557:. While Aflaq and al-Bitar left work to focus on the party organisation, al-Arsuzi worked as a teacher until 1959. There were not many members in the party, and most of them used their time reading, writing and translating works. In June 1941 al-Arsuzi was exiled from Damascus, three members were arrested and the remaining members fled. The following year, in 1942, al-Arsuzi and his associates tried to revitalise the party, but the attempt failed. One of his associates claims that al-Arsuzi had become bitter and even paranoid during his one-year exile, exclaiming that the group "loved the people and hated the individual; held the whole sacred, but they despised the parts". By 1944 the majority of Arab Ba'ath members had left the organisation for the more active Arab Ihya Movement (renamed to Arab Ba'ath Movement in 1943). Relations between Aflaq and al-Arsuzi were bitter at best; al-Arsuzi accused Aflaq of stealing his party's name.
624:
701:
52:
2599:
1498:). His approach was distinguished by its emphasis on philology, but he did also pay attention to problems of the modern state and to questions of democracy and the locus of power. Batatu has also described al-Arsuzi as having a racist outlook, which proved in the end intellectually sterile and unsatisfactory to his followers, and as having been deeply influenced in his thought by the tenets of his Alawi religious background.
6264:
615:, not al-Arsuzi, represented the Arab Ba'ath, while Aflaq and al-Bitar represented the Arab Ba'ath Movement. The only policy issue which was discussed in great detail was how socialist the party was going to be. The groups came to an agreement; the Ba'ath movement became radicalised, and moved further to the left. Al-Arsuzi did not attend the founding congress, nor was he given membership in the new party.
1603:. When he is actually mentioned in a text, it is predominantly on his irredentist views of the unified Arab Nation. Although his collected works have been published since the mid-1970s, al-Arsuzi's work on the Arabic language, which is central to al-Arsuzi's nationalist thought, is rarely mentioned at all. The study of al-Arsuzi's ideas in Arabic scholarship is also lacking. Academic
1620:
Nation—al-Arsuzi was obscure where al-Husri was transparent. Whereas Al-Husri was able to prove his arguments with empirical data, al-Arsuzi was unable. Thus, Suleiman writes, al-Husri appeared more informed than al-Arsuzi, when really he was not. The lack of empirical data in al-Arsuzi's work made it look parochial at times, while at other times his conclusions bordered on
457:(LNA) in the Lebanese city of Quarna'il. Most of the Arab parties at that time were dominated by the former Ottoman elite or had high levels of Ottoman membership. The LNA was one of the few exceptions; the majority of LNA members were young and had been educated in the West. While LNA initially proved popular with the people, its popularity shrank when its founder
1611:, a contemporary. Suleiman goes on to explain Al-Arsuzi's eclipsed legacy as the combination of a number of factors: firstly, in contrast to al-Husri's idea of language, al-Arsuzi's theory is self-defeating because it excluded other theories instead of including them. Secondly, his work was written with an
1529:
is embodied in the Arab language; it is the language that forms the source of the nationalist spirit. According to al-Arsuzi's theory, European nationalism is based on the principle of causality, while Arab nationalism is based on the principle of spontaneity. Al-Arsuzi's definition of language is in
355:
to give him a proper
Ottoman education. His father was arrested by Ottoman authorities in 1915 for nationalist activities; Arsuzi later believed that this event triggered his interest in nationalist politics. His father was imprisoned for a short period before he and his family were sent to internal
1640:
split. The Iraqi branch, however, still proclaims Aflaq as the founder of Ba'athism. Al-Assad has referred to al-Arsuzi as the "greatest Syrian of his day" and claimed him to be the "first to conceive of the Ba'ath as a political movement." The Syrian Ba'athists have erected a statue in al-Arsuzi's
1586:
Revolutions proved this; the revolutions gave the individual certain rights, so that the individual "could conduct his own affairs according to his will". The demand for liberty would eventually evolve into the demand for independence, literally nationalism. Nationalism had, according to al-Arsuzi,
1480:
was to reestablish a link between the Arab people of the past and those of the present through language—the only true remnant of the old Arab identity. In short, language was the key to regain what had been lost (the Arab Nation) and reinvigorate the Arab identity. Al-Arsuzi believed that the Arabs
1619:
one which al-Husri managed to convey. Thirdly, and in contrast to al-Husri's work, al-Arsuzi's work seemed old-fashioned, due to his use of old words and historical texts; moreover, while al-Arsuzi wrote about the symbolic need of an Arab Nation, al-Hustri wrote about the practical role of an Arab
248:
because of his disillusionment with party work, and in 1939, he left the LNA. In
Damascus al-Arsuzi established and headed a group consisting of mostly secondary school pupils who would often discuss European history, nationalism and philosophy. Shortly after leaving the LNA, al-Arsuzi established
387:
became notorious, and he was often caught saying "Sons of Earth are more capable of directing their affairs than sons of heaven." After finishing his studies, Arsuzi got a job as a mathematics teacher in a local secondary school in
Antioch. However, he later received the job of heading the school
1489:
Al-Arsuzi paid considerable attention to cultural matters, and Batatu records that the only condition of membership in his organisation was "to write or translate a book contributing to the resurrection of Arab heritage." He has been described as a proponent of the "linguistic image of Arab
1577:
Modern life existed because of two things—science and industry. Science eliminated superstition, and replaced it with facts; and
Industry enabled civilization to create a more strong, organised society where liberty, equality and democracy could become permanent. The experiences of the
1566:. These events created the foundations of modern rationality. On this subject, al-Arsuzi said, "man was qualified to know the truth, since what is constructed by reason can be verified by experiment". Al-Arsuzi summed up this particular view of human behaviour and civilization with
572:
section). Despite this, al-Arsuzi appeared increasingly unbalanced mentally. Several people noted that he became less social, and was more inclined to shun social contacts and friends. He would later suffer from delusions. He was forced to move on again in 1949, this time living in
479:
Al-Arsuzi moved to
Damascus in 1938 and began working on his ideas of Arabism and Arab nationalism. Disillusioned with party politics, he gathered several secondary school pupils to establish a learning group. At the group's meetings, al-Arsuzi would talk about, for instance, the
654:, the Ba'ath Party strongman at the time, opposed Aflaq's and al-Bitar's leadership of the party and, because of it, wanted al-Arsuzi to replace them as the original founder of Ba'athist thought. Following the Ba'ath Party split of 1966 (the party split into two branches, one
1467:
Al-Arsuzi's central thought was the unification of the Arab Nation. He believed that the Arab Nation could trace its roots to the pre-Islamic and early
Islamic periods of Arab history. The historical link to an Arab Nation was more important to al-Arsuzi than it was to other
1570:'s words: "Common sense or reason is naturally equal to man". In al-Arsuzi's view, if humans were rational creatures, each would wish to organise themselves according to his or her own sense of reason, and hence would want to take over the affairs of state from oppressors (
6318:
1631:
Several Ba'athists, mostly from the Syrian-led Ba'ath Party, have denounced Aflaq as a "thief"; these critics claim that Aflaq had stolen the Ba'athist ideology from al-Arsuzi and proclaimed it as his own. Whatever the case may be, al-Arsuzi was hailed by
4763:
581:. It was there that his mother would die, poverty-stricken. According to one of his associates, al-Arsuzi himself spent a great deal of time living in "extreme poverty", reduced "to a life of penury and persecution" by the French authorities.
524:
at the end of the year. During his stay in
Baghdad, al-Arsuzi tried, idealistically, to enlighten Iraqis with his thoughts on Arab nationalism, but returned to Syria disappointed in 1940. On 29 November 1940 al-Arsuzi founded the Arab Ba'ath.
3400:
336:
origins in
Latakia on the Syrian coast of the Ottoman Sultanate. His mother, Maryam came from a prominent religious family, while his father, Najib Ibrahim was a lawyer. With his two brothers, one sister and his parents moved to
315:, al-Arsuzi argued, Arabic was far less arbitrary and far more intuitive. Despite his contributions to Ba'athist thought, al-Arsuzi is barely mentioned in Western or Arab scholarship. This omission may be linked to the fact that
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lost their common identity when they allowed non–Arabs to participate in government. The result was that several laws had non-Arab characteristics—these laws, and other changes brought by non-Arabs, weakened Arab identity.
6303:
1624:, which in turn could be interpreted as racism. Another reason for his "negligible" impact, according to Suleiman, was al-Arsuzi's idea of the need to replace the traditional Arabic grammar system with a new one. The
283:
During the rest of the 1940s and 1950s, al-Arsuzi stayed out of politics and worked as a teacher. He made a comeback during the 1960s power struggle in the Ba'ath Party between Aflaq and al-Bitar on one hand and
450:, with the ambition of spreading French culture; the club was frowned upon by the French authorities. Later that year al-Arsuzi began his political career in earnest and became a strident Arab nationalist.
4758:
3080:
1625:
3751:
596:, al-Arsuzi opposed any involvement on the grounds that al-Gaylani's policies would fail. While several Arab Ba'ath members agreed with al-Arsuzi's conclusion, the majority were attracted to Aflaq's
631:
After his return from
Baghdad in 1940, al-Arsuzi had gained a position teaching philosophy, but he was soon dismissed from it. From 1945 until 1952 he worked again as a secondary teacher, first in
646:
arranged for Arsuzi to help with Ba'athist ideological formation in the army, and later ensured that he was granted a state pension. Al-Arsuzi was elected to a seat in the
National Command of the
4743:
4702:
1267:
1209:
4902:
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honour; it was erected following the 1966 coup. Even so, the majority of Ba'athists still agree that Aflaq, not al-Arsuzi, was the principal founder of the Ba'ath movement. Despite this,
383:
in Lebanon. It was here that Arsuzi was introduced to philosophy. Also, during his stay, Arsuzi was able to perfect his French. During Arsuzi's period of studying at Institut Laïc, his
1591:
to the arts; everything in a nation was the manifestation of that particular nation's identity. Al-Arsuzi's thesis marked a dividing line between the Medieval Ages and the Modern Age.
396:
in France. He studied there from 1927 to 1930, but never obtained a degree from the Sorbonne. During his stay at the Sorbonne, Arsuzi befriended former French colonial administrator
4692:
1204:
4723:
1130:
3422:
666:
ideologue of the Iraqi-led Ba'ath Party. From 1966 to 1968 al-Arsuzi acted as al-Assad's and Jadid's personal ideological mentor. Al-Arsuzi died in Damascus on 2 July 1968.
476:
struggle. In 1939 France, which controlled Syria, ceded the province to Turkey in order to establish an alliance with that state. Al-Arsuzi left the LNA shortly thereafter.
6023:
4937:
4770:
4748:
4650:
1272:
1230:
1046:
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1067:
426:; of these, Fichte is the philosopher Arsuzi identified most with. Both Fichte and Bergson wrote of the importance of education and in the core, there was the nation.
3349:
1521:
language; there is "a natural sympathy" between the pronunciation of Arabic words and their meaning: an Arabic word is united with its meaning by definition of a
1443:
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5500:
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961:
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4994:
4609:
1299:
5436:
5248:
5230:
6008:
3234:
1251:
1072:
1051:
1030:
1009:
759:
360:. After a year in exile, Najib and his family were allowed to move back to Antioch. According to Arsuzi, his father replaced the Ottoman flag with the
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292:
on the other. When Aflaq and al-Bitar lost the power struggle and were forced to escape from Syria in 1966, al-Arsuzi replaced Aflaq as the main
6378:
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In 1963, in the wake of the Sixth National Congress of the Ba'ath Party and the party's gradual alienation from its founders Aflaq and Bitar,
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2031:
2004:
1974:
1947:
1920:
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1866:
1839:
1803:
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1714:
1146:
1125:
600:. Another reason for the Arab Ba'ath's failure was al-Arsuzi's deep mistrust of others; when a party member had written a manifesto entitled
5671:
5631:
3359:
901:
253:, an Arab nationalist party with a "defined creed". It was not a success and, on his return to Syria in November 1940 after a brief stay in
5128:
5067:
3395:
659:
297:
434:
Al-Arsuzi returned to Syria in 1930 and later worked as a teacher in Antioch in 1932. "The awakening was brutal," according to historian
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5198:
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5983:
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3151:(August 1996). ""Creating Phantoms": Zaki al-Arsuzi, the Alexandretta Crisis, and the Formation of Modern Arab Nationalism in Syria".
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they have lost over the past 1000 years. The key to Arab unification, according to al-Arsuzi, is through language. In contrast to the
173:
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3899:
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352:
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517:
250:
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4439:
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1025:
472:
in the early 1930s, al-Arsuzi became one of the most vocal critics of Turkey's policy towards Syria; he became a symbol of the
5651:
303:
Al-Arsuzi's theories about society, language and nationalism, which are collectively part of Ba'athist thought, hold that the
6393:
6388:
6073:
5835:
5429:
5047:
3417:
2807:
3252:
1290:
989:
710:
400:. At the Sorbonne, Arsuzi developed an interest in 19th-century European philosophy; he became attracted to the thoughts of
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5621:
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5258:
5168:
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1429:
951:
947:
942:
589:
505:
124:
607:
The Arab Ba'ath Movement, led by Aflaq and al-Bitar, was merged into the Arab Ba'ath Party in 1947. During negotiations,
560:
At the same time, al-Arsuzi's interest in politics was waning, and he spent an increasing amount of his time engaging in
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agrees with Suleiman's conclusion, but further claims that al-Arsuzi's work was "often far-fetched and 'airy-fairy'".
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1246:
438:. The French authorities in Syria prohibited al-Arsuzi from teaching his students about European philosophy and the
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6107:
6038:
5717:
5479:
5371:
5364:
5183:
5103:
4352:
4333:
3427:
3130:
2948:
865:
860:
319:, a contemporary Arab nationalist, had many of the same ideas as al-Arsuzi but was better able to articulate them.
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1513:
and "in its expression of a direct representation of a natural object" – unlike Latin, Arabic is essentially in
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People and Politics in the Middle East: The Arab-Israeli Conflict-Its Background and the Prognosis for Peace
2110:
People and Politics in the Middle East: The Arab-Israeli Conflict-Its Background and the Prognosis for Peace
2083:
People and Politics in the Middle East: The Arab-Israeli Conflict-Its Background and the Prognosis for Peace
2023:
People and Politics in the Middle East: The Arab-Israeli Conflict-Its Background and the Prognosis for Peace
1939:
People and Politics in the Middle East: The Arab-Israeli Conflict-Its Background and the Prognosis for Peace
1912:
People and Politics in the Middle East: The Arab-Israeli Conflict-Its Background and the Prognosis for Peace
1162:
937:
729:
542:
389:
270:
240:, where he became interested in nationalism. In 1930, he returned to Syria, where he became a member of the
107:
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5208:
5014:
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to revolutions in intellectual, social and economic domains. The first revolution came to being under the
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841:
469:
413:
199:
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1183:
796:
585:
538:
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among other topics. When he was caught teaching his students about the ideals of the French Revolution—
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4214:
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1543:
826:
612:
520:, an Arab nationalist party with a "defined creed". The party did not last long; al-Arsuzi left for
388:
district of Arsuz – a job he held from 1924 to 1926. In 1927 Arsuzi received a scholarship from the
6239:
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5529:
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4407:
4274:
4229:
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4024:
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1636:, the Ba'athist leader of Syria, as the principal founder of Ba'athist thought, following the 1966
1555:
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493:
393:
380:
280:. Despite the merger, Al-Arsuzi neither attended its founding conference nor was given membership.
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906:
896:
489:
117:
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3127:
Being modern in the Middle East: Revolution, Nationalism, Colonialism, and the Arab Middle Class
2695:
Being Modern in the Middle East: Revolution, Nationalism, Colonialism, and the Arab Middle Class
911:
1599:
Al-Arsuzi's work and thought are almost unknown and barely mentioned in Western scholarship on
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316:
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1994:
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1964:
1600:
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1415:
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473:
365:
218:
133:
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5938:
5885:
5815:
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5770:
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5539:
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4239:
4204:
4124:
4114:
4054:
3969:
3872:
3867:
3857:
3822:
3782:
3736:
3711:
3641:
3599:
3566:
2925:
1559:
1550:, which gave birth to human casual and relative relationships. The second revolution, the
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and its political movement. He published several books during his lifetime, most notably
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1633:
1607:
gives the principal reason for this as the similarity of al-Arsuzi's works to those of
1604:
1502:
1377:
831:
821:
811:
719:
643:
639:, and from 1952 until his retirement in 1959, he taught in a teacher training college.
578:
312:
289:
258:
72:
2282:
6282:
6199:
5825:
5805:
5740:
5692:
5606:
5332:
5327:
4947:
4499:
4494:
4387:
4319:
4299:
4219:
4174:
4164:
4064:
3979:
3842:
3827:
3721:
3172:
2800:
2795:
2770:
2746:
1563:
662:) al-Arsuzi became the Syrian-led Ba'ath Party's main ideologue, while Aflaq was the
546:
513:
435:
409:
405:
401:
397:
369:
308:
568:, an analysis of the roots and distinctive features of the Arabic language (see the
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5875:
5735:
5730:
5586:
5512:
5302:
4144:
3847:
3767:
3689:
3646:
3514:
3498:
3493:
3303:
2993:
791:
534:
262:
164:
5464:
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4790:
4733:
1645:
believes Ba'athism was conceived by the "trio" consisting of al-Arsuzi, Aflaq and
1473:
1188:
692:
675:
533:
Around the same time that al-Arsuzi founded the Arab Ba'ath another group, led by
332:
Zaki Najib Ibrahim al-Arsuzi was born in 1900 or 1901 to a middle-class family of
222:
160:
129:
1505:, which is conventional and uses arbitrary signs to explain certain objects, the
5850:
5707:
5554:
5549:
5495:
5474:
5347:
5322:
4952:
4569:
4314:
4234:
4209:
4194:
4189:
4154:
4079:
3837:
3817:
3694:
3668:
3104:
3096:
1588:
1526:
1462:
1387:
816:
651:
597:
462:
416:
among others. The books which influenced Arsuzi most at the time were Bergson's
376:
304:
285:
2827:
Liberal Thought in the Eastern Mediterranean: Late 19th Century until the 1960s
1885:
Liberal Thought in the Eastern Mediterranean: Late 19th Century Until the 1960s
446:—he was forced out of the class. In 1934 al-Arsuzi founded a student club, the
6319:
Members of the National Command of the Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)
5785:
5702:
5697:
5626:
5342:
4549:
3949:
3164:
3020:
1514:
1477:
17:
1525:, which is absorbed in such an operation. For al-Arsuzi, the identity of the
5469:
5337:
3407:
1547:
1510:
1392:
1382:
604:, al-Arsuzi "saw in it an imperialist plot to block his way to the people".
561:
501:
453:
In August 1933, al-Arsuzi and fifty other Arab nationalists established the
361:
293:
214:
210:
146:
2287:. Internet Archive. New York : Oxford University Press. p. 218.
6209:
5918:
5093:
1621:
1616:
1571:
1531:
1522:
926:
916:
574:
333:
245:
91:
1612:
521:
384:
338:
254:
233:
68:
1490:
nationalism", and in 1942 published one of his most important works,
636:
342:
3101:
Over-stating the Arab state: Politics and Society in the Middle East
2668:
Over-stating the Arab State: Politics and Society in the Middle East
209:; June 1899 – 2 July 1968) was a Syrian philosopher,
5414:
2257:
Islamic Fundamentalism 3rd Edition: The Story of Islamist Movements
553:, while the Arab Ilhya Movement published pamphlets under the name
6013:
622:
357:
347:
430:
The Alexandretta crisis and the founding of the Ba'ath: 1930–1939
3081:
Center for Research and Documentation on World Language Problems
1626:
Center for Research and Documentation on World Language Problems
632:
364:
flag on the Antioch government house upon hearing the news that
5418:
5279:
4900:
4607:
3468:
3250:
3184:
2922:
Arab nationalism: a History: Nation and State in the Arab World
1574:). The colonists acted as a barrier to such "rational" change.
2998:
The Old Social Classes and New Revolutionary Movements of Iraq
2945:
The Arabic Language and National Identity: a Study in Ideology
2614:
The Arabic Language and National Identity: A Study in Ideology
2521:
The Arabic Language and National Identity: A Study in Ideology
2494:
Arab Nationalism: A History Nation and State in the Arab World
2467:
Arab Nationalism: A History Nation and State in the Arab World
2440:
Arab Nationalism: A History Nation and State in the Arab World
2413:
Arab Nationalism: A History Nation and State in the Arab World
2386:
Arab Nationalism: A History Nation and State in the Arab World
2338:
The Arabic Language and National Identity: A Study in Ideology
1831:
Arab Nationalism: A History Nation and State in the Arab World
564:. In 1943 this work culminated in the publication of a book,
261:; by 1944, however, most of its members had left and joined
221:. His ideas played a significant role in the development of
2572:
Farouk-Sluglett, Marion; Sluglett, Peter (25 August 2001).
2545:
Farouk-Sluglett, Marion; Sluglett, Peter (25 August 2001).
1772:
1770:
1768:
584:
Al-Arsuzi's popularity within his own ranks lessened after
516:. Shortly after leaving the LNA, al-Arsuzi established the
2751:
Steel & Silk: Men and Women who shaped Syria 1900–2000
2311:
Steel & Silk: Men and Women who Shaped Syria 1900-2000
1858:
Steel & Silk: Men and Women who Shaped Syria 1900-2000
1736:
Steel & Silk: Men and Women who Shaped Syria 1900-2000
2853:
Syria under the Baʻth, 1963–66: the Army Party Symbiosis
1966:
Syria Under the Baath, 1963-66: The Army Party Symbiosis
3057:
Bulliet, Richard; Mattar, Philip; Simon, Reeva (1996).
2899:
Islamic Fundamentalism: The Story of Islamist Movements
461:
died in 1935. Al-Arsuzi was the LNA's regional head in
6304:
Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region politicians
1562:, ended the conception of nature developed during the
588:'s coup in Iraq. While Aflaq and al-Bitar founded the
549:
states that al-Arsuzi issued pamphlets under the name
468:
When Turkey first attempted to annex the province of
465:, from the founding of the party in 1933 until 1939.
307:
will be unified when the Arab people reestablish the
351:. Four years later, his parents enrolled him into a
276:
In 1947, the two movements merged, forming a single
204:
6167:
6124:
6092:
5904:
5716:
5685:
5488:
5452:
5381:
5356:
5290:
5241:
5146:
5086:
5040:
5033:
4966:
4915:
4868:
4837:
4830:
4809:
4783:
4711:
4633:
4622:
4478:
4438:
4431:
4376:
4351:
4344:
4328:
4093:
3888:
3881:
3750:
3704:
3682:
3661:
3634:
3587:
3580:
3539:
3507:
3486:
3479:
3378:
3317:
3296:
3265:
1517:with nature. Arabic is, according to al-Arsuzi, an
1344:
1331:
1318:
1308:
1298:
1260:
1239:
1218:
1197:
1176:
1155:
1139:
1118:
1102:
1081:
1060:
1039:
1018:
997:
758:
748:
738:
728:
718:
372:. This, however, was never independently verified.
273:, which subscribed to a nearly identical doctrine.
153:
139:
123:
113:
103:
80:
61:
34:
6024:General Military Council for Iraqi Revolutionaries
4938:General Military Council for Iraqi Revolutionaries
2967:
2799:
2769:
1476:. The only way to create a new Arab Nation in the
3015:Farouk-Sluglett, Marion; Sluglett, Peter (2001).
2360:
2358:
1587:manifested itself in all walks of life, from the
3423:Ba'athist Arabization campaigns in northern Iraq
3017:Iraq Since 1958: From Revolution to Dictatorship
2698:. Princeton University Press. pp. 228–229.
2575:Iraq Since 1958: From Revolution to Dictatorship
2548:Iraq Since 1958: From Revolution to Dictatorship
2524:. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 146–147.
2284:Saddam's word : political discourse in Iraq
2802:Asad of Syria: The Struggle for the Middle East
3350:National Council for the Revolutionary Command
2233:. University of California Press. p. 89.
2167:. University of California Press. p. 34.
2056:. University of California Press. p. 28.
1999:. University of California Press. p. 30.
1798:. University of California Press. p. 27.
1509:formed words derived from the vocalism of its
408:, Leon Brunschvig (his philosophy professor),
145:Politics, philosophy, sociology, nationalism,
6054:Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine
5501:Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine
5430:
5114:National Alliance for the Liberation of Syria
3196:
1437:
8:
3153:International Journal of Middle East Studies
2140:. Transaction Publishers. pp. 138–139.
2026:. Transaction Publishers. pp. 137–138.
1915:. Transaction Publishers. pp. 134–135.
577:and later moving to live with his mother in
39:
3059:Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East: A–C
2617:. Edinburgh University Press. p. 147.
2341:. Edinburgh University Press. p. 148.
5437:
5423:
5415:
5287:
5276:
5037:
4912:
4897:
4834:
4630:
4619:
4604:
4435:
4348:
3885:
3584:
3483:
3476:
3465:
3262:
3247:
3203:
3189:
3181:
2970:Saddam's Word: Political Discourse in Iraq
1776:
1759:
1444:
1430:
679:
50:
31:
4995:Arab Socialist Revolutionary Ba'ath Party
3085:Language Problems & Language Planning
2222:
2220:
1300:Arab Socialist Revolutionary Ba'ath Party
569:
257:, al-Arsuzi established a new party, the
6134:Coat of arms of the United Arab Republic
6064:Supreme Command for Jihad and Liberation
6029:Independence Party (Mandatory Palestine)
4958:Supreme Command for Jihad and Liberation
2903:Continuum International Publishing Group
1709:. Brookings Inst Press. pp. 64–65.
6009:Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)
5994:Army of the Men of the Naqshbandi Order
5099:Front of Patriotic and National Parties
5078:Palestinian National and Islamic Forces
4928:Army of the Men of the Naqshbandi Order
2113:. Transaction Publishers. p. 139.
2086:. Transaction Publishers. p. 138.
1988:
1986:
1942:. Transaction Publishers. p. 135.
1728:
1726:
1695:
691:
341:in 1904. Arsuzi began his studies at a
6004:Ba'ath Party (Iraqi-dominated faction)
5010:Democratic Socialist Arab Ba'ath Party
2772:People and Politics in the Middle East
2491:Choueiri, Youssef M. (16 March 2001).
2464:Choueiri, Youssef M. (16 March 2001).
2437:Choueiri, Youssef M. (16 March 2001).
2410:Choueiri, Youssef M. (16 March 2001).
2383:Choueiri, Youssef M. (16 March 2001).
2230:Asad: The Struggle for the Middle East
2164:Asad: The Struggle for the Middle East
2075:
2073:
2053:Asad: The Struggle for the Middle East
2045:
2043:
1996:Asad: The Struggle for the Middle East
1828:Choueiri, Youssef M. (16 March 2001).
1795:Asad: The Struggle for the Middle East
1787:
1785:
1333:Democratic Socialist Arab Ba'ath Party
1295:
994:
715:
298:Syrian-led faction of the Ba'ath Party
2725:Iraq: Eastern Flank of the Arab World
2254:Choueiri, Youssef M. (24 June 2010).
1969:. Transaction Publishers. p. 7.
7:
5129:Palestinian National Salvation Front
3040:Rihanat al-nahda fi'l-fikr al-'arabi
2671:. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 140.
2644:. Brookings Inst Press. p. 89.
2641:Iraq: Eastern Flank of the Arab Worl
2578:. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 158.
2551:. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 327.
1823:
1821:
1819:
1817:
1815:
1706:Iraq: Eastern Flank of the Arab Worl
627:al-Arsuzi as seen in the early 1960s
244:(LNA) in 1933. In 1938, he moved to
6324:Arab people from the Ottoman Empire
6044:National Liberation Front (Algeria)
5199:Socialist Democratic Unionist Party
5164:Democratic Socialist Unionist Party
1492:Abqariyyat al-'arabiyya fi lisaniha
328:Childhood and early life: 1899–1930
232:Born into a middle-class family in
194:
40:
5984:Arab Socialist Union Party (Syria)
5506:1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine
5249:General Federation of Trade Unions
5109:Lebanese National Resistance Front
4822:National Progressive Front (Syria)
2134:Curtis, Michael (1 January 1971).
2107:Curtis, Michael (1 January 1971).
2080:Curtis, Michael (1 January 1971).
2020:Curtis, Michael (1 January 1971).
1936:Curtis, Michael (1 January 1971).
1909:Curtis, Michael (1 January 1971).
1659:The Genius of Arabic in Its Tongue
1496:The Genius of Arabic in its Tongue
872:The Genius of Arabic in Its Tongue
566:The Genius of Arabic in its Tongue
236:, Syria, al-Arsuzi studied at the
227:The Genius of Arabic in its Tongue
174:The Genius of Arabic in its Tongue
25:
6049:Palestine Liberation Organization
5073:Palestine Liberation Organization
4817:National Progressive Front (Iraq)
4470:Ahmad Husayn Khudayir as-Samarrai
3900:Humam Abd al-Khaliq Abd al-Ghafur
1649:, and not one principal founder.
1542:Al-Arsuzi attributed the rise of
1501:Al-Arsuzi argued that unlike the
6263:
6262:
5989:Arabian Peninsula People's Union
5672:Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict
4978:Arab Revolutionary Workers Party
3882:Members of the Regional Commands
2692:Watenpaugh, Keith David (2006).
1739:. Cune Press. pp. 142–143.
1320:Arab Revolutionary Workers Party
699:
496:, or about the ideas of Fichte,
5632:November 1963 Iraqi coup d'état
5226:Syrian Social Nationalist Party
3360:November 1963 Iraqi coup d'état
2203:. Scarecrow Press. p. 47.
619:Later life and death: 1948–1968
356:exile in the Anatolian city of
152:
6074:Union of Arab Republics (1972)
5836:Hussein bin Ali, King of Hejaz
5048:Alliance of Palestinian Forces
2876:Historical Dictionary of Syria
2808:University of California Press
2723:Helms, Christine Moss (1984).
2638:Helms, Christine Moss (1984).
2260:. A&C Black. p. 113.
2200:Historical Dictionary of Syria
1703:Helms, Christine Moss (1984).
27:Syrian philosopher (1899–1968)
1:
6379:Syrian political philosophers
5259:General Union of Syrian Women
5169:Kurdistan Revolutionary Party
5124:Palestinian National Alliance
3396:Revolutionary Command Council
3288:Syrian Committee to Help Iraq
943:Syrian Committee to Help Iraq
590:Syrian Committee to Help Iraq
506:Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
444:liberty, equality, fraternity
6374:Syrian expatriates in France
6019:Federation of Arab Republics
5979:Arab Socialist Union (Libya)
5969:Arab Socialist Union (Egypt)
5570:Israeli–Palestinian conflict
5518:Arab separatism in Khuzestan
5068:National Democratic Alliance
5053:Forces of Freedom and Change
4050:Abdullah Sallum al-Samarra'i
4010:Muhyi Abdul-Hussein Mashhadi
3960:Adil Abdullah Mahdi Al-Douri
2825:Schumann, Christoph (2008).
2197:Commins, David Dean (2004).
1882:Schumann, Christoph (2008).
967:Syrian occupation of Lebanon
528:
429:
424:Reden an die deutsche Nation
6144:Flag of the Arab Federation
5974:Arab Socialist Union (Iraq)
5964:Arab Socialist Action Party
5194:Social Democratic Unionists
5159:Arab Democratic Union Party
4855:National Defense Battalions
3213:Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party
2729:Brookings Institution Press
2470:. Wiley. pp. 145–146.
2389:. Wiley. pp. 147–148.
2314:. Cune Press. p. 144.
1963:Rabinovich, Itamar (1972).
1861:. Cune Press. p. 143.
972:Assadist-Saddamist conflict
592:to support Iraq during the
379:, Arsuzi began studying at
205:
6415:
6369:University of Paris alumni
6115:On the Way of Resurrection
6108:The Battle for One Destiny
6039:Lebanese National Movement
5480:Third International Theory
5372:On the Way of Resurrection
5365:The Battle for One Destiny
5154:Arab Socialist Union Party
5104:Lebanese National Movement
4334:Ali Ahmad Nasser al-Dhahab
4045:Abd al-Khaliq al-Samarra'i
3131:Princeton University Press
2949:Edinburgh University Press
2920:Choueiri, Youssef (2000).
2897:Choueiri, Youssef (2010).
2308:Moubayed, Sami M. (2006).
1855:Moubayed, Sami M. (2006).
1733:Moubayed, Sami M. (2006).
1460:
866:The Battle for One Destiny
861:On the Way of Resurrection
673:
529:The Arab Ba'ath: 1940–1947
6289:20th-century philosophers
6258:
6069:Unified Political Command
5959:Arab Nationalist Movement
5856:Abd al-Rahman al-Kawakibi
5652:1969 Sudanese coup d'état
5523:1979 Khuzestan insurgency
5286:
5275:
5254:General Union of Peasants
5063:National Consensus Forces
4911:
4896:
4876:Revolutionary Youth Union
4618:
4603:
4588:
3475:
3464:
3261:
3246:
3220:
3165:10.1017/S0020743800063509
3089:University of Texas Press
3042:. Damascus: Dar al-Mada.
902:November 1963 coup d'état
459:Abd al-Razzaq al-Dandashi
455:League of National Action
242:League of National Action
180:
99:
49:
6354:Syrian Arab nationalists
5577:1952 Egyptian revolution
5204:Socialist Unionist Party
5174:Libyan National Movement
5000:Arabic Toilers' Movement
4904:Associated organizations
4764:National Security Bureau
4712:Syrian-dominated faction
4140:Mohammed Saeed Bekheitan
4075:Yahya Abdallah al-Ubaydi
3925:Mohammed Younis al-Ahmed
3625:Mohammed Younis al-Ahmed
3540:Syrian-dominated faction
3236:Syrian-dominated faction
2943:Suleiman, Yasir (2003).
2665:Ayubi, Nazih N. (1995).
2611:Suleiman, Yasir (2003).
2518:Suleiman, Yasir (2003).
2335:Suleiman, Yasir (2003).
1679:Our Nationalist Problems
760:Baath Party (pro-Syrian)
6230:Palestinian nationalism
6149:Flag of the Arab Revolt
5642:1966 Syrian coup d'état
5622:1963 Syrian coup d'état
5602:1961 Syrian coup d'état
5179:National Covenant Party
4983:Arab Socialist Movement
4634:Iraqi-dominated faction
4560:Omar Ibrahim Ghalawanji
4250:Mohammad Jihad al-Laham
3935:Huda Salih Mahdi Ammash
3905:Muhammad Zimam al-Sadun
3508:Iraqi-dominated faction
3428:1979 Ba'ath Party Purge
3418:Union of Arab Republics
3370:1966 Syrian coup d'état
3345:1963 Syrian coup d'état
3325:1954 Syrian coup d'état
3283:Arab Socialist Movement
3227:Iraqi-dominated faction
2976:Oxford University Press
2768:Curtis, Michel (1971).
2227:Seale, Patrick (1989).
2161:Seale, Patrick (1989).
2050:Seale, Patrick (1989).
1993:Seale, Patrick (1989).
1792:Seale, Patrick (1989).
1675:Mashakiluna al-Qawmiyya
1615:slant, rather than the
962:Intervention in Lebanon
750:Baath Party (pro-Iraqi)
669:
660:Syrian-led Ba'ath Party
345:where he memorised the
108:20th-century philosophy
6349:Syrian anti-communists
6334:Political philosophers
5657:1969 Libyan revolution
5535:1941 Iraqi coup d'état
5209:Syrian Communist Party
5015:Palestinian Arab Front
4545:Muhammad Naji al-Otari
4525:Muhammad Ali al-Halabi
4515:Abdul Rahman Khleifawi
4465:Mohammed Hamza Zubeidi
4270:Muhammad Naji al-Otari
4245:Abdul Rahman Khleifawi
4180:Muhammad Ali al-Halabi
4085:Mohammed Hamza Zubeidi
4020:Ghazi Hamoud Al-Obaidi
3965:Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri
3920:Jamal Mustafa Abdullah
3620:Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri
3525:Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri
3038:Sharif, Mahir (2000).
2874:Commins, Dean (2004).
2857:Transaction Publishers
2778:Transaction Publishers
2497:. Wiley. p. 146.
2443:. Wiley. p. 145.
2416:. Wiley. p. 148.
1834:. Wiley. p. 144.
1643:Keith David Watenpaugh
1622:machoistic nationalism
990:Regional organisations
842:Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri
656:Iraqi-led Ba'ath Party
628:
414:Johann Gottlieb Fichte
390:French High Commission
6394:Syrian schoolteachers
6389:20th-century atheists
6215:Jordanian nationalism
5949:Arab Islamic Republic
5944:Arab Higher Committee
5821:Rashid Ali al-Gaylani
5801:Salah al-Din al-Bitar
5612:North Yemen civil war
5545:Arab–Israeli conflict
5025:Sudanese Ba'ath Party
4540:Muhammad Mustafa Mero
4490:Salah al-Din al-Bitar
4265:Muhammad Mustafa Mero
4060:Nayef Shindakh Thamer
3813:Salah al-Din al-Bitar
3674:Abd al-Majid al-Rafei
3309:Salah al-Din al-Bitar
2966:Bengio, Ofra (1998).
2373:Batatu, 2000, p. 723.
2364:Batatu, 2000, p. 724.
2281:Bengio, Ofra (1998).
2187:Charif, 2000, p. 245.
1888:. BRILL. p. 91.
1647:Salah al-Din al-Bitar
1552:Scientific Revolution
1346:Sudanese Ba'ath Party
957:Corrective Revolution
797:Salah al-Din al-Bitar
674:Further information:
626:
586:Rashid Ali al-Gaylani
539:Salah al-Din al-Bitar
419:L'Evolution créatrice
267:Salah al-Din al-Bitar
56:al-Arsuzi before 1939
6314:Atheist philosophers
6250:Tunisian nationalism
6220:Lebanese nationalism
6180:Egyptian nationalism
6175:Algerian nationalism
6079:United Arab Republic
5954:Arab Liberation Army
5934:Arab Ba'ath Movement
5791:Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr
5119:National Union Front
4450:Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr
4408:Abdul Halim Khaddam
4363:Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr
4215:Abdul-Karim al-Jundi
4160:Fahd Jassem al-Freij
4030:Fawzi Mutlaq al-Rawi
3955:Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr
3808:Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr
3610:Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr
3581:Regional Secretaries
3278:Arab Ba'ath Movement
1544:European nationalism
1534:and other thinkers.
1530:contrast to that of
1485:Culture and language
827:Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr
730:Arab Ba'ath Movement
570:Culture and Language
551:Al-Ba'ath, Al-'Arabi
375:In the aftermath of
271:Arab Ba'ath Movement
6364:Syrian sociologists
6359:Syrian philosophers
6339:Social philosophers
6329:People from Latakia
6240:Sahrawi nationalism
5597:1959 Mosul uprising
5530:Great Syrian Revolt
5242:Other organizations
5184:Popular Unity Party
5034:Political alliances
4565:Wael Nader al-Halqi
4432:Heads of government
4275:Abdul Qadir Qaddura
4230:Abdul Halim Khaddam
4200:Mohammad al-Hussein
4185:Wael Nader al-Halqi
4025:Taha Yassin Ramadan
4015:Aziz Saleh Al-Numan
4005:Ali Hassan al-Majid
3990:Latif Nassif Jassim
3480:General Secretaries
3413:Corrective Movement
3335:1959 Mosul uprising
3063:Macmillan Reference
1665:Al-Umma al-Arabiyya
1556:Nicolaus Copernicus
670:Al-Arsuzi's thought
518:Arab National Party
498:Friedrich Nietzsche
494:Italian Unification
448:Club des Beaux Arts
394:Sorbonne University
251:Arab National Party
6399:English Revolution
6245:Syrian nationalism
6225:Libyan nationalism
6185:Greater Mauritania
6101:The Arab Awakening
6084:United Arab States
6059:Rejectionist Front
5866:Gamal Abdel Nasser
5677:Yemeni unification
5667:Lebanese Civil War
5647:17 July Revolution
5617:Ramadan Revolution
5592:14 July Revolution
5134:Rejectionist Front
4530:Abdul Rauf al-Kasm
4505:Nureddin al-Atassi
4393:Nureddin al-Atassi
4225:Abdul Rauf al-Kasm
4130:Nureddin al-Atassi
4040:Ali Salih al-Sa'di
3940:Salih Mahdi Ammash
3910:Ghanim Abdul-Jalil
3863:Ali Salih al-Sa'di
3793:Nureddin al-Atassi
3727:Nureddin al-Atassi
3605:Ali Salih al-Sa'di
3557:Abdullah al-Ahmar
3547:Nureddin al-Atassi
3443:De-Ba'athification
3386:17 July Revolution
3340:Ramadan Revolution
3330:14 July Revolution
2849:Rabinovich, Itamar
1304:1960–1962/63
932:De-Ba'athification
907:17 July Revolution
897:Ramadan Revolution
629:
555:al-Ihya, al-'Arabi
543:Arab Ihya Movement
541:, established the
490:German Unification
118:Eastern philosophy
6309:Arab nationalists
6276:
6275:
6205:Iraqi nationalism
5896:Constantin Zureiq
5746:Abdul Rahman Arif
5726:Butrus al-Bustani
5412:
5411:
5408:
5407:
5404:
5403:
5271:
5270:
5267:
5266:
5147:Political parties
5142:
5141:
5020:Socialist Lebanon
4892:
4891:
4888:
4887:
4884:
4883:
4779:
4778:
4625:Regional branches
4599:
4598:
4595:
4594:
4584:
4583:
4555:Riyad Farid Hijab
4520:Mahmoud al-Ayyubi
4427:
4426:
4413:
4340:
4339:
4290:Hikmat al-Shihabi
4105:Abdullah al-Ahmar
4070:Hardan al-Tikriti
4000:Adnan Khayr Allah
3995:Rashid Taan Kazim
3930:Salah Omar al-Ali
3773:Abdullah al-Ahmar
3746:
3745:
3576:
3575:
3562:
3460:
3459:
3456:
3455:
3149:Watenpaugh, Keith
3140:978-0-691-12169-7
3123:Watenpaugh, Keith
3114:978-1-85043-828-1
3083:(CRDWLP) (2004).
3072:978-0-02-897061-5
3049:978-2-84305-325-2
3030:978-1-86064-622-5
3000:. al-Saqi Books.
2985:978-0-19-511439-3
2958:978-0-7486-1707-4
2935:978-0-631-21729-9
2912:978-0-8264-9801-4
2889:978-0-8108-4934-1
2866:978-0-7065-1266-3
2840:978-90-04-16548-9
2817:978-0-520-06976-3
2760:978-0-8157-3555-7
2747:Moubayed, Sami M.
2705:978-0-691-12169-7
2678:978-1-85043-828-1
2651:978-0-8157-3555-7
2624:978-0-7486-1707-4
2598:CRDWLP, 2004, p.
2585:978-1-86064-622-5
2558:978-1-86064-622-5
2531:978-0-7486-1707-4
2504:978-0-631-21729-9
2477:978-0-631-21729-9
2450:978-0-631-21729-9
2423:978-0-631-21729-9
2396:978-0-631-21729-9
2348:978-0-7486-1707-4
2321:978-1-885942-40-1
2294:978-0-19-535418-8
2267:978-0-8264-9801-4
2240:978-0-520-06976-3
2210:978-0-8108-4934-1
2174:978-0-520-06976-3
2147:978-1-4128-3063-8
2120:978-1-4128-3063-8
2093:978-1-4128-3063-8
2063:978-0-520-06976-3
2033:978-1-4128-3063-8
2006:978-0-520-06976-3
1976:978-0-7065-1266-3
1949:978-1-4128-3063-8
1922:978-1-4128-3063-8
1895:978-90-04-16548-9
1868:978-1-885942-40-1
1841:978-0-631-21729-9
1805:978-0-520-06976-3
1746:978-1-885942-40-1
1716:978-0-8157-3555-7
1681:, published 1958)
1671:, published 1958)
1470:Arab nationalists
1454:
1453:
1357:
1356:
1310:Socialist Lebanon
1281:
1280:
952:1966 coup d'états
771:
770:
486:Meiji Restoration
482:French Revolution
440:French Revolution
278:Arab Ba'ath Party
217:, historian, and
203:
184:
183:
16:(Redirected from
6406:
6266:
6265:
6139:Eagle of Saladin
5846:Amin al-Husseini
5811:Faisal I of Iraq
5781:Sultan al-Atrash
5776:Mansur al-Atrash
5751:Abdul Salam Arif
5560:War of Attrition
5446:Arab nationalism
5439:
5432:
5425:
5416:
5308:Arab nationalism
5298:Anti-imperialism
5288:
5277:
5058:March 8 Alliance
5038:
4970:
4969:Breakaway groups
4913:
4905:
4898:
4835:
4661:Regional Command
4631:
4626:
4620:
4612:
4605:
4535:Mahmoud Al-Zoubi
4482:
4442:
4436:
4409:
4380:
4355:
4349:
4285:Farouk al-Sharaa
4280:Hammouda Sabbagh
4170:Ibrahim al-Hadid
4150:Mahdi Dakhlallah
4135:Shibli al-Aysami
4097:
3945:Hussein Al-Awadi
3915:Saad Abdul-Majid
3892:
3886:
3833:Akram al-Hawrani
3803:Shibli al-Aysami
3798:Mansur al-Atrash
3760:
3759:National Command
3754:
3717:Shibli al-Aysami
3585:
3558:
3530:Salah Al-Mukhtar
3484:
3477:
3466:
3448:Syrian civil war
3355:Ar-Rashid revolt
3263:
3255:
3248:
3237:
3228:
3214:
3205:
3198:
3191:
3182:
3176:
3144:
3118:
3092:
3087:. Vol. 28.
3076:
3053:
3034:
3011:
2989:
2973:
2962:
2939:
2916:
2893:
2870:
2844:
2821:
2805:
2791:
2775:
2764:
2742:
2710:
2709:
2689:
2683:
2682:
2662:
2656:
2655:
2635:
2629:
2628:
2608:
2602:
2596:
2590:
2589:
2569:
2563:
2562:
2542:
2536:
2535:
2515:
2509:
2508:
2488:
2482:
2481:
2461:
2455:
2454:
2434:
2428:
2427:
2407:
2401:
2400:
2380:
2374:
2371:
2365:
2362:
2353:
2352:
2332:
2326:
2325:
2305:
2299:
2298:
2278:
2272:
2271:
2251:
2245:
2244:
2224:
2215:
2214:
2194:
2188:
2185:
2179:
2178:
2158:
2152:
2151:
2131:
2125:
2124:
2104:
2098:
2097:
2077:
2068:
2067:
2047:
2038:
2037:
2017:
2011:
2010:
1990:
1981:
1980:
1960:
1954:
1953:
1933:
1927:
1926:
1906:
1900:
1899:
1879:
1873:
1872:
1852:
1846:
1845:
1825:
1810:
1809:
1789:
1780:
1774:
1763:
1757:
1751:
1750:
1730:
1721:
1720:
1700:
1661:(published 1943)
1601:Arab nationalism
1446:
1439:
1432:
1418:
1416:Socialism portal
1411:
1373:Arab nationalism
1353:
1340:
1327:
1296:
995:
977:Syrian civil war
767:
716:
703:
680:
474:Arab nationalist
392:to study at the
366:Faisal I of Iraq
219:Arab nationalist
208:
198:
196:
134:Arab nationalism
87:
75:, Ottoman Empire
54:
44:
43:
42:
32:
21:
6414:
6413:
6409:
6408:
6407:
6405:
6404:
6403:
6384:Syrian atheists
6344:Syrian Alawites
6279:
6278:
6277:
6272:
6254:
6190:Greater Morocco
6163:
6159:Pan-Arab colors
6154:Hawk of Quraish
6120:
6088:
5939:Arab Federation
5900:
5886:Abdullah Rimawi
5861:Mostéfa Merarda
5816:Muammar Gaddafi
5796:Ahmed Ben Bella
5771:Jamal al-Atassi
5761:Bashar al-Assad
5712:
5681:
5662:Black September
5540:Anglo-Iraqi War
5484:
5448:
5443:
5413:
5400:
5396:Pan-Arab colors
5390:Arḍ ul-Furātayn
5377:
5352:
5282:
5263:
5237:
5138:
5082:
5029:
4988:Damascus branch
4968:
4962:
4933:Free Iraqi Army
4923:Al-Abud Network
4907:
4903:
4880:
4864:
4850:Fedayeen Saddam
4845:Ba'ath Brigades
4826:
4805:
4796:Sawt al-Jamahir
4775:
4754:Central Command
4707:
4624:
4614:
4610:
4591:
4580:
4480:
4474:
4440:
4423:
4418:Bashar al-Assad
4398:Ahmad al-Khatib
4378:
4372:
4353:
4336:
4324:
4295:Hammud al-Shufi
4260:Zuhair Masharqa
4255:Ibrahim Makhous
4240:Ahmad al-Khatib
4205:Hisham Ikhtiyar
4125:Rifaat al-Assad
4115:Bashar al-Assad
4095:
4089:
4055:Talib El-Shibib
3970:Saadoun Ghaidan
3890:
3877:
3873:Khaled Yashruti
3868:Talib El-Shibib
3858:Abdullah Rimawi
3823:Wahib al-Ghanim
3783:Bashar al-Assad
3758:
3752:
3742:
3737:Bashar al-Assad
3712:Hammud al-Shufi
3700:
3678:
3657:
3642:Abdullah Rimawi
3630:
3600:Talib El-Shibib
3572:
3567:Bashar al-Assad
3535:
3503:
3471:
3452:
3374:
3313:
3292:
3257:
3253:
3242:
3235:
3226:
3216:
3212:
3209:
3179:
3147:
3141:
3121:
3115:
3095:
3079:
3073:
3061:. Vol. 1.
3056:
3050:
3037:
3031:
3014:
3008:
2992:
2986:
2965:
2959:
2942:
2936:
2926:Wiley-Blackwell
2919:
2913:
2896:
2890:
2880:Scarecrow Press
2873:
2867:
2847:
2841:
2824:
2818:
2794:
2788:
2767:
2761:
2745:
2739:
2722:
2718:
2713:
2706:
2691:
2690:
2686:
2679:
2664:
2663:
2659:
2652:
2637:
2636:
2632:
2625:
2610:
2609:
2605:
2597:
2593:
2586:
2571:
2570:
2566:
2559:
2544:
2543:
2539:
2532:
2517:
2516:
2512:
2505:
2490:
2489:
2485:
2478:
2463:
2462:
2458:
2451:
2436:
2435:
2431:
2424:
2409:
2408:
2404:
2397:
2382:
2381:
2377:
2372:
2368:
2363:
2356:
2349:
2334:
2333:
2329:
2322:
2307:
2306:
2302:
2295:
2280:
2279:
2275:
2268:
2253:
2252:
2248:
2241:
2226:
2225:
2218:
2211:
2196:
2195:
2191:
2186:
2182:
2175:
2160:
2159:
2155:
2148:
2133:
2132:
2128:
2121:
2106:
2105:
2101:
2094:
2079:
2078:
2071:
2064:
2049:
2048:
2041:
2034:
2019:
2018:
2014:
2007:
1992:
1991:
1984:
1977:
1962:
1961:
1957:
1950:
1935:
1934:
1930:
1923:
1908:
1907:
1903:
1896:
1881:
1880:
1876:
1869:
1854:
1853:
1849:
1842:
1827:
1826:
1813:
1806:
1791:
1790:
1783:
1777:Watenpaugh 1996
1775:
1766:
1760:Watenpaugh 1996
1758:
1754:
1747:
1732:
1731:
1724:
1717:
1702:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1688:
1655:
1597:
1560:Galileo Galilei
1540:
1507:Arabic language
1487:
1465:
1459:
1450:
1421:
1414:
1409:Politics portal
1407:
1399:
1398:
1397:
1367:
1359:
1358:
1351:
1338:
1325:
1314:1965–1970
1293:
1291:Splinter groups
1283:
1282:
1277:
1256:
1235:
1214:
1193:
1172:
1151:
1135:
1114:
1098:
1077:
1056:
1035:
1014:
992:
982:
981:
941:
895:
886:
878:
877:
874:
856:
848:
847:
846:
837:Bashar al-Assad
807:Wahib al-Ghanim
802:Abdullah Rimawi
781:
773:
772:
765:
754:1968–2003
744:1947–1966
734:1940–1947
724:1940–1947
713:
678:
672:
621:
613:Jalal al-Sayyid
609:Wahib al-Ghanim
594:Anglo–Iraqi War
531:
510:Oswald Spengler
432:
330:
325:
156:
142:
95:
89:
85:
76:
66:
57:
45:
38:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6412:
6410:
6402:
6401:
6396:
6391:
6386:
6381:
6376:
6371:
6366:
6361:
6356:
6351:
6346:
6341:
6336:
6331:
6326:
6321:
6316:
6311:
6306:
6301:
6296:
6291:
6281:
6280:
6274:
6273:
6271:
6270:
6259:
6256:
6255:
6253:
6252:
6247:
6242:
6237:
6232:
6227:
6222:
6217:
6212:
6207:
6202:
6197:
6192:
6187:
6182:
6177:
6171:
6169:
6168:Related topics
6165:
6164:
6162:
6161:
6156:
6151:
6146:
6141:
6136:
6130:
6128:
6122:
6121:
6119:
6118:
6111:
6104:
6096:
6094:
6090:
6089:
6087:
6086:
6081:
6076:
6071:
6066:
6061:
6056:
6051:
6046:
6041:
6036:
6034:Islamic Legion
6031:
6026:
6021:
6016:
6011:
6006:
6001:
5996:
5991:
5986:
5981:
5976:
5971:
5966:
5961:
5956:
5951:
5946:
5941:
5936:
5931:
5926:
5924:Al-Mourabitoun
5921:
5916:
5910:
5908:
5902:
5901:
5899:
5898:
5893:
5891:Hamdeen Sabahi
5888:
5883:
5881:Fuad al-Rikabi
5878:
5873:
5871:Adnan Pachachi
5868:
5863:
5858:
5853:
5848:
5843:
5841:Saddam Hussein
5838:
5833:
5831:Sati' al-Husri
5828:
5823:
5818:
5813:
5808:
5803:
5798:
5793:
5788:
5783:
5778:
5773:
5768:
5766:Hafez al-Assad
5763:
5758:
5756:Zaki al-Arsuzi
5753:
5748:
5743:
5738:
5733:
5728:
5722:
5720:
5714:
5713:
5711:
5710:
5705:
5700:
5695:
5689:
5687:
5683:
5682:
5680:
5679:
5674:
5669:
5664:
5659:
5654:
5649:
5644:
5639:
5637:Aden Emergency
5634:
5629:
5624:
5619:
5614:
5609:
5604:
5599:
5594:
5589:
5584:
5582:Iraqi Intifada
5579:
5574:
5573:
5572:
5567:
5565:Yom Kippur War
5562:
5557:
5552:
5542:
5537:
5532:
5527:
5526:
5525:
5515:
5510:
5509:
5508:
5498:
5492:
5490:
5486:
5485:
5483:
5482:
5477:
5472:
5467:
5462:
5460:Arab socialism
5456:
5454:
5450:
5449:
5444:
5442:
5441:
5434:
5427:
5419:
5410:
5409:
5406:
5405:
5402:
5401:
5399:
5398:
5393:
5385:
5383:
5379:
5378:
5376:
5375:
5368:
5360:
5358:
5354:
5353:
5351:
5350:
5345:
5340:
5335:
5330:
5325:
5320:
5315:
5313:Arab socialism
5310:
5305:
5300:
5294:
5292:
5284:
5283:
5280:
5273:
5272:
5269:
5268:
5265:
5264:
5262:
5261:
5256:
5251:
5245:
5243:
5239:
5238:
5236:
5235:
5234:
5233:
5223:
5222:
5221:
5216:
5206:
5201:
5196:
5191:
5186:
5181:
5176:
5171:
5166:
5161:
5156:
5150:
5148:
5144:
5143:
5140:
5139:
5137:
5136:
5131:
5126:
5121:
5116:
5111:
5106:
5101:
5096:
5090:
5088:
5084:
5083:
5081:
5080:
5075:
5070:
5065:
5060:
5055:
5050:
5044:
5042:
5035:
5031:
5030:
5028:
5027:
5022:
5017:
5012:
5007:
5002:
4997:
4992:
4991:
4990:
4980:
4974:
4972:
4964:
4963:
4961:
4960:
4955:
4950:
4945:
4943:Jeish Muhammad
4940:
4935:
4930:
4925:
4919:
4917:
4909:
4908:
4901:
4894:
4893:
4890:
4889:
4886:
4885:
4882:
4881:
4879:
4878:
4872:
4870:
4866:
4865:
4863:
4862:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4841:
4839:
4832:
4828:
4827:
4825:
4824:
4819:
4813:
4811:
4810:Popular fronts
4807:
4806:
4804:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4787:
4785:
4781:
4780:
4777:
4776:
4774:
4773:
4768:
4767:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4746:
4741:
4736:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4715:
4713:
4709:
4708:
4706:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4665:
4664:
4663:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4637:
4635:
4628:
4616:
4615:
4608:
4601:
4600:
4597:
4596:
4593:
4592:
4589:
4586:
4585:
4582:
4581:
4579:
4578:
4575:Hussein Arnous
4572:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4542:
4537:
4532:
4527:
4522:
4517:
4512:
4510:Hafez al-Assad
4507:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4486:
4484:
4476:
4475:
4473:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4460:Sa'dun Hammadi
4457:
4455:Saddam Hussein
4452:
4446:
4444:
4433:
4429:
4428:
4425:
4424:
4422:
4421:
4415:
4405:
4403:Hafez al-Assad
4400:
4395:
4390:
4384:
4382:
4374:
4373:
4371:
4370:
4368:Saddam Hussein
4365:
4359:
4357:
4346:
4345:Heads of state
4342:
4341:
4338:
4337:
4332:
4330:
4326:
4325:
4323:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4310:Muhammad Umran
4307:
4305:Hasan Turkmani
4302:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4262:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4120:Hafez al-Assad
4117:
4112:
4110:Hussein Arnous
4107:
4101:
4099:
4091:
4090:
4088:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4035:Fuad al-Rikabi
4032:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3985:Saddam Hussein
3982:
3977:
3975:Sa'dun Hammadi
3972:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3896:
3894:
3883:
3879:
3878:
3876:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3853:Fuad al-Rikabi
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3788:Hafez al-Assad
3785:
3780:
3778:Zaki al-Arsuzi
3775:
3770:
3764:
3762:
3748:
3747:
3744:
3743:
3741:
3740:
3734:
3732:Hafez al-Assad
3729:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3708:
3706:
3702:
3701:
3699:
3698:
3692:
3686:
3684:
3680:
3679:
3677:
3676:
3671:
3665:
3663:
3659:
3658:
3656:
3655:
3652:Akram al-Homsi
3649:
3644:
3638:
3636:
3632:
3631:
3629:
3628:
3622:
3617:
3615:Saddam Hussein
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3595:Fuad al-Rikabi
3591:
3589:
3582:
3578:
3577:
3574:
3573:
3571:
3570:
3564:
3554:
3552:Hafez al-Assad
3549:
3543:
3541:
3537:
3536:
3534:
3533:
3527:
3522:
3520:Saddam Hussein
3517:
3511:
3509:
3505:
3504:
3502:
3501:
3496:
3490:
3488:
3481:
3473:
3472:
3469:
3462:
3461:
3458:
3457:
3454:
3453:
3451:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3438:Iraqi conflict
3435:
3433:Faith Campaign
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3404:
3403:
3393:
3391:Ba'athist Iraq
3388:
3382:
3380:
3376:
3375:
3373:
3372:
3367:
3365:1964 Hama riot
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3321:
3319:
3315:
3314:
3312:
3311:
3306:
3300:
3298:
3294:
3293:
3291:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3269:
3267:
3259:
3258:
3251:
3244:
3243:
3241:
3240:
3231:
3221:
3218:
3217:
3210:
3208:
3207:
3200:
3193:
3185:
3178:
3177:
3159:(3): 363–389.
3145:
3139:
3119:
3113:
3093:
3077:
3071:
3054:
3048:
3035:
3029:
3012:
3007:978-0863565205
3006:
2994:Batatu, Hannah
2990:
2984:
2963:
2957:
2940:
2934:
2917:
2911:
2894:
2888:
2871:
2865:
2845:
2839:
2822:
2816:
2796:Seale, Patrick
2792:
2787:978-0878555000
2786:
2765:
2759:
2753:. Cune Press.
2743:
2738:978-0815735557
2737:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2711:
2704:
2684:
2677:
2657:
2650:
2630:
2623:
2603:
2591:
2584:
2564:
2557:
2537:
2530:
2510:
2503:
2483:
2476:
2456:
2449:
2429:
2422:
2402:
2395:
2375:
2366:
2354:
2347:
2327:
2320:
2300:
2293:
2273:
2266:
2246:
2239:
2216:
2209:
2189:
2180:
2173:
2153:
2146:
2126:
2119:
2099:
2092:
2069:
2062:
2039:
2032:
2012:
2005:
1982:
1975:
1955:
1948:
1928:
1921:
1901:
1894:
1874:
1867:
1847:
1840:
1811:
1804:
1781:
1779:, p. 365.
1764:
1762:, p. 364.
1752:
1745:
1722:
1715:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1683:
1682:
1672:
1669:The Arab World
1662:
1654:
1653:Selected works
1651:
1634:Hafiz al-Assad
1609:Sati' al-Husri
1605:Yasir Suleiman
1596:
1593:
1568:René Descartes
1539:
1536:
1503:Latin language
1486:
1483:
1461:Main article:
1458:
1455:
1452:
1451:
1449:
1448:
1441:
1434:
1426:
1423:
1422:
1420:
1419:
1412:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1396:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1378:Arab socialism
1375:
1369:
1368:
1366:Related topics
1365:
1364:
1361:
1360:
1355:
1354:
1348:
1342:
1341:
1335:
1329:
1328:
1322:
1316:
1315:
1312:
1306:
1305:
1302:
1294:
1289:
1288:
1285:
1284:
1279:
1278:
1276:
1275:
1270:
1264:
1262:
1258:
1257:
1255:
1254:
1249:
1243:
1241:
1237:
1236:
1234:
1233:
1228:
1222:
1220:
1216:
1215:
1213:
1212:
1207:
1201:
1199:
1195:
1194:
1192:
1191:
1186:
1180:
1178:
1174:
1173:
1171:
1170:
1165:
1159:
1157:
1153:
1152:
1150:
1149:
1143:
1141:
1137:
1136:
1134:
1133:
1128:
1122:
1120:
1116:
1115:
1113:
1112:
1106:
1104:
1100:
1099:
1097:
1096:
1091:
1085:
1083:
1079:
1078:
1076:
1075:
1070:
1064:
1062:
1058:
1057:
1055:
1054:
1049:
1043:
1041:
1037:
1036:
1034:
1033:
1028:
1022:
1020:
1016:
1015:
1013:
1012:
1007:
1001:
999:
993:
988:
987:
984:
983:
980:
979:
974:
969:
964:
959:
954:
945:
938:Baathist Syria
934:
929:
924:
919:
914:
909:
904:
899:
892:Ba'athist Iraq
887:
884:
883:
880:
879:
876:
875:
870:
868:
863:
857:
854:
853:
850:
849:
845:
844:
839:
834:
832:Saddam Hussein
829:
824:
822:Hafez al-Assad
819:
814:
812:Fuad al-Rikabi
809:
804:
799:
794:
789:
787:Zaki al-Arsuzi
783:
782:
779:
778:
775:
774:
769:
768:
762:
756:
755:
752:
746:
745:
742:
736:
735:
732:
726:
725:
722:
714:
709:
708:
705:
704:
696:
695:
689:
688:
671:
668:
644:Hafez al-Assad
620:
617:
530:
527:
431:
428:
329:
326:
324:
321:
317:Sati' al-Husri
313:Latin language
290:Hafiz al-Assad
206:Zakī al-Arsūzī
187:Zaki al-Arsuzi
182:
181:
178:
177:
159:Co-founder of
157:
154:
151:
150:
143:
141:Main interests
140:
137:
136:
127:
121:
120:
115:
111:
110:
105:
101:
100:
97:
96:
90:
88:(aged 69)
82:
78:
77:
73:Beirut vilayet
67:
63:
59:
58:
55:
47:
46:
36:Zaki al-Arsuzi
35:
26:
24:
18:Zakī al-Arsūzī
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6411:
6400:
6397:
6395:
6392:
6390:
6387:
6385:
6382:
6380:
6377:
6375:
6372:
6370:
6367:
6365:
6362:
6360:
6357:
6355:
6352:
6350:
6347:
6345:
6342:
6340:
6337:
6335:
6332:
6330:
6327:
6325:
6322:
6320:
6317:
6315:
6312:
6310:
6307:
6305:
6302:
6300:
6297:
6295:
6292:
6290:
6287:
6286:
6284:
6269:
6261:
6260:
6257:
6251:
6248:
6246:
6243:
6241:
6238:
6236:
6233:
6231:
6228:
6226:
6223:
6221:
6218:
6216:
6213:
6211:
6208:
6206:
6203:
6201:
6200:Greater Yemen
6198:
6196:
6195:Greater Syria
6193:
6191:
6188:
6186:
6183:
6181:
6178:
6176:
6173:
6172:
6170:
6166:
6160:
6157:
6155:
6152:
6150:
6147:
6145:
6142:
6140:
6137:
6135:
6132:
6131:
6129:
6127:
6123:
6117:
6116:
6112:
6110:
6109:
6105:
6103:
6102:
6098:
6097:
6095:
6091:
6085:
6082:
6080:
6077:
6075:
6072:
6070:
6067:
6065:
6062:
6060:
6057:
6055:
6052:
6050:
6047:
6045:
6042:
6040:
6037:
6035:
6032:
6030:
6027:
6025:
6022:
6020:
6017:
6015:
6012:
6010:
6007:
6005:
6002:
6000:
5997:
5995:
5992:
5990:
5987:
5985:
5982:
5980:
5977:
5975:
5972:
5970:
5967:
5965:
5962:
5960:
5957:
5955:
5952:
5950:
5947:
5945:
5942:
5940:
5937:
5935:
5932:
5930:
5927:
5925:
5922:
5920:
5917:
5915:
5912:
5911:
5909:
5907:
5906:Organizations
5903:
5897:
5894:
5892:
5889:
5887:
5884:
5882:
5879:
5877:
5874:
5872:
5869:
5867:
5864:
5862:
5859:
5857:
5854:
5852:
5849:
5847:
5844:
5842:
5839:
5837:
5834:
5832:
5829:
5827:
5826:George Habash
5824:
5822:
5819:
5817:
5814:
5812:
5809:
5807:
5806:Izzat Darwaza
5804:
5802:
5799:
5797:
5794:
5792:
5789:
5787:
5784:
5782:
5779:
5777:
5774:
5772:
5769:
5767:
5764:
5762:
5759:
5757:
5754:
5752:
5749:
5747:
5744:
5742:
5741:Yasser Arafat
5739:
5737:
5734:
5732:
5729:
5727:
5724:
5723:
5721:
5719:
5718:Personalities
5715:
5709:
5706:
5704:
5701:
5699:
5696:
5694:
5693:Arab identity
5691:
5690:
5688:
5684:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5670:
5668:
5665:
5663:
5660:
5658:
5655:
5653:
5650:
5648:
5645:
5643:
5640:
5638:
5635:
5633:
5630:
5628:
5625:
5623:
5620:
5618:
5615:
5613:
5610:
5608:
5607:Arab Cold War
5605:
5603:
5600:
5598:
5595:
5593:
5590:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5575:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5563:
5561:
5558:
5556:
5553:
5551:
5548:
5547:
5546:
5543:
5541:
5538:
5536:
5533:
5531:
5528:
5524:
5521:
5520:
5519:
5516:
5514:
5511:
5507:
5504:
5503:
5502:
5499:
5497:
5494:
5493:
5491:
5487:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5463:
5461:
5458:
5457:
5455:
5451:
5447:
5440:
5435:
5433:
5428:
5426:
5421:
5420:
5417:
5397:
5394:
5392:
5391:
5387:
5386:
5384:
5380:
5374:
5373:
5369:
5367:
5366:
5362:
5361:
5359:
5355:
5349:
5346:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5334:
5333:Republicanism
5331:
5329:
5328:Progressivism
5326:
5324:
5321:
5319:
5316:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5306:
5304:
5301:
5299:
5296:
5295:
5293:
5289:
5285:
5281:Miscellaneous
5278:
5274:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5246:
5244:
5240:
5232:
5229:
5228:
5227:
5224:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5211:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5151:
5149:
5145:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5091:
5089:
5085:
5079:
5076:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5045:
5043:
5039:
5036:
5032:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4989:
4986:
4985:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4976:
4975:
4973:
4971:
4965:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4948:Rejectionists
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4920:
4918:
4914:
4910:
4906:
4899:
4895:
4877:
4874:
4873:
4871:
4867:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4842:
4840:
4836:
4833:
4829:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4814:
4812:
4808:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4788:
4786:
4782:
4772:
4769:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4751:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4716:
4714:
4710:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4662:
4659:
4658:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4638:
4636:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4621:
4617:
4613:
4606:
4602:
4590:* = incumbent
4587:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4500:Yusuf Zuayyin
4498:
4496:
4495:Amin al-Hafiz
4493:
4491:
4488:
4487:
4485:
4483:
4477:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4447:
4445:
4443:
4437:
4434:
4430:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4412:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4388:Amin al-Hafiz
4386:
4385:
4383:
4381:
4375:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4360:
4358:
4356:
4350:
4347:
4343:
4335:
4331:
4327:
4321:
4320:Yusuf Zuayyin
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4300:Mustafa Tlass
4298:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4220:Sami al-Jundi
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4175:Amin al-Hafiz
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4165:Marwan Habash
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4102:
4100:
4098:
4092:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4065:Khamis Sirhan
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3980:Qusay Hussein
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3897:
3895:
3893:
3887:
3884:
3880:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3843:Zuheir Mohsen
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3828:Amin al-Hafiz
3826:
3824:
3821:
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3722:Amin al-Hafiz
3720:
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2166:
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2100:
2095:
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2070:
2065:
2059:
2055:
2054:
2046:
2044:
2040:
2035:
2029:
2025:
2024:
2016:
2013:
2008:
2002:
1998:
1997:
1989:
1987:
1983:
1978:
1972:
1968:
1967:
1959:
1956:
1951:
1945:
1941:
1940:
1932:
1929:
1924:
1918:
1914:
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1610:
1606:
1602:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1585:
1581:
1575:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1564:Medieval Ages
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1548:feudal system
1545:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1499:
1497:
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1479:
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1471:
1464:
1456:
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1428:
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1413:
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1394:
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1371:
1370:
1363:
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1349:
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1336:
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1330:
1323:
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1317:
1313:
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1297:
1292:
1287:
1286:
1274:
1271:
1269:
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1263:
1259:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1244:
1242:
1238:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1223:
1221:
1217:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1202:
1200:
1196:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1181:
1179:
1175:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1160:
1158:
1154:
1148:
1145:
1144:
1142:
1138:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1123:
1121:
1117:
1111:
1108:
1107:
1105:
1101:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1086:
1084:
1080:
1074:
1071:
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1066:
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1063:
1059:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1044:
1042:
1038:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1023:
1021:
1017:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1002:
1000:
996:
991:
986:
985:
978:
975:
973:
970:
968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
955:
953:
949:
946:
944:
940:
939:
935:
933:
930:
928:
925:
923:
920:
918:
915:
913:
912:Iran–Iraq War
910:
908:
905:
903:
900:
898:
894:
893:
889:
888:
882:
881:
873:
869:
867:
864:
862:
859:
858:
852:
851:
843:
840:
838:
835:
833:
830:
828:
825:
823:
820:
818:
815:
813:
810:
808:
805:
803:
800:
798:
795:
793:
790:
788:
785:
784:
777:
776:
763:
761:
757:
753:
751:
747:
743:
741:
737:
733:
731:
727:
723:
721:
717:
712:
711:Organisations
707:
706:
702:
698:
697:
694:
690:
686:
682:
681:
677:
667:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
640:
638:
634:
625:
618:
616:
614:
610:
605:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
582:
580:
576:
571:
567:
563:
558:
556:
552:
548:
547:Patrick Seale
544:
540:
536:
526:
523:
519:
515:
514:Henri Bergson
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
477:
475:
471:
466:
464:
460:
456:
451:
449:
445:
441:
437:
436:Patrick Seale
427:
425:
422:and Fichte's
421:
420:
415:
411:
410:Henri Bergson
407:
406:Emile Brehier
403:
402:Georges Dumas
399:
398:Jean Gaulmier
395:
391:
386:
382:
381:Institut Laïc
378:
373:
371:
367:
363:
359:
354:
350:
349:
344:
340:
335:
327:
322:
320:
318:
314:
310:
309:Arab identity
306:
301:
299:
295:
291:
287:
281:
279:
274:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
247:
243:
239:
235:
230:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
207:
201:
192:
188:
179:
176:
175:
170:
166:
162:
158:
155:Notable ideas
148:
144:
138:
135:
131:
128:
126:
122:
119:
116:
112:
109:
106:
102:
98:
93:
83:
79:
74:
70:
64:
60:
53:
48:
33:
30:
19:
6235:Pan-Islamism
6113:
6106:
6099:
5999:Ba'ath Party
5876:Ameen Rihani
5755:
5736:Jassem Alwan
5731:Michel Aflaq
5587:Algerian War
5513:Iraqi Revolt
5388:
5370:
5363:
5303:Anti-Zionism
4916:Armed groups
4860:Popular Army
4838:Paramilitary
4611:Organization
4410:
4145:Muhsen Bilal
3848:Munif Razzaz
3777:
3768:Michel Aflaq
3690:Isam al-Qadi
3647:Munif Razzaz
3559:
3515:Michel Aflaq
3499:Munif Razzaz
3494:Michel Aflaq
3304:Michel Aflaq
3266:Predecessors
3233:
3224:
3156:
3152:
3126:
3100:
3097:Ayubi, Nazih
3084:
3058:
3039:
3016:
2997:
2969:
2944:
2921:
2898:
2875:
2852:
2826:
2801:
2771:
2750:
2724:
2716:Bibliography
2694:
2687:
2667:
2660:
2640:
2633:
2613:
2606:
2594:
2574:
2567:
2547:
2540:
2520:
2513:
2493:
2486:
2466:
2459:
2439:
2432:
2412:
2405:
2385:
2378:
2369:
2337:
2330:
2310:
2303:
2283:
2276:
2256:
2249:
2229:
2199:
2192:
2183:
2163:
2156:
2136:
2129:
2109:
2102:
2082:
2052:
2022:
2015:
1995:
1965:
1958:
1938:
1931:
1911:
1904:
1884:
1877:
1857:
1850:
1830:
1794:
1755:
1735:
1705:
1698:
1678:
1674:
1668:
1664:
1658:
1638:Ba'ath Party
1630:
1598:
1576:
1541:
1500:
1495:
1491:
1488:
1466:
950: /
936:
922:UN sanctions
890:
871:
792:Michel Aflaq
786:
740:Ba'ath Party
663:
648:Ba'ath Party
641:
635:and then in
630:
606:
601:
583:
565:
559:
554:
550:
535:Michel Aflaq
532:
478:
470:Alexandretta
467:
452:
433:
423:
417:
374:
368:had entered
346:
331:
302:
282:
275:
263:Michel Aflaq
231:
226:
195:زكي الأرسوزي
186:
185:
172:
86:(1968-07-02)
41:زكي الأرسوزي
29:
6299:1968 deaths
6294:1899 births
5929:Arab Ba'ath
5851:Salah Jadid
5708:Arabization
5555:Six-Day War
5550:Suez Crisis
5496:Arab Revolt
5475:Pan-Arabism
5348:Vanguardism
5323:Pan-Arabism
4953:Snake Party
4739:South Yemen
4570:Imad Khamis
4315:Salim Yasin
4235:Imad Khamis
4210:Salah Jadid
4195:Hilal Hilal
4190:Salim Hatum
4155:Ahmad Diyab
4080:Tahir Yahya
3838:Salah Jadid
3818:Elias Farah
3695:Rakad Salem
3669:Assem Qanso
3273:Arab Ba'ath
3105:I.B. Tauris
1589:rule of law
1538:Nationalism
1527:Arab Nation
1463:Arab Nation
1457:Arab Nation
1388:Pan-Arabism
1350:2002–
1337:1970–
1324:1966–
817:Salah Jadid
764:1966–
720:Arab Ba'ath
652:Salah Jadid
602:Arab Ba'ath
598:romanticism
377:World War I
305:Arab Nation
286:Salah Jadid
259:Arab Ba'ath
215:sociologist
211:philologist
84:2 July 1968
6283:Categories
6093:Literature
5786:Tariq Aziz
5703:Arab world
5698:Arab Union
5627:Dhofar War
5357:Literature
5343:Secularism
5231:in Lebanon
4784:Newspapers
4729:Mauritania
4683:Mauritania
4550:Adel Safar
3950:Tariq Aziz
3560:(de facto)
3470:Leadership
3379:Post-split
3021:I.B.Tauris
1686:References
1677:(English:
1667:(English:
1515:conformity
1478:Modern Age
1474:Ba'athists
1156:Mauritania
855:Literature
6126:Symbolism
5470:Nasserism
5465:Ba'athism
5382:Symbolism
5338:Saddamism
5318:Ba'athism
4801:Al-Thawra
4791:Al-Ba'ath
4734:Palestine
4688:Palestine
4411:(interim)
3683:Palestine
3487:Pre-split
3408:Arab Belt
3318:Pre-split
3173:162435380
1691:Citations
1572:colonists
1554:, led by
1519:intuitive
1511:syllables
1393:Saddamism
1383:Nasserism
1273:pro-Syria
1252:pro-Syria
1231:pro-Syria
1210:pro-Syria
1189:pro-Syria
1177:Palestine
1168:pro-Syria
1131:pro-Syria
1094:pro-Syria
1073:pro-Syria
1052:pro-Syria
1031:pro-Syria
1010:pro-Syria
693:Ba'athism
676:Ba'athism
650:in 1965.
562:philology
502:Karl Marx
362:Hashemite
323:Biography
294:ideologue
223:Ba'athism
200:romanized
161:Ba'athism
149:, history
147:philology
130:Ba'athism
65:June 1899
6268:Category
6210:Islamism
5919:Al-Fatat
5686:Concepts
5453:Ideology
5291:Ideology
5094:Ahd Bloc
3297:Founders
3125:(2006).
3099:(1996).
2996:(2000).
2851:(1972).
2798:(1990).
2749:(2006).
1617:populist
1532:Socrates
1523:referent
1268:pro-Iraq
1247:pro-Iraq
1226:pro-Iraq
1205:pro-Iraq
1184:pro-Iraq
1163:pro-Iraq
1147:pro-Iraq
1126:pro-Iraq
1110:pro-Iraq
1089:pro-Iraq
1068:pro-Iraq
1047:pro-Iraq
1026:pro-Iraq
1005:pro-Iraq
927:Iraq War
917:Gulf War
685:a series
683:Part of
658:and one
575:Lattakia
370:Damascus
246:Damascus
238:Sorbonne
229:(1943).
169:al-Bitar
92:Damascus
5914:Al-Awda
5489:History
5219:Unified
5214:Bakdash
5041:Current
5005:Al-Awda
4759:History
4724:Lebanon
4698:Tunisia
4673:Lebanon
4646:Bahrain
4641:Algeria
3756:of the
3753:Members
3662:Lebanon
3401:Members
3254:History
1613:elitist
1580:English
1352:present
1339:present
1326:present
1240:Tunisia
1119:Lebanon
1019:Bahrain
998:Algeria
885:History
766:present
664:de jure
522:Baghdad
463:Antioch
385:atheism
353:rüşdiye
339:Antioch
296:of the
265:'s and
255:Baghdad
234:Latakia
202::
94:, Syria
69:Latakia
5087:Former
4719:Jordan
4668:Jordan
3635:Jordan
3171:
3137:
3111:
3069:
3046:
3027:
3004:
2982:
2955:
2932:
2909:
2886:
2863:
2837:
2814:
2784:
2757:
2735:
2702:
2675:
2648:
2621:
2582:
2555:
2528:
2501:
2474:
2447:
2420:
2393:
2345:
2318:
2291:
2264:
2237:
2207:
2171:
2144:
2117:
2090:
2060:
2030:
2003:
1973:
1946:
1919:
1892:
1865:
1838:
1802:
1743:
1713:
1595:Legacy
1584:French
1103:Kuwait
1082:Jordan
780:People
637:Aleppo
579:Tarsus
484:, the
343:kuttab
191:Arabic
163:(with
125:School
114:Region
6014:Fatah
5189:Sawab
4869:Youth
4831:Wings
4771:Yemen
4749:Syria
4744:Sudan
4703:Yemen
4693:Sudan
4678:Libya
4651:Egypt
4481:Syria
4379:Syria
4329:Yemen
4096:Syria
3705:Syria
3169:S2CID
2831:BRILL
1261:Yemen
1219:Syria
1198:Sudan
1140:Libya
1040:Egypt
358:Konya
348:Quran
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