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707:(foreign affairs ministry), regarding the protocol to be observed. The Qing government was also loath to hold the audience within the confines of the Forbidden City, eventually settling on the "Pavilion of Purple Light" at one of the lakeside palaces to the west of the Forbidden City, which is now part of
787:
Self-strengthening enterprises, including arsenals, shipyards, and technical schools, were now established in the principal treaty ports where access to
Western technology was most direct. By 1860, the overwhelming bulk of the Chinese scholarly class had become cognizant of the enormity of changes
625:
and two official concubines. The
Tongzhi Emperor apparently had wanted to take up power immediately, prompting a quarrel at court regarding the dismantling of the regency and the timing of it. However, the two empresses dowager stuck by the intended date of February 23, 1873.
763:
The inspiration for the future Self-Strengthening
Movement arose from the notion that China's defense in the face of war and rebellion must come from within, as the superior man strengthens himself under imperative of Heaven's robust action. The costs of war and
726:
at a time in which the empire was bankrupt, and over his dissolute behavior. The emperor reacted by firing the ministers, but
Empresses Dowager Ci'an and Cixi intervened, and he had them reinstated. That December, it was announced that he was ill with
492:), but this was later changed upon his succession to "Tongzhi". The era name means 'order and prosperity' coming from the Confucian teaching that "there are many ways of being a good government, and they can all be summarized as order and prosperity".
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that were taking place due to the increasingly prevalent
Western presence in China. They now proclaimed that change was irresistible and advocated for deeper studies of Western technology. Many reforms were proposed and implemented such as the
43:
734:
The
Tongzhi Emperor's death left the court in a succession crisis as he was childless. Eventually, the empresses dowager designated the Tongzhi Emperor's three-year-old cousin, Zaitian, as the heir to the throne. Zaitian was biologically
783:
had run circles around cumbersome
Chinese war junks. Some Chinese at first believed the paddle-wheels were powered by men inside the ship, but soon came to appreciate the power of steam, Commissioner Lin was the first self-strengthener.
711:. The audience was finally held on 29 June 1873. After the audience, however, the foreign representatives made clear their annoyance at being received in a hall initially used by the Qing emperors to receive envoys of tributary states.
522:(who ascended the throne as a child in 1661), those hopes would soon be disappointed, as the Tongzhi Emperor grew up to become an obstinate and dissolute young man who also expressed his dissatisfaction with his mother Empress Cixi.
459:
at the age of 18 in 1875, following unsuccessful medical treatments; his death without a male heir created a succession crisis. In contravention to Qing's dynastic custom, his double first cousin assumed the throne as the
452:, began during his reign. The Tongzhi Emperor assumed personal rule over the Qing government in 1873, but immediately came into conflict with his ministers and was outmaneuvered by the dowager empresses.
1971:
1935:
695:
The day after the
Tongzhi Emperor took power, foreigners requested an audience with him. The request precipitated a sharp disagreement between the ministers at the
1967:
739:'s son, but was symbolically adopted as the Xianfeng Emperor's son to make him eligible to succeed the Tongzhi Emperor. Zaitian was thus enthroned as the
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dictated that the Qing dynasty undertake vigorous measures to ensure its survival. Moreover, the very survival of China itself was now at stake.
2015:
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1951:
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The
Tongzhi Emperor became emperor at the age of five upon the death of his father, the Xianfeng Emperor. His father's choice of a regent,
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436:, he ascended the throne at the age of five under a regency headed by his biological mother Empress Dowager Cixi and his legal mother
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Self-strengthening efforts evolved in a succession of stages over a period of almost half a century. In 1840 Imperial
Commissioner
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China's early industrialization: Sheng Hsuan-huai (1844-1916) and Mandarin enterprise Volume 1 of Harvard East Asian series
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1947:
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425:. Although he had little influence over state affairs, the events of his reign gave rise to what historians call the "
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747:, Tongzhi's wife, refused to eat after his death and died seventy days after he died in an act of marital piety.
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In the fall of 1874, the Tongzhi Emperor got into a clash with his ministers, which included his two uncles,
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While there had most likely been hopes that the Tongzhi Emperor would become a successful leader like the
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421:. His reign, which effectively lasted through his adolescence, was largely overshadowed by the rule of
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Jitian Kaiyun Shouzhong Juzheng Baoda Dinggong Shengzhi Chengxiao Xinmin Gongkuan Mingsu
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changed the dynastic name to "Great Qing" in 1636 and claimed the title of emperor.
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The Last Stand of Chinese Conservatism: The T'ung-Chih Restoration, 1862-1874.
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779:, advocated adoption of Western naval technology. The paddle-wheel steamer
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Dragon Lady: the Life and Legend of the Last Empress of China
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Empress Dowager Cixi: The Concubine Who Launched Modern China
1515:. Atheneum/the University of Michigan. pp. 2–3, 315–324.
699:, who made it clear that they would not perform the ritual
499:, was removed in favor of a partnership between his mother
1541:"Volume 214: Biographies I (Empresses and Consorts)"
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Later Jin rulers posthumously regarded as Qing emperors
1593:, Second Edition. May Holdsworth, Caroline Courtauld.
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398:(27 April 1856 – 12 January 1875), also known by his
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1490:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 156–161.
1390:"Tongzhi | emperor of Qing dynasty | Britannica"
267:Tongzhi (同治): 30 January 1862 – 5 February 1875)
1741:
1631:(Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1957).
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846:(阿魯特氏; 20 September 1857 – 14 April 1921)
1652:United States Government Printing Office
1430:United States Government Printing Office
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870:(西林覺羅氏; 6 September 1856 – 18 May 1933)
834:(富察氏; 24 December 1859 – 13 April 1904)
684:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
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1647:Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period
1579:, Wan Yi, Wang Shuqing, Lu Yanzhen.
1425:Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period
815:(阿魯特氏; 25 July 1854 – 27 March 1875)
61:11 November 1861 – 12 January 1875
27:Emperor of China from 1861 to 1875
25:
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1591:Forbidden City: The Great Within
1577:Daily life in the Forbidden City
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621:In the fall of 1872, he married
1558:] (in Traditional Chinese).
751:The Self-Strengthening Movement
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851:Imperial Noble Consort Xianzhe
827:Imperial Noble Consort Shushen
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472:The only surviving son of the
432:The only surviving son of the
1:
2016:19th-century Chinese monarchs
1936:5 Dynasties & 10 Kingdoms
1442:(Empress Dowager Cixi, pg 51)
863:Imperial Noble Consort Dunhui
839:Imperial Noble Consort Gongsu
248:Aisin-Gioro Zaichun (愛新覺羅·載淳)
2031:Emperors of the Qing dynasty
1511:Feuerwerker, Albert (1970).
1486:Fairbank, John King (1978).
1704:Emperor of the Qing dynasty
1095:Tongzhi Emperor (1856–1875)
790:Self-Strengthening Movement
442:Self-Strengthening Movement
52:Emperor of the Qing dynasty
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1467:(Knopf, 1992), pp. 130–131
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514:Emperor Tongzhi writing
304:(繼天開運受中居正保大定功聖智誠孝信敏恭寬明肅
1627:Mary Clabaugh Wright.
1548:; et al. (eds.).
820:Imperial Noble Consort
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672:This article contains
639:This article contains
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403:Emperor Muzong of Qing
1789:Enthroned in 1626 as
1636:Hummel, Arthur W. Sr.
1556:Draft History of Qing
1414:Hummel, Arthur W. Sr.
1041:Empress Xiaoquancheng
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438:Empress Dowager Ci'an
313:: Filingga hūwangdi (
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2026:Deaths from smallpox
1668:House of Aisin-Gioro
1153:Huizheng (1805–1853)
501:Empress Dowager Cixi
478:Empress Dowager Cixi
423:Empress Dowager Cixi
135:Empress Dowager Cixi
1803:began to rule over
1562:Sterling Seagrave,
1463:Seagrave, Sterling
1206:Empress Xiaoqinxian
490:Fengšengge sabingga
482:Tongzhi Restoration
427:Tongzhi Restoration
387:Empress Xiaoqinxian
272:: Yooningga dasan (
107:Jiao Youying (1861)
1641:"Tsai-ch'un"
1419:"Tsai-ch'un"
1394:www.britannica.com
956:Empress Xiaoshurui
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207:Eastern Qing tombs
1978:
1977:
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1715:Succeeded by
1622:978-0-307-27160-0
1476:Seagrave, pg. 131
1454:(Anchee Min,2006)
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724:Old Summer Palace
697:foreign legations
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647:rendering support
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16:(Redirected from
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1708:Emperor of China
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866:(敦惠皇貴妃) of the
854:(獻哲皇貴妃) of the
842:(恭肅皇貴妃) of the
830:(淑慎皇貴妃) of the
811:(孝哲毅皇后) of the
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180:(1875-01-12)
1996:1875 deaths
1991:1856 births
1916:16 Kingdoms
1564:Dragon Lady
1208:(1835–1908)
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984:(1831–1861)
958:(1760–1797)
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856:Hešeri clan
737:Prince Chun
720:Prince Chun
716:Prince Gong
709:Zhongnanhai
455:He died of
400:temple name
355:Aisin-Gioro
336:: Mudzung (
331:Muzong (穆宗)
325:Temple name
137:(1861–1875)
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66:Predecessor
1985:Categories
1908:3 Kingdoms
1795:Hong Taiji
1712:1861–1875
1546:Zhao Erxun
1497:0521220297
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1371:References
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574:Tóngzhì Dì
446:Opium Wars
155:1856-04-27
1833:Yongzheng
1616:, (2013)
1376:Citations
1264:Lady Fuca
844:Alut clan
832:Fuca clan
813:Alut clan
777:Opium War
766:rebellion
279:Mongolian
262:Era dates
76:Successor
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1310:See also
1072:Lady Uya
875:Ancestry
773:Lin Zexu
729:smallpox
486:era name
457:smallpox
448:and the
315:ᡶᡳᠯᡳᠩᡤᠠ
1863:Guangxu
1858:Tongzhi
1843:Jiaqing
1823:Shunzhi
1818:Taizong
1782:Taizong
1759:of the
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1241:Huixian
1130:Jingrui
801:Empress
538:Chinese
413:of the
411:emperor
407:Zaichun
362:Dynasty
338:ᠮᡠᡯ᠊ᡠ᠊ᠩ
317:ᡥᡡᠸᠠᠩᡩᡳ
298:Emperor
255:ᡯᠠᡳ ᡧᡠᠨ
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484:. His
440:. The
383:Mother
373:Father
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270:Manchu
251:Manchu
201:Burial
125:(1861)
123:Sushun
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86:Regent
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1777:Taizu
1681:Died:
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1554:[
1551:《清史稿》
1544:. In
643:text.
350:House
243:Names
227:(
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96:Muyin
58:Reign
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1960:Ming
1956:Yuan
1944:Song
1940:Liao
1932:Tang
1896:Zhou
1791:Khan
1618:ISBN
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1581:ISBN
1567:ISBN
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718:and
503:and
476:and
468:Life
394:The
367:Qing
175:Died
149:Born
1972:PRC
1968:ROC
1952:Jīn
1928:Sui
1912:Jìn
1904:Han
1900:Qin
1888:Xia
596:IPA
544:同治帝
306:毅皇帝
36:同治帝
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302:Yi
229:m.
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