1027:
1269:
339:
1117:
1254:
1081:
1193:
1294:
62:
1276:
Unlike Aksum, the Zagwe were virtually unknown to the contemporary powers of the
Mediterranean. The only regular relations seem to have been maintained with Egypt and Jerusalem. Although their presence is often claimed to have been of considerable antiquity, it is only in the 11th and 12th centuries
1284:
The earliest sources confirming an
Ethiopian community in Jerusalem date to the second half of the 13th century. Yet it is still probable that Ethiopians had lived there before. In the late 12th century, King Lalibela's knowledge of the town was sufficient enough to have inspired him during the
1337:
confirm the presence of a Musli settlement between the 10th and 12th century, although its whereabouts are still unclear. Recent excavations at nearby Bilet found a Muslim cemetery in use from the late 10th to the mid-13th century, although most tombstones date to the 11th century. The
1096:
The Zagwe period is still shrouded in mystery; even the number of kings in this dynasty is disputed. Some sources (such as the Paris
Chronicle, and manuscripts Bruce 88, 91, and 93) give the names of eleven kings who ruled for 354 years; others (among them the book
999:, causing a shift in its temporal power centre that later regrouped more to the south. For 40 years she ruled over what remained of the kingdom, eventually passing on the throne to her descendants, with Mara marrying the daughter of the last king of Aksum,
1372:
Surviving chronicles and manuscripts show variation in the number of kings and their individual length of reign. There are three main versions of the Zagwe line that are recorded, known as the 'short', 'long' and 'longer' lists.
1068:
after his campaigns to be acknowledged as king and imprisoned the old king. It is difficult to date the reigns of these kings, but it likely occurred in the early 10th century when the power of the
Solomonic line was in decline.
937:, meaning "of the Agaw", in reference to the Mara Tekle Haymanot, the founder of the dynasty. This term does not appear in contemporary sources, neither in indigenous documents nor in accounts of foreign observers.
1346:, and even Iran. Another Islamic cemetery was found at Arra 30 km southwards and was used between the mid-12th and mid-14th century, with most tombstones dating to the 13th century. A now broken frieze with a
1688:
1277:
when
Ethiopians are firmly attested to have lived in Egypt. A rare testament for their presence during the reign of the Zagwe is a fragmentary manuscript written in Ge'ez that was recently discovered in the
2105:
Marie Laure Derat (2020): "Before the
Solomonids: Crisis, Renaissance and the Emergence of the Zagwe Dynasty (SeventhâThirteenth Centuries)" in "A Companion to Medieval Ethiopia and Eritrea". Brill. pp.
3994:
2265:
Derat, Marie-Laure (2020): "Lâaffaire des mosquĂ©es. Interactions entre le vizirat fatimide, le patriarcat dâAlexandrie et les royaumes chrĂ©tiens dâĂthiopie et de Nubie Ă la fin du xie siĂšcle"
1358:. Tigray's Muslim community declined from the 12th century because of the collapse of the Fatimids and, if the land grant by king Tantawedem is to be believed, its dispossession by the Zagwe.
1268:
1160:, which is clearly a pseudonym (Taddesse Tamrat translates it as "The Unknown, the hidden one"), employed soon after his reign by the victorious Solomonic rulers in an act of
1026:
3984:
1325:. However, there is no archaeological evidence for this. There is, however, evidence for a Muslim community in eastern Tigray during the Zagwe period, possibly being
3979:
2346:
840:
664:
2383:
Muehlbauer, Mikael (2023). "An
African "Constantine" in the Twelfth Century: The Architecture of the Early Zagwe Dynasty and Egyptian Episcopal Authority".
733:
693:
777:
683:
1844:
Marie Laure Derat (2020): "Before the
Solomonids: Crisis, Renaissance and the Emergence of the Zagwe Dynasty (SeventhâThirteenth Centuries)" in
501:
3989:
3746:
3128:
2373:
2218:
1729:
1023:, and that Mara Takla Haymanot (whom Bruce calls "Takla Haymanot") was a cousin of Gudit who succeeded her after several of her own family.
596:
338:
61:
3798:
2798:
1778:
1245:
Like the kings of Aksum who preceded them, the Zagwe kings bore three names: a baptismal name, a regnal name and finally the surname.
616:
556:
2415:
3969:
2442:
2193:
2078:
1902:
1867:
1804:
1310:
833:
794:
606:
1354:
church probably dates to the second half of the 11th century and may have originally been from a mosque, perhaps sponsored by the
1030:
3424:
2050:
Chojnacki, Stanislaw (2005). "WandgemÀldem Ikonen, Manuskripte, Kreuze und anderes liturgisches GerÀt". In Walter Raunig (ed.).
4004:
3974:
3925:"An African "Constantine" in the Twelfth Century: The Architecture of the Early Zagwe Dynasty and Egyptian Episcopal Authority"
576:
297:
272:
2304:
Muehlbauer, Mikael (2021): "From Stone to Dust: The Life of the Kufic-Inscribed Frieze of Wuqro
Cherqos in Tigray, Ethiopia"
2291:
Muehlbauer, Mikael (2021): "From Stone to Dust: The Life of the Kufic-Inscribed Frieze of Wuqro
Cherqos in Tigray, Ethiopia"
2252:
Muehlbauer, Mikael (2021): "From Stone to Dust: The Life of the Kufic-Inscribed Frieze of Wuqro Cherqos in Tigray, Ethiopia"
1060:, and in response he carried off large numbers of cattle and other animals from them. Dan'el then went to the country of the
1172:, who never personally claimed to be descendant of Dil Na'od or King Solomon, and acting under the guidance of either Saint
546:
3964:
3862:
1156:
under Yekuno Amlak. The name of the last Zagwe king is lostâthe surviving chronicles and oral traditions give his name as
723:
703:
3857:
3741:
1635:
1433:
1116:
826:
787:
782:
767:
626:
422:
318:
2904:
1226:
describing an anonymous Ethiopian king, but also features in two undated Ge'ez inscriptions and the land grant of king
3867:
2586:
383:
116:
673:
1253:
1831:
1278:
1261:
469:
2537:
1044:
mention the names of two kings, Dabra Ferem and his son Hasani Dan'el, who were Christian but are not recorded on
3999:
3825:
2973:
2278:
Loiseau, Julien et al. (2021): "Bilet and the wider world: new insights into the archaeology of Islam in Tigray"
2236:
Loiseau, Julien et al. (2021): "Bilet and the wider world: new insights into the archaeology of Islam in Tigray"
2181:
1318:
1222:, which means as much as "tutor", "nurse" or "counselor". This title first appeared in a 10th-century account by
1136:
1080:
3783:
3758:
3608:
3267:
3262:
1620:
1367:
1089:
1045:
713:
3850:
3731:
3272:
3225:
3168:
2867:
2811:
2559:
1133:
1132:, the shorter mooted length of this dynasty is the more likely one. He argues that a letter received by the
566:
3324:
3039:
2793:
447:
3959:
3872:
3773:
3768:
3456:
3404:
3257:
3161:
3146:
2806:
2760:
2601:
2488:
2165:
An Early Ethiopic Manuscript Fragment (TwelfthâThirteenth Century) from the Monastery of St Antony (Egypt)
536:
3803:
3763:
3576:
3451:
2515:
2505:
2464:
2435:
1592:
1476:
1401:
1034:
913:
909:
3696:
3691:
1598:
1482:
1407:
3896:
3726:
3676:
3571:
3502:
3473:
3392:
3294:
2726:
2564:
2554:
943:
has stated that the areas under the direct rule of the Zagwe kings apart from the centre of power in
355:
2209:
Phillipson, David W. (2018). "Jerusalem and the Ethiopian Church. The Evidence of Roha (Lalibela)".
3652:
3588:
3468:
3434:
3336:
3304:
3156:
3151:
2963:
2682:
2618:
2493:
2478:
2366:
L'Ă©nigme d'une dynastie sainte et usurpatrice dans le royaume chrĂ©tien d'Ethiopie, XIeâXIIIe siĂšcle
1655:
1625:
1519:
1440:
1429:
1389:
1192:
1129:
1004:
976:
811:
772:
636:
586:
526:
327:
173:
3701:
2164:
3681:
3664:
3615:
3480:
3289:
3240:
3173:
3091:
3032:
3027:
3022:
2978:
2948:
2840:
2738:
2606:
2581:
2340:
2017:
2009:
1339:
1139:
shortly before 1150 from an unnamed Ethiopian monarch, in which the Patriarch is asked for a new
940:
1976:
1959:
1937:
1293:
1201:
896:. It ruled large parts of the territory from approximately 1137 to 1270 AD, when the last Zagwe
2115:
Marie-Laure Derat (2010): "The Zagwe dynasty (11â13th centuries) and King Yemrehanna Krestos",
1272:
Plaque showing a lion, Yemrahana Krestos Church. Originally manufactured in southwestern India.
1124:. While undated it is, like similar shaped crosses, commonly associated with the Zagwe dynasty.
1003:. According to other Ethiopian traditional accounts, the last of her dynasty was overthrown by
3810:
3706:
3642:
3637:
3566:
3463:
3178:
3106:
3101:
2943:
2872:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2645:
2596:
2369:
2214:
2189:
2074:
1898:
1863:
1800:
1774:
1752:
1735:
1725:
1663:
1579:
1464:
1395:
1355:
1343:
1161:
1153:
1102:
1074:
927:
916:
804:
412:
103:
98:
3314:
3936:
3659:
3446:
3441:
3397:
3384:
3282:
3277:
3141:
3136:
3118:
3079:
3012:
2995:
2936:
2926:
2921:
2862:
2818:
2788:
2748:
2731:
2714:
2677:
2428:
2392:
2001:
1181:
1145:
because the current office holder was too old, was from Mara Takla Haymanot, who wanted the
1052:
and claims that he conquered thirty peoples. The second inscription tells how the people of
996:
882:
858:
481:
457:
392:
290:
277:
235:
45:
3686:
3877:
3845:
3718:
3669:
3625:
3620:
3598:
3593:
3551:
3544:
3519:
3379:
3374:
3215:
3096:
2990:
2985:
2953:
2778:
2768:
2662:
2655:
2650:
2635:
2591:
2473:
2459:
2070:
1894:
1886:
1064:
and took 10,000 sheep and 3,000 cattle. The third inscription tells of how Dan'el went to
1061:
972:
952:
491:
137:
3319:
3299:
2184:(1999). "Were there Ethiopians in Jerusalem at the Time of Saladin's Conquest in 1187?".
2416:
Tekeste Negash, "The Zagwe period re-interpreted: post-Aksumite Ethiopian urban culture"
1992:
Huntingford, G. W. B. (1965). "'The Wealth of Kings' and the End of the ZÄguÄ Dynasty".
3820:
3815:
3778:
3753:
3736:
3647:
3632:
3603:
3561:
3409:
3369:
3364:
3252:
3245:
3205:
3195:
3185:
3000:
2879:
2773:
2640:
2522:
1177:
1173:
799:
121:
88:
1007:
in 1137. Still more, according to another tradition, Mara was born in the province of
3953:
3901:
3788:
3583:
3556:
3529:
3507:
3485:
3329:
3309:
3235:
3220:
3064:
3017:
3005:
2823:
2697:
2692:
2667:
2549:
2021:
1630:
1382:
1351:
1298:
1110:
1098:
1070:
901:
1662:
of St. Marqorewos, who lived around the year 1400, mentions a Muslim king in nearby
3793:
3534:
3524:
3490:
3419:
3414:
3341:
3131:
3113:
3074:
3069:
3049:
3044:
2916:
2909:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2783:
2721:
2702:
2687:
2623:
1242:
in the first half of the 14th century it was used to denote a provincial governor.
1169:
1085:
956:
905:
885:
1526:
1152:
The mystery of the Zagwe dynasty is perhaps darkest around its replacement by the
1000:
1794:
1019:, on the other hand, presents another tradition that Dil Na'od was overthrown by
3512:
3497:
3346:
3059:
2968:
2958:
2884:
2532:
2527:
2410:
2332:
1659:
1586:
1573:
1550:
1470:
1458:
1322:
1306:
1285:
expansion of his capital, adopting Jerusalem's form, attributions and toponyms.
1016:
980:
960:
933:
878:
866:
3539:
3356:
3230:
3190:
3123:
2005:
1326:
1239:
1223:
1011:, which was his power base. Originally a general of Dil Na'od, whose daughter
743:
646:
1739:
3429:
3200:
3084:
3054:
2835:
2709:
2500:
2186:
East and West in the Crusader States: Context â Contacts â Confrontations II
1566:
1525:
Sibuhay (Dil Na'od II) (10 years) (not to be confused with the Axumite king
1452:
1015:
became his wife, Mara overthrew his father-in-law to found the new dynasty.
964:
1432:
contains 11 names. This version of the Zagwe dynasty was recorded on the
979:
was that of brother succeeding brother as king, based on the Agaw laws of
2830:
2613:
2571:
2510:
1604:
1488:
1165:
1048:. The first inscription tells how Hasani Dan'el attacked rebel tribes in
968:
920:
889:
870:
185:
147:
75:
2743:
2672:
2628:
2544:
2483:
1559:
1532:
1494:
1446:
1227:
1214:("king"), which was the traditional title for Ethiopian kings. Besides
1197:
1053:
1049:
948:
893:
874:
365:
130:
93:
2013:
1321:
briefly lived in Ethiopia in 622 after being exiled from Mecca in the
2576:
2451:
1538:
1500:
1413:
1302:
1073:
theorized that these kings were forerunners of the Zagwe dynasty and
17:
3940:
2396:
1297:
An 11th-century mosque frieze reappropriated as an arch inside the
3210:
1347:
1334:
1330:
1292:
1267:
1258:
1252:
1210:
1191:
1141:
1121:
1115:
1079:
1025:
1020:
1008:
992:
944:
897:
154:
3924:
1113:
reports the existence of at least one list containing 16 names.
1106:
1065:
1057:
1041:
2424:
2211:
Tomb and Temple: Re-imagining the Sacred Buildings of Jerusalem
1687:
Taddesse, Tamrat (1977). "Ethiopia, the Red Sea and the Horn".
912:, who is credited with having ordered the construction of the
1208:
In his land grants of 1204 and 1225, Lalibela called himself
1164:. Taddesse Tamrat believes that this last ruler was actually
66:
Christian territories during the Zagwe Dynasty circa 1200 AD
2052:
Das christliche Ăthiopien. Geschichte â Architektur â Kunst
1654:
It has been proposed that they were under influence of the
1491:(40 years) (The 1922 regnal list records 17 years of rule.)
1485:(48 years) (The 1922 regnal list records 40 years of rule.)
1180:, pursued the last king of the Zagwe and killed him at the
2420:
2248:
2246:
1443:(3 years) (The 1922 regnal list records 13 years of rule.)
2135:
Tales Things Tell: Material Histories of Early Globalisms
1497:(15 years) (Omitted from some versions of the long list.)
1828:
The Cambridge history of Africa: From c. 1600 to c. 1790
1503:(8 years) (Omitted from some versions of the long list.)
2232:
2230:
1666:
who might have lived during the reign of king Lalibela.
1149:
replaced because he would not endorse the new dynasty.
926:
The name "Zagwe" is thought to derive from the ancient
3995:
States and territories established in the 10th century
1994:
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies
900:
Za-Ilmaknun was killed in battle by the forces of the
1978:
A History of Ethiopia: Nubia and Abyssinia (Volume I)
1961:
A History of Ethiopia: Nubia and Abyssinia (Volume I)
1939:
A History of Ethiopia: Nubia and Abyssinia (Volume I)
971:)." Unlike the practice of later rulers of Ethiopia,
1077:
believed they may have even founded the Zagwe line.
27:
Kingdom in northern Ethiopia and Eritrea (1137â1270)
3886:
3838:
3717:
3355:
2759:
2458:
1420:Approximate dates: c. 1179–1270 (141 years).
1368:
Regnal lists of Ethiopia § Zagwe dynasty lists
232:
217:
207:
195:
179:
167:
153:
143:
129:
112:
81:
71:
32:
1611:Approximate dates: c. 937–1270 (333 years).
1507:Approximate dates: c. 916–1270 (354 years).
1257:A fragmentary Ge'ez manuscript discovered in the
1771:Key Events in African History: A Reference Guide
1329:depending on Fatimid patronage. Arabic funerary
1281:, dating to the mid-12th to mid-13th centuries.
2213:. Woodbridge: Boydell Press. pp. 261â266.
2163:El-Antony, Fr. Maximous; Blid, Jesper (2016). "
2159:
2157:
1234:1030. Lalibela's land grants are the last time
2329:Ancient and Medieval Ethiopian History to 1270
1796:Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World
1342:of the deceased suggest links with Egypt, the
991:According to one tradition, around 960, Queen
2436:
1981:. London: Methuen & Co. pp. 276â277.
1953:
1951:
1949:
1238:is associated with the king. By the reign of
834:
37:
8:
3893:"Empire" as a description of foreign policy
2133:Flood, Finbarr Barry; Fricke, Beate (2023).
1931:
1929:
1927:
1846:A Companion to Medieval Ethiopia and Eritrea
2093:
947:"probably embraced the highlands of modern
908:. The Zagwe are most famous for their king
3714:
2443:
2429:
2421:
2345:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2054:. Schnell & Steiner. pp. 236â237.
1919:Travels to Discover the Source of the Nile
1773:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. xv.
1084:12th century mural showing the baptism of
869:monarchy that ruled the northern parts of
841:
827:
312:
60:
29:
2322:
2320:
2318:
2316:
2314:
2149:Ethiopia: History, Culture and Challenges
2147:Bausi, Alessandro (2017). "The Zagwe" in
1690:The Cambridge History of Africa: Volume 3
3985:13th-century disestablishments in Africa
1964:. London: Methuen & Co. p. 277.
1942:. London: Methuen & Co. p. 276.
1196:18th-century copy of land grant of King
975:argues that under the Zagwe dynasty the
3915:
1921:(1805 edition), vol. 2 pp. 451â453
1679:
1647:
326:
315:
2338:
3980:10th-century establishments in Africa
2039:. New York: Palgave. p. 50 n.19.
1881:
1879:
1033:constructed during the reign of King
231:
216:
206:
202:
178:
166:
162:
152:
7:
2137:. Princeton University. p. 179.
888:native to the northern highlands of
219:âą Other theories for the start
1317:According to Muslim tradition, the
25:
1862:. New York: Praeger. p. 44.
1724:. The Red Sea Press. p. 53.
1168:. The end of the Zagwe came when
1040:Three inscriptions discovered in
2327:Sellassie, Sergew Hable (1972).
1109:) list only five who ruled 143.
1031:Church of Saint George, Lalibela
337:
295:
270:
1759:, Oxford University Press, 1960
1428:Example list below recorded by
1544:Mengisine Yitbarek I (7 years)
995:destroyed the remnants of the
1:
1515:This list contains 16 names.
1231:
1200:(12th century) stored in the
963:and thence westwards towards
223:
3990:Medieval history of Ethiopia
2067:Church and State in Ethiopia
1975:Budge, E. A. Wallis (1928).
1958:Budge, E. A. Wallis (1928).
1936:Budge, E. A. Wallis (1928).
1891:Church and State in Ethiopia
1636:List of Emperors of Ethiopia
3923:Muehlbauer, Mikael (2023).
1056:rebelled and laid waste to
117:Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo
4021:
1832:Cambridge University Press
1365:
1350:inscription stored in the
1279:Monastery of Saint Anthony
1262:Monastery of Saint Anthony
577:Second ItaloâEthiopian War
169:âą early 12th century
2006:10.1017/S0041977X00056731
1720:Demeke, Girma A. (2014).
1381:Example list recorded by
1319:companions of the Prophet
862:
627:Eritrean Independence War
547:First ItaloâEthiopian War
249:
245:
203:
191:
163:
59:
54:
38:
3970:Ethiopian noble families
2065:Taddesse Tamrat (1972).
1799:. Elsevier. 2010-04-06.
1621:Ethiopian historiography
1547:Yi'kebke Egzi (10 years)
1090:Yemrahana Krestos Church
734:Ethiopian civil conflict
684:Eritrean border conflict
2368:(in French). Brepolis.
1826:Oliver, Roland (1982).
1562:(Ser Asagad) (10 years)
1218:he also called himself
1134:Patriarch of Alexandria
617:Federation with Eritrea
502:Ottoman border conflict
423:Amda Seyon's Expansions
4005:Monarchies of Ethiopia
3975:African royal families
1858:Buxton, David (1970).
1769:Falola, Toyin (2002).
1314:
1273:
1265:
1205:
1125:
1093:
1046:Ethiopian regnal lists
1037:
674:EritreanâEthiopian War
413:Early Solomonic period
3863:Medieval great powers
2364:Derat, M.-L. (2018).
1722:The Origin of Amharic
1708:The Oromo of Ethiopia
1296:
1271:
1256:
1195:
1119:
1083:
1035:Gebre Mesqel Lalibela
1029:
910:Gebre Meskel Lalibela
607:Italian guerrilla war
82:Common languages
3965:Emperors of Ethiopia
3873:European colonialism
3858:Ancient great powers
2171:, 19, pp. 47â48
2035:Henze, Paul (2000).
1120:Processional cross,
440:Early modern history
181:âą 13th century
3868:Modern great powers
2335:. pp. 240â241.
2188:. Leuven: Peeters.
1848:. Brill. p. 47
1626:History of Ethiopia
1556:Bahr Saf (14 years)
1520:Mara Takla Haymanot
1441:Mara Takla Haymanot
1430:Carlo Conti Rossini
1390:Mara Takla Haymanot
1264:dated to 1160â1265.
1130:Carlo Conti Rossini
1005:Mara Takla Haymanot
977:order of succession
917:monolithic churches
714:East Africa drought
637:Ethiopian Civil War
587:Italian East Africa
537:Menelik's Invasions
209:âą Established
174:Mara Takla Haymanot
2117:Annales d'Ethiopie
1897:. pp. 53â64.
1385:contains 5 names.
1315:
1274:
1266:
1206:
1126:
1094:
1038:
788:Army of the Empire
475:1557 â 17th cent.
463:1543 â 17th cent.
448:EthiopianâAdal War
3912:
3911:
3834:
3833:
3799:PolishâLithuanian
2974:Gurjara-Pratihara
2411:Ethiopian History
2375:978-2-503-57908-5
2220:978-1-78327-280-8
2073:. pp. 56ff.
1753:Edward Ullendorff
1731:978-1-56902-379-2
1706:Mohammad Hassan,
1658:. The much later
1580:Yemrehana Krestos
1465:Yemrehana Krestos
1396:Yemrehana Krestos
1356:Fatimid Caliphate
1344:Arabian Peninsula
1249:Foreign relations
1162:damnatio memoriae
1154:Solomonic dynasty
1103:Manuel de Almeida
1075:E.A. Wallis Budge
865:) was a medieval
851:
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752:
751:
655:
654:
510:
509:
431:
430:
374:
373:
311:
310:
307:
306:
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283:
282:
125:
16:(Redirected from
4012:
4000:Christian states
3945:
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3920:
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3380:Austro-Hungarian
3080:Chagatai Khanate
2445:
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2094:Huntingford 1965
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2056:
2055:
2047:
2041:
2040:
2032:
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1989:
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1652:
1434:1922 regnal list
1333:discovered near
1233:
1182:Battle of Ansata
997:Kingdom of Aksum
892:and neighboring
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843:
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768:Economic history
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482:Gondarine period
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458:Oromo migrations
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2489:Middle Assyrian
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2358:Further reading
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2071:Clarendon Press
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1895:Clarendon Press
1887:Taddesse Tamrat
1885:
1884:
1877:
1870:
1860:The Abyssinians
1857:
1856:
1852:
1843:
1839:
1830:. Vol. 1.
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1483:Na'akueto La'ab
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1408:Na'akueto La'ab
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1311:William Simpson
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973:Taddesse Tamrat
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694:Police massacre
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492:Zemene Mesafint
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2761:Post-classical
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2560:Middle Kingdom
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2405:External links
2403:
2402:
2401:
2397:10.1086/725791
2391:(2): 127â152.
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2182:van Donzel, E.
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2042:
2037:Layers of Time
2027:
1984:
1967:
1945:
1923:
1910:
1903:
1875:
1868:
1850:
1837:
1834:. p. 112.
1818:
1805:
1786:
1780:978-0313313233
1779:
1761:
1757:The Ethiopians
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1585:Gebre Maryam (
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1174:Tekle Haymanot
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724:Oromo protests
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704:War in Somalia
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665:Recent history
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519:Modern history
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3960:Zagwe dynasty
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3902:Soviet empire
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3887:Miscellaneous
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3226:Turco-Persian
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2772:
2770:
2767:
2766:
2764:
2762:
2758:
2750:
2747:
2746:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2724:
2723:
2720:
2716:
2713:
2712:
2711:
2708:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2675:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2638:
2637:
2634:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2621:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2584:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2552:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2525:
2524:
2521:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2503:
2502:
2499:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2486:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2446:
2441:
2439:
2434:
2432:
2427:
2426:
2423:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2408:
2404:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2381:
2377:
2371:
2367:
2362:
2361:
2357:
2348:
2342:
2334:
2330:
2323:
2321:
2319:
2317:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2301:
2298:
2294:
2288:
2285:
2281:
2275:
2272:
2268:
2262:
2259:
2255:
2249:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2233:
2231:
2227:
2222:
2216:
2212:
2205:
2202:
2197:
2195:90-429-1287-1
2191:
2187:
2183:
2177:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2160:
2158:
2154:
2151:, p. 108
2150:
2144:
2141:
2136:
2129:
2126:
2123:, p. 171
2122:
2118:
2112:
2109:
2102:
2099:
2095:
2090:
2087:
2082:
2080:0-19-821671-8
2076:
2072:
2068:
2061:
2058:
2053:
2046:
2043:
2038:
2031:
2028:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1988:
1985:
1980:
1979:
1971:
1968:
1963:
1962:
1954:
1952:
1950:
1946:
1941:
1940:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1914:
1911:
1906:
1904:0-19-821671-8
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1882:
1880:
1876:
1871:
1869:0-500-02070-1
1865:
1861:
1854:
1851:
1847:
1841:
1838:
1833:
1829:
1822:
1819:
1808:
1806:9780080877754
1802:
1798:
1797:
1790:
1787:
1782:
1776:
1772:
1765:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1749:
1746:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1727:
1723:
1716:
1713:
1709:
1703:
1700:
1692:
1691:
1683:
1680:
1673:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1651:
1648:
1641:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1631:Kings of Axum
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1618:
1614:
1612:
1607:II (40 years)
1606:
1603:
1600:
1597:
1594:
1591:
1588:
1584:
1581:
1578:
1575:
1571:
1568:
1564:
1561:
1558:
1555:
1552:
1549:
1546:
1543:
1540:
1537:
1534:
1531:
1528:
1524:
1521:
1518:
1517:
1516:
1510:
1508:
1502:
1499:
1496:
1493:
1490:
1487:
1484:
1481:
1478:
1475:
1472:
1469:
1466:
1463:
1460:
1457:
1454:
1451:
1448:
1445:
1442:
1439:
1438:
1437:
1435:
1431:
1423:
1421:
1415:
1412:
1409:
1406:
1403:
1400:
1397:
1394:
1391:
1388:
1387:
1386:
1384:
1376:
1374:
1369:
1362:List of kings
1361:
1359:
1357:
1353:
1352:Wukro Chirkos
1349:
1345:
1341:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1299:Wukro Chirkos
1295:
1288:
1286:
1282:
1280:
1270:
1263:
1260:
1255:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1237:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1212:
1203:
1199:
1194:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1150:
1148:
1144:
1143:
1138:
1135:
1131:
1128:According to
1123:
1118:
1114:
1112:
1111:Paul B. Henze
1108:
1104:
1100:
1091:
1087:
1082:
1078:
1076:
1072:
1071:Enno Littmann
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
986:
984:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
936:
935:
929:
924:
922:
918:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
860:
856:
855:Zagwe dynasty
844:
839:
837:
832:
830:
825:
824:
822:
821:
813:
810:
806:
803:
802:
801:
798:
796:
793:
789:
786:
785:
784:
781:
779:
776:
774:
771:
769:
766:
765:
758:
757:
747:
745:
742:
741:
737:
735:
732:
731:
727:
725:
722:
721:
717:
715:
712:
711:
707:
705:
702:
701:
697:
695:
692:
691:
687:
685:
682:
681:
677:
675:
672:
671:
666:
661:
660:
650:
648:
645:
644:
640:
638:
635:
634:
630:
628:
625:
624:
620:
618:
615:
614:
610:
608:
605:
604:
600:
598:
595:
594:
590:
588:
585:
584:
580:
578:
575:
574:
570:
568:
565:
564:
560:
558:
557:Modernization
555:
554:
550:
548:
545:
544:
540:
538:
535:
534:
530:
528:
525:
524:
516:
515:
505:
503:
500:
499:
495:
493:
490:
489:
485:
483:
480:
479:
473:
471:
470:Habesh Eyalet
468:
467:
461:
459:
456:
455:
451:
449:
446:
445:
437:
436:
426:
424:
421:
420:
416:
414:
411:
410:
406:
404:
403:Zagwe dynasty
401:
400:
396:
394:
391:
390:
385:
380:
379:
369:
367:
364:
363:
359:
357:
354:
353:
348:Early history
345:
344:
340:
336:
335:
332:
325:
320:
314:
294:
292:
289:
288:
285:
279:
276:
269:
268:
265:
264:
261:
258:
256:
253:
252:
248:
244:
240:
237:
222:
212:
198:
194:
190:
187:
184:
175:
172:
158:
156:
149:
146:
142:
139:
134:
132:
128:
123:
118:
115:
111:
105:
102:
100:
97:
95:
92:
90:
87:
86:
84:
80:
77:
74:
70:
63:
58:
53:
47:
34:Zagwe dynasty
31:
19:
3932:
3928:
3918:
3653:Contemporary
3503:Indo-Persian
3491:Nazi Germany
3435:Contemporary
3337:Vijayanagara
3236:Great Seljuk
3147:Thessalonica
3075:Golden Horde
2931:
2715:Carthaginian
2494:Neo-Assyrian
2479:Neo-Sumerian
2388:
2384:
2365:
2328:
2305:
2300:
2292:
2287:
2279:
2274:
2266:
2261:
2253:
2237:
2210:
2204:
2185:
2176:
2168:
2148:
2143:
2134:
2128:
2120:
2116:
2111:
2101:
2089:
2066:
2060:
2051:
2045:
2036:
2030:
1997:
1993:
1987:
1977:
1970:
1960:
1938:
1918:
1913:
1890:
1859:
1853:
1845:
1840:
1827:
1821:
1810:. Retrieved
1795:
1789:
1770:
1764:
1756:
1748:
1721:
1715:
1707:
1702:
1689:
1682:
1650:
1610:
1589:) (40 years)
1576:) (20 years)
1569:) (20 years)
1514:
1506:
1427:
1419:
1380:
1371:
1316:
1283:
1275:
1244:
1235:
1219:
1215:
1209:
1207:
1170:Yekuno Amlak
1157:
1151:
1146:
1140:
1127:
1095:
1086:Jesus Christ
1039:
1012:
990:
941:David Buxton
939:
931:
925:
906:Yekuno Amlak
886:ethnic group
854:
852:
738:2018âpresent
597:World War II
402:
397:100 â 940 AD
370:980 â 400 BC
260:Succeeded by
259:
254:
3241:Khwarezmian
3174:Carolingian
2979:Rashtrakuta
2683:Shaishunaga
2582:Hellenistic
2565:New Kingdom
2555:Old Kingdom
2333:Addis Ababa
2282:95, 523â525
2096:, p. 2
1710:, p. 3
1660:hagiography
1587:Kedus Harbe
1574:Germa Seyum
1551:Zena Petros
1511:Longer list
1471:Kedus Harbe
1459:Germa Seyum
1323:First Hijra
1188:Royal title
1178:Iyasus Mo'a
1158:Za-Ilmaknun
1092:, Lalibela.
1017:James Bruce
1013:Masoba Warq
981:inheritance
961:Bete Amhara
778:Aristocracy
567:World War I
527:Unification
384:Middle Ages
328:History of
255:Preceded by
3954:Categories
3811:Portuguese
3692:Revival Le
3682:Vietnamese
3325:Later Tran
3295:Vietnamese
3191:Singhasari
3179:Holy Roman
2803:Bulgarian
2739:Satavahana
2710:Phoenician
2646:Achaemenid
2607:Indo-Greek
2587:Macedonian
2501:Babylonian
2267:Médiévales
2169:Aethiopica
2069:. Oxford:
1893:. Oxford:
1812:2023-10-25
1674:References
1601:(40 years)
1595:(40 years)
1582:(40 years)
1535:(15 years)
1522:(13 years)
1479:(40 years)
1473:(40 years)
1467:(40 years)
1461:(40 years)
1455:(40 years)
1449:(40 years)
1410:(40 years)
1404:(40 years)
1398:(40 years)
1392:(13 years)
1383:Pedro PĂĄez
1377:Short list
1366:See also:
1307:lithograph
1305:. After a
1301:church in
1240:Amda Seyon
1228:Tantawedem
1224:Ibn Hawqal
1202:Ura Masqal
1099:Pedro PĂĄez
744:Tigray War
647:Ogaden War
356:Prehistory
227: 930
144:Government
135:Ethiopian
131:Demonym(s)
3804:Couronian
3442:Ethiopian
3430:Manchukuo
3385:Brazilian
3231:Ghaznavid
3201:Srivijaya
3152:Trebizond
3137:Byzantine
3119:North Sea
3114:Norwegian
3102:Almoravid
3085:Ilkhanate
3055:Majapahit
3028:Muromachi
2937:Solomonic
2922:Ethiopian
2836:Caliphate
2769:Aragonese
2597:Ptolemaic
2341:cite book
2280:Antiquity
2269:79, 27â28
2238:Antiquity
2022:161195803
1740:824502290
1572:Be'mnet (
1567:Jan Seyum
1553:(6 years)
1541:(8 years)
1527:Dil Na'od
1453:Jan Seyum
1424:Long list
1416:(8 years)
1176:or Saint
1001:Dil Na'od
965:Lake Tana
914:rock-hewn
795:Expansion
748:2020â2022
728:2014â2016
718:2011â2012
708:2006â2009
688:1998â2018
678:1998â2000
651:1977â1978
641:1974â1991
631:1961â1991
621:1952â1962
611:1941â1943
591:1936â1941
581:1935â1936
571:1914â1918
561:1913â1974
551:1895â1896
541:1878â1904
531:1855â1913
506:1832â1848
496:1769â1855
486:1632â1769
452:1527â1543
427:1314â1344
417:1270â1529
113:Religion
55:1137â1270
3784:Japanese
3747:Scottish
3727:American
3719:Colonial
3648:Imperial
3616:Moroccan
3552:Japanese
3530:Afsharid
3389:Burmese
3375:Austrian
3330:Later Le
3305:Early Le
3290:Venetian
3216:Tiwanaku
3129:Hellenic
3092:Moroccan
3023:Kamakura
3013:Japanese
2996:Saffarid
2949:Georgian
2863:Chalukya
2841:Rashidun
2831:Calakmul
2799:Bruneian
2678:Haryanka
2656:Sasanian
2651:Parthian
2602:Bactrian
2592:Seleucid
2572:Goguryeo
2550:Egyptian
2484:Assyrian
2474:Akkadian
2465:Colonies
2306:Muqarnas
2293:Muqarnas
2254:Muqarnas
2000:(1): 8.
1889:(1972).
1615:See also
1605:Yetbarak
1593:Lalibela
1565:Akotet (
1489:Yetbarak
1477:Lalibela
1402:Lalibela
1259:Egyptian
1166:Yetbarak
969:Begemder
921:Lalibela
890:Ethiopia
883:Cushitic
871:Ethiopia
863:áá áááá„á”
805:Aksumite
800:Currency
783:Military
407:900â1270
330:Ethiopia
319:a series
317:Part of
186:Yetbarak
148:Monarchy
122:official
104:Tigrinya
39:áá áááá„á”
3851:largest
3846:Empires
3826:Swedish
3821:Spanish
3816:Russian
3779:Italian
3754:Chinese
3742:English
3737:British
3732:Belgian
3707:Vietnam
3697:Tay son
3643:Tsarist
3638:Russian
3633:Ottoman
3599:Dzungar
3594:Khoshut
3567:Mexican
3562:Maratha
3545:Pahlavi
3525:Safavid
3520:Iranian
3447:Haitian
3410:Chinese
3370:Ashanti
3342:Wagadou
3268:Eastern
3263:Western
3246:Timurid
3206:Tibetan
3196:Songhai
3186:Serbian
3107:Almohad
3097:Idrisid
3001:Samanid
2991:Tahirid
2986:Iranian
2964:Kannauj
2944:Genoese
2880:Chinese
2873:Eastern
2868:Western
2856:Fatimid
2851:Abbasid
2846:Umayyad
2819:Burmese
2779:Ayyubid
2774:Angevin
2744:Xianbei
2732:Eastern
2727:Western
2673:Magadha
2636:Iranian
2629:Xiongnu
2614:Hittite
2523:Chinese
2511:Kassite
2460:Ancient
2452:Empires
2240:95, 509
1917:Bruce,
1560:Tatadim
1533:Mairari
1495:Mairari
1447:Tatadim
1327:Shiites
1313:, 1868.
1204:church.
1198:Tatadim
1105:saw at
1054:Welkait
1050:Kassala
987:History
949:Eritrea
930:phrase
894:Eritrea
875:Eritrea
859:Amharic
812:Famines
773:Emperor
360:
234:âą
196:History
138:Habesha
94:Amharic
72:Capital
46:Amharic
3789:Mongol
3774:German
3769:French
3759:Danish
3702:Dainam
3677:Tongan
3665:Somali
3660:Sokoto
3626:'Alawi
3604:Kalmyk
3584:Mongol
3577:Second
3557:Korean
3508:Mughal
3498:Indian
3481:German
3474:Second
3464:French
3457:Second
3393:Second
3365:Afghan
3357:Modern
3283:Kyrgyz
3278:Uighur
3273:Second
3253:Turkic
3221:Toltec
3157:Epirus
3142:Nicaea
3065:Mongol
3018:Yamato
2954:Huetar
2812:Second
2749:Rouran
2698:Shunga
2693:Maurya
2668:Kushan
2641:Median
2619:Hunnic
2577:Harsha
2372:
2308:38, 17
2295:38, 15
2256:38, 10
2217:
2192:
2077:
2020:
2014:611706
2012:
1901:
1866:
1803:
1777:
1738:
1728:
1539:Harbai
1501:Harbai
1414:Harbai
1340:nisbas
1331:steles
1303:Tigray
1236:hasani
1220:hasani
1137:John V
953:Tigray
902:Amhara
881:are a
877:. The
761:Topics
321:on the
199:
159:
42:
3929:Gesta
3839:Lists
3794:Omani
3764:Dutch
3670:Isaaq
3621:Saadi
3589:Oirat
3572:First
3540:Qajar
3469:First
3452:First
3425:China
3398:Third
3258:First
3211:Tikal
3162:Morea
3132:Roman
3050:Latin
3045:Khmer
3040:Kanem
3006:Buyid
2932:Zagwe
2927:Aksum
2917:Chola
2824:First
2807:First
2794:Bornu
2789:Benin
2784:Aztec
2722:Roman
2703:Gupta
2688:Nanda
2624:White
2385:Gesta
2106:38â39
2018:S2CID
2010:JSTOR
1694:(PDF)
1664:Shire
1642:Notes
1348:Kufic
1335:Qwiha
1289:Islam
1216:negus
1211:negus
1147:abuna
1142:abuna
1122:Lasta
1021:Gudit
1009:Lasta
993:Gudit
945:Lasta
928:Ge'ez
904:King
393:Aksum
99:Ge'ez
76:Adefa
18:Zagwe
3609:Bogd
3535:Zand
3513:Sikh
3420:Qing
3415:Ming
3347:Wari
3315:Tran
3300:Dinh
3070:Yuan
3060:Mali
2969:Pala
2959:Inca
2910:Yuan
2900:Song
2895:Liao
2890:Tang
2663:Kush
2545:DÊżmt
2370:ISBN
2347:link
2215:ISBN
2190:ISBN
2075:ISBN
1899:ISBN
1864:ISBN
1801:ISBN
1775:ISBN
1736:OCLC
1726:ISBN
1107:Axum
1101:and
1066:Axum
1062:Maya
1058:Axum
1042:Axum
959:and
934:Agaw
898:King
879:Agaw
873:and
867:Agaw
853:The
698:2005
601:1941
366:DÊżmt
241:1270
213:1137
155:King
89:Agaw
3937:doi
3687:Mac
3124:Oyo
3033:Edo
2905:JÄ«n
2885:Sui
2538:Jin
2533:Han
2528:Qin
2393:doi
2167:",
2002:doi
1309:by
1230:in
957:Wag
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