460:
46:
20:
380:, in northern Iraq. Their arrival was met with stones thrown at them from rooftops and businesses refusing to trade with them. Pilgrims returning from ʻAkká brought goods from Baháʼu'lláh to relieve their suffering. In Mosul Zaynu'l-Muqarrabín acted as leader of the Baháʼí community and he was also the main conduit of the writings of Baháʼu'lláh passing from
351:
In 1864 he left Iran for the last time and moved to
Baghdad. In 1867, Zaynu'l-Muqarrabín and 52 other Baháʼís of Baghdad wrote an appeal to the Congress of the United States for assistance in freeing Baháʼu'lláh from confinement by Ottoman authorities. This appeal arrived at the American Consul in
445:
After the ascension he was consumed with such grieving, such constant tears and anguish, that as the days passed by, he wasted away. He remained faithful to the
Covenant, and was a close companion to this servant of the Light of the World, but he longed to rise out of this life, and awaited his
436:
There ceased from the transcription of this its poor writer the Letter Zá on the night of Jemál the night of Masá'il of the month of Sharaf of the 45th year Abad of the third Váhid, corresponding to the eleventh of the month of Jemádí I of the months of the year 1306 after the Flight of the
347:
According to ʻAbdu'l-Bahá, during this time after becoming a Baháʼí, "In Persia his life was in imminent peril; and since remaining at Najaf-Ábád would have stirred up the agitators and brought on riots, he hastened away to
Adrianople" to meet Baháʼu'lláh again, then returned to Iran.
335:, and was confirmed in his faith after meeting him. After returning to Najafábád, he accepted Baháʼu'lláh's claim of prophethood when it was announced in 1863. A transcribed 23-page letter he wrote to a fellow Bábí, inviting him to accept Baháʼu'lláh, was held in the collection of
478:
Any Tablet in the handwriting of Zaynu'l-Muqarrabín is considered accurate. He has left to posterity, in his exquisite hand, many volumes comprising most of Baháʼu'lláh's important tablets; today Baháʼí publications in
Persian and Arabic are authenticated by comparison with
363:
to the Baháʼí Faith, the Baháʼís of
Baghdad, including Zaynu'l-Muqarrabín, were arrested and imprisoned repeatedly. In April-May 1868, three or four Baháʼís of Baghdad were killed by Persian Shias, likely offended by Baháʼís celebrating holy days during their
391:
told him, " is one of the most notable of 'the
Friends', and to him is entrusted the revision and correction of all copies of the sacred books sent out for circulation, of which, indeed the most trustworthy are those transcribed by his hand."
450:
He was buried in a portion of the Muslim cemetery of ʻAkká on the grounds that later became the Israel School for Naval
Officers. The portion of the cemetery used for Baháʼís after 1880 was later walled off to prevent vandalism.
330:
On his return journey, while approaching Najafábád, Zaynu'l-Muqarrabín learned of violent persecution against Bábís there, and decided to return to Iraq. He arrived in
Baghdad again in 1856, after Baháʼu'lláh had returned from
375:
to shrines in Iraq, the Consul-General of Persia petitioned the governor of
Baghdad to expel all Baháʼís from the city. In 1870, about seventy Baháʼís, men, women, and children, were sent under military escort from Baghdad to
296:, and began teaching his newfound faith in his hometown, causing opposition from his previous admirers. Under his leadership the Bábí faith grew in the area. Around August 1852, Shaykh ʻAzíz Alláh Núrí sent two letters to
498:
all the best and most correct manuscripts of the sacred books were written or revised by him ... in all that relates to the Bábí method of reckoning time Zeynu'l-Mukarrabín's authority is incontrovertible.
308:, and Zaynu'l-Muqarrabín. According to the letters, several of the men claimed to be manifestations of various figures of the past, and he listed Zaynu'l-Muqarrabín as claiming to be the return of Imam
182:
518:, a prominent early British Baháʼí, described Zaynu'l-Muqarrabín as, "one of the most devoted Baháʼís". His son, Mírzá Munír, translated some writings of the Bab into English for her.
437:
Prophet (upon its fugitive be a thousand salutations and greetings). Praise be to God who hath helped me to complete it, such praise as is worthy of the Court of His sanctity. Number 67.
411:
held four interviews with Baháʼu'lláh, he reviewed and copied from many Baháʼí manuscripts, all in the hand of Zaynu'l-Muqarrabín. Browne was given two of them to take with him: the
540:(upublished). He may have written a manuscript of his memoirs. His son, Núruʼd-Dín Zayn, later published his own memoirs of his experience with Baháʼu'lláh and his father (
441:
After Baháʼu'lláh's death in 1892, Zaynu'l-Muqarrabín stayed in the ʻAkká/Haifa area and served ʻAbdu'l-Bahá until he died in 1903. ʻAbdu'l-Bahá described his final years:
175:
168:
1570:
1565:
1489:
1335:
1230:
211:
35:
446:
departure from day to day. At last, serene and happy, rejoicing in the tidings of the
Kingdom, he soared away to that mysterious land.
126:
1560:
1466:
1440:
1414:
1388:
1356:
1284:
1256:
1207:
1186:
1162:
1090:
1055:
428:
that usually indicated his name, location, number, and date of the copy. For example, the colophon on the transcription of the
81:
309:
470:
Zaynu'l-Muqarrabín was known for transcribing the Writings of Baháʼu'lláh and ensuring their distribution. Baháʼí author
300:
with names of several prominent Bábís whom he considered dangerous and deserving of punishment, including his nephews
232:
that became the supplement "Questions and Answers" now published along with the original text. His arrangement of the
1116:
141:
1524:
622:
Die politischen Botschaften des Religionsgründers Bahá'u'lláh: Ethik und Politik im Weltordnungsmodell der Bahá'í
927:
491:
1530:
252:('The Ornament of the Near Ones'), the name for which he is known to Baháʼís. He is sometimes referred to as
1368:
1305:
1174:
1150:
1136:
483:
408:
384:
to Iran. Under his supervision the Baháʼís of Mosul began the first charity fund ever organized by Baháʼís.
372:
336:
297:
45:
301:
203:
242:
320:
55:
1380:
487:
425:
1028:
528:
There are two known tablets written by Baháʼu'lláh, addressed to Zaynu'l-Muqarrabín. They are known as
413:
238:, another major work of Baháʼu'lláh, became the numbered order that is now currently used by Baháʼís.
215:
199:
106:
91:
66:
1555:
1550:
365:
96:
464:
353:
121:
315:
Sometime after 1852 Zaynu'l-Muqarrabín tried to visit Bábí leaders in Baghdad, but failed to find
116:
1456:
1430:
1404:
76:
1495:
1485:
1481:
Citizens of the world: a history and sociology of the Bahaʹis from a globalisation perspective
1462:
1436:
1410:
1384:
1352:
1331:
1280:
1252:
1226:
1203:
1182:
1158:
1086:
1051:
1032:
601:
1272:
1067:
593:
522:
504:
228:
131:
101:
1050:. Translated by Masrour, Riaz. Oxford: George Ronald. pp. 19, 88, 136, 150, 160, 444.
512:. The library's description mentions, "His copies are highly regarded for their accuracy."
459:
1452:
1426:
1400:
509:
471:
388:
284:, to a family of Muslim clerics. He himself became a preacher at a mosque in Najafábád.
1324:
1300:
1246:
1010:
515:
207:
1006:
319:
and Baháʼu'lláh was away from Baghdad at the time. During that visit he met only with
1544:
1085:. New Delhi, India: Baháʼí Publishing Trust. pp. 41, 115, 156, 165, 262–5, 280.
401:
1103:
1296:
1268:
1242:
381:
332:
234:
1372:
620:
988:
432:
that Browne received indicated that it was the 67th copy by Zaynu'l-Muqarrabín:
360:
316:
305:
151:
111:
60:
1155:
A Descriptive Catalogue of the Oriental Mss. Belonging to the Late E. G. Browne
421:. The latter was later translated to English and published by Browne in 1891.
19:
508:
from January 1887, in the handwriting of Zaynu'l-Muqarrabín, is housed at the
273:
1499:
605:
463:
This painting of Zaynu'l-Muqarrabín by Ethel Rosenberg is on display in the
277:
1248:
The Babi and Baha'i Religions 1844-1944: Some Contemporary Western Accounts
1479:
597:
525:, were known for their sense of humor and making jokes with Baháʼu'lláh.
223:
86:
581:
1458:
The Revelation of Baháʼu'lláh, Volume 3: ʻAkka, The Early Years 1868-77
324:
281:
136:
1220:
293:
1005:
His 'Khatirat' (Memoirs) is listed as a desired manuscript by both
226:, he posed the clarifying legal questions to Baháʼu'lláh about the
458:
387:
E. G. Browne visited Iran in 1887-88 and records that a Baháʼí of
377:
269:
18:
1271:(1985). "Mulla Zaynul-ʻÁbidín, surnamed Zaynu'l-Muqarrabín". In
839:
837:
835:
665:
663:
661:
659:
657:
655:
1535:
Chronology of the Bábí and Bahá'í Faiths and related history
822:
820:
818:
1432:
The Revelation of Baháʼu'lláh, Volume 2: Adrianople 1863-68
805:
803:
801:
799:
1330:. Oxford, UK: Oneworld Publications. pp. 126–7, 140.
1222:
The Messiah of Shiraz: Studies in Early and Middle Babism
1406:
The Revelation of Baháʼu'lláh, Volume 1: Baghdad 1853-63
1181:. London: Cambridge University Press. pp. 412–425.
729:
727:
725:
723:
400:
In 1886 he left Mosul and moved to ʻAkká, living in the
1279:. The Camelot Press Ltd, Southampton. pp. 274–6.
1039:. Wilmette: Bahá'í Publishing Trust. pp. 150–154.
1461:. Oxford, UK: George Ronald. pp. 223, 278, 359.
582:"Classification for Materials on the Bahá'í Religion"
352:
Beirut and was commented upon by American missionary
292:
In 1851, Zaynu'l-Muqarrabín became a follower of the
928:
A miniature by Ethel Rosenberg of Zaynu'l-Muqarrabin
750:
748:
746:
744:
742:
710:
708:
706:
704:
702:
424:
After each transcription, Zaynu'l-Muqarrabín left a
359:
Beginning in 1868, and instigated by conversions of
642:
640:
638:
636:
634:
632:
563:
561:
559:
557:
1351:(second revised ed.). Oxford: George Ronald.
1323:
1435:. Oxford, UK: George Ronald. pp. 69, 335–6.
1117:"Kitab al-aqdas and other Tablets by Baha'u'llah"
1083:Stories of Baháʼu'lláh and Some Notable Believers
989:"The Leiden List of the Writings of Baha'u'llah"
669:
245:, and copying numerous writings of Baháʼu'lláh.
1349:Door of Hope: The Baháʼí Faith in the Holy Land
843:
496:
476:
443:
434:
241:Zaynu'l-Muqarrabín was known for transcribing,
404:, and served as a secretary of Baháʼu'lláh.
176:
8:
1409:. Oxford, UK: George Ronald. pp. 25–6.
1072:Edward Granville Browne and the Baha'i Faith
1251:. Oxford: George Ronald. pp. 29, 265.
1198:Cameron, Glenn (1996). Momen, Wendi (ed.).
1377:A Concise Encyclopedia of the Baháʼí Faith
1277:Eminent Baháʼís in the time of Baháʼu'lláh
938:
855:
733:
198:(May 1818 − 1903) was a prominent Iranian
183:
169:
26:
950:
586:Cataloging & Classification Quarterly
276:(May 1818 AD) in one of the villages of
1531:Zaynul-Muqarrabin (Mulla Zaynul-Abidin)
1177:(1975) . "Note Z: Zeynu'l-Mukarrabín".
974:
903:
891:
778:
766:
681:
553:
34:
1121:National library of the United Kingdom
1108:. London, UK: Baháʼí Publishing Trust.
962:
867:
826:
790:
714:
580:MLS, William P. Collins (1993-11-02).
1153:(1932). Nicholson, Reynold A. (ed.).
809:
754:
646:
567:
542:Khátirát-i Hayát dar Khidmat-i Mahbúb
7:
915:
879:
693:
1511:Khátirát Hayát dar Khidmat-i Mahbúb
371:In preparation for a pilgrimage by
14:
1143:. London: Adam and Charles Black.
474:wrote the following about him,
44:
1525:The Story of Zaynu'l-Muqarrabín
1081:Barnes, Kiser (November 2003).
1048:Memories of Nine Years in ʻAkká
521:Zaynu'l-Muqarrabín, along with
248:Baháʼu'lláh gave him the title
1326:Baháʼu'lláh: A Short Biography
1219:MacEoin, Dennis (2008-11-30).
619:Sabet-Sobhani, Ariane (2000).
536:, 1920, pp. 337–338) and
1:
1202:. Oxford, UK: George Ronald.
1046:Afroukhteh, Youness (2003) .
202:who served as a secretary to
538:Lawh-i-Zaynu'l-Muqarrabin II
534:Majmu'ih-i-Alwah-i-Mubarakih
268:He was born in the month of
1141:A Year Amongst the Persians
530:Lawh-i-Zaynu'l-Muqarrabin I
1587:
222:. With a background as an
1200:A Basic Baháʼí Chronology
1037:Memorials of the Faithful
256:(The Excellent Zayn), or
220:Memorials of the Faithful
1478:Warburg, Margit (2006).
1102:Blomfield, Lady (1940).
1074:. London: George Ronald.
1527:- Biography by a Baháʼí
1179:A Traveller's Narrative
995:. University of Leiden.
419:A Traveller's Narrative
409:Edward Granville Browne
212:Apostles of Baháʼu'lláh
30:Part of a series on the
1322:Momen, Moojan (2007).
500:
481:
467:
448:
439:
24:
1381:Oneworld Publications
1347:Ruhe, David (2001) .
598:10.1300/J104v16n04_07
462:
214:, and biographied by
22:
1571:20th-century Bahá'ís
1566:19th-century Bahá'ís
1373:"Zaynu'l-Muqarrabín"
1306:Encyclopædia Iranica
1033:"Zaynu'l-Muqarrabín"
844:British Library 2021
407:In April 1890, when
196:Mullá Zaynul-ʻÁbidín
142:Shaykh Muhammad-ʻAlí
1301:"KALEMĀT-E MAKNUNA"
987:Sen McGlinn (ed.).
366:mourning ceremonies
354:Henry Harris Jessup
323:before going on to
210:as one of nineteen
70:("King of Martyrs")
67:Sultánu'sh-Shuhadaʼ
1509:Zayn, Núruʼd-Dín.
1105:The Chosen Highway
829:, p. 262-265.
812:, p. 265-267.
468:
250:Zaynu'l-Muqarrabín
147:Zaynu'l-Muqarrabín
25:
23:Zaynu'l-Muqarrabín
1533:- Appearances in
1491:978-90-474-0746-1
1484:. Leiden: Brill.
1337:978-1-85168-469-4
1232:978-90-474-4307-0
1175:Browne, Edward G.
1151:Browne, Edward G.
1137:Browne, Edward G.
1115:British Library.
670:ʻAbdu'l-Bahá 1971
490:to calculate the
373:Nasiru'd-Din Shah
298:Nasír al-Dín Sháh
193:
192:
1578:
1514:
1513:. Afnan Library.
1503:
1472:
1453:Taherzadeh, Adib
1446:
1427:Taherzadeh, Adib
1420:
1401:Taherzadeh, Adib
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919:
918:, p. 79-80.
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626:
625:(in German). na.
616:
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577:
571:
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465:Mansion of Bahjí
260:(the Letter Z).
206:, was listed by
185:
178:
171:
127:Muhammad Mustafá
82:Mírzá Abu'l-Faḍl
71:
48:
27:
1586:
1585:
1581:
1580:
1579:
1577:
1576:
1575:
1561:Iranian Bahá'ís
1541:
1540:
1539:
1521:
1508:
1492:
1477:
1469:
1451:
1443:
1425:
1417:
1399:
1391:
1383:. p. 369.
1367:
1359:
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1311:
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949:
945:
939:Taherzadeh 1974
937:
933:
926:
922:
914:
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856:Taherzadeh 1977
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734:Taherzadeh 1974
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653:
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579:
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566:
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510:British Library
472:Adib Taherzadeh
457:
398:
345:
310:Zayn al-ʻÁbidín
290:
266:
189:
107:Vakílu'd-Dawlih
73:
69:
68:
37:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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1148:
1147:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1133:
1122:
1118:
1113:
1112:
1107:
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1099:
1094:
1092:81-7896-021-4
1088:
1084:
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1073:
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1065:
1064:
1059:
1057:0-85398-477-8
1053:
1049:
1044:
1043:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1025:
1020:
1012:
1008:
1007:Ahang Rabbani
1002:
999:
994:
990:
983:
980:
976:
971:
968:
964:
959:
956:
953:, p. 24.
952:
947:
944:
941:, p. 26.
940:
935:
932:
929:
924:
921:
917:
912:
909:
905:
900:
897:
894:, p. 54.
893:
888:
885:
882:, p. 73.
881:
876:
873:
869:
864:
861:
857:
852:
849:
845:
840:
838:
836:
832:
828:
823:
821:
819:
815:
811:
806:
804:
802:
800:
796:
793:, p. 81.
792:
787:
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772:
768:
763:
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756:
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749:
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531:
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523:Mishkín-Qalam
519:
517:
513:
511:
507:
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505:Kitáb-i-Aqdas
499:
495:
494:, remarking,
493:
489:
485:
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361:Sunni Muslims
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333:Sulaymáníyyih
328:
326:
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280:, Iran, near
279:
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231:
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229:Kitáb-i-Aqdas
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132:Mishkín-Qalam
130:
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118:
117:Nabíl-i-Aʻzam
115:
113:
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105:
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102:Nabíl-i-Akbar
100:
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42:
39:
33:
29:
28:
21:
1534:
1510:
1480:
1457:
1431:
1405:
1376:
1369:Smith, Peter
1348:
1325:
1310:. Retrieved
1304:
1276:
1247:
1221:
1199:
1178:
1154:
1140:
1124:. Retrieved
1120:
1104:
1082:
1071:
1047:
1036:
1029:ʻAbdu'l-Bahá
1001:
992:
982:
975:MacEoin 2008
970:
958:
946:
934:
923:
911:
906:, p. 4.
904:MacEoin 2008
899:
892:Balyuzi 1970
887:
875:
863:
851:
786:
779:Cameron 1996
774:
767:MacEoin 2008
762:
689:
682:Warburg 2006
677:
621:
614:
589:
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541:
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497:
484:E. G. Browne
482:
477:
469:
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430:Kitáb-i-Íqán
429:
423:
418:
414:Kitáb-i-Íqán
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386:
370:
358:
350:
346:
337:E. G. Browne
329:
314:
291:
267:
257:
254:Jináb-i-Zayn
253:
249:
247:
243:illuminating
240:
235:Hidden Words
233:
227:
219:
216:ʻAbdu'l-Bahá
195:
194:
146:
92:Mírzá Mahmúd
1556:1903 deaths
1551:1818 births
963:Barnes 2003
868:Browne 1892
827:Barnes 2003
791:Browne 1932
715:Browne 1975
317:Subh-i-Azal
302:Baháʼu'lláh
204:Baháʼu'lláh
152:Ibn-i-Asdaq
112:Ibn-i-Abhar
97:Hají Ákhúnd
38:Baháʼu'lláh
36:Apostles of
1545:Categories
1312:2021-01-13
1126:2021-01-19
1021:References
810:Momen 1981
755:Momen 1985
647:Smith 2000
568:Momen 2000
264:Background
258:Harfu'z-Zá
56:Mírzá Músá
1500:234309958
1299:(2000) .
1225:. Brill.
1011:Juan Cole
916:Ruhe 2001
880:Ruhe 2001
694:Ruhe 2001
606:0163-9374
488:colophons
486:used his
278:Najafábád
77:Hájí Amín
1455:(1983).
1429:(1977).
1403:(1974).
1371:(2000).
1245:(1981).
1139:(1892).
1070:(1970).
1031:(1971).
426:colophon
396:In ʻAkká
122:Samandar
1275:(ed.).
343:In Iraq
325:Kárbilá
282:Isfahan
1498:
1488:
1465:
1439:
1413:
1387:
1355:
1334:
1283:
1255:
1229:
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1161:
1089:
1054:
604:
479:these.
455:Legacy
389:Kirmán
200:Baháʼí
160:
993:H-Net
548:Notes
382:ʻAkká
378:Mosul
321:Kalím
272:1233
270:Rajab
87:Varqá
61:Badíʻ
1496:OCLC
1486:ISBN
1463:ISBN
1437:ISBN
1411:ISBN
1385:ISBN
1353:ISBN
1332:ISBN
1281:ISBN
1253:ISBN
1227:ISBN
1204:ISBN
1183:ISBN
1159:ISBN
1087:ISBN
1052:ISBN
1009:and
602:ISSN
532:(in
417:and
306:Azal
304:and
137:Adíb
594:doi
544:).
368:.
294:Báb
218:in
1547::
1494:.
1375:.
1303:.
1157:.
1119:.
1035:.
991:.
834:^
817:^
798:^
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654:^
631:^
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590:16
588:.
584:.
556:^
356:.
339:.
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274:AH
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1471:.
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608:.
596::
570:.
184:e
177:t
170:v
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