448:
414:
62:
492:
421:
683:
370:
40:
549:
485:
746:. These spikes mature to form a two-ranked 'ear' of five to 10 triangular or trapezoidal, black or brown disarticulating segments, each with one seed. Each seed is enclosed by a very hard fruitcase, consisting of a cupule or depression in the rachis and a tough lower glume. This protects them from the digestive processes of
1632:
Van Deynze, Allen; Zamora, Pablo; Delaux, Pierre-Marc; Heitmann, Cristobal; Jayaraman, Dhileepkumar; Rajasekar, Shanmugam; Graham, Danielle; Maeda, Junko; Gibson, Donald; Schwartz, Kevin D.; Berry, Alison M.; Bhatnagar, Srijak; Jospin, Guillaume; Darling, Aaron; Jeannotte, Richard; Lopez, Javier;
1301:
conservation methods. Currently, a large amount of scientific interest exists in conferring beneficial teosinte traits, such as nitrogen fixation, insect resistance, perennialism, and flood tolerance, to cultivated maize lines, although this is very difficult due to linked deleterious teosinte
1190:
According to these authors, "The maize of the Andes
Mountains with its distinctive hand grenade-shaped ears was derived from the maize of lowland South America, which in turn came from maize of the lowlands of Guatemala and southern Mexico."
741:
Teosintes strongly resemble maize in many ways, notably their tassel (male inflorescence) morphology. Teosintes are distinguished from maize most obviously by their numerous branches each bearing bunches of distinctive, small female
1747:
Devos, Yann; Ortiz-García, Sol; Hokanson, Karen E.; Raybould, Alan (2018). "Teosinte and maize × teosinte hybrid plants in Europe−Environmental risk assessment and management implications for genetically modified maize".
722:(n=20). The different species and subspecies of teosinte can be readily distinguished based on morphological, cytogenetic, protein, and DNA differences and on geographic origin. The two perennials are
2237:
1289:
survives as about 6000 plants in an area of 200 × 150 m. The
Mexican and Nicaraguan governments have taken action in recent years to protect wild teosinte populations, using both
734:
with many terminal chromosome knobs and an isozyme position between the two sections. Considered to be phenotypically the most distinctive, as well as the most threatened, teosinte is
1317:
to teosinte weeds has only been observed to produce a GM teosinte with the same trait but this may not always be the outcome. Teosinte with a different insertion of the
2032:
2232:
2227:
2071:
1141:
between teosinte and maize. First, and later-generation hybrids are often found in the fields, but the rate of gene exchange is quite low. Some populations of
328:, corn, or Indian corn), one of the most important crops for human societies throughout much of the world. The four wild species are commonly known as
750:
that forage on teosinte and aid in seed distribution through their droppings. Teosinte seed exhibits some resistance to germination, but will quickly
1397:
Wu, Chi-Chih; Diggle, Pamela K.; Friedman, William E. (September 2011). "Female gametophyte development and double fertilization in Balsas teosinte,
1967:
1750:
2045:
1993:
1706:
2120:
2247:
1579:
Hufford, Matthew B.; Lubinksy, Pesach; Pyhäjärvi, Tanja; Devengenzo, Michael T.; Ellstrand, Norman C.; Ross-Ibarra, Jeffrey (9 May 2013).
1149:
within cultivated maize fields, having evolved a maize-like form as a result of the farmers' selective weeding pressure. In some areas of
2222:
447:
2217:
2212:
1365:
1357:
1378:
2019:
413:
2050:
2058:
1697:
585:
1889:
1876:
597:
61:
2133:
1349:
1314:
1263:
561:
726:
and very similar and some consider them to be one species. What many consider to be the most puzzling teosinte is
2076:
20:
1633:
Weimer, Bart C.; Eisen, Jonathan A.; Shapiro, Howard-Yana; Ané, Jean-Michel; Bennett, Alan B. (7 August 2018).
1407:
738:. This teosinte thrives in flooded conditions along 200 m of a coastal estuarine river in northwest Nicaragua.
591:
2138:
2242:
1954:
2252:
1941:
1819:
1894:
1177:
An Andean group, that includes the hand-grenade-shaped ear types and some other Andean maize (35 plants);
2107:
1959:
1946:
1635:"Nitrogen fixation in a landrace of maize is supported by a mucilage-associated diazotrophic microbiota"
1114:
were involved. According to the most widely held evolutionary model, the crop was derived directly from
1520:
Matsuoka, Y.; Vigouroux, Y.; Goodman, M. M.; Sanchez G., J.; Buckler, E.; Doebley, J. (30 April 2002).
1998:
1173:
According to
Matsuoka et al., the available early maize gene pool can be divided into three clusters:
2207:
2086:
1915:
1533:
1463:
1259:
603:
1693:"Risk assessment of genetically engineered plants that can persist and propagate in the environment"
165:
1271:
1254:
2179:
1857:
1779:
1728:
1432:
1241:
1158:
1146:
1107:
232:
56:
2112:
2125:
1450:
Gaut, Brandon S.; Le
Thierry d'Ennequin, Maud; Peek, Andrew S.; Sawkins, Mark C. (2000-06-20).
2094:
2037:
1902:
1771:
1720:
1668:
1614:
1561:
1499:
1481:
1424:
1361:
1353:
526:
427:
2161:
1802:
2099:
1763:
1710:
1658:
1648:
1604:
1594:
1551:
1541:
1489:
1471:
1416:
1119:
623:
1224:
699:
655:
313:
99:
1537:
1467:
491:
1663:
1634:
1609:
1580:
1249:
1245:
743:
348:
86:
1691:
Bauer-Panskus, Andreas; Miyazaki, Juliana; Kawall, Katharina; Then, Christoph (2020).
1556:
1521:
1337:
1137:
species of teosinte may grow in or very near corn fields, providing opportunities for
2201:
1732:
1585:
1494:
1451:
1215:
1162:
1138:
1127:
503:
456:
224:
202:
185:
175:
112:
1783:
2184:
1907:
1639:
1436:
1236:
928:
695:
555:
420:
210:
1985:
1868:
1881:
1653:
1599:
2171:
2063:
2006:
1851:
1759:
1522:"A single domestication for maize shown by multilocus microsatellite genotyping"
1267:
1211:
1207:
333:
155:
125:
1767:
1715:
1692:
1420:
1187:
Also, some other intermediate genomes, or admixtures of these clusters occur.
942:
719:
682:
667:
659:
1842:
1775:
1724:
1485:
1980:
1928:
1476:
1318:
1310:
1281:
Virtually all populations of teosintes are either threatened or endangered:
1134:
992:
803:
780:
751:
747:
723:
538:
472:
369:
39:
2151:
1672:
1618:
1565:
1546:
1503:
1428:
548:
2146:
1836:
1230:
1046:
1022:
869:
828:
498:
476:
218:
48:
1972:
1297:
1291:
967:
851:
792:
763:
711:
468:
439:
382:
317:
145:
1118:
by selection of key mutations; but in some varieties up to 20% of its
2011:
1150:
824:
513:
135:
1813:
484:
710:
are perennial, while all other species are annual. All species are
654:. The former section is typified by dark-staining knobs made up of
1933:
1203:
905:
771:
681:
612:
608:
576:
386:
374:
368:
358:
325:
309:
73:
2024:
666:
may have none to three knobs between each chromosome end and the
1321:
may result and functionally different outcomes may be produced.
1154:
1111:
767:
1920:
1817:
1452:"Maize as a model for the evolution of plant nuclear genomes"
1581:"The Genomic Signature of Crop-Wild Introgression in Maize"
1157:, while in a few areas, farmers regard it as a beneficial
754:
if treated with a dilute solution of hydrogen peroxide.
607:. The first three subspecies are teosintes; the last is
1180:
All other South
American and Mexican maize (80 plants);
1153:, teosintes are regarded by maize farmers as a noxious
465:
Maíz de Monte, Florida teosinte and
Guatemalan teosinte
16:
Genus of flowering plants in the grass family
Poaceae
1826:
2238:Crops originating from Pre-Columbian North America
1684:
1682:
1803:"Tracking the Ancestry of Corn Back 9,000 Years"
373:teosinte (top), maize-teosinte hybrid (middle),
1526:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1456:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1392:
1390:
1388:
1348:Gledhill, David (2008). "The Names of Plants".
19:"Teosinte" redirects here. For other uses, see
1515:
1513:
1338:Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
1285:exists in an area of only a few square miles;
758:Origin of maize and interaction with teosintes
601:(Balsas teosinte, the ancestor of maize), and
8:
583:) is further divided into four subspecies:
352:
1814:
1240:; in the Old World, it is attacked by the
730:, which combines a morphology rather like
38:
27:
1751:Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment
1714:
1662:
1652:
1608:
1598:
1555:
1545:
1493:
1475:
1214:species including (in the Americas) the
1169:Early dispersal of maize in the Americas
674:, which has many large terminal knobs).
391:
1707:Springer Science and Business Media LLC
1330:
1202:species are used as food plants by the
662:arms, while most subspecies of section
516:, Guatemala; cultivated in many places
1106:Teosintes are critical components of
357:) for another cereal grain (possibly
7:
2233:Crops originating from South America
2228:Crops originating from North America
2087:f1ba526e-9011-4c5d-87ee-c5d608360737
670:and very few terminal knobs (except
1014:
984:
959:
934:
843:
816:
809:
799:
787:
14:
611:, or corn, the only domesticated
1801:Carroll, Sean B. (24 May 2010).
1741:This review cites this research.
1110:, but opinions vary about which
547:
490:
483:
446:
419:
412:
60:
2139:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:19280-1
622:The genus is divided into two
1:
1698:Environmental Sciences Europe
762:Maize is a grass, related to
714:(n=10) with the exception of
461:(Durieu & Asch.) R.M.Bird
1654:10.1371/journal.pbio.2006352
1600:10.1371/journal.pgen.1003477
320:. The best-known species is
2248:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
2269:
2223:Agriculture in Mesoamerica
1768:10.1016/j.agee.2018.02.032
1716:10.1186/s12302-020-00301-0
1350:Cambridge University Press
1315:genetically modified maize
1264:setaceous Hebrew character
658:that are terminal on most
18:
1421:10.1007/s00497-011-0164-1
1408:Sexual Plant Reproduction
1037:
1019:
1012:
989:
982:
964:
957:
939:
932:
902:
866:
848:
841:
821:
814:
807:
797:
353:
238:
231:
216:
209:
57:Scientific classification
55:
46:
37:
30:
21:Teosinte (disambiguation)
2218:Grasses of South America
2213:Grasses of North America
702:teosinte species occur.
531:H.H.Iltis & B.F.Benz
1477:10.1073/pnas.97.13.7008
1228:), and the stem borers
728:Z. m. huehuetenangensis
672:Z. m. huehuetenangensis
586:Z. m. huehuetenangensis
560:(Hitchc.) Reeves &
436:diploperennial teosinte
1547:10.1073/pnas.052125199
1278:), among many others.
1183:U.S. maize (40 plants)
778:is closely related to
766:and more distantly to
691:
378:
2108:Paleobiology Database
1222:), the corn earworm (
1220:Spodoptera frugiperda
823:various grasses e.g.
685:
372:
1379:"ITIS - Report: Zea"
1260:rustic shoulder-knot
1161:, and encourage its
686:Microscopic view of
347:is derived from the
1538:2002PNAS...99.6080M
1468:2000PNAS...97.7008G
1368:(paperback). pp 411
1272:European corn borer
1255:Hypercompe indecisa
1108:maize domestication
791:(Part of
535:Nicaraguan teosinte
1807:The New York Times
1276:Ostrinia nubilalis
1242:double-striped pug
1165:into their maize.
1147:Vavilovian mimicry
946:(fountaingrasses)
692:
567:perennial teosinte
381:The five accepted
379:
365:Recognized species
332:and are native to
324:(variously called
2195:
2194:
2095:Open Tree of Life
1820:Taxon identifiers
1462:(13): 7008–7015.
1116:Z. m. parviglumis
1103:
1102:
1094:
1093:
1085:
1084:
1076:
1075:
1067:
1066:
1058:
1057:
929:PACMAD clade
918:
917:
891:
890:
882:
881:
736:Zea nicaraguensis
732:Z. m. parviglumis
598:Z. m. parviglumis
574:
573:
564:
532:
527:Zea nicaraguensis
506:
462:
433:
428:Zea diploperennis
301:
300:
295:
287:
278:
270:
262:
254:
246:
205:
2260:
2188:
2187:
2175:
2174:
2165:
2164:
2155:
2154:
2142:
2141:
2129:
2128:
2116:
2115:
2103:
2102:
2090:
2089:
2080:
2079:
2067:
2066:
2064:NHMSYS0000465225
2054:
2053:
2041:
2040:
2028:
2027:
2015:
2014:
2002:
2001:
1989:
1988:
1976:
1975:
1963:
1962:
1950:
1949:
1937:
1936:
1924:
1923:
1911:
1910:
1898:
1897:
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1872:
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1862:
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1847:
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1845:
1815:
1810:
1788:
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1736:
1718:
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1677:
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1666:
1656:
1629:
1623:
1622:
1612:
1602:
1576:
1570:
1569:
1559:
1549:
1532:(9): 6080–6084.
1517:
1508:
1507:
1497:
1479:
1447:
1441:
1440:
1394:
1383:
1382:
1375:
1369:
1346:
1340:
1335:
1287:Z. nicaraguensis
1283:Z. diploperennis
1120:genetic material
1015:
985:
960:
935:
844:
817:
810:
800:
788:
704:Z. diploperennis
640:Z. nicaraguensis
632:Z. diploperennis
559:
551:
530:
502:
494:
487:
460:
450:
432:H.H.Iltis et al.
431:
423:
416:
392:
356:
355:
314:flowering plants
293:
286:Jan.Ammal ex Bor
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28:
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2119:
2111:
2106:
2098:
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2057:
2049:
2044:
2036:
2031:
2023:
2018:
2010:
2005:
1997:
1992:
1984:
1979:
1971:
1966:
1958:
1953:
1945:
1940:
1932:
1927:
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1901:
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1690:
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1680:
1647:(8): e2006352.
1631:
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1626:
1593:(5): e1003477.
1578:
1577:
1573:
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1518:
1511:
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1395:
1386:
1377:
1376:
1372:
1347:
1343:
1336:
1332:
1327:
1308:
1244:, the cutworms
1225:Helicoverpa zea
1197:
1171:
1159:companion plant
1104:
1095:
1086:
1077:
1068:
1059:
919:
892:
883:
760:
680:
656:heterochromatin
401:Scientific name
367:
342:
227:
222:
200:
59:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2266:
2264:
2256:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2243:Poaceae genera
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2200:
2199:
2193:
2192:
2190:
2189:
2185:wfo-4000041167
2176:
2166:
2156:
2143:
2130:
2117:
2104:
2091:
2081:
2068:
2055:
2042:
2029:
2016:
2003:
1990:
1977:
1964:
1951:
1938:
1925:
1912:
1899:
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1795:External links
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1415:(3): 219–229.
1384:
1370:
1341:
1329:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1307:
1304:
1250:heart and dart
1246:heart and club
1196:
1193:
1185:
1184:
1181:
1178:
1170:
1167:
1143:Z. m. mexicana
1124:Z. m. mexicana
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804:BOP clade
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744:inflorescences
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676:
592:Z. m. mexicana
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2:
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2253:Andropogoneae
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1965:
1961:
1956:
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1948:
1943:
1939:
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1930:
1926:
1922:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1864:
1859:
1858:Zea (Poaceae)
1853:
1849:
1844:
1838:
1834:
1833:
1831:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1816:
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1586:PLOS Genetics
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1367:
1366:9780521685535
1363:
1359:
1358:9780521866453
1355:
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1243:
1239:
1238:
1233:
1232:
1227:
1226:
1221:
1217:
1216:fall armyworm
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1194:
1192:
1188:
1182:
1179:
1176:
1175:
1174:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1163:introgression
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1139:introgression
1136:
1131:
1129:
1128:introgression
1125:
1121:
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1113:
1109:
1099:
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1089:
1081:
1080:
1072:
1071:
1063:
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1024:
1017:
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1009:
1005:
1004:
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1000:
997:
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994:
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830:
826:
819:
818:
812:
811:
805:
802:
801:
794:
790:
789:
785:
784:, gamagrass.
783:
782:
777:
773:
769:
765:
757:
755:
753:
749:
745:
739:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
689:
684:
677:
675:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
620:
618:
615:in the genus
614:
610:
606:
605:
600:
599:
594:
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582:
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569:
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563:
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496:
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489:
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478:
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470:
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459:
458:
457:Zea luxurians
454:
452:
449:
445:
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441:
438:
435:
430:
429:
425:
422:
418:
415:
411:
410:
407:Distribution
406:
403:
400:
397:
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385:names in the
384:
376:
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364:
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208:
204:
199:
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191:
190:
187:
184:
181:
180:
177:
176:Andropogoneae
174:
171:
170:
167:
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161:
160:
157:
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151:
150:
147:
144:
141:
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137:
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121:
118:
117:
114:
111:
108:
105:
104:
101:
98:
95:
92:
91:
88:
87:Tracheophytes
85:
82:
79:
78:
75:
72:
69:
68:
63:
58:
54:
51:
50:
45:
41:
36:
33:
29:
26:
22:
1827:
1806:
1755:
1749:
1702:
1696:
1644:
1640:PLOS Biology
1638:
1627:
1590:
1584:
1574:
1529:
1525:
1459:
1455:
1445:
1412:
1406:
1405:(Poaceae)".
1402:
1398:
1373:
1360:(hardback),
1344:
1333:
1309:
1296:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1280:
1275:
1268:turnip moths
1253:
1235:
1229:
1223:
1219:
1212:Lepidopteran
1208:caterpillars
1199:
1198:
1189:
1186:
1172:
1142:
1133:All but the
1132:
1123:
1115:
1105:
1041:
1040:
1038:
1021:
1020:
1007:
1006:
996:(gamagrass)
991:
990:
966:
965:
941:
940:
904:
903:
868:
867:
850:
849:
822:
779:
775:
774:. The genus
761:
740:
735:
731:
727:
715:
707:
703:
693:
687:
671:
663:
651:
647:
643:
639:
636:Z. luxurians
635:
631:
627:
621:
616:
602:
596:
590:
584:
580:
575:
556:Zea perennis
554:
525:
497:
455:
426:
380:
344:
343:
329:
321:
318:grass family
304:
303:
302:
290:
282:
273:
265:
257:
249:
241:
217:
211:Type species
196:
195:
162:Supertribe:
119:
106:
93:
80:
47:
31:
25:
2208:Zea (plant)
2007:iNaturalist
1852:Wikispecies
1760:Elsevier BV
1403:parviglumis
718:, which is
716:Z. perennis
708:Z. perennis
678:Description
644:Z. perennis
628:Luxuriantes
509:Corn, Maize
404:Common Name
334:Mesoamerica
186:Tripsacinae
156:Panicoideae
152:Subfamily:
126:Commelinids
100:Angiosperms
2202:Categories
1325:References
1270:, and the
1210:) of some
1135:Nicaraguan
1122:came from
971:(sorghum)
943:Pennisetum
720:tetraploid
668:centromere
660:chromosome
604:Z. m. mays
283:Euchlaezea
182:Subtribe:
1981:GrassBase
1776:0167-8809
1762:: 19–27.
1733:211540730
1725:2190-4707
1486:0027-8424
1319:transgene
1311:Gene flow
1047:teosintes
1045:species (
993:Tripsacum
855:(barley)
781:Tripsacum
752:germinate
748:ruminants
724:sympatric
700:perennial
562:Mangelsd.
539:Nicaragua
512:southern
473:Guatemala
340:Etymology
330:teosintes
242:Euchlaena
70:Kingdom:
2169:VASCAN:
2152:40028236
2147:Tropicos
1986:gen00693
1837:Wikidata
1784:90341111
1673:30086128
1619:23671421
1566:11983901
1504:10860964
1429:21380710
1399:Zea mays
1306:Genomics
1302:traits.
1231:Diatraea
1145:display
1126:through
1026:(maize)
1023:Zea mays
873:(wheat)
870:Triticum
829:ryegrass
624:sections
581:Zea mays
570:Jalisco
499:Zea mays
477:Honduras
377:(bottom)
274:Thalysia
233:Synonyms
219:Zea mays
142:Family:
113:Monocots
49:Zea mays
2162:5866356
2038:1095219
2025:19280-1
1973:2705049
1843:Q542456
1664:6080747
1610:3649989
1534:Bibcode
1464:Bibcode
1437:8045294
1401:subsp.
1352:(CUP).
1298:ex situ
1292:in situ
1195:Ecology
968:Sorghum
909:(rice)
852:Hordeum
793:Poaceae
764:sorghum
712:diploid
652:Z. mays
630:, with
469:Chiapas
440:Jalisco
383:species
322:Z. mays
316:in the
245:Schrad.
192:Genus:
172:Tribe:
146:Poaceae
132:Order:
74:Plantae
2159:uBio:
2121:PLANTS
2113:461338
2100:605186
2084:NZOR:
1960:135271
1947:135271
1921:108049
1895:279913
1869:196031
1866:APDB:
1782:
1774:
1731:
1723:
1671:
1661:
1617:
1607:
1564:
1557:122905
1554:
1502:
1492:
1484:
1435:
1427:
1364:
1356:
1262:, the
1258:, the
1204:larvae
1151:Mexico
1039:other
825:fescue
696:annual
646:; and
514:Mexico
389:are:
351:name (
294:Adans.
277:Kuntze
269:Brign.
258:Mayzea
136:Poales
2051:42268
2033:IRMNG
2012:48449
1999:13020
1934:1ZEAG
1908:8W4SX
1882:81833
1780:S2CID
1729:S2CID
1705:(1).
1495:34377
1433:S2CID
1313:from
1237:Chilo
906:Oryza
772:wheat
694:Both
650:with
613:taxon
609:maize
577:Maize
398:Plant
387:genus
375:maize
359:spelt
349:Greek
326:maize
310:genus
308:is a
266:Reana
253:Mill.
120:Clade
107:Clade
94:Clade
81:Clade
2172:1839
2134:POWO
2077:4575
2072:NCBI
2046:ITIS
2020:IPNI
1994:GRIN
1968:GBIF
1929:EPPO
1890:BOLD
1877:APNI
1772:ISSN
1721:ISSN
1669:PMID
1615:PMID
1562:PMID
1500:PMID
1482:ISSN
1425:PMID
1362:ISBN
1354:ISBN
1295:and
1266:and
1248:and
1234:and
1155:weed
1112:taxa
770:and
768:rice
706:and
698:and
690:seed
354:ζειά
291:Mais
261:Raf.
250:Mays
2180:WFO
2126:ZEA
2059:NBN
1955:FoC
1942:FNA
1916:EoL
1903:CoL
1828:Zea
1764:doi
1756:259
1711:doi
1659:PMC
1649:doi
1605:PMC
1595:doi
1552:PMC
1542:doi
1490:PMC
1472:doi
1417:doi
1200:Zea
1042:Zea
1008:Zea
776:Zea
688:Zea
664:Zea
648:Zea
617:Zea
395:Ear
361:).
345:Zea
312:of
305:Zea
197:Zea
32:Zea
2204::
2182::
2149::
2136::
2123::
2110::
2097::
2074::
2061::
2048::
2035::
2022::
2009::
1996::
1983::
1970::
1957::
1944::
1931::
1918::
1905::
1892::
1879::
1854::
1839::
1805:.
1778:.
1770:.
1758:.
1754:.
1727:.
1719:.
1709:.
1703:32
1701:.
1695:.
1681:^
1667:.
1657:.
1645:16
1643:.
1637:.
1613:.
1603:.
1589:.
1583:.
1560:.
1550:.
1540:.
1530:99
1528:.
1524:.
1512:^
1498:.
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1480:.
1470:.
1460:97
1458:.
1454:.
1431:.
1423:.
1413:24
1411:.
1387:^
1252:,
1130:.
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642:,
638:,
634:,
626::
619:.
595:,
589:,
504:L.
475:,
471:,
336:.
281:×
225:L.
203:L.
122::
109::
96::
83::
1809:.
1786:.
1766::
1735:.
1713::
1675:.
1651::
1621:.
1597::
1591:9
1568:.
1544::
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