326:
local
Bornuan garrison began to exercise an increasing about of autonomy from Bornuan authority, ushering in a period of Semi-Independence as influence from the Hafsids began to grow. This period was brought to an abrupt end with the Ottoman conquest of Fezzan, but failure to integrate the economy of the Libyan countryside with the Mediterranean coast led to the disruption of the trans-Saharan trade routes which affected the town's prosperity and it lost its importance and rank of capital. When the
599:
59:
564:
130:
66:
325:
Kanemi rule seems to have been relatively intermittent after the conquest of Fezzan by the end of the 12th century. During this time period, Zawila became one of the many slave-colonies established by Kanem-Bornu throughout their lands and became known for the extraction of salt. Evebtually, the
290:, who, coming from Egypt, conquered the region in the 1170s. The instability created by Qaraqush was exploited by the Kanem, who by the end of the 12th century had seized control of the Fezzan, establishing a new capital at
294:, a few miles west of Zawila. During this period, Zawila enjoyed considerable prosperity from irrigated agriculture, its production of a leather variety named after the town, and its privileged position on the
467:
A Sudanic chronicle: The Borno expeditions of Idrīs Alauma (1564-1576) : according to the account of Aḥmad B. Furṭū ; arabic text, english translation, commentary and geographical gazetteer
263:
captured the town in 762/63, and killed its Ibadi ruler, Abd Allah ibn Hayyan, but
Ibadism persisted in Zuwila and the Fezzan in general. The town then became part of the
674:
260:
241:(666/67 CE), there was no city there. Zawila was settled probably in the early 8th century. It very quickly became the chief town of the region.
510:
423:
530:
90:
475:
448:
267:
domains, albeit lying on the extreme eastern periphery of their realm. After the demise of the
Rustamid dynasty at the hands of the
598:
552:
282:
started raiding the region in the 11th century, but the Banu
Khattab held power until they were conquered by an Armenian
58:
684:
401:
392:
122:
334:
as their capital to the west of Zawila, the trade routes were diverted there, and Zawila fell into obscurity.
679:
17:
287:
186:
545:
295:
350:
Amraja M. el
Khajkhaj, "Noumou al Mudon as Sagheera fi Libia", Dar as Saqia, Benghazi-2008, p.121.
396:
152:
516:
506:
481:
471:
444:
419:
314:. Alongside the Berbers, the town was inhabited by a free black settler population, likely of
411:
384:
633:
271:, in 918/19 Zawila became the capital of another independent Ibadi state, under the Berber
568:
538:
380:
303:
157:
298:
networks. The city was cosmopolitan and rich, the site of one of the largest markets of
502:
The
Ottoman Scramble for Africa : Empire and Diplomacy in the Sahara and the Hijaz
388:
327:
668:
415:
319:
315:
234:
376:
279:
272:
441:
African dominion : a new history of empire in early and medieval West Africa
307:
223:
520:
238:
485:
105:
92:
177:
268:
264:
256:
306:. The Fatimids recruited soldiers from the area, whence the name of the
648:
638:
618:
291:
252:
248:
245:
500:
643:
628:
623:
587:
465:
331:
283:
227:
182:
145:
653:
572:
563:
311:
299:
135:
534:
443:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. pp. 28–9.
606:
579:
176:
168:
163:
151:
141:
121:
28:
244:During its early history, it was dominated by the
222:) is a village in southwestern Libya. During the
546:
8:
33:
553:
539:
531:
402:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
25:
343:
175:
162:
120:
85:
51:
370:
368:
366:
364:
362:
360:
358:
356:
275:dynasty, which lasted until 1176/77.
167:
150:
140:
7:
410:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. p. 466.
675:Populated places in Murzuq District
34:
261:Muhammad ibn al-Ash'ath al-Khuza'i
14:
597:
562:
416:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_8133
128:
64:
57:
237:passed through the area in 46
1:
65:
226:, it was the capital of the
470:. Steiner-Verl. Wiesbaden.
701:
15:
595:
464:Ibn-Furṭū, Aḥmad (1987).
86:
52:
45:
439:Gomez, Michael (2018).
18:Zawila (disambiguation)
288:Sharaf al-Din Qaraqush
251:, who mostly followed
375:Vikør, K. S. (2002).
106:26.16667°N 15.11667°E
23:Town in Fezzan, Libya
330:dynasty established
16:For other uses, see
296:trans-Saharan trade
102: /
607:Towns and villages
302:captured from the
169: • Total
111:26.16667; 15.11667
685:History of Fezzan
662:
661:
512:978-0-8047-9929-4
499:Minawi, Mostafa.
425:978-90-04-12756-2
193:
192:
78:Location in Libya
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601:
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548:
541:
532:
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461:
455:
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436:
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397:Heinrichs, W. P.
372:
351:
348:
134:
132:
131:
117:
116:
114:
113:
112:
107:
103:
100:
99:
98:
95:
68:
67:
61:
37:
36:
26:
700:
699:
695:
694:
693:
691:
690:
689:
665:
664:
663:
658:
602:
593:
575:
569:Murzuq District
561:
559:
529:
528:
513:
498:
497:
493:
478:
463:
462:
458:
451:
438:
437:
433:
426:
389:Bosworth, C. E.
374:
373:
354:
349:
345:
340:
304:Lake Chad basin
129:
127:
110:
108:
104:
101:
96:
93:
91:
89:
88:
82:
81:
80:
79:
76:
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73:
69:
48:
41:
38:
31:
24:
21:
12:
11:
5:
698:
696:
688:
687:
682:
680:Oases of Libya
677:
667:
666:
660:
659:
657:
656:
651:
646:
641:
636:
631:
626:
621:
616:
610:
608:
604:
603:
596:
594:
592:
591:
583:
581:
577:
576:
560:
558:
557:
550:
543:
535:
527:
526:
511:
491:
476:
456:
449:
431:
424:
393:van Donzel, E.
381:Bearman, P. J.
352:
342:
341:
339:
336:
328:Awlad Muhammad
198:(also spelled
191:
190:
180:
174:
173:
170:
166:
165:
161:
160:
155:
149:
148:
143:
139:
138:
125:
119:
118:
84:
83:
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71:
70:
63:
62:
56:
55:
54:
53:
50:
49:
46:
43:
42:
39:
32:
29:
22:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
697:
686:
683:
681:
678:
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672:
670:
655:
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477:3-515-04926-6
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450:9780691177427
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398:
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386:
385:Bianquis, Th.
382:
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371:
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297:
293:
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281:
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258:
254:
250:
247:
242:
240:
236:
235:Uqba ibn Nafi
231:
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217:
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209:
205:
201:
197:
188:
184:
181:
179:
171:
159:
156:
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147:
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137:
126:
124:
115:
87:Coordinates:
60:
44:
40:Zuila, Zweila
27:
19:
613:
586:
501:
494:
466:
459:
440:
434:
407:
400:
346:
324:
280:Kanem Empire
277:
273:Banu Khattab
243:
232:
219:
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207:
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195:
194:
308:Bab Zuwayla
224:Middle Ages
109: /
669:Categories
521:1198931477
406:Volume XI:
338:References
164:Population
97:15°07′00″E
94:26°10′00″N
486:310929267
178:Time zone
399:(eds.).
377:"Zawīla"
322:origin.
310:gate in
269:Fatimids
265:Rustamid
257:Abbasids
230:region.
153:District
649:Traghan
639:Tajarhi
619:Al Wigh
580:Capital
292:Traghan
253:Ibadism
249:Berbers
246:Hawwara
220:Zuweila
216:Zuwayla
212:Zawilah
123:Country
644:Tmassa
629:Qatrun
624:Funqul
614:Zawila
588:Murzuk
519:
509:
484:
474:
447:
422:
395:&
332:Murzuk
320:Kanuri
316:Toubou
284:Mamluk
259:under
255:. The
228:Fezzan
204:Zweila
196:Zawila
158:Murzuq
146:Fezzan
142:Region
133:
654:Zizau
634:Qawat
573:Libya
379:. In
312:Cairo
300:slave
233:When
208:Zwila
200:Zuila
183:UTC+2
172:4,018
136:Libya
72:Zwila
35:زويلة
30:Zwila
517:OCLC
507:ISBN
482:OCLC
472:ISBN
445:ISBN
420:ISBN
318:and
278:The
239:A.H.
47:Town
412:doi
408:W–Z
218:or
187:EET
671::
571:,
515:.
505:.
480:.
418:.
404:.
391:;
387:;
383:;
355:^
286:,
214:,
210:,
206:,
202:,
554:e
547:t
540:v
523:.
488:.
453:.
428:.
414::
189:)
185:(
20:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
