766:
445:. The British first established a Township Authority made up of selected Europeans and Asians before experimenting with a number of "native administrations." The town was made into a separate district and divided into six wards, one under each elder. Finally, in 1941, the Township Authority received a native affairs sub-committee and its first African members. These measures included making a Zaramo headman the chief of the entire township, establishing a council of six elders, each of whom represented a grouping of tribes from one direction, and making the town a separate district.
777:
492:. To resist this persecution, they developed stockade-fortified villages. Many ran away from the coast, and would return during the daytime to farm and fish. Zanzibar Arabs, state William Worger, Nancy Clark and Edward Alpers, however pursued their slave raiding into the mainland, where they would seize pagan Zaramo adults and children, gag them so they would not cry out, and then sell them to the traders. Sometimes during famines, such as in the 19th-century rule of
453:
noteworthy that neither Shomvi nor Zaramo had much real estate because Dar es Salaam's explosive growth from humble beginnings had engulfed both native groups. Nobody took Shomvi and Zaramo seriously when they both occasionally asserted that they "owned" the town. Shomvi were primarily fishermen, while Zaramo, who came from a less developed educational region, were "very submerged"—a characteristic that set Dar es Salaam apart from the other capitals of East Africa.
500:
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64:
326:. The Shomvi sought help from the warrior, Pazi, who lived in the hinterlands. When Pazi defeated the Kamba, he asked for salt, cloth, and other luxuries in return. When the Shomvi could not meet his demands, they offered for him and his family to live with them on the coast, where they would receive an annual tribute instead. The war and its results were said to be the founding of the Zaramo.
1104:
3839:
1021:
larger vessels) are used. After being formed, the pottery are left to dry out for 2–7 days before being fired, not in a kiln, but a wood fire. The vessels are placed on top of a fire, and more wood and plant material are placed on top of the vessels. Firing lasts 2–3 hours. If the pottery is to be colored, they are colored directly after firing.
461:
established nine branches in the tribal area, and campaigned against "the old out-of-date
Wakilis" recognized by the government, urging instead a paramount chief to guide the Zaramo toward progress. Urban ethnicity was not just a means of survival, but also a productive effort to forge groups that could work well together in colonial society.
512:
reduce their treatment as inferiors by their slave owners by adopting and adapting to Islam in the 19th century. Conversion to Islam among the coastal Zaramo people began in the 19th century. These historic events, states
Stockreiter, have influenced the politics and inter-ethnic relations in 20th-century Tanzania.
1170:
as "stars." Once the plant fibers are plaited into long strips, they are sewn together to create the desired basketry shape. Basketry used to be sewn together with coconut fibers, but today it is more common to use twine or plastic from bags. Many baskets are designated to be natural in color, though
952:
By early-mid 20th century, much of Zaramo pottery consisted of internal creations and imports from Europe, Japan, and India. Most of Zaramo pottery consists of ceramic water jars and earthenware cooking pots and dishes. Pottery is generally made for kitchen-use, thus resulting in two main types/uses:
437:
Both later served as leaders of the
Wazaramo Union, with Ramadhani Ali serving as King of the Marini and one of the most prominent Africans in Dar es Salaam. These men had completely different interests and unifying principles than Watts or Matola did. The organisation was split throughout the 1930s
834:
The independence of
Tanganyika in 1961 and the Zanzibar Archipelago in 1963 and their subsequent formation of the United Republic of Tanzania led to a significant shift in Tanzanian culture, as well as the Zaramo culture. In 1963, 132 chiefs and headmen were removed from their political positions as
580:
Female initiation begins with a girl's first menses. The rituals associated with female initiation are performed to protect and enrich a girl's female power and her fertility. A girl has a reproductive cycle within society-one that starts with her first menses, continues to her initiation, marriage,
507:
The Zaramo society's history has long been influenced by the coastal encounter between the Arab-Persian and
African populations typical of East Africa, since the 8th century. During the colonial era, the influence came from the encounter between the African people, Arab-Swahili trader intermediaries
448:
Population increase altered Dar es Salaam's entire character. Many Zaramo settlements, particularly
Buguruni, were subsumed by the shanty cities the immigrants established. Magomeni had a population density that was more than double that of Nyamwezi, although many Zaramo lived in Buguruni in the far
1032:
Color is added directly after firing and mostly consists of reds and blacks. Red pigment is made from either the boiling of the mzingifuri plant (where the vessel is dipped into the pigment) or from the heating of kitahoymse grass seeds (which are turned into a solid mass that is then rubbed onto a
456:
The trible associations of the 1950s were heavily focused on rural improvement in addition to urban welfare. The
Wazaramo Union was the best illustration. The Zaramo did not require an association to bury or care for them because he lived so near to the town. However, the Wazaramo Union was home to
452:
According to a survey conducted in 1956, the majority of homes were constructed using small business owners' or artists' money. It also revealed that several ethnic groups, like the
Manyema, Yao, and Makonde who were among the town's first settlers, possessed a large number of homes. However, it is
685:
are cylindrical figures with depictions of a head and torso of relatively equal size and usually no arms, legs or genitalia. Breasts and a navel are often present as well as hair. Facial features are simple and abstract, occasionally not being present. These figures may be decorated with metal (if
1020:
Good clay is the most essential part of Zaramo pottery, with many potters choosing to mix several types of clay to achieve maximum durability through the firing process. A pottery wheel is not used; instead, "pinch pot" techniques (generally for smaller vessels) and coiling methods (generally for
854:
are funeral rites where the family clean the grave and offer food and drink to each other and the deceased. Sometimes a temporary hut is built around the grave to act as a shrine. After
Tanzanian independence in the 1960s, an increasing number of Zaramo people have requested to be buried in their
408:
It is simpler to map out Islam's political stance by the 1950s. Not only was it growing almost as quickly as
Christianity, but Muslims also appeared to be adhering to their religion more rigidly than before. However, a lot of cultural resistance endured. Few Zaramo Muslims frequented mosques, and
373:
By 1913, Muslims were up half of the Zaramo population. Both from the coast and up north from the Rufiji, where Zaramo tracked the boys' jando initiation ceremony that contributed significantly to the spread of Islam, proselytizing had taken place. Zaramo started performing Islamic circumcision.
1012:
or "masters of making pottery." Pottery is seen as a job that complements the agricultural and domestic responsibilities assigned to women. Apart from most of Africa, Zaramo women do not sell their pottery in markets, instead operating on an order/commission system. While any women may choose to
863:
The influence of Islam and the increase of urbanization and literacy have been marked as responsible for the decline in traditional Zaramo figure grave posts. The majority of contemporary grave markers are slab markers with written sentiments and notifiers. Decreasing land availability in Dar Es
511:
According to Elke Stockreiter – a professor of History specializing on Africa, the slaves seized from Zaramo people and other ethnic groups such as Yao, Makonde and Nyamwezi peoples from the mainland and brought to the coastal Tanzania region and Zanzibar sought social inclusion and attempted to
280:
school of Sunni Islam, and the rest 2% are non religious. Zaramo people are considered influential in Tanzania popular culture with musical genres like Sengeli originating from their community in Kinondoni District. Their culture and history have been shaped by their dwelling in both urban and
460:
The objective of the Zaaramo Union according to its secretary, was to construct the "UNITY, BESTIR LIFT UP", of the Wazaramo and their country in the essential matters. To this end, it purchased and operated two lorries to transport people and agricultural produce between towns and rural areas,
813:
or shanty clusters of villages. They produce staple foods such as rice, millet, maize, sorghum, and cassava, as well as cash crops such as coconuts, legumes, cashews, pineapples, oranges, and bananas. Cassava is important to Zaramo agriculture because it can grow with very little rain.
789:
The Zaramo people have borrowed from the general Swahili and the once-occupying Arab culture in terms of dress such as wearing a skull cap, Islamic festivals and Muslim observances, but they continue some of their pre-Islam traditions such as matrilineal kinship, while a few pursue the
381:
relocated their operations inland as a result of Zaramo's disregard. Resources for resistance were offered by indigenous religious organizations like the Kubandwa Cult and the Uwuxala Society. Long-established populations were not always opposed to Christianity, though.
433:
parents, was one of the committee members. He also had a significant home. Two notable leaders were from the Zaramo: Ramadhani Ali, the first vice-president and a trader, and Ali Saidi, a building inspector who served as the association's treasurer during the 1930s.
1083:
are baskets that are made for only a day or two's use. They are made of fresh palm leaves and are often used to transport small amounts of items/wares, whether for travel or for the marketplace. They are disposable and are made by common people, not specialists.
297:, belonging to the Niger-Congo family of languages. However, in contemporary Tanzania, only a few speak it, and most speak Swahili language as their first language, as it is the trading language of the East African coast and the national language of Tanzania.
317:
By oral tradition, the Zaramo are said to be descendants of the Shomvi people under the lead of the warrior-hero, Pazi in the early 19th century. The Shomvi, a mercantile clan living in what is present-day Dar Es Salaam were attacked by an offshoot group of
469:
The term, "Zaramo," in scholarly studies also reflects a macro-ethnic group. The larger Zaramo group consists of Zaramo proper, but includes a number of related peoples such as the Kaguru, Kwere, Kutu, Kami, Sagara, Luguru, Ngulu and Vidunda peoples.
719:
wears the same style,) and feeding it. If she fails to complete these motherly tasks she may be denied fertility in the future. Fertility is prized in Zaramo culture as children are seen as economic and cultural goals for prosperity and legacy.
393:
and literacy frequently intertwined. It was customary to read the entire Koran aloud to honor ancestors or to purify a community. A passage from the Koran served as a standard amulet, and ink diluted in water served as a standard medication.
1186:"masters of plaiting." Basketry, like pottery, is considered a part-time job only. It is typical for men to handle weaving that uses bamboo and for women to do the weaving that uses palm leaves. Men usually perform the decorating.
817:
For Zaramo people who live on the coast, fishing is also popular for both personal consumption and trade. Some Zaramo may also choose to brew beer, make charcoal, or dig for copal for a living. Those with specialized professions,
601:
is not allowed to speak, work, or go outside, to symbolize her death and put emphasis on her re-emergence as symbolic birth. She is then carried to a mkole tree where is circumcised as well by an operator, or
899:
Staffs, aside from their use as walking supports, are used as ritual aids, titular symbols, and representations of power. Specific staffs are usual signifiers of chiefs, diviners, and linguists.
409:
their female rituals remained largely non-Islamic. Urban Islam was occasionally quite superficial, notably in Dar es Salaam. Even the ostensibly Muslim Ngindo rarely performed Islamic marriage.
520:
Initiation rituals are required for the youth of the Zaramo people to become full-fledged members of adult society. Theses rituals generally happen around puberty and the female's first menses.
597:
teachings and ceremonies. The initiate is taught domestic responsibilities such as housekeeping, childcare, sexual and moral behavior, and mature interaction in society. During seclusion, the
985:
are large pots, sometimes reaching 2 feet high, that are made particularly to hold water for bathing and drinking; a household generally has two of these vessels, one for each use. Sometimes
370:
stopped practicing Christianity, polygynous marriages and other barriers made it difficult for many converts to return, which led to Islam becoming the coastal area's major religion.
1017:, a time when girls are secluded in the home and normally learn domestic skills. Pottery is a physically strenuous task, which is the main reason a woman may retire from the practice.
805:
The Zaramo people are settled farmers who also keep livestock and fish, but they also are migrant workers to Tanzania's capital city and tourist sites, considering business, or
585:
is secluded in her mother's house for anywhere between two weeks and one year. Earlier documentation states that this process in the past could have taken up to five years. The
2456:
1036:
Ornamentation of pottery is appreciated in Zaramo culture, but is not integral. Decoration is either incised (using millet stalks, bamboo, or shells) or painted on. Lids, or
1158:
Basketry is created using mainly bamboo, dwara palm leaves, and date palm leaves. The plant fibers are then put into plaits, of which there are many different types such as
3557:
2131:
864:
Salaam has led to an increase in unmarked grave sites holding multiple bodies, which has resulted in a higher importance being placed upon sufficient grave marking.
2135:
350:
peoples in the coastal hinterland had been heavily influenced by Islam. Since then, the region has primarily become Islamic, with the exception of Maasai, some of
3718:
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during her seclusion, measuring her skills as a future mother and teaching her the responsibilities of womanhood (i.e. taking care of oneself and children.)
1033:
just-fired vessel to transfer pigment.) Black pigment is made from powdering tree bark (usually mango tree bark) and mixing it with water or citrus juice.
581:
birth of her children, and finally ends with the puberty of her grandchildren, at which point her reproductive cycle is over. The girl novice, also called
417:
During the British period, the founding members of the African Association included representatives from the three most influential African communities in
425:, and Zaramo. Effendi Plantan, the former head of the ex-askari community, had raised its secretary, Kleist Sykes. Mzee Sudi, the Manyema leader for the
956:
Cooking dishes may range from 5-12 inches in diameter and 2-3 inches in height, usually topped with an open, flared rim. General cooking pots are called
887:
initiation figures, and were mainly used for headmen or chief graves. Sometimes grave markers are created as marionette-like, wooden puppets called
765:
389:
rather than merely recite it in 1912, when it was claimed that students at Koran schools learned the Koran in Arabic without grasping its meaning.
3534:
2449:
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Zaramo people hold their dead with high respect and reverence. They believe that life is continued into death, in which the spirits of the dead,
835:
government executives. The decreased status of chiefs and headmen has led to the dwindling of their numbers and traditions associated with them.
3614:
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2366:
2339:
2035:
2008:
1978:
1948:
1921:
1894:
1867:
1808:
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Owens, G. R. (2012-04-01). "The Kamba War: Foundation Narratives, Ethnogenesis, and the Invention of the Zaramo in Precolonial East Africa".
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Mwana hiti : life and art of the matrilineal Bantu of Tanzania = Mwana hiti : Leben und Kunst der matrilinearen Bantu von Tansania
674:
are usually made of wood, however some Zaramo traditions say they should be made of gourds as gourds are symbols of fertility. Sizes of the
3749:
802:
or medicine man, along with Muslim clerics offering services as divine healers, remains popular among the impoverished Zaramo communities.
659:
may be represented in other forms besides figures such as walking sticks, staff, stool, musical instruments, and grave posts among others.
457:
about 3,500 of the 6,500 tribal union members who were enrolled in Dar es Salaam in 1955. Its main priority was to promote rural Uzaramo.
911:
staffs are small staffs used mainly for military authority. It is either held in the hand or tucked between the upper arm and the torso.
3682:
3609:
3572:
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staffs are typically associated with chief power, and so their decreased presence is directly correlated to that of chiefs in Tanzania.
847:, only bring misfortune upon the living. Illness, death, infertility, and poor agriculture can all be attributed to the spitefulness of
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between proponents of a territorial alliance of educated men and supporters of harmony between the various social classes in the city.
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1601:
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1501:
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272:, the former capital of Tanzania and the 7th largest city in Africa. Estimated to be about 0.7 million people, over 98% of them are
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bathing, healing rituals, and grave offerings. Everyday pottery may be used, though many ceremonies require the vessel to be new.
762:
out of one piece of wood (or gourd) that he picks out, though any decorations for hair or jewelry must be provided by the family.
989:
are replaced with buckets or oil drums, the manufactured alternatives being more durable, though they keep the water less cool.
3754:
3703:
3604:
1029:
The bodies of vessels are burnished using seeds, metal, stones or shells, while necks/rims are smoothed with leaves or paper.
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are only commissioned, and there can't be more than one figure commissioned by a family at a time. Carvers also cannot create
485:, were able to survive in the south-east where tsetse may have prevented men from acquiring cattle to pass on to their sons.
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2065:
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in the north was eliminated by the destruction of Lutheran artifacts. When missionary work began in the south after many
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172:
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or "growth." The initiation process takes place during the dry season and about once every three years. Each novice,
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don't belong to individuals, but to families, and they are passed down generations, sometimes up to 40 or 50 years.
488:
The Zaramo society has been historically victimized by slave raids and slave trading by the Swahili-Arab traders of
3491:
776:
3587:
2465:
3842:
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vary, the average being around 10 centimeters. They can be projections of a child, a woman with a child, or an
1077:
Basketry is a very common practice in Zaramo and Tanzanian culture and can be broken down into several types.
377:
Islam in the coastal region and its hinterland typically made it difficult for missions to be effective. The
996:
There is not much distinction between pottery for everyday use and pottery for rituals, such as ceremonial
879:(translated to "grave witness.") These figures are considered witnesses or representation of the deceased.
3830:
3520:
3322:
3066:
2924:
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While anyone can learn to make basketry, it is usually taught through family. Basketry-makers are called
3562:
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who guides the youth through the circumcision process, teaches Zaramo sex lore and practice. Once the
2516:
2058:
Blood, milk, and death : body symbols and the power of regeneration among the Zaramo of Tanzania
723:
If a woman encounters fertility after her initiation is over, she may choose to repeat seclusion and
651:
refers to the mkongo tree, of which many mwana hiti are carved from. All of these names refer to the
508:
and the European powers, but it broadly coopted the older slave-driven, social stratification model.
402:
397:
A Zaramo Muslim immigrant worker named Abdulrahman Saidi Mboga is credited with introducing superior
390:
261:
77:
953:
vessels for liquid (narrow-rimmed) and vessels for cooking and serving food (open and curved rims.)
3496:
1171:
some are dyed. Dying of baskets, if done, is usually in black or red-orange made from roots of the
335:
3850:
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They are made to carry heavy loads and are, therefore, made with bamboo instead of palm leaves.
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1118:. They are often decorated with Swahili proverbs, fruits, vegetables, and flowers. Similar to
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are comb-like tools made to create incised parallel lines. All incised decorations are called
130:
126:
122:
1884:
3258:
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1994:
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Swantz, Marja Liisa (September 1979). "Community and healing among the Zaramo in Tanzania".
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Horn and Crescent: Cultural Change and Traditional Islam on the East African Coast, 800-1900
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The matrilineal peoples of eastern Tanzania : (Zaramo, Luguru, Kaguru, Ngulu, etc.)
1198:(fl. 19th-century) Tanzanian elephant hunter, warrior, pazi (chief) of the Zaramo people
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Only eleven of the 150–200 waalimu in Uzaramo were reported to be able to interpret the
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3043:
3025:
3010:
3005:
3000:
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2623:
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826:, rarely work those positions full time, often working agriculturally to supplement.
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351:
343:
294:
269:
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are shallow dishes made to be placed on shrine pedestals to hold incense offerings.
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to instill a desire to have children. They also act as the main socializing for the
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3411:
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3190:
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where they are taught, and then are not permitted to bathe for two weeks. Once the
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113:
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respectively. The only tools needed are a paring knife and a needle or an awl.
735:, or "sacrifice," as a means to create stronger ties with the spiritual world.
552:
are allowed to bathe again, their mothers in the village hold a village dance,
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1347:
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practice pottery, many women are taught by older relatives when they are
489:
481:. Some of these matrilineal peoples, like the Zaramo, Luguru, Mwera, and
257:
69:
1100:(small beer vessels) also use bamboo, though it is more tightly woven.
2737:
2283:
2237:
430:
422:
273:
17:
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2060:. Mjema, Salome., Wild, Zenya. Westport, Conn.: Bergin & Garvey.
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as her child, bathing it, oiling it, dressing the hair (of which the
2267:
2221:
1008:
The majority of potters in Zaramo culture are women, who are called
750:, many creating reputations for their highly sought after figures.
3501:
2208:
Harding, J. R. (April 1961). "83. 'Mwali' Dolls of the Wazaramo".
1102:
775:
764:
498:
386:
339:
323:
167:
163:
931:) and are carved to possess animal and human (women) decoration.
830:
Formation of United Republic of Tanzania (Tanzanian Independence)
606:
She is then returned to her family and she is celebrated with an
496:, desperate Zaramo people pawned and sold each other to survive.
3512:
2361:. Nordic Africa Institute. pp. 11–12, 16–17, 24–25, 43–46.
1970:
Islamic Law, Gender and Social Change in Post-Abolition Zanzibar
1859:
Africa and the West: From the slave trade to conquest, 1441-1905
993:
tend to have more fragile necks prone to cracking and chipping.
960:
while dishes made specifically for the act of frying are called
398:
304:
rites, though they often appear alongside Swahili translations.
3516:
2438:
354:(whom had a long history of missions), and to a lesser extent,
968:(depending on size), with smaller bowls being referred to as
2254:
Hartwig, Gerald W. (July 1978). "Sculpture in East Africa".
1940:
From Dar Es Salaam to Bongoland: Urban Mutations in Tanzania
1913:
From Dar Es Salaam to Bongoland: Urban Mutations in Tanzania
1856:
William H. Worger; Nancy L. Clark; Edward A. Alpers (2010).
915:
hold no functional use, and are considered purely symbolic.
769:
Mwana hiti figure from Musée des Confluences in Lyon, France
1320:
Social Science & Medicine. Part B: Medical Anthropology
1114:
are decorated food covers made from wild date palms called
935:
were common top decorations before Tanzanian independence.
300:
Kizaramo is still used in many Zaramo rituals, such as the
867:
Traditional Zaramo grave figures have a variety of names:
697:
are meant to spark a "nurturing consciousness" within the
1411:
Zaramo arts : a study of forms, contexts and history
2406:
Kifimbo staffs of office from Central and Eastern Africa
1052:
but there are specific names for other patterns such as
544:
are circumcised, they are brought to an initiation hut,
441:
Africans in the town were governed by the Germans via a
1962:
1960:
1851:
1849:
1847:
1845:
1828:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 391.
1771:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 391.
1746:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 390.
1721:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 388.
1696:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 388.
1671:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 388.
1646:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 408.
1621:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 408.
1596:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 550.
1571:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 314.
1546:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 236.
1521:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 221.
1496:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 213.
1471:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 256.
794:
fertility cult and the worship of their ancient deity
758:
if a family already possesses one. The carver creates
2430:
Information page with particular reference Zaramo art
560:
return to the village and their instructors burn the
449:
west, which blended into the surrounding landscape.
2382:
United States. Central Intelligence Agency. (2003),
2331:
The Peoples of Africa: An Ethnohistorical Dictionary
1800:
The Peoples of Africa: An Ethnohistorical Dictionary
855:
home villages on private land or on church grounds.
256:
ethnic group native to the central eastern coast of
3799:
3768:
3742:
3691:
3659:
3623:
3550:
3477:
3445:
3392:
3364:
3331:
3303:
3285:
3257:
3214:
3176:
3128:
3085:
3057:
3024:
2981:
2943:
2885:
2837:
2789:
2761:
2708:
2670:
2637:
2609:
2581:
2538:
2515:
2472:
222:
214:
206:
178:
157:
141:
55:
45:
38:
2358:The Medicine Man Among the Zaramo of Dar Es Salaam
1267:The Medicine Man Among the Zaramo of Dar Es Salaam
477:, but there are signs that many of them were once
268:. They are the largest ethnic group in and around
2323:
2321:
564:and anything else related to the initiation. The
1973:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 210–212.
1886:Bonded Labour and Debt in the Indian Ocean World
1792:
1790:
1788:
1297:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 116–122.
1217:
1215:
1213:
1211:
473:The majority of the peoples of Tanganyika were
358:. The last barrier to the Islamization of the
289:The original Zaramo language, sometimes called
1943:. African Books Collective. pp. 176–178.
1916:. African Books Collective. pp. 173–175.
1359:
1357:
3528:
2450:
2182:Art and identity among the Zaramo of Tanzania
2030:. Univ of Wisconsin Press. pp. 241–242.
1862:. Oxford University Press. pp. 119–120.
8:
2130:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2098:Beidelman, T. O. (Thomas O.), 1931- (2017).
1247:
1245:
927:staffs are tall staffs made from blackwood (
686:hair is present) or white beads as jewelry.
33:
2003:. Ohio University Press. pp. 283–284.
3535:
3521:
3513:
2457:
2443:
2435:
2134:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1222:Anthony Appiah; Henry Louis Gates (2010).
568:are now men of society and celebrate with
338:rebellion, it was a period of significant
32:
1270:. Nordic Africa Institute. pp. 7–8.
1138:(large, sturdy mats for porch covering,)
589:paternal aunt is usually assigned as her
1228:. Oxford University Press. p. 572.
1413:. University Microfilms International.
1207:
907:Literally translated to "small stick,"
2175:
2173:
2171:
2169:
2167:
2165:
2123:
2093:
2091:
2089:
2087:
2085:
2051:
2049:
2047:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1130:(large rectangular mats for sitting,)
203:
3729:Dar es Salaam Institute of Technology
2334:. Greenwood Publishing. p. 610.
2297:
2295:
2293:
2249:
2247:
2203:
2201:
2199:
2163:
2161:
2159:
2157:
2155:
2153:
2151:
2149:
2147:
2145:
1803:. Greenwood Publishing. p. 610.
1390:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1372:
891:to become mnemonic honorary devices.
7:
3838:
3750:Julius Nyerere International Airport
503:Zaramo people distribution (approx).
401:varieties and irrigation methods to
56:Regions with significant populations
3683:1998 United States embassy bombings
627:figures may also be referred to as
3724:Dar es Salaam School of Journalism
3709:International School of Tanganyika
2027:The Politics of Cultural Pluralism
27:Ethnic group from Eastern Tanzania
25:
1190:Notable people of Zaramo heritage
871:(no longer in contemporary use,)
3849:
3837:
3826:
3825:
1150:(matting for fences and walls.)
1107:Baskets in a Singida marketplace
1088:are larger sturdier versions of
1040:, aren't incised, only painted.
883:grave figures are separate from
780:Zaramo medicine man's container.
629:mwana nya kiti, mwana nya nhiti,
593:, or the one who takes over the
62:
3704:Shaaban Robert Secondary School
1096:(food and winnowing trays) and
875:(translated to "grave posts,")
528:The male ceremony is termed as
3677:Mwalimu Nyerere Memorial House
2000:The History of Islam in Africa
1826:A Modern History of Tanganyika
1769:A Modern History of Tanganyika
1744:A Modern History of Tanganyika
1719:A Modern History of Tanganyika
1694:A Modern History of Tanganyika
1669:A Modern History of Tanganyika
1644:A Modern History of Tanganyika
1619:A Modern History of Tanganyika
1594:A Modern History of Tanganyika
1569:A Modern History of Tanganyika
1544:A Modern History of Tanganyika
1519:A Modern History of Tanganyika
1494:A Modern History of Tanganyika
1469:A Modern History of Tanganyika
1409:Pelrine, Diane Marie. (1991).
822:, or as healers and diviners,
798:. The traditional practice of
536:have a designated instructor,
1:
3734:College of Business Education
2056:Swantz, Marja-Liisa. (1995).
1889:. Routledge. pp. 35–37.
1142:(smaller, ovular versions of
494:Barghash bin Said of Zanzibar
3807:Dar es Salaam Marine Reserve
1332:10.1016/0160-7987(79)90031-0
647:meaning "wood" and "chair."
342:expansion. Before 1914, the
173:African Traditional Religion
3776:National Museum of Tanzania
3714:University of Dar es Salaam
3699:Open University of Tanzania
2328:James Stuart Olson (1996).
1797:James Stuart Olson (1996).
1291:Randall L. Pouwels (2002).
3893:
1997:; Randall Pouwels (2000).
1162:for "eye of the chicken,"
556:After eight more days the
3877:Ethnic groups in Tanzania
3820:
2466:Ethnic groups in Tanzania
2302:Felix, Marc Leo. (1990).
2180:Mshana, Fadhili Safieli.
1967:Elke Stockreiter (2015).
1364:Zaramo language: Tanzania
1254:, Encyclopædia Britannica
183:
162:
146:
60:
50:
2355:Lloyd W. Swantz (1990).
1446:10.1215/00141801-1536912
1264:Lloyd W. Swantz (1990).
1175:plant or berries of the
1126:. Types of mats include
1025:Finish and Ornamentation
809:their job. They live in
276:, more specifically the
2024:Crawford Young (1979).
746:Men are the carvers of
617:Figures (in Regards to
2404:Polfliet, Leo (1989).
1937:Bernard Calas (2010).
1910:Bernard Calas (2010).
1883:Gwyn Campbell (2015).
1225:Encyclopedia of Africa
1166:for "crossroads," and
1108:
1060:(vertical lines,) and
785:Culture and Livelihood
781:
770:
727:rites. This means the
655:as a "child of wood."
635:These names stem from
572:a dance of emergence.
504:
429:branch and the son of
334:Undoubtedly after the
236:, also referred to as
1824:Iliffe, John (1979).
1767:Iliffe, John (1979).
1742:Iliffe, John (1979).
1717:Iliffe, John (1979).
1692:Iliffe, John (1979).
1667:Iliffe, John (1979).
1642:Iliffe, John (1979).
1617:Iliffe, John (1979).
1592:Iliffe, John (1979).
1567:Iliffe, John (1979).
1542:Iliffe, John (1979).
1517:Iliffe, John (1979).
1492:Iliffe, John (1979).
1467:Iliffe, John (1979).
1106:
877:mashahidi wa makaburi
779:
768:
731:can also double as a
639:meaning "child," and
502:
179:Related ethnic groups
3719:College of Education
1134:(oval prayer mats,)
1064:(horizontal lines).
262:Dar es Salaam Region
78:Dar es Salaam Region
1010:fundi wa kufinyanga
35:
3812:Pande Game Reserve
3492:Chinese Tanzanians
1109:
782:
771:
505:
421:in the 1920s: the
281:rural landscapes.
104:Kigamboni District
100:Kinondoni District
3864:
3863:
3755:Bus rapid transit
3510:
3509:
3497:Indian Tanzanians
2368:978-91-7106-299-4
2341:978-0-313-27918-8
2037:978-0-299-06744-1
2010:978-0-8214-4461-0
1980:978-1-107-04841-6
1950:978-9987-08-094-6
1923:978-9987-08-094-6
1896:978-1-317-32008-1
1869:978-0-19-537348-6
1810:978-0-313-27918-8
1304:978-0-521-52309-7
1277:978-91-7106-299-4
1235:978-0-19-533770-9
873:nguzo za makaburi
230:
229:
202:
201:
131:Kisarawe District
127:Mkuranga District
123:Chalinze District
16:(Redirected from
3884:
3853:
3841:
3840:
3829:
3828:
3537:
3530:
3523:
3514:
3487:White Tanzanians
2459:
2452:
2445:
2436:
2418:
2417:
2401:
2395:
2394:
2379:
2373:
2372:
2352:
2346:
2345:
2325:
2316:
2315:
2299:
2288:
2287:
2251:
2242:
2241:
2205:
2194:
2193:
2177:
2140:
2139:
2129:
2121:
2095:
2080:
2079:
2053:
2042:
2041:
2021:
2015:
2014:
1995:Nehemia Levtzion
1991:
1985:
1984:
1964:
1955:
1954:
1934:
1928:
1927:
1907:
1901:
1900:
1880:
1874:
1873:
1853:
1840:
1839:
1821:
1815:
1814:
1794:
1783:
1782:
1764:
1758:
1757:
1739:
1733:
1732:
1714:
1708:
1707:
1689:
1683:
1682:
1664:
1658:
1657:
1639:
1633:
1632:
1614:
1608:
1607:
1589:
1583:
1582:
1564:
1558:
1557:
1539:
1533:
1532:
1514:
1508:
1507:
1489:
1483:
1482:
1464:
1458:
1457:
1429:
1423:
1422:
1406:
1367:
1361:
1352:
1351:
1315:
1309:
1308:
1288:
1282:
1281:
1261:
1255:
1249:
1240:
1239:
1219:
1122:are fans called
260:, particularly
204:
152:Swahili language
68:
66:
65:
46:Total population
36:
21:
3892:
3891:
3887:
3886:
3885:
3883:
3882:
3881:
3867:
3866:
3865:
3860:
3855:Tanzania Portal
3816:
3795:
3791:Askari Monument
3764:
3738:
3687:
3655:
3619:
3546:
3541:
3511:
3506:
3473:
3441:
3388:
3360:
3327:
3299:
3281:
3253:
3210:
3172:
3124:
3081:
3053:
3020:
2977:
2939:
2881:
2833:
2785:
2757:
2704:
2666:
2633:
2605:
2577:
2534:
2511:
2468:
2463:
2426:
2421:
2403:
2402:
2398:
2381:
2380:
2376:
2369:
2354:
2353:
2349:
2342:
2327:
2326:
2319:
2301:
2300:
2291:
2268:10.2307/3335347
2253:
2252:
2245:
2222:10.2307/2797857
2207:
2206:
2197:
2179:
2178:
2143:
2122:
2110:
2097:
2096:
2083:
2068:
2055:
2054:
2045:
2038:
2023:
2022:
2018:
2011:
1993:
1992:
1988:
1981:
1966:
1965:
1958:
1951:
1936:
1935:
1931:
1924:
1909:
1908:
1904:
1897:
1882:
1881:
1877:
1870:
1855:
1854:
1843:
1836:
1823:
1822:
1818:
1811:
1796:
1795:
1786:
1779:
1766:
1765:
1761:
1754:
1741:
1740:
1736:
1729:
1716:
1715:
1711:
1704:
1691:
1690:
1686:
1679:
1666:
1665:
1661:
1654:
1641:
1640:
1636:
1629:
1616:
1615:
1611:
1604:
1591:
1590:
1586:
1579:
1566:
1565:
1561:
1554:
1541:
1540:
1536:
1529:
1516:
1515:
1511:
1504:
1491:
1490:
1486:
1479:
1466:
1465:
1461:
1431:
1430:
1426:
1408:
1407:
1370:
1362:
1355:
1317:
1316:
1312:
1305:
1290:
1289:
1285:
1278:
1263:
1262:
1258:
1250:
1243:
1236:
1221:
1220:
1209:
1205:
1192:
1156:
1075:
1070:
1027:
1006:
950:
945:
921:
905:
897:
895:Prestige Staffs
889:motto wa bandia
861:
841:
832:
787:
773:
744:
711:must treat the
692:
669:
622:
578:
526:
518:
467:
415:
413:Colonial period
332:
315:
310:
287:
171:
135:Kibaha District
96:Ubungo District
88:Temeke District
63:
61:
41:
31:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3890:
3888:
3880:
3879:
3869:
3868:
3862:
3861:
3859:
3858:
3846:
3834:
3821:
3818:
3817:
3815:
3814:
3809:
3803:
3801:
3800:National Parks
3797:
3796:
3794:
3793:
3788:
3786:Uhuru Monument
3783:
3781:Nyerere Bridge
3778:
3772:
3770:
3766:
3765:
3763:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3746:
3744:
3740:
3739:
3737:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3695:
3693:
3689:
3688:
3686:
3685:
3680:
3674:
3669:
3667:Kunduchi Ruins
3663:
3661:
3657:
3656:
3654:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3627:
3625:
3621:
3620:
3618:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3591:
3590:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3554:
3552:
3548:
3547:
3542:
3540:
3539:
3532:
3525:
3517:
3508:
3507:
3505:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3483:
3481:
3475:
3474:
3472:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3455:
3453:
3443:
3442:
3440:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3398:
3396:
3390:
3389:
3387:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3370:
3368:
3362:
3361:
3359:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3337:
3335:
3329:
3328:
3326:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3309:
3307:
3301:
3300:
3298:
3297:
3291:
3289:
3283:
3282:
3280:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3263:
3261:
3255:
3254:
3252:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3220:
3218:
3212:
3211:
3209:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3182:
3180:
3174:
3173:
3171:
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3150:
3145:
3140:
3134:
3132:
3126:
3125:
3123:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3091:
3089:
3083:
3082:
3080:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3063:
3061:
3055:
3054:
3052:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3030:
3028:
3022:
3021:
3019:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2987:
2985:
2979:
2978:
2976:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2949:
2947:
2941:
2940:
2938:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2891:
2889:
2883:
2882:
2880:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2843:
2841:
2835:
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2832:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2795:
2793:
2787:
2786:
2784:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2767:
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2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2714:
2712:
2706:
2705:
2703:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2676:
2674:
2668:
2667:
2665:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2643:
2641:
2635:
2634:
2632:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2615:
2613:
2607:
2606:
2604:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2587:
2585:
2579:
2578:
2576:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2544:
2542:
2536:
2535:
2533:
2532:
2527:
2521:
2519:
2513:
2512:
2510:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2478:
2476:
2470:
2469:
2464:
2462:
2461:
2454:
2447:
2439:
2433:
2432:
2425:
2424:External links
2422:
2420:
2419:
2396:
2374:
2367:
2347:
2340:
2317:
2289:
2243:
2195:
2141:
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2081:
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2043:
2036:
2016:
2009:
1986:
1979:
1956:
1949:
1929:
1922:
1902:
1895:
1875:
1868:
1841:
1834:
1816:
1809:
1784:
1777:
1759:
1752:
1734:
1727:
1709:
1702:
1684:
1677:
1659:
1652:
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1627:
1609:
1602:
1584:
1577:
1559:
1552:
1534:
1527:
1509:
1502:
1484:
1477:
1459:
1440:(2): 353–385.
1424:
1368:
1353:
1326:(3): 169–173.
1310:
1303:
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1234:
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1204:
1201:
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1199:
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1069:
1066:
1026:
1023:
1005:
1002:
949:
946:
944:
941:
920:
917:
904:
903:Kifimbo Staffs
901:
896:
893:
860:
857:
840:
837:
831:
828:
786:
783:
743:
737:
691:
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668:
665:
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612:
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463:
414:
411:
346:, Zaramo, and
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144:
143:
139:
138:
120:
119:
111:
110:
92:Ilala District
84:
83:
75:
74:
58:
57:
53:
52:
48:
47:
43:
42:
39:
29:
26:
24:
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13:
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9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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3822:
3819:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3804:
3802:
3798:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3773:
3771:
3767:
3761:
3760:Commuter rail
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3747:
3745:
3741:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3696:
3694:
3690:
3684:
3681:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3672:Kimbiji Ruins
3670:
3668:
3665:
3664:
3662:
3658:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3628:
3626:
3622:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3589:
3586:
3585:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3555:
3553:
3549:
3545:
3544:Dar es Salaam
3538:
3533:
3531:
3526:
3524:
3519:
3518:
3515:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3484:
3482:
3480:
3476:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3456:
3454:
3452:
3448:
3444:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3399:
3397:
3395:
3391:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3371:
3369:
3367:
3363:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3338:
3336:
3334:
3330:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3310:
3308:
3306:
3302:
3296:
3293:
3292:
3290:
3288:
3284:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3264:
3262:
3260:
3256:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3221:
3219:
3217:
3213:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3183:
3181:
3179:
3175:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3135:
3133:
3131:
3127:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3092:
3090:
3088:
3084:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3064:
3062:
3060:
3056:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3031:
3029:
3027:
3023:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2988:
2986:
2984:
2980:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2950:
2948:
2946:
2942:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2892:
2890:
2888:
2884:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2844:
2842:
2840:
2836:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2796:
2794:
2792:
2788:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2768:
2766:
2764:
2760:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2715:
2713:
2711:
2707:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2677:
2675:
2673:
2669:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2644:
2642:
2640:
2636:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2616:
2614:
2612:
2608:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2588:
2586:
2584:
2580:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2545:
2543:
2541:
2537:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2522:
2520:
2518:
2517:Dar es Salaam
2514:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2479:
2477:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2460:
2455:
2453:
2448:
2446:
2441:
2440:
2437:
2431:
2428:
2427:
2423:
2415:
2411:
2408:. Fred Jahn.
2407:
2400:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2378:
2375:
2370:
2364:
2360:
2359:
2351:
2348:
2343:
2337:
2333:
2332:
2324:
2322:
2318:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2298:
2296:
2294:
2290:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2250:
2248:
2244:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2204:
2202:
2200:
2196:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2176:
2174:
2172:
2170:
2168:
2166:
2164:
2162:
2160:
2158:
2156:
2154:
2152:
2150:
2148:
2146:
2142:
2137:
2133:
2127:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2109:9781315309613
2105:
2102:. Routledge.
2101:
2094:
2092:
2090:
2088:
2086:
2082:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2063:
2059:
2052:
2050:
2048:
2044:
2039:
2033:
2029:
2028:
2020:
2017:
2012:
2006:
2002:
2001:
1996:
1990:
1987:
1982:
1976:
1972:
1971:
1963:
1961:
1957:
1952:
1946:
1942:
1941:
1933:
1930:
1925:
1919:
1915:
1914:
1906:
1903:
1898:
1892:
1888:
1887:
1879:
1876:
1871:
1865:
1861:
1860:
1852:
1850:
1848:
1846:
1842:
1837:
1835:9780511584114
1831:
1827:
1820:
1817:
1812:
1806:
1802:
1801:
1793:
1791:
1789:
1785:
1780:
1778:9780511584114
1774:
1770:
1763:
1760:
1755:
1753:9780511584114
1749:
1745:
1738:
1735:
1730:
1728:9780511584114
1724:
1720:
1713:
1710:
1705:
1703:9780511584114
1699:
1695:
1688:
1685:
1680:
1678:9780511584114
1674:
1670:
1663:
1660:
1655:
1653:9780511584114
1649:
1645:
1638:
1635:
1630:
1628:9780511584114
1624:
1620:
1613:
1610:
1605:
1603:9780511584114
1599:
1595:
1588:
1585:
1580:
1578:9780511584114
1574:
1570:
1563:
1560:
1555:
1553:9780511584114
1549:
1545:
1538:
1535:
1530:
1528:9780511584114
1524:
1520:
1513:
1510:
1505:
1503:9780511584114
1499:
1495:
1488:
1485:
1480:
1478:9780511584114
1474:
1470:
1463:
1460:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1428:
1425:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1399:
1397:
1395:
1393:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1360:
1358:
1354:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1314:
1311:
1306:
1300:
1296:
1295:
1287:
1284:
1279:
1273:
1269:
1268:
1260:
1257:
1253:
1252:Zaramo people
1248:
1246:
1242:
1237:
1231:
1227:
1226:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1208:
1202:
1197:
1194:
1193:
1189:
1187:
1185:
1184:fundi kusuka,
1180:
1178:
1174:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1160:jicho la kuku
1153:
1151:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1105:
1101:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1082:
1078:
1072:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1034:
1030:
1024:
1022:
1018:
1016:
1011:
1003:
1001:
999:
994:
992:
988:
984:
980:
978:
974:
971:
967:
963:
959:
954:
947:
942:
940:
938:
934:
930:
926:
918:
916:
914:
910:
902:
900:
894:
892:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
865:
859:Grave Markers
858:
856:
853:
850:
846:
838:
836:
829:
827:
825:
821:
815:
812:
808:
803:
801:
797:
793:
784:
778:
774:
767:
763:
761:
757:
753:
749:
742:
738:
736:
734:
730:
726:
721:
718:
714:
710:
706:
704:
700:
696:
689:
687:
684:
681:
677:
673:
666:
664:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
633:mwana mkongo.
630:
626:
620:
616:
613:
611:
609:
605:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
575:
573:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
523:
521:
515:
513:
509:
501:
497:
495:
491:
486:
484:
480:
476:
471:
464:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
444:
439:
435:
432:
428:
427:Belgian Congo
424:
420:
419:Dar es Salaam
412:
410:
406:
404:
400:
395:
392:
388:
383:
380:
375:
371:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
329:
327:
325:
321:
312:
307:
305:
303:
298:
296:
292:
284:
282:
279:
275:
271:
270:Dar es Salaam
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
234:Zaramo people
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
198:
197:Bantu peoples
194:
190:
186:
182:
177:
174:
169:
165:
161:
156:
153:
149:
145:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
118:
117:
116:
115:
109:
108:
107:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
82:
81:
80:
79:
73:
72:
71:
59:
54:
49:
44:
37:
19:
3848:
3836:
3824:
3162:
2529:
2405:
2399:
2383:
2377:
2357:
2350:
2330:
2303:
2262:(4): 62–96.
2259:
2256:African Arts
2255:
2213:
2209:
2181:
2099:
2057:
2026:
2019:
1999:
1989:
1969:
1939:
1932:
1912:
1905:
1885:
1878:
1858:
1825:
1819:
1799:
1768:
1762:
1743:
1737:
1718:
1712:
1693:
1687:
1668:
1662:
1643:
1637:
1618:
1612:
1593:
1587:
1568:
1562:
1543:
1537:
1518:
1512:
1493:
1487:
1468:
1462:
1437:
1434:Ethnohistory
1433:
1427:
1410:
1366:, Ethnologue
1323:
1319:
1313:
1293:
1286:
1266:
1259:
1224:
1196:Kimbamanduka
1183:
1181:
1176:
1172:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1157:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1110:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1080:
1079:
1076:
1061:
1057:
1054:huku na huku
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1035:
1031:
1028:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1007:
997:
995:
990:
986:
982:
981:
976:
972:
969:
965:
961:
957:
955:
951:
936:
932:
928:
924:
923:Traditional
922:
912:
908:
906:
898:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
866:
862:
851:
848:
844:
842:
833:
823:
819:
816:
810:
806:
804:
799:
795:
791:
788:
772:
759:
755:
751:
747:
745:
740:
732:
728:
724:
722:
716:
712:
708:
707:
702:
698:
694:
693:
682:
679:
675:
671:
670:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
623:
618:
614:
607:
603:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
579:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
527:
519:
510:
506:
487:
472:
468:
459:
455:
451:
447:
442:
440:
436:
416:
407:
396:
384:
379:Benedictines
376:
372:
333:
330:Islamization
320:Kamba people
316:
301:
299:
288:
266:Pwani Region
245:
241:
237:
233:
231:
195:& other
114:Pwani Region
112:
85:
76:
51:~0.7 million
30:Ethnic group
2763:Kilimanjaro
2306:. F. Jahn.
1056:(zig-zag,)
919:Kome Staffs
479:matrilineal
475:patrilineal
3578:Government
3551:Categories
3479:Immigrants
3148:Ndengereko
2067:0897893980
1203:References
1177:mzingefuri
933:Mwana hiti
885:mwana hiti
881:Mwana hiti
869:mwana hiti
760:mwana hiti
756:mwali hiti
752:Mwana hiti
748:mwana hiti
741:mwana hiti
729:mwana hiti
725:mwana hiti
713:mwana hiti
695:Mwali hiti
683:Mwana hiti
676:mwana hiti
672:Mwana hiti
667:Appearance
661:Mwana hiti
657:Mwana hiti
653:mwana hiti
625:Mwana Hiti
615:Mwana Hiti
516:Initiation
403:South Pare
3769:Landmarks
3743:Transport
3692:Education
3679:, Mzimuni
3641:Kinondoni
3636:Kigamboni
3624:Districts
3610:Transport
3595:Landmarks
3573:Education
3563:Districts
3558:Buildings
3379:Nyanyembe
3346:Nyamwanga
3259:Shinyanga
3234:Ndendeule
2414:901439254
2392:775999712
2384:Tanzania.
2276:0001-9933
2230:0025-1496
2216:: 72–73.
2126:cite book
2118:974669106
1454:0014-1801
1419:896633399
1340:0160-7987
807:biashara,
739:Creating
645:nya nhiti
336:Maji Maji
142:Languages
3871:Category
3831:Category
3588:Timeline
3447:Zanzibar
3374:Nyamwezi
3277:Nyamwezi
2983:Morogoro
2958:Nyakyusa
2857:Barabaig
2799:Machinga
2728:Holoholo
2312:27677384
2190:45175925
2076:30811740
1090:pakacha.
1068:Basketry
1050:mapambo,
966:kikaango
690:Function
641:nya kiti
604:mnhunga.
591:shangazi
490:Zanzibar
291:Kizaramo
285:Language
258:Tanzania
252:) are a
246:Wazaramo
226:Kizaramo
223:Language
218:Wazaramo
158:Religion
70:Tanzania
40:Wazaramo
3843:Commons
3660:History
3583:History
3568:Economy
3469:Swahili
3464:Shirazi
3437:Swahili
3384:Swahili
3323:Nyaturu
3305:Singida
3224:Matengo
3201:Tumbuka
3158:Swahili
3049:Swahili
3034:Makonde
3016:Vidunda
2920:Ngurimi
2867:Kw'adza
2839:Manyara
2829:Swahili
2814:Makonde
2804:Matumbi
2748:Swahili
2738:Manyema
2690:Konongo
2647:Hangaza
2573:Sandawe
2553:Burunge
2525:Swahili
2487:Datooga
2284:3335347
2238:2797857
1168:vinyota
1154:Process
1140:vitanga
1124:vipepeo
1081:Pakacha
1062:ukumbuo
1058:mistari
1046:marembo
1004:Process
973:Chetezo
970:bakuli.
958:chungu,
943:Pottery
913:Kifimbo
909:kifimbo
852:Tambiko
849:mizimu.
820:mafundi
811:pangone
796:Mulungu
733:tambiko
610:dance.
595:mwali's
587:mwali's
576:Females
538:mhunga,
483:Makonde
465:Society
423:Manyema
356:Matumbi
340:Islamic
313:Origins
308:History
278:Shafi'i
274:Muslims
250:Swahili
238:Dzalamo
210:Mzaramo
3651:Ubungo
3646:Temeke
3605:Sports
3600:People
3459:Hadimu
3449:&
3432:Zigula
3427:Sambaa
3422:Segeju
3407:Dhaiso
3402:Bondei
3366:Tabora
3356:Lambya
3341:Malila
3333:Songwe
3318:Isanzu
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