1052:
included in that count), and although it is in decline, just as other regional languages, it is in no direct danger of extinction since in some villages with strong isolated communities, more than 90% of the youngsters still speak
Zeelandic. On the other hand, in several villages with much immigration, the local dialect is spoken only by adults, as children are no longer taught it. A lobby for recognising the Zeelandic regional language under the European Charter for Minority Languages was, as of 2005, unable to achieve that status.
1124:
1064:
1084:
1232:
994:
The province of
Zeeland consists of several former islands that were difficult to reach until well into the 20th century. As a result, there is roughly one dialect per island. The respective dialects differ clearly but only slightly. The Goeree-Overflakkee dialect, for example, does not drop the
1051:
are both much closer to
Hollandic than the rural variants and are almost extinct. Surveys held in the 1990s found that at least 60% of Zeeland's population still use Zeelandic as their everyday language. An estimated 250,000 people speak Zeelandic as a mother tongue (West Zeelandic Flemish is
1019:. Within the island dialects themselves, dialectal differences also exist, and native speakers can frequently tell the village (at least on their own island) a person is from by the specific dialect that is spoken, even if the differences are inaudible to outsiders. For example, within the
697:. This practice stems from the idea that each village has their own dialect, which is markedly different even from the dialect in the adjacent village, and that there is no such thing as one homogenous Zeelandic dialect or language. There is a large amount of resistance specifically in
835:, rather than breaking them into and . It usually umlauts into and renders the old Germanic and as falling diphthongs ( and , respectively, with the exact realisation depending on the dialect. Standard Dutch has merged them with etymological and . Finally, Zeelandic drops .
602:, and the area was exposed to influence from both directions. The dialects clearly show a gradual increase of Hollandic elements as one goes northwards. However, Zeelandic is fairly coherent with clear borders, as the broad sea arms form strong
664:
The name Zeeuws has been in use for the language spoken in
Zeeland ever since, but in addition to this there are various other names. Speakers often refer to their dialect with the name of their own area, such as
1263:
491:
1063:
783:
and Axel, which preserve more
Zeelandic features while also exhibiting West-Flemish features. Although these similarities are greater than those between Zeelandic and
1256:
540:
760:, Zeelandic dialect is being mostly replaced by Standard Dutch, although elderly people and people from surrounding rural areas can often still speak Zeelandic.
799:. There is hardly any dialectal influence from Zeelandic in the neighbouring Brabantine dialects, however, with the exception of the neighbouring villages of
1600:
539:, but there have been movements to promote the status of Zeelandic from a dialect of Dutch to a separate regional language, which have been denied by the
1249:
484:
1138:
477:
2137:
685:, but also used in other towns in this region to distinguish it from the West-Zeelandic-Flemish dialects spoken in the region surrounding
233:
3550:
1180:
Together with West-Flemish and the
Flemish spoken in northern France, Zeeuws is part of a cluster of remarkably homogenic dialects
1593:
2522:
245:
775:
language varieties. The dialects spoken more towards the western coastal region of
Zeelandic-Flanders, locally referred to as
1083:
1043:
Zeelandic is strongly associated with the rural population, as it is spoken mainly in the countryside. The town dialects of
3416:
1236:
3446:
2616:
2578:
2563:
1890:
1562:
1534:
465:
289:
717:, which is also used in other dialects to refer to any non-Standard-Dutch dialect, is also frequently used in Zeeland.
3560:
3555:
3426:
3286:
2636:
2595:
2585:
1586:
531:) is a group of language varieties spoken in the southwestern parts of the Netherlands. It is currently considered a
725:
Zeelandic is spoken in most areas in
Zeeland province, excluding East-Zeelandic-Flanders where, traditionally, more
1802:
1349:
713:(like civilians, like the bourgeoisie), but this nomenclature has fallen out of fashion in recent times. The word
3143:
1027:, a village roughly on the middle of the island, can use widely different words for something than speakers from
3421:
3375:
3370:
3294:
2904:
2888:
2767:
2626:
694:
255:
217:
97:
3202:
744:
In urban areas in
Zeeland, the dialect is in decline due to migration from other areas in the Netherlands. In
701:
against calling the local dialect
Zeelandic, due to historical animosity between this region which belongs to
223:
3545:
3360:
3304:
3299:
3219:
2892:
2842:
2600:
2142:
1960:
1644:
1632:
1567:
87:
77:
3365:
2847:
2813:
2431:
2247:
2107:
1947:
1842:
1297:
1123:
575:
398:
3523:
3487:
2755:
2748:
2700:
2470:
2441:
2410:
2373:
2298:
2147:
2055:
1968:
1829:
1791:
1544:
1513:
1472:
1396:
524:
354:
2988:
1863:
3492:
3472:
3441:
3314:
3174:
3148:
3049:
2920:
2738:
2330:
2157:
2119:
2114:
1988:
1935:
1693:
1557:
1529:
1444:
329:
92:
3431:
2978:
2823:
2667:
2621:
2555:
2308:
2070:
1955:
1868:
1666:
1539:
1458:
1367:
1341:
1044:
779:, resemble the West-Flemish dialects spoken across the border more than the dialects spoken around
753:
591:
460:
437:
339:
334:
737:, but the dialect has mostly disappeared from that area due to migration from urban areas such as
3477:
3329:
3319:
3274:
3036:
2963:
2860:
2705:
2680:
2675:
2568:
2396:
2281:
2102:
1880:
1875:
1854:
1815:
1619:
1609:
1428:
1409:
1290:
1209:
1070:
730:
698:
678:
618:
556:
548:
430:
425:
420:
317:
82:
3401:
2320:
3451:
3250:
3166:
3159:
3114:
3058:
2818:
2808:
2791:
2786:
2690:
2452:
2252:
2213:
2193:
2031:
1923:
1905:
1757:
1304:
1028:
784:
764:
682:
403:
133:
3406:
3197:
3131:
3087:
3082:
3031:
3023:
2828:
2796:
2743:
2732:
2645:
2517:
2512:
2354:
2293:
2083:
2065:
1900:
1661:
1653:
1465:
1435:
1388:
1374:
1074:
855:
413:
349:
322:
3436:
3229:
3136:
3119:
3104:
3099:
3092:
2801:
2710:
2695:
2650:
2502:
2465:
2457:
2436:
2423:
2403:
2389:
2152:
2129:
2060:
2050:
2042:
1822:
1479:
1402:
1381:
1354:
1008:
808:
508:
359:
69:
3396:
3517:
3411:
3391:
3343:
3235:
3109:
2779:
2546:
2485:
2264:
2221:
2178:
2095:
2090:
1979:
1929:
1780:
1731:
1686:
1679:
1493:
1486:
1360:
1284:
1183:
792:
733:. Traditionally, the Zeelandic language area also extended further north to the island
563:
536:
532:
516:
383:
344:
294:
280:
164:
102:
209:
3539:
3482:
3467:
3309:
3065:
3016:
2833:
2772:
2685:
2631:
2590:
2528:
2475:
2359:
2286:
1716:
1503:
1320:
1004:
812:
800:
788:
734:
702:
544:
408:
1241:
3336:
2760:
2724:
2657:
2480:
2303:
2276:
2259:
2203:
2162:
1744:
1723:
1327:
1313:
772:
768:
726:
388:
379:
172:
148:
143:
20:
2983:
1111:
729:
dialects are spoken. North of Zeeland, Zeelandic is still spoken on the island of
3243:
3153:
3126:
2998:
2944:
2852:
2534:
2495:
2078:
1773:
1737:
1672:
1451:
614:
587:
232:
49:
2993:
2973:
2338:
2008:
1709:
1508:
1422:
1417:
1116:
1048:
1032:
1024:
787:
dialects, there are some minor dialectal influences in the dialects spoken in
745:
571:
3179:
3042:
2927:
2573:
2490:
2226:
2198:
2024:
1000:
796:
780:
757:
738:
670:
299:
202:
186:
138:
3003:
1164:
1231:
193:
2968:
2316:
686:
603:
599:
263:
251:
1191:
3009:
2605:
2507:
1273:
595:
567:
552:
259:
44:
237:
Distribution of Zeelandic (blue) within the Dutch language area (grey)
2312:
1578:
1020:
804:
442:
1187:
1139:"Digibron.nl, Zeeuwen zullen waarschijnlijk nooit een taal spreken"
838:
This table illustrates the differences (the orthography is Dutch):
2230:
1090:
824:
749:
709:(farmer-like), in contrast to Standard Dutch which was known as
3272:
2886:
1630:
1582:
1245:
543:. More specifically, it is spoken in the southernmost part of
705:, and Zeeland proper. In the past, Zeelandic was also called
574:, which separates it clearly from Standard Dutch. This makes
823:
Zeelandic still has three grammatical genders and the final
689:), or sometimes with the name of their own village, such as
827:
of feminine words. It has kept the monophthongs and for
613:
is an old Zeelandic word that has been attested since the
262:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
771:
dialects, but there is more of a dialect continuum with
1215:, in Kruijsen, Joep; van der Sijs, Nicoline (eds.),
621:
in his description of Sint-Francis goes as follows:
3460:
3384:
3353:
3285:
3217:
3075:
2956:
2912:
2903:
2723:
2666:
2554:
2545:
2450:
2422:
2381:
2372:
2347:
2329:
2240:
2212:
2186:
2177:
2128:
2041:
2016:
2007:
1946:
1841:
1790:
1765:
1756:
1652:
1643:
1522:
216:
200:
184:
179:
161:
126:
66:
56:
40:
28:
1011:words, unlike the northern dialects (for example:
763:There are clear differences between Zeelandic and
1535:Langue des signes Francophone de Belgique, LSFB
657:German, Dutch, Brabantine, Flemish, Zeelandic;
1594:
1257:
1031:do, which lies only 5 km to the west of
485:
8:
578:with speakers of Standard Dutch difficult.
3282:
3269:
2909:
2900:
2883:
2551:
2378:
2183:
2013:
1762:
1649:
1640:
1627:
1601:
1587:
1579:
1264:
1250:
1242:
1039:Geographic distribution and social aspects
492:
478:
271:
231:
25:
555:, with the notable exception of eastern
1104:
1073:, "Durpsuus", which is Zeelandic for a
1059:
721:Geographic spread and dialect continuum
450:
369:
307:
279:
256:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
1219:, Uitgeverij Contact, pp. 223–232
594:, Zeeland was claimed by the Count of
551:) and large parts of the province of
275:This article is a part of a series on
7:
566:mainly in pronunciation but also in
2163:Plautdietsch / Mennonite Low German
651:One needs, to search for the rhymes
645:Walsch, Latijn, Griex ende Hebreeus
3522:Languages between parentheses are
636:Duuts, Diets, Brabants, Vlaemsch,
541:Dutch Ministry of Internal Affairs
14:
1230:
1122:
1082:
1062:
660:Walloon, Latin, Greek and Hebrew
562:It has notable differences from
16:Low Franconian dialect of Dutch
3526:of the language on their left.
1:
3417:Germanic substrate hypothesis
1530:Deutsche Gebärdensprache, DGS
1137:Hoekman, Jacob (2004-07-28).
626:Men moet om de rime te souken
3447:Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law
2138:Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch
1563:Languages of the Netherlands
1540:Nederlandse Gebarentaal, NGT
452:East Low Franconian dialects
371:West Low Franconian dialects
290:Languages of the Netherlands
3427:High German consonant shift
1169:Language in the Netherlands
631:Misselike tonghe in bouken:
62:(undated figure of 220,000)
3577:
1965:Westlauwers–Terschellings
1618:According to contemporary
1272:Languages and dialects of
19:For the British ship, see
18:
3509:
3281:
3268:
3190:
3144:Southern Schleswig Danish
2899:
2882:
1639:
1626:
1616:
1553:
1280:
756:and, to a lesser extent,
681:(named after the town of
654:Various tongues in books:
242:
230:
33:
3551:Culture of South Holland
3422:West Germanic gemination
3376:Ancient Belgian language
3371:Germanic parent language
3315:Weser-Rhine (Istvaeonic)
2437:Austrian Standard German
1545:Vlaamse Gebarentaal, VGT
598:as well as the Count of
1568:Languages of Luxembourg
1023:dialect, speakers from
617:. An early citation by
528:
512:
3483:Preterite-present verb
3366:Proto-Germanic grammar
3320:North Sea (Ingvaeonic)
2432:German Standard German
2108:East Frisian Low Saxon
1217:Honderd Jaar Stadstaal
1089:"Juun", Zeelandic for
576:mutual intelligibility
520:
244:This article contains
3488:Grammatischer Wechsel
2471:Namibian Black German
2442:Swiss Standard German
2411:Early New High German
1969:Mainland West Frisian
1830:Harlingerland Frisian
1239:at Wikimedia Commons
1208:Berns, J. B. (1999),
3493:Indo-European ablaut
3473:Germanic strong verb
3442:Germanic spirant law
2579:Southeast Limburgish
2075:Gelders-Overijssels
1704:Irish Middle English
1694:Early Modern English
1558:Languages of Belgium
1403:Standard High German
886:the (female) farmer
466:Southeast Limburgish
171:Zeelandic alphabet (
3461:Synchronic features
3432:Germanic a-mutation
3385:Diachronic features
2735:in the broad sense
2668:East Central German
2622:Lorraine Franconian
2596:Transylvanian Saxon
2556:West Central German
2331:East Low Franconian
2241:West Low Franconian
592:early modern period
3561:Goeree-Overflakkee
3556:Culture of Zeeland
3478:Germanic weak verb
3287:Language subgroups
2637:Pennsylvania Dutch
2586:Moselle Franconian
2564:Central Franconian
2397:Middle High German
2148:Central Pomeranian
2103:Northern Low Saxon
1816:Wangerooge Frisian
1610:Germanic languages
1429:Northern Low Saxon
1237:Zeelandic language
1069:Zeelandic sign in
872:the (male) farmer
731:Goeree-Overflakkee
699:Goeree-Overflakkee
679:Zeelandic-Flanders
619:Jacob van Maerlant
557:Zeelandic Flanders
549:Goeree-Overflakkee
318:Northern Low Saxon
309:Low Saxon dialects
3533:
3532:
3518:extinct languages
3505:
3504:
3501:
3500:
3452:Great Vowel Shift
3264:
3263:
3260:
3259:
3213:
3212:
3059:Greenlandic Norse
2878:
2877:
2874:
2873:
2870:
2869:
2809:Southern Bavarian
2792:Northern Bavarian
2768:Highest Alemannic
2719:
2718:
2453:standard variants
2368:
2367:
2214:Standard variants
2173:
2172:
2032:Middle Low German
2003:
2002:
1999:
1998:
1803:Saterland Frisian
1576:
1575:
1235:Media related to
1120:(15th ed., 2005)
1029:Sint-Maartensdijk
987:
986:
767:, Brabantine and
502:
501:
270:
269:
252:rendering support
248:phonetic symbols.
3568:
3310:Elbe (Irminonic)
3283:
3270:
3198:Mainland Gutnish
3088:Swedish dialects
3050:Middle Icelandic
3024:Middle Norwegian
2913:Historical forms
2910:
2901:
2884:
2843:South Franconian
2829:Hutterite German
2797:Central Bavarian
2617:Rhine Franconian
2552:
2382:Historical forms
2379:
2294:Surinamese Dutch
2187:Historical forms
2184:
2017:Historical forms
2014:
1766:Historical forms
1763:
1650:
1641:
1628:
1603:
1596:
1589:
1580:
1496:
1489:
1482:
1475:
1468:
1461:
1454:
1447:
1438:
1431:
1412:
1405:
1391:
1384:
1377:
1370:
1363:
1344:
1337:
1330:
1323:
1316:
1307:
1300:
1293:
1266:
1259:
1252:
1243:
1234:
1220:
1214:
1194:
1182:
1177:
1176:
1171:. Streektaal.net
1163:Marco Evenhuis.
1160:
1154:
1153:
1151:
1150:
1134:
1128:
1127:
1126:
1109:
1086:
1075:Community centre
1066:
841:
840:
494:
487:
480:
414:Surinamese Dutch
272:
235:
226:
212:
196:
189:
167:
72:
26:
3576:
3575:
3571:
3570:
3569:
3567:
3566:
3565:
3536:
3535:
3534:
3529:
3497:
3456:
3437:Germanic umlaut
3402:Holtzmann's law
3380:
3349:
3277:
3256:
3209:
3186:
3120:South Jutlandic
3105:Danish dialects
3071:
2952:
2895:
2866:
2848:East Franconian
2802:Viennese German
2715:
2696:Silesian German
2662:
2651:Central Hessian
2541:
2466:Namibian German
2455:
2446:
2424:Standard German
2418:
2404:New High German
2390:Old High German
2364:
2343:
2325:
2236:
2208:
2169:
2153:East Pomeranian
2143:Brandenburgisch
2130:East Low German
2124:
2051:Dutch Low Saxon
2043:West Low German
2037:
1995:
1961:Schiermonnikoog
1942:
1837:
1823:Wursten Frisian
1786:
1752:
1635:
1622:
1612:
1607:
1577:
1572:
1549:
1518:
1492:
1485:
1478:
1471:
1464:
1457:
1450:
1443:
1434:
1427:
1408:
1401:
1387:
1380:
1373:
1366:
1359:
1340:
1333:
1326:
1319:
1312:
1303:
1296:
1289:
1276:
1270:
1228:
1223:
1212:
1207:
1203:
1201:Further reading
1198:
1197:
1174:
1172:
1162:
1161:
1157:
1148:
1146:
1136:
1135:
1131:
1121:
1110:
1106:
1101:
1094:
1087:
1078:
1067:
1058:
1041:
992:
821:
819:Characteristics
809:Nieuw-Vossemeer
723:
584:
498:
250:Without proper
238:
222:
208:
192:
185:
168:
163:
157:
129:
122:
73:
70:Language family
68:
59:
58:Native speakers
47:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3574:
3572:
3564:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3546:Dutch dialects
3538:
3537:
3531:
3530:
3528:
3527:
3520:
3510:
3507:
3506:
3503:
3502:
3499:
3498:
3496:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3464:
3462:
3458:
3457:
3455:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3388:
3386:
3382:
3381:
3379:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3361:Proto-Germanic
3357:
3355:
3351:
3350:
3348:
3347:
3340:
3333:
3325:
3324:
3323:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3302:
3297:
3291:
3289:
3279:
3278:
3273:
3266:
3265:
3262:
3261:
3258:
3257:
3255:
3254:
3247:
3240:
3236:Crimean Gothic
3225:
3223:
3215:
3214:
3211:
3210:
3208:
3207:
3206:
3205:
3200:
3191:
3188:
3187:
3185:
3184:
3183:
3182:
3172:
3171:
3170:
3163:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3140:
3139:
3134:
3124:
3123:
3122:
3112:
3110:Insular Danish
3107:
3097:
3096:
3095:
3093:Rinkebysvenska
3090:
3079:
3077:
3073:
3072:
3070:
3069:
3062:
3055:
3054:
3053:
3046:
3034:
3029:
3028:
3027:
3020:
3013:
3007:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2960:
2958:
2954:
2953:
2951:
2950:
2949:
2948:
2941:
2939:Old East Norse
2936:
2934:Old West Norse
2924:
2916:
2914:
2907:
2897:
2896:
2887:
2880:
2879:
2876:
2875:
2872:
2871:
2868:
2867:
2865:
2864:
2857:
2856:
2855:
2845:
2840:
2839:
2838:
2837:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2814:South Tyrolean
2806:
2805:
2804:
2794:
2784:
2783:
2782:
2777:
2776:
2775:
2765:
2764:
2763:
2756:High Alemannic
2753:
2752:
2751:
2746:
2729:
2727:
2721:
2720:
2717:
2716:
2714:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2672:
2670:
2664:
2663:
2661:
2660:
2655:
2654:
2653:
2643:
2642:
2641:
2640:
2639:
2634:
2624:
2614:
2613:
2612:
2611:
2610:
2609:
2608:
2598:
2593:
2583:
2582:
2581:
2576:
2560:
2558:
2549:
2547:Central German
2543:
2542:
2540:
2539:
2538:
2537:
2532:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2505:
2500:
2499:
2498:
2488:
2486:Barossa German
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2462:
2460:
2448:
2447:
2445:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2428:
2426:
2420:
2419:
2417:
2416:
2415:
2414:
2400:
2393:
2385:
2383:
2376:
2370:
2369:
2366:
2365:
2363:
2362:
2357:
2351:
2349:
2345:
2344:
2342:
2341:
2335:
2333:
2327:
2326:
2324:
2323:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2290:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2268:
2267:
2265:French Flemish
2257:
2256:
2255:
2244:
2242:
2238:
2237:
2235:
2234:
2224:
2218:
2216:
2210:
2209:
2207:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2190:
2188:
2181:
2179:Low Franconian
2175:
2174:
2171:
2170:
2168:
2167:
2166:
2165:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2134:
2132:
2126:
2125:
2123:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2111:
2110:
2100:
2099:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2087:
2086:
2081:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2047:
2045:
2039:
2038:
2036:
2035:
2028:
2020:
2018:
2011:
2005:
2004:
2001:
2000:
1997:
1996:
1994:
1993:
1992:
1991:
1986:
1985:
1984:
1983:
1982:
1980:Westereendersk
1974:
1963:
1958:
1952:
1950:
1944:
1943:
1941:
1940:
1939:
1938:
1933:
1926:
1921:
1920:
1919:
1914:
1911:
1903:
1898:
1897:
1896:
1885:
1884:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1872:
1871:
1866:
1858:
1847:
1845:
1839:
1838:
1836:
1835:
1834:
1833:
1826:
1819:
1807:
1806:
1805:
1796:
1794:
1788:
1787:
1785:
1784:
1781:Middle Frisian
1777:
1769:
1767:
1760:
1754:
1753:
1751:
1750:
1749:
1748:
1741:
1729:
1728:
1727:
1720:
1713:
1701:
1700:
1699:
1698:
1697:
1687:Modern English
1683:
1680:Middle English
1676:
1669:
1658:
1656:
1647:
1637:
1636:
1631:
1624:
1623:
1617:
1614:
1613:
1608:
1606:
1605:
1598:
1591:
1583:
1574:
1573:
1571:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1554:
1551:
1550:
1548:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1526:
1524:
1523:Sign languages
1520:
1519:
1517:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1500:
1499:
1498:
1497:
1490:
1483:
1476:
1469:
1462:
1455:
1441:
1440:
1439:
1420:
1415:
1414:
1413:
1406:
1394:
1393:
1392:
1385:
1378:
1371:
1364:
1361:Belgian French
1352:
1347:
1346:
1345:
1338:
1331:
1324:
1317:
1310:
1309:
1308:
1294:
1281:
1278:
1277:
1271:
1269:
1268:
1261:
1254:
1246:
1227:
1226:External links
1224:
1222:
1221:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1196:
1195:
1155:
1129:
1103:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1096:
1095:
1088:
1081:
1079:
1068:
1061:
1057:
1054:
1040:
1037:
1015:as opposed to
1007:dialects have
991:
988:
985:
984:
981:
978:
974:
973:
970:
967:
960:
959:
956:
953:
945:
944:
941:
938:
931:
930:
927:
924:
917:
916:
913:
910:
902:
901:
898:
895:
888:
887:
884:
881:
874:
873:
870:
867:
860:
859:
852:
847:
820:
817:
793:Hoeksche Waard
722:
719:
711:op z'n burgers
662:
661:
658:
655:
652:
649:
647:
642:
633:
628:
583:
580:
564:Standard Dutch
533:Low Franconian
500:
499:
497:
496:
489:
482:
474:
471:
470:
469:
468:
463:
455:
454:
448:
447:
446:
445:
440:
435:
434:
433:
428:
418:
417:
416:
411:
406:
396:
391:
386:
384:French Flemish
374:
373:
367:
366:
365:
364:
363:
362:
357:
352:
347:
342:
337:
327:
326:
325:
312:
311:
305:
304:
303:
302:
297:
295:Dutch dialects
292:
284:
283:
277:
276:
268:
267:
254:, you may see
240:
239:
236:
228:
227:
220:
214:
213:
206:
198:
197:
190:
182:
181:
180:Language codes
177:
176:
169:
165:Writing system
162:
159:
158:
156:
155:
154:
153:
152:
151:
132:
130:
127:
124:
123:
121:
120:
119:
118:
117:
116:
115:
114:
113:
112:
111:
110:
98:Low Franconian
76:
74:
67:
64:
63:
60:
57:
54:
53:
42:
41:Native to
38:
37:
31:
30:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3573:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3543:
3541:
3525:
3521:
3519:
3515:
3512:
3511:
3508:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3468:Germanic verb
3466:
3465:
3463:
3459:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3407:Sievers's law
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3389:
3387:
3383:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3358:
3356:
3354:Reconstructed
3352:
3346:
3345:
3341:
3339:
3338:
3334:
3332:
3331:
3327:
3326:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3307:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3292:
3290:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3271:
3267:
3253:
3252:
3248:
3246:
3245:
3241:
3238:
3237:
3232:
3231:
3227:
3226:
3224:
3222:
3221:
3216:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3195:
3193:
3192:
3189:
3181:
3178:
3177:
3176:
3173:
3169:
3168:
3167:Middle Danish
3164:
3162:
3161:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3129:
3128:
3125:
3121:
3118:
3117:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3102:
3101:
3098:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3085:
3084:
3081:
3080:
3078:
3074:
3068:
3067:
3063:
3061:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3051:
3047:
3045:
3044:
3043:Old Icelandic
3040:
3039:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3026:
3025:
3021:
3019:
3018:
3017:Old Norwegian
3014:
3011:
3008:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2966:
2965:
2962:
2961:
2959:
2955:
2947:
2946:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2931:
2930:
2929:
2925:
2923:
2922:
2918:
2917:
2915:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2885:
2881:
2863:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2851:
2850:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2835:
2834:Gottscheerish
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2811:
2810:
2807:
2803:
2800:
2799:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2789:
2788:
2785:
2781:
2778:
2774:
2773:Walser German
2771:
2770:
2769:
2766:
2762:
2759:
2758:
2757:
2754:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2741:
2740:
2739:Low Alemannic
2737:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2730:
2728:
2726:
2722:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2701:High Prussian
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2686:Erzgebirgisch
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2673:
2671:
2669:
2665:
2659:
2656:
2652:
2649:
2648:
2647:
2644:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2629:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2619:
2618:
2615:
2607:
2604:
2603:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2591:Luxembourgish
2589:
2588:
2587:
2584:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2571:
2570:
2567:
2566:
2565:
2562:
2561:
2559:
2557:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2544:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2530:
2529:Klezmer-loshn
2526:
2524:
2523:Scots Yiddish
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2510:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2497:
2494:
2493:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2463:
2461:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2429:
2427:
2425:
2421:
2413:
2412:
2408:
2407:
2406:
2405:
2401:
2399:
2398:
2394:
2392:
2391:
2387:
2386:
2384:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2371:
2361:
2360:Meuse-Rhenish
2358:
2356:
2353:
2352:
2350:
2346:
2340:
2337:
2336:
2334:
2332:
2328:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2291:
2288:
2287:Kleverlandish
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2266:
2263:
2262:
2261:
2258:
2254:
2251:
2250:
2249:
2248:Central Dutch
2246:
2245:
2243:
2239:
2232:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2219:
2217:
2215:
2211:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2191:
2189:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2176:
2164:
2161:
2160:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2135:
2133:
2131:
2127:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2109:
2106:
2105:
2104:
2101:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2076:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2056:Stellingwarfs
2054:
2053:
2052:
2049:
2048:
2046:
2044:
2040:
2034:
2033:
2029:
2027:
2026:
2022:
2021:
2019:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2006:
1990:
1987:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1976:Wood Frisian
1975:
1972:
1971:
1970:
1967:
1966:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1945:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1931:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1918:
1915:
1912:
1909:
1908:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1894:
1893:
1892:
1889:
1888:
1886:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1861:
1859:
1857:
1856:
1852:
1851:
1849:
1848:
1846:
1844:
1843:North Frisian
1840:
1832:
1831:
1827:
1825:
1824:
1820:
1818:
1817:
1813:
1812:
1811:
1808:
1804:
1801:
1800:
1798:
1797:
1795:
1793:
1789:
1783:
1782:
1778:
1776:
1775:
1771:
1770:
1768:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1755:
1747:
1746:
1742:
1740:
1739:
1735:
1734:
1733:
1730:
1726:
1725:
1721:
1719:
1718:
1714:
1712:
1711:
1707:
1706:
1705:
1702:
1696:
1695:
1691:
1690:
1689:
1688:
1684:
1682:
1681:
1677:
1675:
1674:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1664:
1663:
1660:
1659:
1657:
1655:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1645:Anglo-Frisian
1642:
1638:
1634:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1615:
1611:
1604:
1599:
1597:
1592:
1590:
1585:
1584:
1581:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1555:
1552:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1527:
1525:
1521:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1504:Luxembourgish
1502:
1495:
1491:
1488:
1484:
1481:
1477:
1474:
1473:Stellingwarfs
1470:
1467:
1463:
1460:
1456:
1453:
1449:
1448:
1446:
1442:
1437:
1433:
1432:
1430:
1426:
1425:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1411:
1407:
1404:
1400:
1399:
1398:
1395:
1390:
1386:
1383:
1379:
1376:
1372:
1369:
1365:
1362:
1358:
1357:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1343:
1339:
1336:
1332:
1329:
1325:
1322:
1321:Kleverlandish
1318:
1315:
1311:
1306:
1302:
1301:
1299:
1298:Central Dutch
1295:
1292:
1288:
1287:
1286:
1283:
1282:
1279:
1275:
1267:
1262:
1260:
1255:
1253:
1248:
1247:
1244:
1240:
1238:
1233:
1225:
1218:
1211:
1206:
1205:
1200:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1170:
1166:
1159:
1156:
1144:
1140:
1133:
1130:
1125:
1119:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1105:
1098:
1092:
1085:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1046:
1038:
1036:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1005:Zuid-Beveland
1002:
998:
989:
982:
979:
976:
975:
971:
968:
966:
962:
961:
957:
954:
951:
947:
946:
942:
939:
936:
933:
932:
928:
925:
923:
919:
918:
914:
911:
908:
904:
903:
899:
896:
893:
890:
889:
885:
882:
880:
876:
875:
871:
868:
865:
862:
861:
858:
857:
853:
851:
848:
846:
843:
842:
839:
836:
834:
830:
826:
818:
816:
814:
813:North-Brabant
810:
806:
802:
801:Oud-Vossemeer
798:
794:
790:
789:Voorne-Putten
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
761:
759:
755:
751:
747:
742:
740:
736:
735:Voorne-Putten
732:
728:
720:
718:
716:
712:
708:
704:
703:South Holland
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
659:
656:
653:
650:
648:
646:
643:
641:
639:
634:
632:
629:
627:
624:
623:
622:
620:
616:
612:
607:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
581:
579:
577:
573:
569:
565:
560:
558:
554:
550:
546:
545:South Holland
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
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409:Kleverlandish
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399:Central Dutch
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88:West Germanic
86:
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78:Indo-European
75:
71:
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61:
55:
51:
46:
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36:
32:
27:
22:
3513:
3397:Verner's law
3342:
3337:Gotho-Nordic
3335:
3328:
3249:
3242:
3234:
3228:
3218:
3203:Fårö Gutnish
3165:
3158:
3064:
3057:
3048:
3041:
3022:
3015:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2926:
2919:
2859:
2761:Swiss German
2725:Upper German
2658:Amana German
2632:Volga German
2601:Hunsrückisch
2527:
2481:Unserdeutsch
2476:Berlinerisch
2409:
2402:
2395:
2388:
2348:Cover groups
2304:Mohawk Dutch
2299:Jersey Dutch
2277:East Flemish
2271:
2260:West Flemish
2204:Middle Dutch
2158:Low Prussian
2030:
2023:
1989:Terschelling
1973:Clay Frisian
1948:West Frisian
1936:Wiedingharde
1928:
1916:
1876:Heligolandic
1853:
1828:
1821:
1814:
1809:
1792:East Frisian
1779:
1772:
1745:Middle Scots
1743:
1736:
1722:
1715:
1708:
1703:
1692:
1685:
1678:
1671:
1514:West Frisian
1334:
1328:West Flemish
1314:East Flemish
1229:
1216:
1179:
1173:. Retrieved
1168:
1158:
1147:. Retrieved
1142:
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1107:
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1016:
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964:
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849:
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837:
832:
828:
822:
776:
773:West-Flemish
769:East-Flemish
762:
743:
727:East-Flemish
724:
714:
710:
706:
691:Wasschappels
690:
674:
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663:
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637:
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630:
625:
610:
608:
585:
561:
525:West Flemish
504:
503:
451:
393:
389:East Flemish
380:West Flemish
370:
308:
243:
218:Linguasphere
201:
149:Modern Dutch
144:Middle Dutch
107:
34:
21:SS Zealandic
3412:Kluge's law
3392:Grimm's law
3175:Dalecarlian
3154:Perkerdansk
3127:East Danish
2945:Old Gutnish
2921:Proto-Norse
2861:Langobardic
2853:Vogtlandian
2681:Upper Saxon
2535:Lachoudisch
2496:Lotegorisch
2374:High German
2120:Westphalian
2115:Eastphalian
2079:Achterhooks
1956:Hindeloopen
1891:Bökingharde
1860:Föhr–Amrum
1774:Old Frisian
1738:Early Scots
1673:Old English
1452:Achterhoeks
1445:Westphalian
1397:High German
1210:"Zierikzee"
1165:"Zeelandic"
1143:Digibron.nl
695:Westkapelle
615:Middle Ages
588:Middle Ages
535:dialect of
335:Achterhooks
330:Westphalian
258:instead of
128:Early forms
50:Netherlands
3540:Categories
3244:Burgundian
3160:Old Danish
3149:Gøtudanskt
3132:Bornholmsk
2994:Vestlandsk
2974:Kebabnorsk
2711:Halcnovian
2676:Thuringian
2339:Limburgish
2309:Stadsfries
2282:Brabantian
2009:Low German
1855:Eiderstedt
1710:Fingallian
1509:Papiamento
1423:Low German
1418:Limburgish
1368:Champenois
1342:Stadsfries
1291:Brabantian
1186:versions:
1175:2007-06-03
1149:2021-03-25
1145:(in Dutch)
1117:Ethnologue
1099:References
1049:Vlissingen
1045:Middelburg
1033:Poortvliet
1025:Poortvliet
999:, and the
958:to listen
955:luisteren
883:de boerin
877:de boerinn
777:Bressiaans
754:Middelburg
746:Vlissingen
675:Plat Axels
604:isoglosses
572:vocabulary
461:Limburgish
438:Stadsfries
431:Brusselian
426:Antwerpian
421:Brabantian
93:Istvaeonic
3524:varieties
3516:indicate
3330:Northwest
3275:Philology
3180:Elfdalian
3115:Jutlandic
3037:Icelandic
3012:(written)
3006:(written)
2984:Trøndersk
2964:Norwegian
2928:Old Norse
2749:Coloniero
2733:Alemannic
2706:Wymysorys
2574:Colognian
2569:Ripuarian
2491:Rotwelsch
2321:Midslands
2272:Zeelandic
2253:Hollandic
2227:Afrikaans
2199:Old Dutch
2025:Old Saxon
1924:Karrharde
1906:Goesharde
1887:Mainland
1620:philology
1410:Ripuarian
1335:Zeelandic
1305:Hollandic
1112:Zeelandic
1001:Walcheren
845:Zeelandic
797:Rotterdam
785:Hollandic
781:Terneuzen
765:Hollandic
758:Terneuzen
739:Rotterdam
671:Walcheren
609:The name
505:Zeelandic
404:Hollandic
394:Zeelandic
350:Sallaands
300:Afrikaans
224:52-ACB-af
203:Glottolog
187:ISO 639-3
139:Old Dutch
108:Zeelandic
29:Zeelandic
3251:Vandalic
3194:Gutnish
2999:Vikværsk
2979:Sognamål
2969:Bergensk
2819:Cimbrian
2787:Bavarian
2744:Alsatian
2691:Lusatian
2627:Palatine
2317:Amelands
2194:Frankish
2084:Sallaans
2066:Gronings
1917:Southern
1910:Northern
1901:Halligen
1850:Insular
1667:dialects
1466:Sallands
1436:Gronings
1071:Driewege
1009:umlauted
990:Dialects
915:to look
869:de boer
687:Breskens
667:Walchers
600:Flanders
590:and the
323:Gronings
264:Help:IPA
210:zeeu1238
134:Frankish
83:Germanic
3514:Italics
3137:Scanian
3083:Swedish
3032:Faroese
3010:Nynorsk
2989:Valdris
2824:Mòcheno
2780:Swabian
2646:Hessian
2606:Hunsrik
2518:Western
2513:Eastern
2508:Yiddish
2458:creoles
2355:Bergish
2071:Drèents
2061:Tweants
1913:Central
1895:Mooring
1758:Frisian
1717:Kildare
1662:English
1480:Tweants
1459:Drèents
1389:Walloon
1375:Lorrain
1350:English
1274:Benelux
1056:Gallery
952:st'ren
912:kijken
856:English
596:Holland
586:In the
568:grammar
553:Zeeland
360:Tweants
340:Drèents
260:Unicode
45:Zeeland
3230:Gothic
3100:Danish
3004:Bokmål
2503:Yenish
2313:Bildts
2096:Veluws
2091:Urkers
1930:Strand
1654:Anglic
1494:Veluws
1487:Urkers
1382:Picard
1355:French
1190:or as
1188:Zeeuws
1021:Tholen
1013:beuter
977:piele
940:hoofd
909:ke(n)
900:house
805:Tholen
611:Zeeuws
582:Origin
529:Zêeuws
521:Zeeuws
513:Zeêuws
509:Zeeuws
443:Bildts
345:Veluws
35:Zeêuws
3344:South
3295:North
2905:North
2889:North
2231:Kaaps
2222:Dutch
1869:Amrum
1810:Weser
1732:Scots
1285:Dutch
1213:(PDF)
1184:Dutch
1091:onion
1017:boter
983:duck
980:eend
943:head
926:twee
897:huis
866:boer
850:Dutch
825:schwa
707:boers
638:Zeeus
537:Dutch
517:Dutch
281:Dutch
173:Latin
103:Dutch
3305:West
3300:East
3220:East
3076:East
3066:Norn
2957:West
2893:East
2891:and
2456:and
2451:Non-
1881:Sylt
1864:Föhr
1799:Ems
1724:Yola
1633:West
1047:and
1003:and
972:you
969:jij
929:two
831:and
807:and
795:and
750:Goes
715:plat
693:for
683:Axel
677:for
669:for
570:and
1192:pdf
1114:at
1093:(s)
864:d'n
811:in
803:in
673:or
246:IPA
194:zea
3542::
1178:.
1167:.
1141:.
1035:.
965:ie
950:uu
937:d
935:oô
922:eê
920:tw
907:ie
894:s
892:uu
833:ui
829:ij
815:.
791:,
752:,
748:,
741:.
606:.
559:.
527::
523:;
519::
515:;
511::
3239:)
3233:(
2319:/
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2229:(
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997:h
963:j
948:l
905:k
879:e
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547:(
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48:(
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