleaning Product Name Sounds Like Nazis' Zyklon B"
180:, were executed in 1946 for knowingly selling the product to the
4618:
4578:
3571:
3566:
2400:"Chemistry is Not the Science: Rudolf, Rhetoric & Reduction"
349:
225:
4532:
2410:
2292:(in Czech). LuÄebnĂ zĂĄvody Draslovka a.s. KolĂn. Archived from
228:
a3, forming a more stabilized compound through metal-to-ligand
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3511:
1927:. Cambridge; New York; Melbourne: Cambridge University Press.
1690:
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1162:
1160:
4528:
3044:
Octamethylene-bis(5-dimethylcarbamoxyisoquinolinium bromide)
2310:"'Zyklon' Roller Coaster Sign Is Pulled After Jewish Outcry"
1812:. International Cyanide Management Institute. Archived from
1713:
The Last Gasp: The Rise and Fall of the American Gas Chamber
314:
In 1930, Degussa ceded 42.5 percent ownership of Degesch to
3125:
2-Ethoxycarbonyl-1-methylvinyl cyclohexyl methylphosphonate
1970:(Revised 2002 ed.). London: Constable & Robinson.
680:
A total of around 6 million Jews were murdered during
424:
181:
1925:
From Cooperation to Complicity: Degussa in the Third Reich
1792:
Cyanide in Water and Soil: Chemistry, Risk, and Management
2007:
Markiewicz, Jan; Gubala, Wojciech; Labedz, Jerzy (1994).
472:
children, all the elderly, and all those who appeared on
232:. As a result of the formation of this new ironâcyanide
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Hydrogen cyanide, a poisonous gas that interferes with
1990:
Holocaust: The Nazi Persecution and Murder of the Jews
1944:"Does name of county fair ride throw Jews for a loop?"
1756:"Cyclone B. La réaction de l'entreprise brestoise IPC"
1571:
1034:
1032:
776:
774:
2182:. Vol. 2. Palgrave MacMillan. pp. 241â276.
2176:"The Nazi's Pursuit for a "Humane" Method of Killing"
2015:(XXX). Institute for Forensic Research, Cracow: 17â27
1544:
1901:"Prussian Blue: Why the Holocaust Deniers are Wrong"
1686:"The Bath Riots: Indignity Along the Mexican Border"
1433:
652:
Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe construction
99:
to murder approximately 1.1 million people in
27:
Pesticide notorious for its use during the Holocaust
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2131:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp.
2097:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp.
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2127:. In Gutman, Yisrael; Berenbaum, Michael (eds.).
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1385:
1373:
4544:
2422:
1992:. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press.
1950:. San Francisco Jewish Community Publications
30:"Zyklon-B" redirects here. For the band, see
8:
2370:Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin
1717:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
1508:
972:
960:
936:
924:
816:
591:
2125:"The Machinery of Mass Murder at Auschwitz"
1532:
1337:
1257:
1233:
1221:
1168:
1079:
200:. Cyanide prevents the cell from producing
4691:
4684:
4551:
4537:
4529:
2754:
2582:
2429:
2415:
2407:
2036:Nelson, David L.; Cox, Michael M. (2000).
1899:Harmon, Brian; Stein, Mike (August 1994).
1023:
766:International Cyanide Management Institute
517:Interior of Majdanek gas chamber, showing
91:. The product is notorious for its use by
999:
753:
546:means "hurricane" or "cyclone" in Czech.
455:, who had used it to murder some Russian
1151:
864:
196:is a poisonous gas that interferes with
1038:
852:
731:
693:Cautionary eye irritants used included
673:
459:in late August 1941 in the basement of
4596:Chemische Fabrik vorm. Weiler Ter Meer
3310:Methylphosphonyl dichloride (dichloro)
3304:Methylphosphonyl difluoride (difluoro)
1496:
1349:
840:
561:, after receiving complaints from the
381:Empty Zyklon B canisters found by the
348:. Their territory was split along the
3552:Tetramethylenedisulfotetramine (TETS)
2059:Piérot, Jean-Paul (5 December 2013).
1880:"Fury over Nazi gas sports shoe name"
1421:
1361:
1325:
1313:
1298:
1286:
1209:
1180:
1139:
1127:
1115:
1103:
1091:
1067:
1055:
1011:
987:
948:
912:
900:
888:
876:
828:
804:
792:
780:
738:
126:of Germany led to the development of
62:
7:
4918:
2211:The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich
2040:Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry
1903:. The Nizkor Project. Archived from
1572:Markiewicz, Gubala & Labedz 1994
1460:
1269:
1245:
1192:
4593:Chemische Fabrik Griesheim-Elektron
3641:Dimethyl(trifluoromethylthio)arsine
2398:; McCarthy, Jamie (July 28, 2000).
2129:Anatomy of the Auschwitz Death Camp
2095:Anatomy of the Auschwitz Death Camp
1409:
362:United States Public Health Service
3257:Dimethylamidophosphoric dichloride
2349:. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction.
2214:. New York: Simon & Schuster.
1810:"Environmental and Health Effects"
1684:Burnett, John (January 28, 2006).
542:, under the trade name Uragan D2.
525:After World War II ended in 1945,
360:from 1931 to 1943. From 1929, the
25:
3272:Ethylphosphonoselenoic dichloride
3262:Dimethylamidophosphoric dicyanide
2230:"Siemens retreats over Nazi name"
2031:. Fourth Floor Productions. 1999.
310:Corporate structure and marketing
4917:
4906:
4905:
3100:Dicyclohexyl phosphorofluoridate
2543:2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin
1968:Nazi Hunter: The Wiesenthal File
575:BSH Bosch und Siemens HausgerÀte
474:brief and superficial inspection
4966:Infrastructure of the Holocaust
4513:List of chemical warfare agents
2731:Dibutylchloromethyltin chloride
2274:. United Nations Publications.
1942:Katz, Leslie (August 6, 1999).
304:Deutsches Patent- und Markenamt
204:(ATP) by binding to one of the
173:ships, warehouses, and trains.
2249:Steinbacher, Sybille (2005) .
2044:. New York: Worth Publishers.
1:
2255:. Munich: Verlag C. H. Beck.
2093:; Berenbaum, Michael (eds.).
2087:"Gas Chambers and Crematoria"
2061:"Zyklon B, pardon. Cyclone B"
1485:BBC News & September 2002
3584:Trimethylolpropane phosphite
3130:Neopentylene fluorophosphate
2402:. Holocaust History Project.
2159:. New York: Public Affairs.
1764:(in French). 4 December 2013
1606:Bailer-Gallanda, B. (1991).
756:, pp. 668, 670â71, 676.
567:Beth Shalom Holocaust Centre
438:at his trial in Poland, 1947
4893:Monowitz concentration camp
3366:3,3,5-Trimethylcyclohexanol
3226:N,N-Diisopropylaminoethanol
3095:Diisopropyl fluorophosphate
2188:10.1007/978-3-319-97999-1_8
1737:"Zyklon B on the US Border"
4987:
4205:Hexamethylene diisocyanate
3673:Phenylcarbylamine chloride
2999:Dimethylcarbamoyl fluoride
2200:– via Springer Link.
1473:BBC News & August 2002
610:, who found low levels of
590:: "Cyclone B" was renamed
29:
4901:
4508:
4468:Fluoroethyl fluoroacetate
3668:Perchloromethyl mercaptan
3079:4-686-293-01 (Agent 1-10)
2373:. New York: Basic Books.
1794:. Boca Raton: CRC Press.
1376:, pp. 545, 171, 438.
637:Carbon monoxide poisoning
45:Dachau concentration camp
4696:Chief executive officers
4180:Chloroacetophenone oxime
4165:Bromomethyl ethyl ketone
3773:Trifluoroacetyl chloride
3683:Tetrachlorodinitroethane
3330:Phosphorus pentachloride
3155:Methanesulfonyl fluoride
2174:Russell, Nestar (2018).
2156:Auschwitz: A New History
1661:Browning, Christopher R.
1434:LuÄebnĂ zĂĄvody Draslovka
210:electron transport chain
47:used as evidence at the
4721:Non-executive directors
4464:(variants and mixtures)
3728:Trichloronitrosomethane
3723:Trifluoronitrosomethane
3298:Methyldichlorophosphine
1533:Harmon & Stein 1994
1258:Pressac & Pelt 1994
1169:Pressac & Pelt 1994
563:Simon Wiesenthal Center
64:[tsyËkloËnËbeË]
4599:Chemische Fabrik Kalle
4263:Cornea-clouding agents
3753:Phosphorus trichloride
3335:Phosphorus trichloride
3069:Miotine (AR-28/T-1843)
2523:Phosphorus trifluoride
1835:The Third Reich At War
1195:, pp. 96â97, 101.
963:, pp. 10, 92, 98.
592:
522:
439:
390:
249:
202:adenosine triphosphate
52:
3652:Disulfur decafluoride
3453:Chlorophenylsilatrane
3361:2,4,5-Trichlorophenol
1521:The Jewish Press 2013
754:Nelson & Cox 2000
516:
434:
380:
247:
42:
4778:Georg von Schnitzler
4457:Methyl fluoroacetate
4285:Methyl cyanoacrylate
4200:Allyl isothiocyanate
3788:Uranium hexafluoride
3743:Dinitrogen tetroxide
3688:Chlorine trifluoride
2736:Selenium oxychloride
2606:Phenyldichloroarsine
2600:Methyldichloroarsine
2538:Nickel tetracarbonyl
2252:Auschwitz: A History
2121:Pelt, Robert-Jan van
2117:Pressac, Jean-Claude
2013:Z Zagadnien Sqdowych
1778:DE patent 438818
1560:Bailer-Gallanda 1991
373:Use in the Holocaust
342:Tesch & Stabenow
298:stabilizers such as
214:cytochrome c oxidase
198:cellular respiration
120:cellular respiration
4848:Christian Schneider
4833:Carl LautenschlÀger
4818:Erich von der Heyde
4773:Wilhelm Rudolf Mann
4145:Bromobenzyl cyanide
3913:Dimethylheptylpyran
3841:Diphenylcyanoarsine
3836:Diphenylchlorarsine
3768:Methyl vinyl ketone
3693:Perchloryl fluoride
3557:Bicyclic phosphates
3376:Trimethyl phosphite
3325:Phosphoryl chloride
2594:Ethyldichloroarsine
2568:Chloral cyanohydrin
2558:Acetone cyanohydrin
2528:Methyl cyanoformate
2345:Death by Government
1816:on 30 November 2012
1733:Cockburn, Alexander
1707:Christianson, Scott
1647:on 23 February 2016
1398:United Nations 2002
1386:Dzombak et al. 2005
1374:United Nations 2002
1364:, pp. 297â298.
1340:, pp. 123â124.
1272:, pp. 235â237.
1248:, pp. 168â169.
1236:, pp. 100â101.
1183:, pp. 158â159.
1154:, pp. 526â527.
1118:, pp. 294â297.
1094:, pp. 288â289.
1082:, pp. 132â133.
1002:, pp. 281â282.
915:, pp. 275â276.
879:, pp. 278â279.
831:, pp. 274â275.
795:, pp. 273â274.
657:Methyl cyanoformate
586:and suffix "B" for
113:extermination camps
43:Zyklon labels from
4883:IG Farben Building
4813:Heinrich BĂŒtefisch
4763:Heinrich Gattineau
4518:CB military symbol
4376:Enterotoxin type B
4331:Cyclopiazonic acid
4290:N-Methylmorpholine
4185:Ethyl bromoacetate
3663:Ethyl bromoacetate
3630:Perfluoroisobutene
3371:Triethyl phosphite
2642:Levinstein mustard
2533:Iron pentacarbonyl
2315:The New York Times
2236:. 5 September 2002
2206:Shirer, William L.
1014:, pp. 2, 272.
593:"Cyclone Cap Vert"
523:
440:
399:Auschwitz-Birkenau
391:
387:Auschwitz-Birkenau
320:Th. Goldschmidt AG
318:and 15 percent to
300:diatomaceous earth
250:
163:diatomaceous earth
105:Auschwitz-Birkenau
89:diatomaceous earth
53:
4961:German inventions
4933:
4932:
4861:
4860:
4786:
4785:
4526:
4525:
4336:Histrionicotoxins
4314:Biological toxins
4190:Ethyl iodoacetate
3758:Methyl isocyanate
3718:Selenoyl fluoride
3708:Mercuric chloride
3678:Tetranitromethane
3532:Sulfuryl fluoride
3517:HN3 hydrochloride
3512:HN2 hydrochloride
3507:HN1 hydrochloride
3394:
3393:
3351:Phenacyl chloride
3346:Pinacolyl alcohol
3292:Isopropyl alcohol
3287:4-Hydroxycoumarin
3221:1,8-Dibromooctane
2744:
2743:
2668:Nitrogen mustards
2481:Cyanogen chloride
2396:Green, Richard J.
2380:978-0-465-00239-9
2356:978-1-56000-145-4
2281:978-92-1-130219-6
2221:978-0-671-62420-0
2197:978-3-319-97998-4
2083:Piper, Franciszek
1999:978-0-19-280436-5
1977:978-1-84119-607-7
1866:. 2 December 2013
1849:978-0-14-311671-4
1830:Evans, Richard J.
1801:978-1-4200-3207-9
1724:978-0-520-25562-3
1617:978-3-901142-07-9
1548:: Transcript 1999
1509:Ouest-France 2013
973:Christianson 2010
961:Christianson 2010
937:Christianson 2010
925:Christianson 2010
817:Christianson 2010
699:cyanogen chloride
668:Explanatory notes
642:Cyanide poisoning
625:positive controls
604:Holocaust deniers
358:American Cyanamid
16:(Redirected from
4978:
4951:Chemical weapons
4921:
4920:
4909:
4908:
4692:
4685:
4553:
4546:
4539:
4530:
4500:White phosphorus
4477:post-combustion
4473:Depleted uranium
4300:Osmium tetroxide
4175:Phenacyl bromide
3738:Nitrogen dioxide
3713:Selenium dioxide
3703:Cadmium chloride
3160:Dimefox (TL-792)
2755:
2583:
2508:Hydrogen sulfide
2487:Hydrogen cyanide
2476:Cyanogen bromide
2442:chemical warfare
2431:
2424:
2417:
2408:
2403:
2384:
2360:
2348:
2327:
2325:
2323:
2318:. 11 August 1993
2305:
2303:
2301:
2285:
2266:
2245:
2243:
2241:
2225:
2201:
2170:
2146:
2112:
2078:
2076:
2074:
2055:
2043:
2032:
2024:
2022:
2020:
2003:
1986:Longerich, Peter
1981:
1959:
1957:
1955:
1938:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1895:
1893:
1891:
1886:. 29 August 2002
1875:
1873:
1871:
1863:The Jewish Press
1853:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1805:
1786:
1785:
1781:
1773:
1771:
1769:
1751:
1749:
1747:
1735:(21 June 2007).
1728:
1716:
1702:
1700:
1698:
1680:
1656:
1654:
1652:
1646:
1631:
1621:
1602:
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1598:
1575:
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1563:
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1464:
1458:
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1443:
1437:
1431:
1425:
1419:
1413:
1407:
1401:
1395:
1389:
1383:
1377:
1371:
1365:
1359:
1353:
1347:
1341:
1338:Steinbacher 2005
1335:
1329:
1323:
1317:
1311:
1302:
1296:
1290:
1284:
1273:
1267:
1261:
1255:
1249:
1243:
1237:
1234:Steinbacher 2005
1231:
1225:
1222:Steinbacher 2005
1219:
1213:
1207:
1196:
1190:
1184:
1178:
1172:
1166:
1155:
1149:
1143:
1137:
1131:
1125:
1119:
1113:
1107:
1101:
1095:
1089:
1083:
1080:Steinbacher 2005
1077:
1071:
1065:
1059:
1053:
1042:
1036:
1027:
1021:
1015:
1009:
1003:
997:
991:
985:
976:
970:
964:
958:
952:
946:
940:
934:
928:
922:
916:
910:
904:
898:
892:
886:
880:
874:
868:
862:
856:
850:
844:
838:
832:
826:
820:
814:
808:
802:
796:
790:
784:
778:
769:
763:
757:
751:
742:
736:
720:
717:
711:
708:
702:
691:
685:
678:
616:negative control
608:Fred A. Leuchter
595:
569:. Also in 2002,
503:Heinrich Himmler
448:HauptsturmfĂŒhrer
289:
218:several subunits
212:. This protein,
208:involved in the
194:Hydrogen cyanide
152:
130:(later known as
81:hydrogen cyanide
74:
73:
72:
66:
61:
49:Nuremberg trials
21:
4986:
4985:
4981:
4980:
4979:
4977:
4976:
4975:
4936:
4935:
4934:
4929:
4897:
4888:IG Farben Trial
4857:
4782:
4746:
4715:
4710:Hermann Schmitz
4674:
4633:
4607:
4562:
4557:
4527:
4522:
4504:
4445:
4356:Botulinum toxin
4309:
4258:
4219:
4130:Benzyl chloride
4085:
4078:
3862:
3855:
3846:Cacodyl cyanide
3808:Vomiting agents
3802:
3600:
3593:
3502:Dimethylmercury
3424:Botulinum toxin
3390:
3169:
3083:
2985:
2938:Novichok agents
2932:
2916:
2843:
2740:
2714:
2695:
2662:
2634:Sulfur mustards
2628:
2572:
2518:Carbon monoxide
2498:Cacodyl cyanide
2457:
2456:
2440:Agents used in
2435:
2394:
2391:
2381:
2365:Snyder, Timothy
2363:
2357:
2339:Rummel, Rudolph
2337:
2334:
2332:Further reading
2321:
2319:
2308:
2299:
2297:
2296:on 17 July 2015
2288:
2282:
2269:
2263:
2248:
2239:
2237:
2228:
2222:
2204:
2198:
2173:
2167:
2149:
2143:
2115:
2109:
2091:Gutman, Yisrael
2081:
2072:
2070:
2058:
2052:
2035:
2027:
2018:
2016:
2006:
2000:
1984:
1978:
1962:
1953:
1951:
1941:
1935:
1919:
1910:
1908:
1907:on 20 June 2014
1898:
1889:
1887:
1878:
1869:
1867:
1856:
1850:
1828:
1819:
1817:
1808:
1802:
1789:
1783:
1776:
1767:
1765:
1754:
1745:
1743:
1731:
1725:
1705:
1696:
1694:
1683:
1677:
1659:
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1648:
1644:
1629:
1624:
1618:
1605:
1596:
1594:
1586:
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1578:
1570:
1566:
1558:
1554:
1543:
1539:
1531:
1527:
1519:
1515:
1507:
1503:
1495:
1491:
1483:
1479:
1471:
1467:
1459:
1455:
1444:
1440:
1432:
1428:
1420:
1416:
1408:
1404:
1396:
1392:
1384:
1380:
1372:
1368:
1360:
1356:
1348:
1344:
1336:
1332:
1324:
1320:
1312:
1305:
1297:
1293:
1285:
1276:
1268:
1264:
1256:
1252:
1244:
1240:
1232:
1228:
1220:
1216:
1208:
1199:
1191:
1187:
1179:
1175:
1167:
1158:
1150:
1146:
1138:
1134:
1126:
1122:
1114:
1110:
1102:
1098:
1090:
1086:
1078:
1074:
1066:
1062:
1054:
1045:
1037:
1030:
1022:
1018:
1010:
1006:
998:
994:
986:
979:
971:
967:
959:
955:
951:, Chart, p.357.
947:
943:
935:
931:
923:
919:
911:
907:
899:
895:
887:
883:
875:
871:
863:
859:
851:
847:
839:
835:
827:
823:
815:
811:
803:
799:
791:
787:
779:
772:
764:
760:
752:
745:
737:
733:
729:
724:
723:
718:
714:
709:
705:
692:
688:
679:
675:
670:
665:
633:
598:Guinness record
580:BBC News Online
531:Karl Weinbacher
511:
499:ReichsfĂŒhrer-SS
489:Sonderkommandos
375:
312:
283:
242:
191:
178:Karl Weinbacher
146:
136:chemical weapon
69:
68:
67:
59:
35:
32:Zyklon-B (band)
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4984:
4982:
4974:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4948:
4938:
4937:
4931:
4930:
4928:
4927:
4915:
4902:
4899:
4898:
4896:
4895:
4890:
4885:
4880:
4875:
4869:
4867:
4863:
4862:
4859:
4858:
4856:
4855:
4850:
4845:
4843:Heinrich Oster
4840:
4838:Fritz ter Meer
4835:
4830:
4825:
4823:Gerhard Domagk
4820:
4815:
4810:
4805:
4800:
4794:
4792:
4788:
4787:
4784:
4783:
4781:
4780:
4775:
4770:
4765:
4760:
4758:Fritz Gajewski
4754:
4752:
4748:
4747:
4745:
4744:
4738:
4732:
4725:
4723:
4717:
4716:
4714:
4713:
4707:
4700:
4698:
4689:
4688:Industrialists
4682:
4676:
4675:
4673:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4652:
4650:Nitrile rubber
4647:
4645:Synthetic dyes
4641:
4639:
4635:
4634:
4632:
4631:
4626:
4621:
4615:
4613:
4609:
4608:
4606:
4605:
4600:
4597:
4594:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4570:
4568:
4564:
4563:
4558:
4556:
4555:
4548:
4541:
4533:
4524:
4523:
4521:
4520:
4515:
4509:
4506:
4505:
4503:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4483:
4482:
4481:
4479:uranium oxides
4470:
4465:
4459:
4453:
4451:
4447:
4446:
4444:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4413:
4408:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4317:
4315:
4311:
4310:
4308:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4266:
4264:
4260:
4259:
4257:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4230:
4228:
4221:
4220:
4218:
4217:
4212:
4210:Crotonaldehyde
4207:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4135:Benzyl bromide
4132:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4096:
4090:
4088:
4080:
4079:
4077:
4076:
4074:Chlorpromazine
4071:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3867:
3865:
3861:Incapacitating
3857:
3856:
3854:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3824:
3819:
3812:
3810:
3804:
3803:
3801:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3748:Sulfur dioxide
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3649:
3643:
3638:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3616:
3611:
3605:
3603:
3601:choking agents
3595:
3594:
3592:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3575:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3497:Tetraethyllead
3494:
3488:
3483:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3461:
3455:
3450:
3444:
3438:
3433:
3427:
3421:
3416:
3410:
3404:
3402:
3396:
3395:
3392:
3391:
3389:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3301:
3295:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3201:A.P.C. complex
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3177:
3175:
3171:
3170:
3168:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3091:
3089:
3085:
3084:
3082:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2995:
2993:
2987:
2986:
2984:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2942:
2940:
2934:
2933:
2931:
2930:
2924:
2922:
2918:
2917:
2915:
2914:
2912:V-sub x (GD-7)
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2853:
2851:
2845:
2844:
2842:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2810:
2805:
2799:
2793:
2787:
2781:
2775:
2770:
2763:
2761:
2752:
2746:
2745:
2742:
2741:
2739:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2722:
2720:
2716:
2715:
2713:
2712:
2709:Phosgene oxime
2705:
2703:
2697:
2696:
2694:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2672:
2670:
2664:
2663:
2661:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2638:
2636:
2630:
2629:
2627:
2621:
2615:
2609:
2603:
2597:
2591:
2589:
2580:
2578:Blister agents
2574:
2573:
2571:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2548:Glycolonitrile
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2484:
2478:
2473:
2467:
2465:
2459:
2458:
2455:
2454:
2449:
2447:incapacitation
2444:
2437:
2436:
2434:
2433:
2426:
2419:
2411:
2405:
2404:
2390:
2389:External links
2387:
2386:
2385:
2379:
2361:
2355:
2333:
2330:
2329:
2328:
2306:
2286:
2280:
2267:
2261:
2246:
2226:
2220:
2202:
2196:
2171:
2165:
2151:Rees, Laurence
2147:
2141:
2113:
2107:
2079:
2056:
2050:
2033:
2025:
2004:
1998:
1982:
1976:
1960:
1939:
1933:
1917:
1896:
1876:
1854:
1848:
1826:
1806:
1800:
1787:
1774:
1752:
1729:
1723:
1703:
1681:
1675:
1657:
1622:
1616:
1603:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1576:
1564:
1552:
1537:
1525:
1513:
1501:
1489:
1477:
1465:
1453:
1447:New York Times
1438:
1426:
1424:, p. 300.
1414:
1402:
1400:, p. 545.
1390:
1378:
1366:
1354:
1352:, p. 972.
1342:
1330:
1328:, p. 174.
1318:
1316:, p. 171.
1303:
1301:, p. 163.
1291:
1289:, p. 170.
1274:
1262:
1260:, p. 214.
1250:
1238:
1226:
1214:
1212:, p. 162.
1197:
1185:
1173:
1171:, p. 209.
1156:
1144:
1142:, p. 284.
1132:
1130:, p. 283.
1120:
1108:
1106:, p. 296.
1096:
1084:
1072:
1070:, p. 272.
1060:
1058:, p. 161.
1043:
1028:
1024:PBS: Auschwitz
1016:
1004:
1000:Longerich 2010
992:
990:, p. 281.
977:
965:
953:
941:
939:, p. 166.
929:
927:, p. 165.
917:
905:
903:, p. 275.
893:
891:, p. 280.
881:
869:
857:
845:
833:
821:
809:
807:, p. 274.
797:
785:
783:, p. 273.
770:
758:
743:
741:, p. 318.
730:
728:
725:
722:
721:
712:
703:
686:
672:
671:
669:
666:
664:
661:
660:
659:
654:
649:
644:
639:
632:
629:
540:Czech Republic
510:
507:
374:
371:
311:
308:
241:
238:
190:
189:Mode of action
187:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4983:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4943:
4941:
4926:
4925:
4916:
4914:
4913:
4904:
4903:
4900:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4870:
4868:
4864:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4795:
4793:
4789:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4755:
4753:
4749:
4742:
4739:
4736:
4733:
4730:
4729:Carl Duisberg
4727:
4726:
4724:
4722:
4718:
4711:
4708:
4705:
4702:
4701:
4699:
4697:
4693:
4690:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4677:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4642:
4640:
4636:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4616:
4614:
4610:
4604:
4601:
4598:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4571:
4569:
4565:
4561:
4554:
4549:
4547:
4542:
4540:
4535:
4534:
4531:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4510:
4507:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4490:its compounds
4487:
4484:
4480:
4476:
4475:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4454:
4452:
4448:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4426:Tetanospasmin
4424:
4422:
4421:T-2 mycotoxin
4419:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4351:Batrachotoxin
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4318:
4316:
4312:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4295:Allyl alcohol
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4267:
4265:
4261:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4222:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4155:Chloroacetone
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4140:Benzyl iodide
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4094:Xylyl bromide
4092:
4091:
4089:
4087:
4081:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3882:Butyrophenone
3880:
3878:
3875:
3872:
3869:
3868:
3866:
3864:
3858:
3852:
3851:o-Dianisidine
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3817:
3814:
3813:
3811:
3809:
3805:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3698:Cadmium oxide
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3653:
3650:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3606:
3604:
3602:
3596:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3559:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3547:Batrachotoxin
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3465:
3462:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3448:
3445:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3431:
3430:Tetanospasmin
3428:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3405:
3403:
3401:
3397:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3305:
3302:
3299:
3296:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3178:
3176:
3172:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3092:
3090:
3086:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2996:
2994:
2992:
2988:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2943:
2941:
2939:
2935:
2929:
2926:
2925:
2923:
2919:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2854:
2852:
2850:
2846:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2803:
2800:
2797:
2794:
2791:
2788:
2785:
2782:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2768:
2765:
2764:
2762:
2760:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2747:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2723:
2721:
2717:
2710:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2702:
2701:Nettle agents
2698:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2673:
2671:
2669:
2665:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2643:
2640:
2639:
2637:
2635:
2631:
2625:
2622:
2619:
2616:
2613:
2610:
2607:
2604:
2601:
2598:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2588:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2575:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2503:Cacodyl oxide
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2488:
2485:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2468:
2466:
2464:
2460:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2439:
2438:
2432:
2427:
2425:
2420:
2418:
2413:
2412:
2409:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2392:
2388:
2382:
2376:
2372:
2371:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2352:
2347:
2346:
2340:
2336:
2335:
2331:
2317:
2316:
2311:
2307:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2277:
2273:
2268:
2264:
2262:0-06-082581-2
2258:
2254:
2253:
2247:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2217:
2213:
2212:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2172:
2168:
2166:1-58648-303-X
2162:
2158:
2157:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2142:0-253-32684-2
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2108:0-253-32684-2
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2068:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2053:
2051:1-57259-153-6
2047:
2042:
2041:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2014:
2010:
2005:
2001:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1949:
1945:
1940:
1936:
1934:0-521-78227-9
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1906:
1902:
1897:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1865:
1864:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1845:
1841:
1840:Penguin Books
1837:
1836:
1831:
1827:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1797:
1793:
1788:
1779:
1775:
1763:
1762:
1757:
1753:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1720:
1715:
1714:
1708:
1704:
1693:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1678:
1676:0-8032-1327-1
1672:
1668:
1667:
1662:
1658:
1643:
1639:
1636:(in German).
1635:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1613:
1609:
1604:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1584:
1580:
1573:
1568:
1565:
1561:
1556:
1553:
1549:
1547:
1541:
1538:
1534:
1529:
1526:
1522:
1517:
1514:
1510:
1505:
1502:
1498:
1493:
1490:
1486:
1481:
1478:
1474:
1469:
1466:
1462:
1457:
1454:
1450:
1448:
1442:
1439:
1435:
1430:
1427:
1423:
1418:
1415:
1411:
1406:
1403:
1399:
1394:
1391:
1388:, p. 42.
1387:
1382:
1379:
1375:
1370:
1367:
1363:
1358:
1355:
1351:
1346:
1343:
1339:
1334:
1331:
1327:
1322:
1319:
1315:
1310:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1295:
1292:
1288:
1283:
1281:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1266:
1263:
1259:
1254:
1251:
1247:
1242:
1239:
1235:
1230:
1227:
1224:, p. 98.
1223:
1218:
1215:
1211:
1206:
1204:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1189:
1186:
1182:
1177:
1174:
1170:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1152:Browning 2004
1148:
1145:
1141:
1136:
1133:
1129:
1124:
1121:
1117:
1112:
1109:
1105:
1100:
1097:
1093:
1088:
1085:
1081:
1076:
1073:
1069:
1064:
1061:
1057:
1052:
1050:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1035:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1020:
1017:
1013:
1008:
1005:
1001:
996:
993:
989:
984:
982:
978:
975:, p. 92.
974:
969:
966:
962:
957:
954:
950:
945:
942:
938:
933:
930:
926:
921:
918:
914:
909:
906:
902:
897:
894:
890:
885:
882:
878:
873:
870:
866:
865:Cockburn 2007
861:
858:
854:
849:
846:
842:
837:
834:
830:
825:
822:
819:, p. 95.
818:
813:
810:
806:
801:
798:
794:
789:
786:
782:
777:
775:
771:
767:
762:
759:
755:
750:
748:
744:
740:
735:
732:
726:
716:
713:
707:
704:
700:
696:
690:
687:
683:
682:the Holocaust
677:
674:
667:
662:
658:
655:
653:
650:
648:
647:Kurt Gerstein
645:
643:
640:
638:
635:
634:
630:
628:
626:
621:
617:
613:
612:Prussian blue
609:
605:
601:
599:
594:
589:
588:biodegradable
585:
581:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
547:
545:
541:
535:
532:
528:
520:
519:Prussian blue
515:
508:
506:
504:
501:
500:
495:
491:
490:
485:
483:
482:Johann Kremer
477:
475:
469:
465:
462:
458:
454:
453:Karl Fritzsch
450:
449:
444:
437:
433:
429:
426:
422:
421:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
395:the Holocaust
388:
384:
379:
372:
370:
367:
363:
359:
353:
351:
347:
343:
339:
334:
329:
323:
321:
317:
309:
307:
305:
301:
297:
293:
287:
282:
281:Walter Heerdt
278:
273:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
246:
239:
237:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
188:
186:
183:
179:
174:
172:
169:clothing and
168:
164:
160:
156:
150:
145:
144:Walter Heerdt
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
116:
114:
110:
106:
103:installed at
102:
98:
97:the Holocaust
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
75:; translated
71:
65:
57:
50:
46:
41:
37:
33:
19:
4946:Blood agents
4922:
4910:
4853:Carl Wurster
4669:
4655:Polyurethane
4567:Predecessors
4431:Tetrodotoxin
4381:Grayanotoxin
4160:Bromoacetone
4150:Thiophosgene
4105:Mace (spray)
4099:Pepper spray
4084:Lachrymatory
4069:Fluphenazine
4064:Procarbazine
3974:Sleeping gas
3822:Chloropicrin
3733:Nitric oxide
3635:Chloropicrin
3579:Cloflubicyne
3542:Oxotremorine
3491:Antillatoxin
3470:Tetrodotoxin
3419:Bungarotoxin
3315:Nitromethane
3277:Formaldoxime
3216:Cyclohexanol
3181:Acetonitrile
2928:GV (EA-5365)
2750:Nerve agents
2553:Lactonitrile
2463:Blood agents
2452:riot control
2368:
2344:
2320:. Retrieved
2313:
2298:. Retrieved
2294:the original
2271:
2251:
2240:25 September
2238:. Retrieved
2233:
2209:
2179:
2155:
2128:
2094:
2071:. Retrieved
2064:
2039:
2019:25 September
2017:. Retrieved
2012:
1989:
1967:
1952:. Retrieved
1947:
1924:
1921:Hayes, Peter
1911:25 September
1909:. Retrieved
1905:the original
1890:25 September
1888:. Retrieved
1883:
1868:. Retrieved
1861:
1838:. New York:
1834:
1818:. Retrieved
1814:the original
1791:
1766:. Retrieved
1761:Ouest-France
1759:
1744:. Retrieved
1740:
1712:
1695:. Retrieved
1689:
1665:
1649:. Retrieved
1642:the original
1637:
1633:
1607:
1595:. Retrieved
1591:
1567:
1555:
1545:
1540:
1528:
1516:
1504:
1492:
1480:
1468:
1456:
1446:
1441:
1429:
1417:
1405:
1393:
1381:
1369:
1357:
1345:
1333:
1321:
1294:
1265:
1253:
1241:
1229:
1217:
1188:
1176:
1147:
1135:
1123:
1111:
1099:
1087:
1075:
1063:
1039:Russell 2018
1019:
1007:
995:
968:
956:
944:
932:
920:
908:
896:
884:
872:
860:
853:Burnett 2006
848:
836:
824:
812:
800:
788:
761:
734:
715:
706:
695:chloropicrin
689:
676:
602:
548:
543:
536:
524:
497:
487:
486:
478:
470:
466:
446:
441:
418:
392:
354:
324:
313:
274:
258:goods wagons
251:
192:
175:
131:
127:
117:
111:, and other
101:gas chambers
93:Nazi Germany
76:
55:
54:
36:
4873:American IG
4803:Otto Ambros
4743:(1940â1945)
4741:Carl Krauch
4737:(1935â1940)
4731:(1925â1935)
4712:(1935â1945)
4706:(1925â1935)
4441:Veratridine
4416:Shiga toxin
4371:Domoic acid
4234:Thioacetone
4195:Iodoacetone
4059:Pentazocine
4054:Sevoflurane
4019:CAR-302,668
4014:CAR-302,282
4009:CAR-302,196
4004:CAR-301,060
3999:CAR-226,086
3979:Carfentanil
3877:Apomorphine
3798:Green Cross
3589:Domoic acid
3400:Neurotoxins
3320:OPA mixture
3211:Chlorosoman
3206:Chlorosarin
3140:Phospholine
2839:Crotylsarin
2824:Fluorotabun
2796:Chlorosoman
2778:Chlorosarin
2290:"Uragan D2"
2069:(in French)
1820:10 February
1597:18 December
1497:Piérot 2013
1350:Shirer 1960
841:Heerdt 1926
527:Bruno Tesch
443:Rudolf Höss
436:Rudolf Höss
344:(Testa) of
333:Schering AG
292:Bruno Tesch
284: [
262:Fritz Haber
216:, contains
155:Bruno Tesch
147: [
4971:Pesticides
4940:Categories
4878:Buna Werke
4828:Hans KĂŒhne
4808:Otto Bayer
4798:Kurt Alder
4768:Max Ilgner
4735:Carl Bosch
4704:Carl Bosch
4612:Successors
4391:Maitotoxin
4386:Guanitoxin
4366:Ciguatoxin
4361:Brevetoxin
4346:Anatoxin-a
4341:Aflatoxins
4254:Putrescine
4249:Cadaverine
4225:Malodorant
4044:Isoflurane
4029:Desflurane
4024:Benperidol
3969:Psilocybin
3964:PAVA spray
3646:Diphosgene
3599:Pulmonary/
3527:Picrotoxin
3486:Strychnine
3480:Brevetoxin
3464:Maitotoxin
3447:Guanitoxin
3441:Ciguatoxin
3408:Anatoxin-a
3341:Pinacolone
3174:Precursors
3135:Selenophos
2991:Carbamates
2907:Chinese VX
2813:Cyclosarin
2802:Ethylsarin
2773:Sarin (GB)
2624:Lewisite 3
2618:Lewisite 2
2587:Arsenicals
2066:L'Humanité
1964:Levy, Alan
1741:The Nation
1422:Hayes 2004
1362:Hayes 2004
1326:Piper 1994
1314:Piper 1994
1299:Piper 1994
1287:Piper 1994
1210:Piper 1994
1181:Piper 1994
1140:Hayes 2004
1128:Hayes 2004
1116:Hayes 2004
1104:Hayes 2004
1092:Hayes 2004
1068:Hayes 2004
1056:Piper 1994
1012:Hayes 2004
988:Hayes 2004
949:Hayes 2004
913:Hayes 2004
901:Hayes 2004
889:Hayes 2004
877:Hayes 2004
829:Hayes 2004
805:Hayes 2004
793:Hayes 2004
781:Hayes 2004
739:Evans 2008
663:References
584:degreasers
451:(captain)
415:Buchenwald
407:Mauthausen
328:sugar beet
254:fumigation
230:pi bonding
171:fumigating
159:adsorbents
85:adsorbents
4660:Prontosil
4560:IG Farben
4486:Plutonium
4436:Volkensin
4411:Saxitoxin
4401:Palytoxin
4326:Aconitine
4049:Halothane
4039:Bufotenin
4034:Enflurane
3954:Kolokol-1
3934:Pethidine
3908:Etoxadrol
3893:Etorphine
3889:(CS-4640)
3873:(CS-4030)
3831:glycerine
3778:Salcomine
3537:Tremorine
3475:Aconitine
3458:Palytoxin
3436:Ryanodine
3413:Saxitoxin
3150:Ro 3-0422
2921:GV agents
2784:Thiosarin
2513:Phosphine
1966:(2006) .
1546:Mr. Death
1461:Katz 1999
1270:Levy 2006
1246:Rees 2005
1193:Rees 2005
727:Citations
420:Wehrmacht
366:delousing
338:Frankfurt
316:IG Farben
296:adsorbent
167:delousing
77:Cyclone B
4956:Cyanides
4912:Category
4791:Chemists
4670:Zyklon B
4665:Resochin
4638:Products
4589:Cassella
4495:Polonium
4396:Modeccin
4305:Acrolein
4270:Lewisite
4215:DRC-5593
4170:Acrolein
3994:CS-27349
3944:Ibogaine
3827:Litharge
3816:Adamsite
3793:Diborane
3783:Fluomine
3763:Ethenone
3658:Acrolein
3625:Fluorine
3619:Phosgene
3609:Chlorine
3009:EA-3887A
2981:C01-A042
2976:C01-A039
2971:C01-A035
2849:V-agents
2759:G-agents
2644:(EA-229)
2612:Lewisite
2471:Cyanogen
2367:(2010).
2341:(1994).
2322:5 August
2234:BBC News
2208:(1960).
2153:(2005).
2123:(1994).
2085:(1994).
1988:(2010).
1954:5 August
1948:J Weekly
1923:(2004).
1884:BBC News
1870:6 August
1832:(2008).
1768:6 August
1709:(2010).
1663:(2004).
1410:BFR 2008
631:See also
565:and the
559:trainers
521:residue
494:Red Army
461:Block 11
403:Majdanek
220:and has
206:proteins
161:such as
132:Zyklon A
109:Majdanek
87:such as
56:Zyklon B
18:Zyklon-B
4924:Commons
4603:Hoechst
4244:Skatole
4239:Allicin
3949:EA-3834
3939:EA-3580
3929:EA-3443
3924:EA-3167
3919:EA-2148
3903:CS-4297
3898:EA-2092
3887:EA-4941
3614:Bromine
3252:EA-1224
3232:EA-1250
3145:R-16661
3120:EA-2613
3115:EA-2098
3110:EA-2054
3105:EA-2012
3074:3152 CT
3064:TL-1317
3059:TL-1299
3054:TL-1238
3024:EA-4056
3019:EA-3990
3014:EA-3966
3004:EA-3887
2902:EA-1763
2862:EA-3148
2857:EA-2192
2834:EA-4352
2829:EA-1356
2563:Stibine
2133:183â245
2099:157â182
1746:14 July
1581:Sources
571:Siemens
551:Pinfari
389:in 1945
346:Hamburg
277:Degussa
270:Degesch
264:of the
240:History
234:complex
222:ligands
140:Degussa
124:Degesch
95:during
60:German:
4680:People
4629:Sanofi
4462:Napalm
4227:agents
4086:agents
3989:JB-336
3984:JB-318
3959:LSD-25
3915:(DMHP)
3863:agents
3522:A-8564
3482:(PbTX)
3432:(TeNT)
3049:TL-599
3039:T-1194
3034:T-1152
3029:T-1123
2798:(ClGD)
2780:(ClGB)
2691:TL-301
2493:Arsine
2377:
2353:
2300:7 July
2278:
2259:
2218:
2194:
2163:
2139:
2105:
2073:7 July
2048:
1996:
1974:
1931:
1846:
1798:
1784:
1721:
1697:May 6,
1673:
1651:22 May
1614:
620:KrakĂłw
544:Uragan
509:Legacy
413:, and
411:Dachau
383:Allies
128:Zyklon
4866:Other
4751:Other
4624:Bayer
4584:Bayer
4450:Other
4406:Ricin
4321:Abrin
4280:KB-16
3562:IPTBO
3493:(ATX)
3466:(MTX)
3460:(PTX)
3449:(GTX)
3443:(CTX)
3426:(BTX)
3282:Nital
3088:Other
2966:A-262
2961:A-242
2956:A-234
2951:A-232
2946:A-208
2790:Soman
2786:(SGB)
2767:Tabun
2726:KB-16
2719:Other
2089:. In
1645:(PDF)
1630:(PDF)
555:Umbro
288:]
151:]
4619:BASF
4579:BASF
4574:AGFA
4488:and
4101:(OC)
3818:(DM)
3648:(DP)
3637:(PS)
3621:(CG)
3572:TBPS
3567:TBPO
3415:(TZ)
3337:(TH)
3306:(DF)
3300:(SW)
3294:(TB)
3267:DMHP
3247:DEHP
3237:DIHP
3228:(KB)
3165:MSPI
2815:(GF)
2804:(GE)
2792:(GD)
2769:(GA)
2711:(CX)
2658:CEES
2626:(L3)
2620:(L2)
2608:(PD)
2602:(MD)
2596:(ED)
2489:(AC)
2483:(CK)
2375:ISBN
2351:ISBN
2324:2015
2302:2018
2276:ISBN
2257:ISBN
2242:2014
2216:ISBN
2192:ISBN
2161:ISBN
2137:ISBN
2103:ISBN
2075:2018
2046:ISBN
2021:2014
1994:ISBN
1972:ISBN
1956:2015
1929:ISBN
1913:2014
1892:2014
1872:2015
1844:ISBN
1822:2017
1796:ISBN
1770:2015
1748:2021
1719:ISBN
1699:2017
1671:ISBN
1653:2018
1612:ISBN
1599:2019
1449:1993
697:and
529:and
457:POWs
350:Elbe
340:and
226:heme
153:and
4125:CNS
3654:(Z)
3196:AlP
3191:ATO
2686:HN3
2681:HN2
2676:HN1
2614:(L)
2184:doi
1691:NPR
1592:PBS
385:at
4942::
4275:CX
4120:CR
4115:CS
4110:CN
3871:BZ
3386:TG
3381:TC
3356:QL
3242:ZS
3186:AT
2897:VX
2892:VS
2887:VR
2882:VP
2877:VM
2872:VG
2867:VE
2819:GP
2808:GH
2312:.
2232:.
2190:.
2178:.
2135:.
2119:;
2101:.
2063:.
2011:.
1946:.
1882:.
1860:.
1842:.
1758:.
1739:.
1688:.
1638:51
1632:.
1590:.
1306:^
1277:^
1200:^
1159:^
1046:^
1031:^
980:^
773:^
746:^
701:.
684:.
425:SS
409:,
401:,
290:,
286:de
182:SS
149:de
138:.
115:.
107:,
4552:e
4545:t
4538:v
3829:-
2653:Q
2648:T
2430:e
2423:t
2416:v
2383:.
2359:.
2326:.
2304:.
2284:.
2265:.
2244:.
2224:.
2186::
2169:.
2145:.
2111:.
2077:.
2054:.
2023:.
2002:.
1980:.
1958:.
1937:.
1915:.
1894:.
1874:.
1852:.
1824:.
1804:.
1772:.
1750:.
1727:.
1701:.
1679:.
1655:.
1620:.
1601:.
1574:.
1562:.
1550:.
1535:.
1523:.
1511:.
1499:.
1487:.
1475:.
1463:.
1451:.
1436:.
1412:.
1041:.
1026:.
867:.
855:.
843:.
768:.
58:(
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
