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belly, and undertail. On the wings, the lesser and median upper-wing coverts are grey, while the rest of the wing is a slightly glossy blue-black. Its blue-black tail is relatively long and square-ended. Its legs are black. When the plumage becomes worn, the upperparts appear to have a brownish tinge. The juvenile
Stresemann's bushcrow is slightly duller than the adult, and the feathers of the body and upperwings are fringed with creamy-fawn. The facial skin, bill, and legs are also a dull grey.
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young. The helpers may also not be restricted to helping one nest at a time, as they have been seen at nests across the loose colonies. Allofeeding and allopreening, where the birds feed or preen each other, takes place both between the pair and with the other bushcrows in the colony. The bushcrow lays its eggs shortly after the first rains, which normally occur in late
February and early March, leading to its eggs being laid in late March and early April.
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When it catches something, it carries it to the nearest tree or bush, pins it down with its foot, and kills and eats the prey. This species has also been seen using its beak to tear apart rotten wood and inspecting cattle dung in the search for food. It may also land on the backs of cattle to search for parasites. It can also chase flying insects, which it does on foot, abruptly changing direction and taking flying leaps after its prey. It often mixes with
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absent from areas of suitable habitat near seemingly identical but inhabited land. However recent research has revealed that the bird appears to inhabit an area with a very precise average temperature extreme, all of the seemingly suitable but uninhabited surrounding lands actually have a slightly higher average temperature that appears to prevent the birds from successfully colonizing. It is also not found near the scattered broadleaf woodland made up of
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411:. Overall it is pale grey with a black tail and wings. The head, mantle, scapulars, back, rump, and uppertail coverts are all a pale grey. The feathers on the forehead, upper ear-coverts, and throat fade into white. The bright azure skin around the bushcrow's eye is featherless and can be inflated, narrowing the blackish-brown eye into a slit. The feathers behind the eye are capable of moving to reveal an oblong pink patch of skin. The bird's black
70:
603:; climate change is predicted to reduced its range by 90% by 2070 in even the best-case scenarios (occupied range can often overestimate the number of individuals occupying the range, so the estimated population reduction may be even more than 90%), dramatically increasing the risk of extinction, with worse scenarios leading to total extinction in the wild. A similar outcome is predicted for the
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The
Stresemann's bushcrow nests either alone or in a small, loosely connected colony of three to five nests. It is monogamous and may form a lifelong pair bond. The bushcrow occasionally has a third bird, or in rare cases two to four more, help the breeding couple both build the nest and care for the
415:
decurves into a sharply pointed tip and is relatively small for a corvid. This beak is 33 to 39 millimeters (1.3 to 1.5 in) long. The feathers on the bird's chin are fine and can form a small tuft when erected. The bushcrow's breast and flanks are pale grey, fading into white on the rear flanks,
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tree 5 to 6 meters (16 to 20 ft) above the ground. This leads to the paired bushcrows becoming excited, engorging their blue facial skin. Almost ritualistically the pair then pick the acacia's leaves and twigs, dropping them to the ground. The pair end this display by chasing each other through
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The nest is an untidy globular structure, on which the roof tapers to a point that has an opening into the interior chamber. The nest is 60 centimeters (24 in) in diameter while the interior chamber is 30 centimeters (12 in) across. To start constructing the nest, a single twig is inserted
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The bushcrow feeds both on the ground and in trees. It begins foraging at sunrise. While foraging, a bushcrow can be alone, in a pair, or in a group of six or seven other bushcrows. A foraging bushcrow digs vigorously in the soil while its beak is held slightly open to catch any insects it unearths.
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thornbushes. The bird prefers open short-grass savannas with scattered stands of these mature thornbushes. The soil must be deep and rich to support the bushcrow. It is most numerous when these stands are next to agricultural fields. For many years it was unknown why the species could be completely
313:
near
Yavello (Javello), Mega, and Arero. It can be curiously absent from apparently suitable country near these areas; the reasons for this were formerly unclear, but are now thought to be related to the species requiring a "bubble" of lower temperature for proper foraging, which is only present
578:
Changes in the grazing habits of
Ethiopia's indigenous peoples following the recent trend of settling in permanent villages have negatively impacted the Stresemann's bushcrow. While previously grazers left the soil loose and covered in dung to support the bushcrow's prey, this new lifestyle has
419:
The bushcrow is a very vocal species, particularly when foraging. Its main contact call has been described as a single metallic "kej". While flying, the species frequently calls out a nasal, rapid "kerr kerr kerr". While these are the most frequent vocalizations, several others are known.
420:
Allopreening adults utter a metallic "kaw, kaw, kaw". Foraging birds call out "how, how, how", a single, quiet "quak", and a soft, repeated "guw". While building its nest, the bushcrow is known to utter a low "keh" sound, and adults utter a deep "waw" while rubbing their bills together.
590:
The IUCN Red List of
Threatened Species lists the Stresemann's bushcrow as endangered because of its very restricted range and loss of suitable habitat. The population seems to be declining rapidly and in 2007 it was estimated that there might be fewer than 10,000 birds remaining.
569:
Prior to modern settlement in villages, the nomadic indigenous peoples of
Ethiopia provided easy hunting grounds for the bushcrow as they left loose, dung-covered soil behind as they moved their cattle. This provided a rich abundance of beetle larvae for the bushcrow to feed upon.
611:), which shares the same habitat and likely similar requirements, although the estimated range reduction is much lower for the swallow. Both species may be the only examples of warm-blooded animals whose range is fully driven by the climate. Intensive conservation such as
587:, acacia trees are being collected for firewood, removing the bushcrow's nesting site. While protected under law, this sanctuary has difficulties enforcing the law. It is believed that between 1999 and 2003 the population of the bushcrow declined by 80%.
558:
the trees before continuing construction. The nest is made out of thorny twigs while the interior chamber is lined with dry grass and dried cattle dung. Damp soil is used to keep the initial twigs connected. Old nests are repaired and reused.
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itself is globular in shape with a tubular entrance on top. It is possible that more than just the breeding pair visit the nest and that the young of previous years help in rearing the young.
527:
while foraging. When hunting in the trees, it is capable of walking atop horizontal branches and jumping upwards towards the crown, then descending in a glide from the crown to the ground.
365:. Other authors have placed it in its own monotypic family, Zavattariornithidae. DNA-sequencing analysis supports its placement in the corvids, with its closest relatives being the
1072:
275:
and is a bluish-grey in overall colour which becomes almost white on the forehead. The throat and chest are creamy-white with the tail and wings a glossy black. The black
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5352:
1181:
dos Anjos, Luiz; Debus, Stephen; Madge, Steve; Marzluff, John (2009). "Family
Corvidae (Crows)". In del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Christie, David (eds.).
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resulted in overgrazing and soil compaction in some areas. The idea of private land ownership has also led to intensive planting of cash crops such as
5406:
391:, an Italian zoologist and explorer who served as the director of Rome University's Zoological Institute between 1935 and 1958. Its name commemorates
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Up to six eggs are laid in the nest. The bushcrow's eggs are cream-colored with pale lilac blotches that concentrate into a ring at the wider end.
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have a tendency to bleach to brown at their tips. The iris of the bird is brown and the eye is surrounded by a band of naked bright blue skin. The
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41:
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This species has numerous common names, including
Stresemann's bushcrow, bush-crow, Ethiopian bushcrow, Abyssinian bushcrow, and Zavattariornis.
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Due to its extremely unusual and specific temperature requirements, the
Stresemann's bushcrow is considered one of the most threatened birds by
5121:
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924:
407:
The Stresemann's bushcrow is about 28 centimeters (11 in) long and weighs 130 grams (4.6 oz). The genders look similar and are not
1274:
696:
Bladon, Andrew J.; Donald, Paul F.; Collar, Nigel J.; Denge, Jarso; Dadacha, Galgalo; Wondafrash, Mengistu; Green, Rhys E. (2021-05-19).
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within its small range, making it one of the few warm-blooded animals whose survival is wholly dependent on temperature (along with the
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for climate change, allowing them to test the reliability of habitat models for other threatened animals. Both may also serve as
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1073:"Scientists discover an 'invisible barrier' that holds the answer to one of nature's little mysteries | BirdLife Community"
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357:, have suggested that it may belong in another family. Some authors placed the species within the starling family
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Bladon, A.J.; Donald, P.F.; Jones, S.E.I.; Collar, N.J.; Deng, J.; Dadacha, G.; Abebe, Y.D.; Green, R.E. (2019).
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839:"Ultraconserved elements support the elevation of a new avian family, Eurocephalidae, the white-crowned shrikes"
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may be necessary to preserve the Stresemann's bushcrow. The birds and their projected decline may be used as
1095:"Behavioural thermoregulation and climatic range restriction in the globally threatened Ethiopian Bush‐crow
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The Stresemann's bushcrow is normally found in groups of about six birds. This species does not migrate.
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698:"Climatic change and extinction risk of two globally threatened Ethiopian endemic bird species"
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1154:"Monitoring species condemned to extinction may help save others as global temperatures rise"
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494:. Its habitat is between 1,300 and 1,800 meters (4,300 and 5,900 ft) above sea level.
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are projected in the future, making it one of the birds most threatened by climate change.
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to central-southern Ethiopia. It lives in a small area circumscribed by the towns of
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McCullough, J.M.; Hruska, J.P.; Oliveros, C.H.; Moyle, R.G.; Andersen, M.J. (2023).
583:. The rich soil that the species needs to forage is also prime farming land. In the
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Stresemann's bushcrow was formally described in 1938 by the Italian ornithologist
290:. Breeding usually starts in March, with the birds building their nest high in an
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349:; however, several atypical features, such as its lice being from the suborder
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since its description. It has long been considered a member of the crow family
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1187:. Vol. 14. Bush-shrikes to Old World Sparrows. Barcelona: Lynx Editions.
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353:, its bare facial skin being capable of movement, and the structure of its
1246:
Gedeon, Kai (2006) Observations on the biology of the Ethiopean Bush Crow
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The range of this species is quite restricted, it being confined to thorn
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1223:
Crows and Jays: A Guide to the Crows, Jays, and Magpies of the World
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It eats primarily invertebrates and specifically insects, including
471:
The Stresemann's bushcrow lives in flat savanna covered with mature
5274:
4270:
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445:
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due to the bushcrow's similarities in behavior and size with the
2083:
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for the impacts of climate change on avian diversity in Africa.
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Feeding is usually in small groups and the bird takes mainly
1140:
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824:
373:. It has been suggested that the bushcrow is a surviving
1202:
Fry, C. Hilary; Keith, Stuart; Urban, Emil K. (2000).
942:"Bush-crow diaries: The mystery of the Abyssinian Pie"
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1272:
Anthony Disley line drawing of Stresemann's bushcrow
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452:, and settles in wildlife under protection within
264:-like bird, which is a member of the crow family,
672:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22705877A94039369.en
341:. The species has been placed in several bird
294:tree. The birds usually lay five to six cream
3302:
1304:
8:
912:The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names
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540:moths, are eaten as well as the adults.
377:ancestor to several of these relatives.
772:novum genus et nova species Corvidarum"
636:
321:). This requirement makes it extremely
460:. Its total range covers about 2,400
7:
1225:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company.
915:. London: Christopher Helm. p.
691:
689:
1221:Madge, Steve; Burn, Hilary (1994).
658:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1184:Handbook of the Birds of the World
534:. Larvae and pupae, especially of
25:
1268:from the Internet Bird Collection
1252:Bulletin of the African Bird Club
268:. It is slightly larger than the
5407:IUCN Red List endangered species
5131:
5125:
5120:
5114:
4303:
4298:
3817:
3812:
946:Scientific American Blog Network
647:BirdLife International. (2016).
93:
779:Ornithologische Monatsberichte
1:
1463:Black racket-tailed treepie (
1204:The Birds of Africa Volume VI
723:10.1371/journal.pone.0249633
323:vulnerable to climate change
283:, legs, and feet are black.
2941:White-throated Magpie-jay (
2932:Black-throated magpie-jay (
1702:Yellow-billed blue magpie (
1255:Vol 13 No 2 pages 178 - 188
852:10.1093/ornithology/ukad025
5438:
5384:Zavattariornis-stresemanni
5218:zavattariornis-stresemanni
5191:Zavattariornis stresemanni
5161:Zavattariornis stresemanni
1642:Indochinese green magpie (
1284:BirdLife Species Factsheet
1248:Zavattariornis stresemanni
1206:. London: Academic Press.
1097:Zavattariornis stresemanni
1075:. Birdlife.org. 2012-03-16
909:Jobling, James A. (2010).
770:Zavattariornis stresemanni
651:Zavattariornis stresemanni
585:Yabello Wildlife Sanctuary
521:red-billed buffalo weavers
239:Zavattariornis stresemanni
203:Zavattariornis stresemanni
51:Yabello Wildlife Sanctuary
35:Stresemann's bushcrow
5417:Endemic birds of Ethiopia
5112:
4329:
4316:
4296:
3843:
3830:
3810:
3377:
3364:
3326:
2718:
2701:
1929:
1912:
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1371:
1327:
1319:Extant species of family
454:Yabelo Wildlife Sanctuary
298:with lilac blotches. The
254:, or by its generic name
226:
217:
199:
192:
90:Scientific classification
88:
66:
57:
48:
39:
34:
3321:and their extinct allies
1693:Red-billed blue magpie (
1594:Ratchet-tailed treepie (
665:: e.T22705877A94039369.
565:Relationship with humans
424:Distribution and habitat
5422:Birds described in 1938
2868:Woodhouse's scrub jay (
2563:Hispaniolan palm crow (
1888:Stresemann's bushcrow (
1711:Sri Lanka blue magpie (
1523:White-bellied treepie (
513:white-crowned starlings
3166:Silvery-throated jay (
2850:California scrub jay (
2427:Eastern carrion crow (
2020:Yellow-billed magpie (
1822:Turkestan ground jay (
1813:Mongolian ground jay (
1651:Bornean green magpie (
1572:Bornean black magpie (
1563:Malayan black magpie (
327:extinction in the wild
3007:Purplish-backed jay (
2752:Azure-winged magpie (
2312:Eastern jungle crow (
2267:Slender-billed crow (
2171:New Caledonian crow (
2065:Black-rumped magpie (
2011:Black-billed magpie (
1804:Xinjiang ground jay (
1720:White-winged magpie (
1633:Common green magpie (
1514:Black-faced treepie (
1266:Stresemann's bushcrow
1141:dos Anjos et al. 2009
1060:Madge & Burn 1994
1048:dos Anjos et al. 2009
897:Madge & Burn 1994
825:dos Anjos et al. 2009
242:), also known as the
234:Stresemann's bushcrow
3238:White-collared jay (
3220:Black-throated jay (
3193:White-throated jay (
3175:Black-collared jay (
2620:Thick-billed raven (
2593:White-necked raven (
2445:Brown-necked raven (
2321:Indian jungle crow (
1972:Kashmir nutcracker (
1963:Clark's nutcracker (
1954:Spotted nutcracker (
1831:Iranian ground jay (
1684:Taiwan blue magpie (
1660:Javan green magpie (
605:white-tailed swallow
517:red-billed hornbills
498:Ecology and behavior
458:Borana National Park
319:white-tailed swallow
309:country in southern
3088:Bushy-crested jay (
3034:Plush-crested jay (
2998:Black-chested jay (
2886:Transvolcanic jay (
2877:Florida scrub jay (
2527:White-necked crow (
2391:Mesopotamian crow (
2303:Large-billed crow (
2216:White-billed crow (
2153:Bougainville crow (
2144:Brown-headed crow (
1417:Red-billed chough (
714:2021PLoSO..1649633B
553:into the top of an
185:Z. stresemanni
60:Conservation status
3973:Machaerirhynchidae
3184:Azure-hooded jay (
3106:White-tailed jay (
3043:Curl-crested jay (
2859:Island scrub jay (
2500:Chihuahuan raven (
2436:Fan-tailed raven (
2207:Long-billed crow (
2126:Australian raven (
1532:Sumatran treepie (
1277:2003-07-30 at the
617:assisted migration
409:sexually dimorphic
252:Ethiopian bushcrow
5394:
5393:
5366:Open Tree of Life
5153:Taxon identifiers
5144:
5143:
5140:
5139:
5110:
5109:
5037:
5036:
4818:
4817:
4312:
4311:
4294:
4293:
3967:
3966:
3826:
3825:
3808:
3807:
3284:
3283:
3280:
3279:
3276:
3275:
3272:
3271:
3079:Azure-naped jay (
3061:White-naped jay (
2820:
2819:
2764:
2763:
2697:
2696:
2693:
2692:
2689:
2688:
2641:
2640:
2536:Cuban palm crow (
2529:C. leucognaphalus
2509:Tamaulipas crow (
2493:C. brachyrhynchos
2077:
2076:
2038:Oriental magpie (
2029:Eurasian magpie (
1984:
1983:
1908:
1907:
1904:
1903:
1900:
1899:
1865:
1864:
1767:Lanceolated jay (
1732:
1731:
1695:U. erythrorhyncha
1606:
1605:
1496:Bornean treepie (
1487:Andaman treepie (
1429:
1428:
1194:978-84-96553-50-7
1116:10.1111/ibi.12660
926:978-1-4081-2501-4
621:indicator species
609:Hirundo megaensis
462:square kilometers
389:Edoardo Zavattari
231:
230:
227:Distribution map
174:
83:
16:(Redirected from
5429:
5387:
5386:
5374:
5373:
5361:
5360:
5348:
5347:
5335:
5334:
5322:
5321:
5309:
5308:
5296:
5295:
5283:
5282:
5270:
5269:
5257:
5256:
5247:
5246:
5234:
5233:
5231:D083CE5855462E31
5221:
5220:
5208:
5207:
5195:
5194:
5193:
5180:
5179:
5178:
5148:
5135:
5129:
5124:
5118:
4981:
4685:
4530:
4485:
4475:
4465:
4455:
4331:
4318:
4307:
4302:
3982:Machaerirhynchus
3921:
3874:
3845:
3832:
3821:
3816:
3654:
3623:
3500:Eulacestomatidae
3379:
3366:
3311:
3304:
3297:
3288:
3262:G. cyanocephalus
3124:Violaceous jay (
3090:C. melanocyaneus
2925:
2895:Unicolored jay (
2843:
2832:
2776:
2743:Iberian magpie (
2729:
2720:
2713:
2703:
2652:
2622:C. crassirostris
2589:
2585:Tropical African
2487:
2483:Central American
2462:
2387:
2305:C. macrorhynchos
2263:
2233:
2180:Torresian crow (
2146:C. fuscicapillus
2113:
2089:
2047:Maghreb magpie (
1997:
1974:N. multipunctata
1956:N. caryocatactes
1940:
1931:
1924:
1914:
1876:
1797:
1744:
1619:
1541:Rufous treepie (
1454:Hooded treepie (
1440:
1394:
1387:
1373:
1313:
1306:
1299:
1290:
1236:
1217:
1198:
1168:
1167:
1165:
1164:
1150:
1144:
1138:
1121:
1120:
1118:
1090:
1084:
1083:
1081:
1080:
1069:
1063:
1057:
1051:
1045:
950:
949:
937:
931:
930:
906:
900:
894:
857:
856:
854:
834:
828:
822:
787:
786:
776:
764:Moltoni, Edgardo
760:
754:
753:
743:
725:
693:
684:
683:
681:
679:
674:
644:
625:flagship species
613:captive breeding
525:superb starlings
428:This species is
393:Erwin Stresemann
363:wattled starling
222:
205:
172:
98:
97:
77:
72:
71:
44:
32:
21:
5437:
5436:
5432:
5431:
5430:
5428:
5427:
5426:
5397:
5396:
5395:
5390:
5382:
5377:
5369:
5364:
5356:
5351:
5343:
5338:
5330:
5325:
5317:
5312:
5304:
5299:
5291:
5286:
5278:
5273:
5265:
5260:
5252:
5250:
5242:
5237:
5229:
5224:
5216:
5211:
5203:
5198:
5189:
5188:
5183:
5174:
5173:
5168:
5155:
5145:
5136:
5106:
5033:
5013:
4970:
4950:
4814:
4780:
4674:
4647:
4620:
4600:
4580:
4356:
4325:
4308:
4290:
4130:
4110:
4076:
4056:
3987:
3963:
3943:
3892:
3863:
3839:
3822:
3804:
3784:
3764:
3737:
3710:
3668:Pachycephalidae
3662:
3608:
3574:
3554:
3534:
3514:
3494:
3473:Cinclosomatidae
3467:
3373:
3360:
3322:
3315:
3285:
3268:
3246:
3229:Turquoise jay (
3211:Beautiful jay (
3150:
3117:C. sanblasianus
3045:C. cristatellus
2982:
2974:Steller's jay (
2949:
2923:
2922:
2912:
2879:A. coerulescens
2841:
2840:
2816:
2810:P. internigrans
2760:
2724:
2714:
2711:
2685:
2676:Western jackdaw
2666:Daurian jackdaw
2637:
2582:
2572:Sinaloan crow (
2518:Jamaican crow (
2502:C. cryptoleucus
2491:American crow (
2476:
2455:
2376:
2339:Collared crow (
2314:C. levaillantii
2256:
2237:Hawaiian crow (
2226:
2173:C. moneduloides
2135:Bismarck crow (
2102:
2073:
1990:
1980:
1925:
1922:
1896:
1871:
1861:
1839:
1795:
1794:
1784:
1728:
1704:U. flavirostris
1668:
1612:
1602:
1580:
1549:
1471:
1425:
1408:Alpine chough (
1381:
1367:
1323:
1317:
1279:Wayback Machine
1262:
1243:
1241:Further reading
1233:
1220:
1214:
1201:
1195:
1180:
1177:
1172:
1171:
1162:
1160:
1152:
1151:
1147:
1139:
1124:
1092:
1091:
1087:
1078:
1076:
1071:
1070:
1066:
1058:
1054:
1046:
953:
940:Jones, Samuel.
939:
938:
934:
927:
908:
907:
903:
895:
860:
836:
835:
831:
823:
790:
774:
762:
761:
757:
708:(5): e0249633.
695:
694:
687:
677:
675:
646:
645:
638:
633:
597:
576:
567:
546:
508:
500:
450:Sidamo Province
426:
405:
383:The genus name
339:Edgardo Moltoni
335:
213:
207:
201:
188:
171:
92:
84:
73:
69:
62:
28:
27:Species of bird
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5435:
5433:
5425:
5424:
5419:
5414:
5409:
5399:
5398:
5392:
5391:
5389:
5388:
5375:
5362:
5349:
5336:
5323:
5310:
5297:
5284:
5271:
5258:
5248:
5235:
5222:
5209:
5205:Zavattariornis
5196:
5181:
5165:
5163:
5157:
5156:
5151:
5142:
5141:
5138:
5137:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5107:
5105:
5104:
5097:
5090:
5083:
5076:
5069:
5062:
5055:
5047:
5045:
5039:
5038:
5035:
5034:
5032:
5031:
5023:
5021:
5015:
5014:
5012:
5011:
5004:
4997:
4994:Chaetorhynchus
4989:
4987:
4978:
4972:
4971:
4969:
4968:
4960:
4958:
4952:
4951:
4949:
4948:
4941:
4934:
4927:
4920:
4913:
4906:
4899:
4892:
4885:
4878:
4871:
4864:
4857:
4850:
4843:
4836:
4828:
4826:
4820:
4819:
4816:
4815:
4813:
4812:
4805:
4798:
4790:
4788:
4786:Terpsiphoninae
4782:
4781:
4779:
4778:
4771:
4764:
4757:
4750:
4743:
4736:
4729:
4722:
4715:
4708:
4701:
4693:
4691:
4682:
4676:
4675:
4673:
4672:
4665:
4657:
4655:
4649:
4648:
4646:
4645:
4638:
4630:
4628:
4622:
4621:
4619:
4618:
4610:
4608:
4602:
4601:
4599:
4598:
4590:
4588:
4582:
4581:
4579:
4578:
4575:Zavattariornis
4571:
4564:
4557:
4550:
4543:
4536:
4526:
4519:
4512:
4505:
4498:
4491:
4481:
4471:
4461:
4451:
4444:
4437:
4430:
4423:
4416:
4409:
4402:
4395:
4388:
4381:
4374:
4366:
4364:
4358:
4357:
4355:
4354:
4347:
4339:
4337:
4327:
4326:
4321:
4314:
4313:
4310:
4309:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4291:
4289:
4288:
4281:
4274:
4267:
4260:
4253:
4246:
4239:
4232:
4225:
4218:
4211:
4204:
4197:
4190:
4183:
4176:
4169:
4162:
4155:
4148:
4140:
4138:
4132:
4131:
4129:
4128:
4120:
4118:
4112:
4111:
4109:
4108:
4101:
4094:
4086:
4084:
4082:Platysteiridae
4078:
4077:
4075:
4074:
4066:
4064:
4058:
4057:
4055:
4054:
4047:
4040:
4033:
4026:
4019:
4012:
4005:
3997:
3995:
3989:
3988:
3986:
3985:
3977:
3975:
3969:
3968:
3965:
3964:
3962:
3961:
3953:
3951:
3945:
3944:
3942:
3941:
3934:
3927:
3917:
3910:
3902:
3900:
3894:
3893:
3891:
3890:
3882:
3880:
3871:
3865:
3864:
3862:
3861:
3853:
3851:
3841:
3840:
3837:Malaconotoidea
3835:
3828:
3827:
3824:
3823:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3805:
3803:
3802:
3801:
3800:
3794:
3792:
3786:
3785:
3783:
3782:
3781:
3780:
3774:
3772:
3770:Malaconotoidea
3766:
3765:
3763:
3762:
3755:
3747:
3745:
3739:
3738:
3736:
3735:
3728:
3720:
3718:
3712:
3711:
3709:
3708:
3701:
3694:
3687:
3680:
3672:
3670:
3664:
3663:
3661:
3660:
3650:
3643:
3636:
3629:
3618:
3616:
3610:
3609:
3607:
3606:
3599:
3592:
3584:
3582:
3576:
3575:
3573:
3572:
3564:
3562:
3556:
3555:
3553:
3552:
3544:
3542:
3536:
3535:
3533:
3532:
3524:
3522:
3516:
3515:
3513:
3512:
3504:
3502:
3496:
3495:
3493:
3492:
3485:
3477:
3475:
3469:
3468:
3466:
3465:
3458:
3451:
3444:
3437:
3430:
3427:Cyanograucalus
3423:
3416:
3409:
3402:
3395:
3387:
3385:
3375:
3374:
3369:
3362:
3361:
3359:
3358:
3352:
3346:
3340:
3334:
3327:
3324:
3323:
3316:
3314:
3313:
3306:
3299:
3291:
3282:
3281:
3278:
3277:
3274:
3273:
3270:
3269:
3267:
3266:
3256:
3254:
3248:
3247:
3245:
3244:
3240:C. viridicyana
3235:
3226:
3217:
3208:
3199:
3190:
3181:
3172:
3168:C. argentigula
3162:
3160:
3152:
3151:
3149:
3148:
3144:C. yucatanicus
3139:
3130:
3121:
3115:San Blas jay (
3112:
3103:
3094:
3085:
3076:
3067:
3058:
3052:Purplish jay (
3049:
3040:
3031:
3022:
3013:
3004:
2994:
2992:
2984:
2983:
2981:
2980:
2971:
2961:
2959:
2951:
2950:
2948:
2947:
2938:
2928:
2926:
2914:
2913:
2911:
2910:
2901:
2892:
2888:A. ultramarina
2883:
2874:
2870:A. woodhouseii
2865:
2856:
2852:A. californica
2846:
2844:
2829:
2822:
2821:
2818:
2817:
2815:
2814:
2805:
2799:Siberian jay (
2796:
2786:
2784:
2773:
2766:
2765:
2762:
2761:
2759:
2758:
2749:
2739:
2737:
2726:
2716:
2715:
2706:
2699:
2698:
2695:
2694:
2691:
2690:
2687:
2686:
2684:
2683:
2673:
2662:
2660:
2649:
2643:
2642:
2639:
2638:
2636:
2635:
2626:
2617:
2608:
2599:
2590:
2579:
2578:
2569:
2560:
2551:
2542:
2533:
2524:
2520:C. jamaicensis
2515:
2506:
2497:
2488:
2473:
2472:
2466:Common raven (
2463:
2452:
2451:
2442:
2433:
2424:
2415:
2409:Carrion crow (
2406:
2397:
2388:
2373:
2372:
2363:
2357:Banggai crow (
2354:
2345:
2336:
2327:
2318:
2309:
2300:
2291:
2285:Palawan crow (
2282:
2273:
2264:
2259:Tropical Asian
2253:
2252:
2246:Mariana crow (
2243:
2239:C. hawaiiensis
2234:
2229:Pacific island
2223:
2222:
2213:
2204:
2195:
2189:Forest raven (
2186:
2177:
2168:
2162:Little raven (
2159:
2150:
2141:
2132:
2123:
2114:
2099:
2097:
2086:
2079:
2078:
2075:
2074:
2072:
2071:
2067:P. bottanensis
2062:
2053:
2049:P. mauritanica
2044:
2035:
2026:
2017:
2007:
2005:
1994:
1986:
1985:
1982:
1981:
1979:
1978:
1969:
1960:
1950:
1948:
1937:
1927:
1926:
1917:
1910:
1909:
1906:
1905:
1902:
1901:
1898:
1897:
1895:
1894:
1890:Z. stresemanni
1884:
1882:
1880:Zavattariornis
1873:
1867:
1866:
1863:
1862:
1860:
1859:
1849:
1847:
1841:
1840:
1838:
1837:
1828:
1819:
1810:
1800:
1798:
1786:
1785:
1783:
1782:
1773:
1769:G. lanceolatus
1764:
1758:Eurasian jay (
1754:
1752:
1741:
1734:
1733:
1730:
1729:
1727:
1726:
1717:
1708:
1699:
1690:
1680:
1678:
1670:
1669:
1667:
1666:
1657:
1648:
1639:
1629:
1627:
1616:
1608:
1607:
1604:
1603:
1601:
1600:
1590:
1588:
1582:
1581:
1579:
1578:
1569:
1565:P. leucopterus
1559:
1557:
1551:
1550:
1548:
1547:
1538:
1534:D. occipitalis
1529:
1525:D. leucogastra
1520:
1511:
1505:Grey treepie (
1502:
1498:D. cinerascens
1493:
1483:
1481:
1473:
1472:
1470:
1469:
1460:
1450:
1448:
1437:
1431:
1430:
1427:
1426:
1424:
1423:
1419:P. pyrrhocorax
1414:
1404:
1402:
1391:
1383:
1382:
1376:
1369:
1368:
1366:
1365:
1359:
1353:
1347:
1341:
1335:
1328:
1325:
1324:
1318:
1316:
1315:
1308:
1301:
1293:
1287:
1286:
1281:
1269:
1261:
1260:External links
1258:
1257:
1256:
1242:
1239:
1238:
1237:
1231:
1218:
1212:
1199:
1193:
1176:
1173:
1170:
1169:
1145:
1122:
1109:(3): 546–558.
1085:
1064:
1052:
951:
932:
925:
901:
858:
829:
788:
781:(in Italian).
755:
685:
635:
634:
632:
629:
601:climate change
596:
595:Climate change
593:
575:
572:
566:
563:
545:
542:
507:
504:
499:
496:
425:
422:
404:
401:
385:Zavattariornis
334:
331:
270:North American
260:, is a rather
257:Zavattariornis
244:Abyssinian pie
229:
228:
224:
223:
215:
214:
208:
197:
196:
190:
189:
182:
180:
176:
175:
168:Zavattariornis
164:
160:
159:
154:
150:
149:
144:
140:
139:
134:
130:
129:
124:
120:
119:
114:
110:
109:
104:
100:
99:
86:
85:
67:
64:
63:
58:
55:
54:
46:
45:
37:
36:
26:
24:
18:Zavattariornis
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5434:
5423:
5420:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5405:
5404:
5402:
5385:
5380:
5376:
5372:
5367:
5363:
5359:
5354:
5350:
5346:
5341:
5337:
5333:
5328:
5324:
5320:
5315:
5311:
5307:
5302:
5298:
5294:
5289:
5285:
5281:
5276:
5272:
5268:
5263:
5259:
5255:
5249:
5245:
5240:
5236:
5232:
5227:
5223:
5219:
5214:
5210:
5206:
5201:
5197:
5192:
5186:
5182:
5177:
5171:
5167:
5166:
5164:
5162:
5158:
5154:
5149:
5134:
5130:
5128:
5123:
5117:
5103:
5102:
5098:
5096:
5095:
5091:
5089:
5088:
5084:
5082:
5081:
5077:
5075:
5074:
5070:
5068:
5067:
5063:
5061:
5060:
5056:
5054:
5053:
5049:
5048:
5046:
5044:
5040:
5030:
5029:
5025:
5024:
5022:
5020:
5016:
5010:
5009:
5005:
5003:
5002:
5001:Eutrichomyias
4998:
4996:
4995:
4991:
4990:
4988:
4986:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4973:
4967:
4966:
4962:
4961:
4959:
4957:
4956:Platylophidae
4953:
4947:
4946:
4942:
4940:
4939:
4935:
4933:
4932:
4928:
4926:
4925:
4921:
4919:
4918:
4914:
4912:
4911:
4907:
4905:
4904:
4900:
4898:
4897:
4893:
4891:
4890:
4886:
4884:
4883:
4879:
4877:
4876:
4872:
4870:
4869:
4865:
4863:
4862:
4858:
4856:
4855:
4851:
4849:
4848:
4844:
4842:
4841:
4837:
4835:
4834:
4830:
4829:
4827:
4825:
4824:Paradisaeidae
4821:
4811:
4810:
4806:
4804:
4803:
4799:
4797:
4796:
4792:
4791:
4789:
4787:
4783:
4777:
4776:
4775:Symposiachrus
4772:
4770:
4769:
4765:
4763:
4762:
4758:
4756:
4755:
4751:
4749:
4748:
4744:
4742:
4741:
4737:
4735:
4734:
4730:
4728:
4727:
4723:
4721:
4720:
4719:Clytorhynchus
4716:
4714:
4713:
4709:
4707:
4706:
4702:
4700:
4699:
4695:
4694:
4692:
4690:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4677:
4671:
4670:
4666:
4664:
4663:
4659:
4658:
4656:
4654:
4653:Melampittidae
4650:
4644:
4643:
4639:
4637:
4636:
4632:
4631:
4629:
4627:
4623:
4617:
4616:
4612:
4611:
4609:
4607:
4603:
4597:
4596:
4592:
4591:
4589:
4587:
4583:
4577:
4576:
4572:
4570:
4569:
4565:
4563:
4562:
4558:
4556:
4555:
4551:
4549:
4548:
4544:
4542:
4541:
4537:
4535:
4534:
4527:
4525:
4524:
4520:
4518:
4517:
4513:
4511:
4510:
4506:
4504:
4503:
4499:
4497:
4496:
4492:
4490:
4489:
4482:
4480:
4479:
4472:
4470:
4469:
4462:
4460:
4459:
4452:
4450:
4449:
4445:
4443:
4442:
4438:
4436:
4435:
4431:
4429:
4428:
4424:
4422:
4421:
4417:
4415:
4414:
4410:
4408:
4407:
4403:
4401:
4400:
4396:
4394:
4393:
4389:
4387:
4386:
4382:
4380:
4379:
4375:
4373:
4372:
4368:
4367:
4365:
4363:
4359:
4353:
4352:
4348:
4346:
4345:
4341:
4340:
4338:
4336:
4332:
4328:
4324:
4319:
4315:
4306:
4301:
4287:
4286:
4285:Xenopirostris
4282:
4280:
4279:
4275:
4273:
4272:
4268:
4266:
4265:
4261:
4259:
4258:
4254:
4252:
4251:
4247:
4245:
4244:
4240:
4238:
4237:
4233:
4231:
4230:
4226:
4224:
4223:
4219:
4217:
4216:
4212:
4210:
4209:
4205:
4203:
4202:
4198:
4196:
4195:
4191:
4189:
4188:
4184:
4182:
4181:
4177:
4175:
4174:
4170:
4168:
4167:
4163:
4161:
4160:
4156:
4154:
4153:
4149:
4147:
4146:
4142:
4141:
4139:
4137:
4133:
4127:
4126:
4122:
4121:
4119:
4117:
4113:
4107:
4106:
4102:
4100:
4099:
4095:
4093:
4092:
4088:
4087:
4085:
4083:
4079:
4073:
4072:
4068:
4067:
4065:
4063:
4059:
4053:
4052:
4048:
4046:
4045:
4041:
4039:
4038:
4034:
4032:
4031:
4027:
4025:
4024:
4020:
4018:
4017:
4013:
4011:
4010:
4006:
4004:
4003:
4002:Chlorophoneus
3999:
3998:
3996:
3994:
3993:Malaconotidae
3990:
3984:
3983:
3979:
3978:
3976:
3974:
3970:
3960:
3959:
3955:
3954:
3952:
3950:
3946:
3940:
3939:
3935:
3933:
3932:
3928:
3926:
3925:
3918:
3916:
3915:
3911:
3909:
3908:
3904:
3903:
3901:
3899:
3895:
3889:
3888:
3884:
3883:
3881:
3879:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3866:
3860:
3859:
3855:
3854:
3852:
3850:
3846:
3842:
3838:
3833:
3829:
3820:
3815:
3798:
3797:
3796:
3795:
3793:
3791:
3787:
3778:
3777:
3776:
3775:
3773:
3771:
3767:
3761:
3760:
3756:
3754:
3753:
3749:
3748:
3746:
3744:
3740:
3734:
3733:
3729:
3727:
3726:
3722:
3721:
3719:
3717:
3716:Paramythiidae
3713:
3707:
3706:
3702:
3700:
3699:
3695:
3693:
3692:
3688:
3686:
3685:
3681:
3679:
3678:
3677:Colluricincla
3674:
3673:
3671:
3669:
3665:
3659:
3658:
3651:
3649:
3648:
3644:
3642:
3641:
3637:
3635:
3634:
3630:
3628:
3627:
3620:
3619:
3617:
3615:
3611:
3605:
3604:
3600:
3598:
3597:
3593:
3591:
3590:
3586:
3585:
3583:
3581:
3577:
3571:
3570:
3569:Daphoenositta
3566:
3565:
3563:
3561:
3557:
3551:
3550:
3546:
3545:
3543:
3541:
3537:
3531:
3530:
3526:
3525:
3523:
3521:
3520:Falcunculidae
3517:
3511:
3510:
3506:
3505:
3503:
3501:
3497:
3491:
3490:
3486:
3484:
3483:
3479:
3478:
3476:
3474:
3470:
3464:
3463:
3459:
3457:
3456:
3452:
3450:
3449:
3445:
3443:
3442:
3438:
3436:
3435:
3431:
3429:
3428:
3424:
3422:
3421:
3417:
3415:
3414:
3410:
3408:
3407:
3403:
3401:
3400:
3396:
3394:
3393:
3389:
3388:
3386:
3384:
3383:Campephagidae
3380:
3376:
3372:
3367:
3363:
3357:
3353:
3351:
3347:
3345:
3344:Passeriformes
3341:
3339:
3335:
3333:
3329:
3328:
3325:
3320:
3312:
3307:
3305:
3300:
3298:
3293:
3292:
3289:
3265:
3263:
3258:
3257:
3255:
3253:
3249:
3243:
3241:
3236:
3234:
3232:
3227:
3225:
3223:
3218:
3216:
3214:
3209:
3207:
3205:
3200:
3198:
3196:
3191:
3189:
3187:
3182:
3180:
3178:
3173:
3171:
3169:
3164:
3163:
3161:
3159:
3158:
3153:
3147:
3145:
3142:Yucatan jay (
3140:
3138:
3136:
3131:
3129:
3127:
3122:
3120:
3118:
3113:
3111:
3109:
3108:C. mystacalis
3104:
3102:
3100:
3095:
3093:
3091:
3086:
3084:
3082:
3077:
3075:
3073:
3068:
3066:
3064:
3063:C. cyanopogon
3059:
3057:
3055:
3054:C. cyanomelas
3050:
3048:
3046:
3041:
3039:
3037:
3032:
3030:
3028:
3025:Cayenne jay (
3023:
3021:
3019:
3014:
3012:
3010:
3005:
3003:
3001:
2996:
2995:
2993:
2991:
2990:
2985:
2979:
2977:
2972:
2970:
2968:
2963:
2962:
2960:
2958:
2957:
2952:
2946:
2944:
2939:
2937:
2935:
2930:
2929:
2927:
2924:(Magpie-Jays)
2921:
2920:
2915:
2909:
2907:
2906:A. wollweberi
2904:Mexican jay (
2902:
2900:
2898:
2893:
2891:
2889:
2884:
2882:
2880:
2875:
2873:
2871:
2866:
2864:
2862:
2857:
2855:
2853:
2848:
2847:
2845:
2839:
2838:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2823:
2813:
2811:
2808:Sichuan jay (
2806:
2804:
2802:
2797:
2795:
2793:
2792:P. canadensis
2788:
2787:
2785:
2783:
2782:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2767:
2757:
2755:
2750:
2748:
2746:
2741:
2740:
2738:
2736:
2735:
2730:
2727:
2721:
2717:
2710:
2704:
2700:
2681:
2677:
2674:
2671:
2667:
2664:
2663:
2661:
2659:
2658:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2644:
2634:
2632:
2629:Somali crow (
2627:
2625:
2623:
2618:
2616:
2614:
2609:
2607:
2605:
2600:
2598:
2596:
2595:C. albicollis
2591:
2588:
2586:
2581:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2570:
2568:
2566:
2561:
2559:
2557:
2556:C. ossifragus
2552:
2550:
2548:
2543:
2541:
2539:
2534:
2532:
2530:
2525:
2523:
2521:
2516:
2514:
2512:
2507:
2505:
2503:
2498:
2496:
2494:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2480:
2475:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2454:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2447:C. ruficollis
2443:
2441:
2439:
2438:C. rhipidurus
2434:
2432:
2430:
2429:C. orientalis
2425:
2423:
2421:
2420:C. frugilegus
2416:
2414:
2412:
2407:
2405:
2403:
2400:Hooded crow (
2398:
2396:
2394:
2393:C. capellanus
2389:
2386:
2384:
2383:North African
2380:
2375:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:Violet crow (
2364:
2362:
2360:
2355:
2353:
2351:
2348:Piping crow (
2346:
2344:
2342:
2337:
2335:
2333:
2328:
2326:
2324:
2323:C. culminatus
2319:
2317:
2315:
2310:
2308:
2306:
2301:
2299:
2297:
2294:Flores crow (
2292:
2290:
2288:
2283:
2281:
2279:
2278:C. samarensis
2274:
2272:
2270:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2255:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2244:
2242:
2240:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2225:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2214:
2212:
2210:
2205:
2203:
2201:
2196:
2194:
2192:
2191:C. tasmanicus
2187:
2185:
2183:
2178:
2176:
2174:
2169:
2167:
2165:
2160:
2158:
2156:
2151:
2149:
2147:
2142:
2140:
2138:
2133:
2131:
2129:
2128:C. coronoides
2124:
2122:
2120:
2117:Little crow (
2115:
2112:
2110:
2106:
2101:
2100:
2098:
2096:
2095:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2080:
2070:
2068:
2063:
2061:
2059:
2056:Asir magpie (
2054:
2052:
2050:
2045:
2043:
2041:
2036:
2034:
2032:
2027:
2025:
2023:
2018:
2016:
2014:
2009:
2008:
2006:
2004:
2003:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1987:
1977:
1975:
1970:
1968:
1966:
1965:N. columbiana
1961:
1959:
1957:
1952:
1951:
1949:
1947:
1946:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1921:
1915:
1911:
1893:
1891:
1886:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1877:
1874:
1868:
1858:
1856:
1851:
1850:
1848:
1846:
1842:
1836:
1834:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1820:
1818:
1816:
1815:P. hendersoni
1811:
1809:
1807:
1802:
1801:
1799:
1796:(Ground jays)
1793:
1792:
1787:
1781:
1779:
1776:Lidth's jay (
1774:
1772:
1770:
1765:
1763:
1761:
1760:G. glandarius
1756:
1755:
1753:
1751:
1750:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1735:
1725:
1723:
1722:U. whiteheadi
1718:
1716:
1714:
1709:
1707:
1705:
1700:
1698:
1696:
1691:
1689:
1687:
1682:
1681:
1679:
1677:
1676:
1671:
1665:
1663:
1662:C. thalassina
1658:
1656:
1654:
1649:
1647:
1645:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1631:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1625:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1609:
1599:
1597:
1592:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1583:
1577:
1575:
1570:
1568:
1566:
1561:
1560:
1558:
1556:
1552:
1546:
1544:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1512:
1510:
1508:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1485:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1479:
1474:
1468:
1466:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1452:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1446:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1432:
1422:
1420:
1415:
1413:
1411:
1406:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1400:
1395:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1374:
1370:
1364:
1363:Passeriformes
1360:
1358:
1354:
1352:
1348:
1346:
1342:
1340:
1336:
1334:
1330:
1329:
1326:
1322:
1314:
1309:
1307:
1302:
1300:
1295:
1294:
1291:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1276:
1273:
1270:
1267:
1264:
1263:
1259:
1254:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1244:
1240:
1234:
1232:0-395-67171-X
1228:
1224:
1219:
1215:
1213:0-12-137306-1
1209:
1205:
1200:
1196:
1190:
1186:
1185:
1179:
1178:
1174:
1159:
1155:
1149:
1146:
1143:, p. 564
1142:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1131:
1129:
1127:
1123:
1117:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1098:
1089:
1086:
1074:
1068:
1065:
1061:
1056:
1053:
1050:, p. 609
1049:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1020:
1018:
1016:
1014:
1012:
1010:
1008:
1006:
1004:
1002:
1000:
998:
996:
994:
992:
990:
988:
986:
984:
982:
980:
978:
976:
974:
972:
970:
968:
966:
964:
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827:, p. 608
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417:
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397:ornithologist
394:
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387:commemorates
386:
381:
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194:Binomial name
191:
187:
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181:
178:
177:
173:Moltoni, 1938
170:
169:
165:
162:
161:
158:
155:
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147:Passeriformes
145:
142:
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138:
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128:
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111:
108:
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96:
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87:
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76:
65:
61:
56:
52:
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
5160:
5119:
5099:
5092:
5085:
5078:
5071:
5064:
5057:
5050:
5026:
5019:Rhipidurinae
5006:
4999:
4992:
4985:Lamproliinae
4976:Rhipiduridae
4963:
4943:
4936:
4929:
4924:Pteridophora
4922:
4915:
4908:
4903:Paradisornis
4901:
4894:
4887:
4880:
4873:
4866:
4859:
4852:
4845:
4838:
4831:
4809:Trochocercus
4807:
4800:
4793:
4773:
4766:
4759:
4752:
4745:
4738:
4731:
4724:
4717:
4710:
4703:
4696:
4667:
4662:Megalampitta
4660:
4640:
4635:Eurocephalus
4633:
4613:
4593:
4573:
4566:
4559:
4552:
4545:
4538:
4531:
4521:
4514:
4507:
4500:
4493:
4486:
4476:
4466:
4456:
4446:
4439:
4432:
4425:
4418:
4411:
4404:
4397:
4390:
4383:
4376:
4369:
4349:
4342:
4335:Corcoracidae
4283:
4276:
4269:
4264:Tephrodornis
4262:
4255:
4248:
4241:
4234:
4227:
4220:
4213:
4206:
4199:
4192:
4185:
4178:
4171:
4164:
4157:
4150:
4143:
4123:
4116:Rhagologidae
4103:
4096:
4089:
4069:
4062:Pityriasidae
4049:
4042:
4037:Rhodophoneus
4035:
4028:
4021:
4014:
4007:
4000:
3980:
3956:
3936:
3929:
3922:
3912:
3905:
3885:
3856:
3849:Aegithinidae
3757:
3750:
3730:
3723:
3705:Pseudorectes
3703:
3698:Pachycephala
3696:
3691:Melanorectes
3689:
3682:
3675:
3655:
3647:Sphecotheres
3645:
3638:
3631:
3624:
3601:
3594:
3587:
3567:
3547:
3527:
3507:
3487:
3480:
3462:Pericrocotus
3460:
3453:
3446:
3439:
3432:
3425:
3418:
3411:
3404:
3397:
3390:
3354:Infraorder:
3261:
3260:Pinyon jay (
3251:
3239:
3230:
3221:
3212:
3203:
3195:C. mirabilis
3194:
3186:C. cucullata
3185:
3177:C. armillata
3176:
3167:
3155:
3143:
3134:
3126:C. violaceus
3125:
3116:
3107:
3098:
3089:
3081:C. heilprini
3080:
3071:
3070:Tufted jay (
3062:
3053:
3044:
3035:
3026:
3018:C. caeruleus
3017:
3008:
2999:
2987:
2975:
2966:
2954:
2942:
2933:
2917:
2905:
2896:
2887:
2878:
2869:
2861:A. insularis
2860:
2851:
2842:(Scrub jays)
2835:
2809:
2801:P. infaustus
2800:
2791:
2790:Canada jay (
2779:
2753:
2744:
2732:
2723:Azure-winged
2679:
2670:C. dauuricus
2669:
2655:
2630:
2621:
2612:
2603:
2594:
2584:
2583:
2573:
2564:
2555:
2546:
2545:Cuban crow (
2537:
2528:
2519:
2511:C. imparatus
2510:
2501:
2492:
2482:
2478:
2477:
2467:
2457:
2456:
2446:
2437:
2428:
2419:
2410:
2401:
2392:
2382:
2378:
2377:
2368:C. violaceus
2367:
2358:
2349:
2341:C. torquatus
2340:
2332:C. splendens
2331:
2330:House crow (
2322:
2313:
2304:
2296:C. florensis
2295:
2286:
2277:
2276:Small crow (
2268:
2258:
2257:
2247:
2238:
2228:
2227:
2218:C. woodfordi
2217:
2208:
2199:
2190:
2181:
2172:
2163:
2154:
2145:
2137:C. insularis
2136:
2127:
2118:
2108:
2104:
2103:
2092:
2066:
2058:P. asirensis
2057:
2048:
2039:
2030:
2021:
2012:
2000:
1973:
1964:
1955:
1943:
1889:
1887:
1879:
1870:Stresemann's
1854:
1844:
1832:
1823:
1814:
1806:P. biddulphi
1805:
1789:
1777:
1768:
1759:
1747:
1721:
1712:
1703:
1694:
1685:
1673:
1661:
1652:
1644:C. hypoleuca
1643:
1635:C. chinensis
1634:
1622:
1595:
1585:
1574:P. aterrimus
1573:
1564:
1554:
1543:D. vagabunda
1542:
1533:
1524:
1516:D. frontalis
1515:
1506:
1497:
1488:
1476:
1464:
1456:C. cucullata
1455:
1443:
1418:
1409:
1397:
1355:Superorder:
1250:
1247:
1222:
1203:
1182:
1161:. Retrieved
1157:
1148:
1106:
1102:
1096:
1088:
1077:. Retrieved
1067:
1062:, p. 50
1055:
945:
935:
911:
904:
842:
832:
782:
778:
769:
758:
705:
701:
676:. Retrieved
662:
656:
650:
608:
598:
589:
577:
574:Conservation
568:
560:
551:
547:
544:Reproduction
535:
529:
509:
501:
489:
483:
476:
470:
427:
418:
406:
384:
382:
379:
336:
304:
285:
256:
255:
251:
247:
243:
238:
237:
233:
232:
202:
200:
184:
183:
167:
166:
29:
5301:iNaturalist
5185:Wikispecies
5101:Vireolanius
5087:Tunchiornis
5073:Pachysylvia
4965:Platylophus
4917:Phonygammus
4889:Paradigalla
4854:Drepanornis
4847:Diphyllodes
4802:Terpsiphone
4705:Carterornis
4689:Monarchinae
4680:Monarchidae
4554:Pyrrhocorax
4547:Ptilostomus
4540:Psilorhinus
4516:Platysmurus
4448:Gymnorhinus
4434:Dendrocitta
4215:Mystacornis
4201:Leptopterus
4166:Cyanolanius
4159:Calicalicus
4105:Platysteira
4098:Lanioturdus
4023:Malaconotus
3949:Peltopsinae
3799:See below ↓
3779:See below ↓
3752:Androphobus
3743:Psophodidae
3560:Neosittidae
3529:Falcunculus
3509:Eulacestoma
3455:Malindangia
3399:Campochaera
3252:Gymnorhinus
3202:Dwarf jay (
3133:Green jay (
3097:Brown jay (
3036:C. chrysops
3016:Azure jay (
3009:C. beecheii
2976:C. stelleri
2967:C. cristata
2897:A. unicolor
2712:(continued)
2680:C. monedula
2613:C. capensis
2611:Cape crow (
2602:Pied crow (
2574:C. sinaloae
2565:C. palmarum
2554:Fish crow (
2359:C. unicolor
2287:C. pusillus
2198:Grey crow (
2119:C. bennetti
2022:P. nuttalli
2013:P. hudsonia
1935:Nutcrackers
1923:(continued)
1845:Ptilostomus
1686:U. caerulea
1653:C. jefferyi
1596:T. temnurus
1555:Platysmurus
1507:D. formosae
1478:Dendrocitta
1410:P. graculus
1399:Pyrrhocorax
1175:Cited texts
845:: ukad025.
843:Ornithology
403:Description
395:, a German
367:ground jays
53:, Ethiopia
5401:Categories
5379:Xeno-canto
5080:Pteruthius
5066:Hylophilus
5043:Vireonidae
4945:Semioptera
4938:Seleucidis
4896:Paradisaea
4840:Cicinnurus
4795:Hypothymis
4712:Chasiempis
4669:Melampitta
4586:Dicruridae
4533:Protocitta
4502:Perisoreus
4413:Cyanocorax
4406:Cyanocitta
4399:Crypsirina
4371:Aphelocoma
4351:Struthidea
4250:Pseudobias
4236:Philentoma
4125:Rhagologus
4071:Pityriasis
4051:Telophorus
4009:Dryoscopus
3924:Kurrartapu
3914:Gymnorhina
3898:Craticinae
3732:Paramythia
3725:Oreocharis
3684:Coracornis
3626:Longmornis
3603:Ornorectes
3580:Oreoicidae
3489:Ptilorrhoa
3482:Cinclosoma
3413:Celebesica
3406:Ceblepyris
3392:Campephaga
3348:Suborder:
3317:Genera of
3231:C. turcosa
3213:C. pulchra
3072:C. dickeyi
3027:C. cayanus
3000:C. affinis
2989:Cyanocorax
2965:Blue jay (
2956:Cyanocitta
2943:C. formosa
2934:C. colliei
2837:Aphelocoma
2825:New World
2781:Perisoreus
2631:C. edithae
2547:C. nasicus
2538:C. minutus
2350:C. typicus
2248:C. kubaryi
2209:C. validus
2200:C. tristis
2164:C. mellori
2109:Melanesian
2105:Australian
2040:P. sericea
1833:P. pleskei
1824:P. panderi
1737:Old World
1489:D. bayleyi
1445:Crypsirina
1357:Neognathae
1351:Neornithes
1349:Subclass:
1163:2021-05-20
1079:2012-11-13
631:References
537:Coeloptera
491:Terminalia
478:Commiphora
466:sq mi
464:(930
369:, and the
351:Mallophaga
75:Endangered
5052:Cyclarhis
5028:Rhipidura
5008:Lamprolia
4882:Manucodia
4875:Lycocorax
4868:Lophorina
4861:Epimachus
4761:Neolalage
4740:Metabolus
4733:Mayrornis
4606:Ifritidae
4495:Nucifraga
4478:Miocorvus
4458:Henocitta
4427:Cyanopica
4420:Cyanolyca
4378:Calocitta
4323:Corvoidea
4194:Hypositta
4173:Euryceros
4145:Artamella
4016:Laniarius
3907:Cracticus
3878:Artaminae
3869:Artamidae
3858:Aegithina
3790:Corvoidea
3759:Psophodes
3614:Oriolidae
3589:Aleadryas
3540:Mohouidae
3434:Edolisoma
3330:Kingdom:
3222:C. pumilo
3157:Cyanolyca
2919:Calocitta
2754:C. cyanus
2734:Cyanopica
2458:Holarctic
2411:C. corone
2402:C. cornix
1989:Holarctic
1945:Nucifraga
1853:Piapiac (
1778:G. lidthi
1713:U. ornata
1331:Kingdom:
732:1932-6203
485:Combretum
359:Sturnidae
316:sympatric
248:bush crow
179:Species:
113:Kingdom:
107:Eukaryota
5412:Corvidae
5345:22705877
5319:11424274
5244:22705877
5239:BirdLife
5170:Wikidata
5059:Erpornis
4931:Ptiloris
4833:Astrapia
4747:Monarcha
4726:Grallina
4626:Laniidae
4595:Dicrurus
4568:Urocissa
4561:Temnurus
4468:Miocitta
4441:Garrulus
4362:Corvidae
4344:Corcorax
4243:Prionops
4222:Newtonia
4208:Megabyas
4180:Falculea
4136:Vangidae
3938:Strepera
3931:Melloria
3657:Turnagra
3420:Coracina
3371:Corvides
3356:Corvides
3338:Chordata
3336:Phylum:
3332:Animalia
3319:corvides
3099:C. morio
2745:C. cooki
2709:Corvidae
2647:Jackdaws
2604:C. albus
2468:C. corax
2379:Eurasian
2155:C. meeki
1920:Corvidae
1872:bushcrow
1749:Garrulus
1675:Urocissa
1611:Oriental
1586:Temnurus
1465:C. temia
1435:Treepies
1379:Corvidae
1339:Chordata
1337:Phylum:
1333:Animalia
1321:Corvidae
1275:Archived
1158:phys.org
785:: 80–83.
766:(1938).
750:34010302
702:PLOS ONE
532:termites
347:Corvidae
343:families
333:Taxonomy
311:Ethiopia
277:feathers
273:blue jay
266:Corvidae
262:starling
157:Corvidae
153:Family:
127:Chordata
123:Phylum:
117:Animalia
103:Domain:
80:IUCN 3.1
5293:2482555
5280:stbcro1
5254:stbcro1
5226:Avibase
5176:Q416528
4910:Parotia
4768:Pomarea
4754:Myiagra
4523:Podoces
4488:Miopica
4257:Schetba
4229:Oriolia
4187:Hemipus
4044:Tchagra
3958:Peltops
3887:Artamus
3640:Pitohui
3633:Oriolus
3596:Oreoica
3448:Lobotos
3350:Passeri
3342:Order:
3204:C. nana
3135:C. ynca
2725:magpies
2707:Family
2657:Coloeus
2587:species
2485:species
2460:species
2385:species
2269:C. enca
2261:species
2231:species
2182:C. orru
2111:species
2031:P. pica
1992:magpies
1918:Family
1855:P. afer
1791:Podoces
1614:magpies
1390:Choughs
1377:Family
1361:Order:
1343:Class:
741:8133463
710:Bibcode
430:endemic
371:piapiac
288:insects
210:Moltoni
163:Genus:
143:Order:
133:Class:
78: (
5371:894604
5358:257849
5332:563769
5213:ARKive
4642:Lanius
4615:Ifrita
4392:Corvus
4030:Nilaus
3549:Mohoua
3441:Lalage
2418:Rook (
2094:Corvus
1229:
1210:
1191:
923:
748:
738:
730:
555:acacia
523:, and
473:acacia
444:, and
438:Borena
434:Yabelo
375:relict
355:palate
307:acacia
292:acacia
212:, 1938
5314:IRMNG
5275:eBird
5267:7GCXH
5251:BOW:
5094:Vireo
4698:Arses
4385:Cissa
4278:Vanga
4271:Tylas
4091:Batis
2769:Grey
2479:North
2084:crows
2082:True
1624:Cissa
775:(PDF)
678:3 May
581:maize
446:Arero
5353:NCBI
5340:IUCN
5327:ITIS
5306:8638
5288:GBIF
4509:Pica
4152:Bias
2827:jays
2771:jays
2481:and
2381:and
2107:and
2002:Pica
1739:jays
1345:Aves
1227:ISBN
1208:ISBN
1189:ISBN
1103:Ibis
921:ISBN
746:PMID
728:ISSN
680:2021
663:2016
615:and
506:Diet
488:and
475:and
456:and
442:Mega
413:beak
300:nest
296:eggs
281:bill
137:Aves
5262:CoL
5200:ADW
1111:doi
1107:161
917:413
847:doi
736:PMC
718:doi
667:doi
468:).
448:in
49:At
5403::
5381::
5368::
5355::
5342::
5329::
5316::
5303::
5290::
5277::
5264::
5241::
5228::
5215::
5202::
5187::
5172::
1156:.
1125:^
1105:.
1101:.
954:^
944:.
919:.
861:^
841:.
791:^
783:46
777:.
744:.
734:.
726:.
716:.
706:16
704:.
700:.
688:^
661:.
655:.
639:^
519:,
515:,
440:,
436:,
399:.
250:,
246:,
4529:†
4484:†
4474:†
4464:†
4454:†
3920:†
3653:†
3622:†
3310:e
3303:t
3296:v
3264:)
3242:)
3233:)
3224:)
3215:)
3206:)
3197:)
3188:)
3179:)
3170:)
3146:)
3137:)
3128:)
3119:)
3110:)
3101:)
3092:)
3083:)
3074:)
3065:)
3056:)
3047:)
3038:)
3029:)
3020:)
3011:)
3002:)
2978:)
2969:)
2945:)
2936:)
2908:)
2899:)
2890:)
2881:)
2872:)
2863:)
2854:)
2812:)
2803:)
2794:)
2756:)
2747:)
2682:)
2678:(
2672:)
2668:(
2633:)
2624:)
2615:)
2606:)
2597:)
2576:)
2567:)
2558:)
2549:)
2540:)
2531:)
2522:)
2513:)
2504:)
2495:)
2470:)
2449:)
2440:)
2431:)
2422:)
2413:)
2404:)
2395:)
2370:)
2361:)
2352:)
2343:)
2334:)
2325:)
2316:)
2307:)
2298:)
2289:)
2280:)
2271:)
2250:)
2241:)
2220:)
2211:)
2202:)
2193:)
2184:)
2175:)
2166:)
2157:)
2148:)
2139:)
2130:)
2121:)
2069:)
2060:)
2051:)
2042:)
2033:)
2024:)
2015:)
1976:)
1967:)
1958:)
1892:)
1857:)
1835:)
1826:)
1817:)
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1780:)
1771:)
1762:)
1724:)
1715:)
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1655:)
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1637:)
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1527:)
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1509:)
1500:)
1491:)
1467:)
1458:)
1421:)
1412:)
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607:(
236:(
82:)
20:)
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