1068:
included in that count), and although it is in decline, just as other regional languages, it is in no direct danger of extinction since in some villages with strong isolated communities, more than 90% of the youngsters still speak
Zeelandic. On the other hand, in several villages with much immigration, the local dialect is spoken only by adults, as children are no longer taught it. A lobby for recognising the Zeelandic regional language under the European Charter for Minority Languages was, as of 2005, unable to achieve that status.
1140:
1080:
1100:
1248:
1010:
The province of
Zeeland consists of several former islands that were difficult to reach until well into the 20th century. As a result, there is roughly one dialect per island. The respective dialects differ clearly but only slightly. The Goeree-Overflakkee dialect, for example, does not drop the
1067:
are both much closer to
Hollandic than the rural variants and are almost extinct. Surveys held in the 1990s found that at least 60% of Zeeland's population still use Zeelandic as their everyday language. An estimated 250,000 people speak Zeelandic as a mother tongue (West Zeelandic Flemish is
1035:. Within the island dialects themselves, dialectal differences also exist, and native speakers can frequently tell the village (at least on their own island) a person is from by the specific dialect that is spoken, even if the differences are inaudible to outsiders. For example, within the
713:. This practice stems from the idea that each village has their own dialect, which is markedly different even from the dialect in the adjacent village, and that there is no such thing as one homogenous Zeelandic dialect or language. There is a large amount of resistance specifically in
851:, rather than breaking them into and . It usually umlauts into and renders the old Germanic and as falling diphthongs ( and , respectively, with the exact realisation depending on the dialect. Standard Dutch has merged them with etymological and . Finally, Zeelandic drops .
618:, and the area was exposed to influence from both directions. The dialects clearly show a gradual increase of Hollandic elements as one goes northwards. However, Zeelandic is fairly coherent with clear borders, as the broad sea arms form strong
680:
The name Zeeuws has been in use for the language spoken in
Zeeland ever since, but in addition to this there are various other names. Speakers often refer to their dialect with the name of their own area, such as
1279:
507:
1079:
799:
and Axel, which preserve more
Zeelandic features while also exhibiting West-Flemish features. Although these similarities are greater than those between Zeelandic and
1272:
556:
776:, Zeelandic dialect is being mostly replaced by Standard Dutch, although elderly people and people from surrounding rural areas can often still speak Zeelandic.
815:. There is hardly any dialectal influence from Zeelandic in the neighbouring Brabantine dialects, however, with the exception of the neighbouring villages of
1616:
555:, but there have been movements to promote the status of Zeelandic from a dialect of Dutch to a separate regional language, which have been denied by the
1265:
500:
1154:
493:
2153:
701:, but also used in other towns in this region to distinguish it from the West-Zeelandic-Flemish dialects spoken in the region surrounding
244:
3566:
1196:
Together with West-Flemish and the
Flemish spoken in northern France, Zeeuws is part of a cluster of remarkably homogenic dialects
1609:
2538:
256:
791:
language varieties. The dialects spoken more towards the western coastal region of
Zeelandic-Flanders, locally referred to as
1099:
1059:
Zeelandic is strongly associated with the rural population, as it is spoken mainly in the countryside. The town dialects of
3432:
1252:
3462:
2632:
2594:
2579:
1906:
1578:
1550:
481:
300:
733:, which is also used in other dialects to refer to any non-Standard-Dutch dialect, is also frequently used in Zeeland.
3576:
3571:
3442:
3302:
2652:
2611:
2601:
1602:
547:) is a group of language varieties spoken in the southwestern parts of the Netherlands. It is currently considered a
741:
Zeelandic is spoken in most areas in
Zeeland province, excluding East-Zeelandic-Flanders where, traditionally, more
1818:
1365:
729:(like civilians, like the bourgeoisie), but this nomenclature has fallen out of fashion in recent times. The word
3159:
1043:, a village roughly on the middle of the island, can use widely different words for something than speakers from
3437:
3391:
3386:
3310:
2920:
2904:
2783:
2642:
710:
266:
228:
108:
3218:
760:
In urban areas in
Zeeland, the dialect is in decline due to migration from other areas in the Netherlands. In
717:
against calling the local dialect
Zeelandic, due to historical animosity between this region which belongs to
234:
3561:
3376:
3320:
3315:
3235:
2908:
2858:
2616:
2158:
1976:
1660:
1648:
1583:
98:
88:
3381:
2863:
2829:
2447:
2263:
2123:
1963:
1858:
1313:
1139:
591:
409:
3539:
3503:
2771:
2764:
2716:
2486:
2457:
2426:
2389:
2314:
2163:
2071:
1984:
1845:
1807:
1560:
1529:
1488:
1412:
540:
365:
3004:
1879:
3508:
3488:
3457:
3330:
3190:
3164:
3065:
2936:
2754:
2346:
2173:
2135:
2130:
2004:
1951:
1709:
1573:
1545:
1460:
340:
103:
3447:
2994:
2839:
2683:
2637:
2571:
2324:
2086:
1971:
1884:
1682:
1555:
1474:
1383:
1357:
1060:
795:, resemble the West-Flemish dialects spoken across the border more than the dialects spoken around
769:
607:
476:
453:
350:
345:
753:, but the dialect has mostly disappeared from that area due to migration from urban areas such as
3493:
3345:
3335:
3290:
3052:
2979:
2876:
2721:
2696:
2691:
2584:
2412:
2297:
2118:
1896:
1891:
1870:
1831:
1635:
1625:
1444:
1425:
1306:
1225:
1086:
746:
714:
694:
634:
572:
564:
446:
441:
436:
328:
93:
3417:
2336:
3467:
3266:
3182:
3175:
3130:
3074:
2834:
2824:
2807:
2802:
2706:
2589:
2468:
2268:
2229:
2209:
2047:
1939:
1921:
1773:
1320:
1044:
800:
780:
698:
414:
144:
3422:
3213:
3147:
3103:
3098:
3047:
3039:
2844:
2812:
2759:
2748:
2661:
2533:
2528:
2370:
2309:
2099:
2081:
1916:
1677:
1669:
1481:
1451:
1404:
1390:
1090:
871:
429:
419:
360:
333:
3452:
3245:
3152:
3135:
3120:
3115:
3108:
2817:
2726:
2711:
2666:
2518:
2481:
2473:
2452:
2439:
2419:
2405:
2168:
2145:
2076:
2066:
2058:
1838:
1495:
1418:
1397:
1370:
1024:
824:
524:
370:
80:
3412:
3533:
3427:
3407:
3359:
3251:
3125:
2795:
2562:
2501:
2280:
2237:
2194:
2111:
2106:
1995:
1945:
1796:
1747:
1702:
1695:
1509:
1502:
1376:
1300:
1199:
808:
749:. Traditionally, the Zeelandic language area also extended further north to the island
579:
552:
548:
532:
394:
355:
305:
291:
175:
113:
220:
3555:
3498:
3483:
3325:
3081:
3032:
2849:
2788:
2701:
2647:
2606:
2544:
2491:
2375:
2302:
1732:
1519:
1336:
1020:
828:
816:
804:
750:
718:
560:
424:
1257:
3352:
2776:
2740:
2673:
2496:
2319:
2292:
2275:
2219:
2178:
1760:
1739:
1343:
1329:
788:
784:
742:
399:
390:
183:
159:
154:
31:
2999:
1127:
745:
dialects are spoken. North of Zeeland, Zeelandic is still spoken on the island of
3259:
3169:
3142:
3014:
2960:
2868:
2550:
2511:
2094:
1789:
1753:
1688:
1467:
630:
603:
243:
60:
3009:
2989:
2354:
2024:
1725:
1524:
1438:
1433:
1132:
1064:
1048:
1040:
803:
dialects, there are some minor dialectal influences in the dialects spoken in
761:
587:
3195:
3058:
2943:
2506:
2242:
2214:
2040:
1016:
812:
796:
773:
754:
686:
310:
213:
197:
149:
3019:
1180:
1247:
204:
2984:
2332:
702:
619:
615:
274:
262:
1207:
3025:
2621:
2523:
1289:
611:
583:
568:
270:
55:
248:
Distribution of Zeelandic (blue) within the Dutch language area (grey)
17:
2328:
1594:
1036:
820:
458:
1203:
1155:"Digibron.nl, Zeeuwen zullen waarschijnlijk nooit een taal spreken"
854:
This table illustrates the differences (the orthography is Dutch):
2246:
1106:
840:
765:
725:(farmer-like), in contrast to Standard Dutch which was known as
3288:
2902:
1646:
1598:
1261:
559:. More specifically, it is spoken in the southernmost part of
721:, and Zeeland proper. In the past, Zeelandic was also called
590:, which separates it clearly from Standard Dutch. This makes
839:
Zeelandic still has three grammatical genders and the final
705:), or sometimes with the name of their own village, such as
843:
of feminine words. It has kept the monophthongs and for
629:
is an old Zeelandic word that has been attested since the
273:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
787:
dialects, but there is more of a dialect continuum with
1231:, in Kruijsen, Joep; van der Sijs, Nicoline (eds.),
637:
in his description of Sint-Francis goes as follows:
3476:
3400:
3369:
3301:
3233:
3091:
2972:
2928:
2919:
2739:
2682:
2570:
2561:
2466:
2438:
2397:
2388:
2363:
2345:
2256:
2228:
2202:
2193:
2144:
2057:
2032:
2023:
1962:
1857:
1806:
1781:
1772:
1668:
1659:
1538:
227:
211:
195:
190:
172:
137:
77:
67:
51:
39:
1027:words, unlike the northern dialects (for example:
779:There are clear differences between Zeelandic and
1551:Langue des signes Francophone de Belgique, LSFB
673:German, Dutch, Brabantine, Flemish, Zeelandic;
1610:
1273:
1047:do, which lies only 5 km to the west of
501:
8:
594:with speakers of Standard Dutch difficult.
3298:
3285:
2925:
2916:
2899:
2567:
2394:
2199:
2029:
1778:
1665:
1656:
1643:
1617:
1603:
1595:
1280:
1266:
1258:
1055:Geographic distribution and social aspects
508:
494:
282:
242:
36:
571:, with the notable exception of eastern
1120:
1089:, "Durpsuus", which is Zeelandic for a
1075:
737:Geographic spread and dialect continuum
466:
380:
318:
290:
267:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
1235:, Uitgeverij Contact, pp. 223–232
610:, Zeeland was claimed by the Count of
567:) and large parts of the province of
286:This article is a part of a series on
7:
582:mainly in pronunciation but also in
2179:Plautdietsch / Mennonite Low German
667:One needs, to search for the rhymes
661:Walsch, Latijn, Griex ende Hebreeus
3538:Languages between parentheses are
652:Duuts, Diets, Brabants, Vlaemsch,
557:Dutch Ministry of Internal Affairs
25:
1246:
1138:
1098:
1078:
676:Walloon, Latin, Greek and Hebrew
578:It has notable differences from
27:Low Franconian dialect of Dutch
3542:of the language on their left.
1:
3433:Germanic substrate hypothesis
1546:Deutsche Gebärdensprache, DGS
1153:Hoekman, Jacob (2004-07-28).
642:Men moet om de rime te souken
3463:Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law
2154:Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch
1579:Languages of the Netherlands
1556:Nederlandse Gebarentaal, NGT
468:East Low Franconian dialects
382:West Low Franconian dialects
301:Languages of the Netherlands
3443:High German consonant shift
1185:Language in the Netherlands
647:Misselike tonghe in bouken:
73:(undated figure of 220,000)
3593:
1981:Westlauwers–Terschellings
1634:According to contemporary
1288:Languages and dialects of
30:For the British ship, see
29:
3525:
3297:
3284:
3206:
3160:Southern Schleswig Danish
2915:
2898:
1655:
1642:
1632:
1569:
1296:
772:and, to a lesser extent,
697:(named after the town of
670:Various tongues in books:
253:
241:
44:
3567:Culture of South Holland
3438:West Germanic gemination
3392:Ancient Belgian language
3387:Germanic parent language
3331:Weser-Rhine (Istvaeonic)
2453:Austrian Standard German
1561:Vlaamse Gebarentaal, VGT
614:as well as the Count of
1584:Languages of Luxembourg
1039:dialect, speakers from
633:. An early citation by
544:
528:
3499:Preterite-present verb
3382:Proto-Germanic grammar
3336:North Sea (Ingvaeonic)
2448:German Standard German
2124:East Frisian Low Saxon
1233:Honderd Jaar Stadstaal
1105:"Juun", Zeelandic for
592:mutual intelligibility
536:
255:This article contains
3504:Grammatischer Wechsel
2487:Namibian Black German
2458:Swiss Standard German
2427:Early New High German
1985:Mainland West Frisian
1846:Harlingerland Frisian
1255:at Wikimedia Commons
1224:Berns, J. B. (1999),
3509:Indo-European ablaut
3489:Germanic strong verb
3458:Germanic spirant law
2595:Southeast Limburgish
2091:Gelders-Overijssels
1720:Irish Middle English
1710:Early Modern English
1574:Languages of Belgium
1419:Standard High German
902:the (female) farmer
482:Southeast Limburgish
182:Zeelandic alphabet (
3477:Synchronic features
3448:Germanic a-mutation
3401:Diachronic features
2751:in the broad sense
2684:East Central German
2638:Lorraine Franconian
2612:Transylvanian Saxon
2572:West Central German
2347:East Low Franconian
2257:West Low Franconian
608:early modern period
3577:Goeree-Overflakkee
3572:Culture of Zeeland
3494:Germanic weak verb
3303:Language subgroups
2653:Pennsylvania Dutch
2602:Moselle Franconian
2580:Central Franconian
2413:Middle High German
2164:Central Pomeranian
2119:Northern Low Saxon
1832:Wangerooge Frisian
1626:Germanic languages
1445:Northern Low Saxon
1253:Zeelandic language
1085:Zeelandic sign in
888:the (male) farmer
747:Goeree-Overflakkee
715:Goeree-Overflakkee
695:Zeelandic-Flanders
635:Jacob van Maerlant
573:Zeelandic Flanders
565:Goeree-Overflakkee
329:Northern Low Saxon
320:Low Saxon dialects
3549:
3548:
3534:extinct languages
3521:
3520:
3517:
3516:
3468:Great Vowel Shift
3280:
3279:
3276:
3275:
3229:
3228:
3075:Greenlandic Norse
2894:
2893:
2890:
2889:
2886:
2885:
2825:Southern Bavarian
2808:Northern Bavarian
2784:Highest Alemannic
2735:
2734:
2469:standard variants
2384:
2383:
2230:Standard variants
2189:
2188:
2048:Middle Low German
2019:
2018:
2015:
2014:
1819:Saterland Frisian
1592:
1591:
1251:Media related to
1136:(15th ed., 2005)
1045:Sint-Maartensdijk
1003:
1002:
783:, Brabantine and
518:
517:
281:
280:
263:rendering support
259:phonetic symbols.
16:(Redirected from
3584:
3326:Elbe (Irminonic)
3299:
3286:
3214:Mainland Gutnish
3104:Swedish dialects
3066:Middle Icelandic
3040:Middle Norwegian
2929:Historical forms
2926:
2917:
2900:
2859:South Franconian
2845:Hutterite German
2813:Central Bavarian
2633:Rhine Franconian
2568:
2398:Historical forms
2395:
2310:Surinamese Dutch
2203:Historical forms
2200:
2033:Historical forms
2030:
1782:Historical forms
1779:
1666:
1657:
1644:
1619:
1612:
1605:
1596:
1512:
1505:
1498:
1491:
1484:
1477:
1470:
1463:
1454:
1447:
1428:
1421:
1407:
1400:
1393:
1386:
1379:
1360:
1353:
1346:
1339:
1332:
1323:
1316:
1309:
1282:
1275:
1268:
1259:
1250:
1236:
1230:
1210:
1198:
1193:
1192:
1187:. Streektaal.net
1179:Marco Evenhuis.
1176:
1170:
1169:
1167:
1166:
1150:
1144:
1143:
1142:
1125:
1102:
1091:Community centre
1082:
857:
856:
510:
503:
496:
430:Surinamese Dutch
420:Indonesian Dutch
283:
246:
237:
223:
207:
200:
178:
83:
37:
21:
3592:
3591:
3587:
3586:
3585:
3583:
3582:
3581:
3552:
3551:
3550:
3545:
3513:
3472:
3453:Germanic umlaut
3418:Holtzmann's law
3396:
3365:
3293:
3272:
3225:
3202:
3136:South Jutlandic
3121:Danish dialects
3087:
2968:
2911:
2882:
2864:East Franconian
2818:Viennese German
2731:
2712:Silesian German
2678:
2667:Central Hessian
2557:
2482:Namibian German
2471:
2462:
2440:Standard German
2434:
2420:New High German
2406:Old High German
2380:
2359:
2341:
2252:
2224:
2185:
2169:East Pomeranian
2159:Brandenburgisch
2146:East Low German
2140:
2067:Dutch Low Saxon
2059:West Low German
2053:
2011:
1977:Schiermonnikoog
1958:
1853:
1839:Wursten Frisian
1802:
1768:
1651:
1638:
1628:
1623:
1593:
1588:
1565:
1534:
1508:
1501:
1494:
1487:
1480:
1473:
1466:
1459:
1450:
1443:
1424:
1417:
1403:
1396:
1389:
1382:
1375:
1356:
1349:
1342:
1335:
1328:
1319:
1312:
1305:
1292:
1286:
1244:
1239:
1228:
1223:
1219:
1217:Further reading
1214:
1213:
1190:
1188:
1178:
1177:
1173:
1164:
1162:
1152:
1151:
1147:
1137:
1126:
1122:
1117:
1110:
1103:
1094:
1083:
1074:
1057:
1008:
837:
835:Characteristics
825:Nieuw-Vossemeer
739:
600:
514:
261:Without proper
249:
233:
219:
203:
196:
179:
174:
168:
140:
133:
84:
81:Language family
79:
70:
69:Native speakers
58:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3590:
3588:
3580:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3562:Dutch dialects
3554:
3553:
3547:
3546:
3544:
3543:
3536:
3526:
3523:
3522:
3519:
3518:
3515:
3514:
3512:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3480:
3478:
3474:
3473:
3471:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3404:
3402:
3398:
3397:
3395:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3377:Proto-Germanic
3373:
3371:
3367:
3366:
3364:
3363:
3356:
3349:
3341:
3340:
3339:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3318:
3313:
3307:
3305:
3295:
3294:
3289:
3282:
3281:
3278:
3277:
3274:
3273:
3271:
3270:
3263:
3256:
3252:Crimean Gothic
3241:
3239:
3231:
3230:
3227:
3226:
3224:
3223:
3222:
3221:
3216:
3207:
3204:
3203:
3201:
3200:
3199:
3198:
3188:
3187:
3186:
3179:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3156:
3155:
3150:
3140:
3139:
3138:
3128:
3126:Insular Danish
3123:
3113:
3112:
3111:
3109:Rinkebysvenska
3106:
3095:
3093:
3089:
3088:
3086:
3085:
3078:
3071:
3070:
3069:
3062:
3050:
3045:
3044:
3043:
3036:
3029:
3023:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2976:
2974:
2970:
2969:
2967:
2966:
2965:
2964:
2957:
2955:Old East Norse
2952:
2950:Old West Norse
2940:
2932:
2930:
2923:
2913:
2912:
2903:
2896:
2895:
2892:
2891:
2888:
2887:
2884:
2883:
2881:
2880:
2873:
2872:
2871:
2861:
2856:
2855:
2854:
2853:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2830:South Tyrolean
2822:
2821:
2820:
2810:
2800:
2799:
2798:
2793:
2792:
2791:
2781:
2780:
2779:
2772:High Alemannic
2769:
2768:
2767:
2762:
2745:
2743:
2737:
2736:
2733:
2732:
2730:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2688:
2686:
2680:
2679:
2677:
2676:
2671:
2670:
2669:
2659:
2658:
2657:
2656:
2655:
2650:
2640:
2630:
2629:
2628:
2627:
2626:
2625:
2624:
2614:
2609:
2599:
2598:
2597:
2592:
2576:
2574:
2565:
2563:Central German
2559:
2558:
2556:
2555:
2554:
2553:
2548:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2521:
2516:
2515:
2514:
2504:
2502:Barossa German
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2478:
2476:
2464:
2463:
2461:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2444:
2442:
2436:
2435:
2433:
2432:
2431:
2430:
2416:
2409:
2401:
2399:
2392:
2386:
2385:
2382:
2381:
2379:
2378:
2373:
2367:
2365:
2361:
2360:
2358:
2357:
2351:
2349:
2343:
2342:
2340:
2339:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2306:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2284:
2283:
2281:French Flemish
2273:
2272:
2271:
2260:
2258:
2254:
2253:
2251:
2250:
2240:
2234:
2232:
2226:
2225:
2223:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2206:
2204:
2197:
2195:Low Franconian
2191:
2190:
2187:
2186:
2184:
2183:
2182:
2181:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2150:
2148:
2142:
2141:
2139:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2127:
2126:
2116:
2115:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2103:
2102:
2097:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2063:
2061:
2055:
2054:
2052:
2051:
2044:
2036:
2034:
2027:
2021:
2020:
2017:
2016:
2013:
2012:
2010:
2009:
2008:
2007:
2002:
2001:
2000:
1999:
1998:
1996:Westereendersk
1990:
1979:
1974:
1968:
1966:
1960:
1959:
1957:
1956:
1955:
1954:
1949:
1942:
1937:
1936:
1935:
1930:
1927:
1919:
1914:
1913:
1912:
1901:
1900:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1888:
1887:
1882:
1874:
1863:
1861:
1855:
1854:
1852:
1851:
1850:
1849:
1842:
1835:
1823:
1822:
1821:
1812:
1810:
1804:
1803:
1801:
1800:
1797:Middle Frisian
1793:
1785:
1783:
1776:
1770:
1769:
1767:
1766:
1765:
1764:
1757:
1745:
1744:
1743:
1736:
1729:
1717:
1716:
1715:
1714:
1713:
1703:Modern English
1699:
1696:Middle English
1692:
1685:
1674:
1672:
1663:
1653:
1652:
1647:
1640:
1639:
1633:
1630:
1629:
1624:
1622:
1621:
1614:
1607:
1599:
1590:
1589:
1587:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1570:
1567:
1566:
1564:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1542:
1540:
1539:Sign languages
1536:
1535:
1533:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1516:
1515:
1514:
1513:
1506:
1499:
1492:
1485:
1478:
1471:
1457:
1456:
1455:
1436:
1431:
1430:
1429:
1422:
1410:
1409:
1408:
1401:
1394:
1387:
1380:
1377:Belgian French
1368:
1363:
1362:
1361:
1354:
1347:
1340:
1333:
1326:
1325:
1324:
1310:
1297:
1294:
1293:
1287:
1285:
1284:
1277:
1270:
1262:
1243:
1242:External links
1240:
1238:
1237:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1212:
1211:
1171:
1145:
1119:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1112:
1111:
1104:
1097:
1095:
1084:
1077:
1073:
1070:
1056:
1053:
1031:as opposed to
1023:dialects have
1007:
1004:
1001:
1000:
997:
994:
990:
989:
986:
983:
976:
975:
972:
969:
961:
960:
957:
954:
947:
946:
943:
940:
933:
932:
929:
926:
918:
917:
914:
911:
904:
903:
900:
897:
890:
889:
886:
883:
876:
875:
868:
863:
836:
833:
809:Hoeksche Waard
738:
735:
727:op z'n burgers
678:
677:
674:
671:
668:
665:
663:
658:
649:
644:
599:
596:
580:Standard Dutch
549:Low Franconian
516:
515:
513:
512:
505:
498:
490:
487:
486:
485:
484:
479:
471:
470:
464:
463:
462:
461:
456:
451:
450:
449:
444:
434:
433:
432:
427:
422:
417:
407:
402:
397:
395:French Flemish
385:
384:
378:
377:
376:
375:
374:
373:
368:
363:
358:
353:
348:
338:
337:
336:
323:
322:
316:
315:
314:
313:
308:
306:Dutch dialects
303:
295:
294:
288:
287:
279:
278:
265:, you may see
251:
250:
247:
239:
238:
231:
225:
224:
217:
209:
208:
201:
193:
192:
191:Language codes
188:
187:
180:
176:Writing system
173:
170:
169:
167:
166:
165:
164:
163:
162:
143:
141:
138:
135:
134:
132:
131:
130:
129:
128:
127:
126:
125:
124:
123:
122:
121:
109:Low Franconian
87:
85:
78:
75:
74:
71:
68:
65:
64:
53:
52:Native to
49:
48:
42:
41:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3589:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3559:
3557:
3541:
3537:
3535:
3531:
3528:
3527:
3524:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3484:Germanic verb
3482:
3481:
3479:
3475:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3423:Sievers's law
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3405:
3403:
3399:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3374:
3372:
3370:Reconstructed
3368:
3362:
3361:
3357:
3355:
3354:
3350:
3348:
3347:
3343:
3342:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3323:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3308:
3306:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3287:
3283:
3269:
3268:
3264:
3262:
3261:
3257:
3254:
3253:
3248:
3247:
3243:
3242:
3240:
3238:
3237:
3232:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3211:
3209:
3208:
3205:
3197:
3194:
3193:
3192:
3189:
3185:
3184:
3183:Middle Danish
3180:
3178:
3177:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3145:
3144:
3141:
3137:
3134:
3133:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3118:
3117:
3114:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3101:
3100:
3097:
3096:
3094:
3090:
3084:
3083:
3079:
3077:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3067:
3063:
3061:
3060:
3059:Old Icelandic
3056:
3055:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3042:
3041:
3037:
3035:
3034:
3033:Old Norwegian
3030:
3027:
3024:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2982:
2981:
2978:
2977:
2975:
2971:
2963:
2962:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2947:
2946:
2945:
2941:
2939:
2938:
2934:
2933:
2931:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2901:
2897:
2879:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2867:
2866:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2851:
2850:Gottscheerish
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2827:
2826:
2823:
2819:
2816:
2815:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2805:
2804:
2801:
2797:
2794:
2790:
2789:Walser German
2787:
2786:
2785:
2782:
2778:
2775:
2774:
2773:
2770:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2757:
2756:
2755:Low Alemannic
2753:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2746:
2744:
2742:
2738:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2717:High Prussian
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2702:Erzgebirgisch
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2689:
2687:
2685:
2681:
2675:
2672:
2668:
2665:
2664:
2663:
2660:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2645:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2635:
2634:
2631:
2623:
2620:
2619:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2607:Luxembourgish
2605:
2604:
2603:
2600:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2587:
2586:
2583:
2582:
2581:
2578:
2577:
2575:
2573:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2560:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2546:
2545:Klezmer-loshn
2542:
2540:
2539:Scots Yiddish
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2526:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2513:
2510:
2509:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2479:
2477:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2445:
2443:
2441:
2437:
2429:
2428:
2424:
2423:
2422:
2421:
2417:
2415:
2414:
2410:
2408:
2407:
2403:
2402:
2400:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2387:
2377:
2376:Meuse-Rhenish
2374:
2372:
2369:
2368:
2366:
2362:
2356:
2353:
2352:
2350:
2348:
2344:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2307:
2304:
2303:Kleverlandish
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2282:
2279:
2278:
2277:
2274:
2270:
2267:
2266:
2265:
2264:Central Dutch
2262:
2261:
2259:
2255:
2248:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2235:
2233:
2231:
2227:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2207:
2205:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2192:
2180:
2177:
2176:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2151:
2149:
2147:
2143:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2125:
2122:
2121:
2120:
2117:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2092:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2072:Stellingwarfs
2070:
2069:
2068:
2065:
2064:
2062:
2060:
2056:
2050:
2049:
2045:
2043:
2042:
2038:
2037:
2035:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2022:
2006:
2003:
1997:
1994:
1993:
1992:Wood Frisian
1991:
1988:
1987:
1986:
1983:
1982:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1969:
1967:
1965:
1961:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1947:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1934:
1931:
1928:
1925:
1924:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1910:
1909:
1908:
1905:
1904:
1902:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1877:
1875:
1873:
1872:
1868:
1867:
1865:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1859:North Frisian
1856:
1848:
1847:
1843:
1841:
1840:
1836:
1834:
1833:
1829:
1828:
1827:
1824:
1820:
1817:
1816:
1814:
1813:
1811:
1809:
1805:
1799:
1798:
1794:
1792:
1791:
1787:
1786:
1784:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1771:
1763:
1762:
1758:
1756:
1755:
1751:
1750:
1749:
1746:
1742:
1741:
1737:
1735:
1734:
1730:
1728:
1727:
1723:
1722:
1721:
1718:
1712:
1711:
1707:
1706:
1705:
1704:
1700:
1698:
1697:
1693:
1691:
1690:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1680:
1679:
1676:
1675:
1673:
1671:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1661:Anglo-Frisian
1658:
1654:
1650:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1631:
1627:
1620:
1615:
1613:
1608:
1606:
1601:
1600:
1597:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1571:
1568:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1543:
1541:
1537:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1520:Luxembourgish
1518:
1511:
1507:
1504:
1500:
1497:
1493:
1490:
1489:Stellingwarfs
1486:
1483:
1479:
1476:
1472:
1469:
1465:
1464:
1462:
1458:
1453:
1449:
1448:
1446:
1442:
1441:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1427:
1423:
1420:
1416:
1415:
1414:
1411:
1406:
1402:
1399:
1395:
1392:
1388:
1385:
1381:
1378:
1374:
1373:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1359:
1355:
1352:
1348:
1345:
1341:
1338:
1337:Kleverlandish
1334:
1331:
1327:
1322:
1318:
1317:
1315:
1314:Central Dutch
1311:
1308:
1304:
1303:
1302:
1299:
1298:
1295:
1291:
1283:
1278:
1276:
1271:
1269:
1264:
1263:
1260:
1256:
1254:
1249:
1241:
1234:
1227:
1222:
1221:
1216:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1186:
1182:
1175:
1172:
1160:
1156:
1149:
1146:
1141:
1135:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1121:
1114:
1108:
1101:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1062:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1021:Zuid-Beveland
1018:
1014:
1005:
998:
995:
992:
991:
987:
984:
982:
978:
977:
973:
970:
967:
963:
962:
958:
955:
952:
949:
948:
944:
941:
939:
935:
934:
930:
927:
924:
920:
919:
915:
912:
909:
906:
905:
901:
898:
896:
892:
891:
887:
884:
881:
878:
877:
874:
873:
869:
867:
864:
862:
859:
858:
855:
852:
850:
846:
842:
834:
832:
830:
829:North-Brabant
826:
822:
818:
817:Oud-Vossemeer
814:
810:
806:
805:Voorne-Putten
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
777:
775:
771:
767:
763:
758:
756:
752:
751:Voorne-Putten
748:
744:
736:
734:
732:
728:
724:
720:
719:South Holland
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
675:
672:
669:
666:
664:
662:
659:
657:
655:
650:
648:
645:
643:
640:
639:
638:
636:
632:
628:
623:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
597:
595:
593:
589:
585:
581:
576:
574:
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566:
562:
561:South Holland
558:
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431:
428:
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425:Kleverlandish
423:
421:
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411:
410:Central Dutch
408:
406:
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401:
398:
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389:
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372:
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367:
366:Stellingwarfs
364:
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136:
120:
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107:
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101:
100:
99:West Germanic
97:
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89:Indo-European
86:
82:
76:
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66:
62:
57:
54:
50:
47:
43:
38:
33:
19:
3529:
3413:Verner's law
3358:
3353:Gotho-Nordic
3351:
3344:
3265:
3258:
3250:
3244:
3234:
3219:Fårö Gutnish
3181:
3174:
3080:
3073:
3064:
3057:
3038:
3031:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2942:
2935:
2875:
2777:Swiss German
2741:Upper German
2674:Amana German
2648:Volga German
2617:Hunsrückisch
2543:
2497:Unserdeutsch
2492:Berlinerisch
2425:
2418:
2411:
2404:
2364:Cover groups
2320:Mohawk Dutch
2315:Jersey Dutch
2293:East Flemish
2287:
2276:West Flemish
2220:Middle Dutch
2174:Low Prussian
2046:
2039:
2005:Terschelling
1989:Clay Frisian
1964:West Frisian
1952:Wiedingharde
1944:
1932:
1892:Heligolandic
1869:
1844:
1837:
1830:
1825:
1808:East Frisian
1795:
1788:
1761:Middle Scots
1759:
1752:
1738:
1731:
1724:
1719:
1708:
1701:
1694:
1687:
1530:West Frisian
1350:
1344:West Flemish
1330:East Flemish
1245:
1232:
1195:
1189:. Retrieved
1184:
1174:
1163:. Retrieved
1158:
1148:
1131:
1123:
1058:
1032:
1028:
1012:
1009:
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965:
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937:
922:
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894:
879:
870:
865:
860:
853:
848:
844:
838:
792:
789:West-Flemish
785:East-Flemish
778:
759:
743:East-Flemish
740:
730:
726:
722:
707:Wasschappels
706:
690:
682:
679:
660:
653:
651:
646:
641:
626:
624:
601:
577:
541:West Flemish
520:
519:
467:
404:
400:East Flemish
391:West Flemish
381:
319:
254:
229:Linguasphere
212:
160:Modern Dutch
155:Middle Dutch
118:
45:
32:SS Zealandic
3428:Kluge's law
3408:Grimm's law
3191:Dalecarlian
3170:Perkerdansk
3143:East Danish
2961:Old Gutnish
2937:Proto-Norse
2877:Langobardic
2869:Vogtlandian
2697:Upper Saxon
2551:Lachoudisch
2512:Lotegorisch
2390:High German
2136:Westphalian
2131:Eastphalian
2095:Achterhooks
1972:Hindeloopen
1907:Bökingharde
1876:Föhr–Amrum
1790:Old Frisian
1754:Early Scots
1689:Old English
1468:Achterhoeks
1461:Westphalian
1413:High German
1226:"Zierikzee"
1181:"Zeelandic"
1159:Digibron.nl
711:Westkapelle
631:Middle Ages
604:Middle Ages
551:dialect of
346:Achterhooks
341:Westphalian
269:instead of
139:Early forms
61:Netherlands
3556:Categories
3260:Burgundian
3176:Old Danish
3165:Gøtudanskt
3148:Bornholmsk
3010:Vestlandsk
2990:Kebabnorsk
2727:Halcnovian
2692:Thuringian
2355:Limburgish
2325:Stadsfries
2298:Brabantian
2025:Low German
1871:Eiderstedt
1726:Fingallian
1525:Papiamento
1439:Low German
1434:Limburgish
1384:Champenois
1358:Stadsfries
1307:Brabantian
1202:versions:
1191:2007-06-03
1165:2021-03-25
1161:(in Dutch)
1133:Ethnologue
1115:References
1065:Vlissingen
1061:Middelburg
1049:Poortvliet
1041:Poortvliet
1015:, and the
974:to listen
971:luisteren
899:de boerin
893:de boerinn
793:Bressiaans
770:Middelburg
762:Vlissingen
691:Plat Axels
620:isoglosses
588:vocabulary
477:Limburgish
454:Stadsfries
447:Brusselian
442:Antwerpian
437:Brabantian
104:Istvaeonic
3540:varieties
3532:indicate
3346:Northwest
3291:Philology
3196:Elfdalian
3131:Jutlandic
3053:Icelandic
3028:(written)
3022:(written)
3000:Trøndersk
2980:Norwegian
2944:Old Norse
2765:Coloniero
2749:Alemannic
2722:Wymysorys
2590:Colognian
2585:Ripuarian
2507:Rotwelsch
2337:Midslands
2288:Zeelandic
2269:Hollandic
2243:Afrikaans
2215:Old Dutch
2041:Old Saxon
1940:Karrharde
1922:Goesharde
1903:Mainland
1636:philology
1426:Ripuarian
1351:Zeelandic
1321:Hollandic
1128:Zeelandic
1017:Walcheren
861:Zeelandic
813:Rotterdam
801:Hollandic
797:Terneuzen
781:Hollandic
774:Terneuzen
755:Rotterdam
687:Walcheren
625:The name
521:Zeelandic
415:Hollandic
405:Zeelandic
361:Sallaands
311:Afrikaans
235:52-ACB-af
214:Glottolog
198:ISO 639-3
150:Old Dutch
119:Zeelandic
40:Zeelandic
3267:Vandalic
3210:Gutnish
3015:Vikværsk
2995:Sognamål
2985:Bergensk
2835:Cimbrian
2803:Bavarian
2760:Alsatian
2707:Lusatian
2643:Palatine
2333:Amelands
2210:Frankish
2100:Sallaans
2082:Gronings
1933:Southern
1926:Northern
1917:Halligen
1866:Insular
1683:dialects
1482:Sallands
1452:Gronings
1087:Driewege
1025:umlauted
1006:Dialects
931:to look
885:de boer
703:Breskens
683:Walchers
616:Flanders
606:and the
334:Gronings
275:Help:IPA
221:zeeu1238
145:Frankish
94:Germanic
3530:Italics
3153:Scanian
3099:Swedish
3048:Faroese
3026:Nynorsk
3005:Valdris
2840:Mòcheno
2796:Swabian
2662:Hessian
2622:Hunsrik
2534:Western
2529:Eastern
2524:Yiddish
2474:creoles
2371:Bergish
2087:Drèents
2077:Tweants
1929:Central
1911:Mooring
1774:Frisian
1733:Kildare
1678:English
1496:Tweants
1475:Drèents
1405:Walloon
1391:Lorrain
1366:English
1290:Benelux
1072:Gallery
968:st'ren
928:kijken
872:English
612:Holland
602:In the
584:grammar
569:Zeeland
371:Tweants
351:Drèents
271:Unicode
56:Zeeland
3246:Gothic
3116:Danish
3020:Bokmål
2519:Yenish
2329:Bildts
2112:Veluws
2107:Urkers
1946:Strand
1670:Anglic
1510:Veluws
1503:Urkers
1398:Picard
1371:French
1206:or as
1204:Zeeuws
1037:Tholen
1029:beuter
993:piele
956:hoofd
925:ke(n)
916:house
821:Tholen
627:Zeeuws
598:Origin
545:Zêeuws
537:Zeeuws
529:Zeêuws
525:Zeeuws
459:Bildts
356:Veluws
46:Zeêuws
18:Zeeuws
3360:South
3311:North
2921:North
2905:North
2247:Kaaps
2238:Dutch
1885:Amrum
1826:Weser
1748:Scots
1301:Dutch
1229:(PDF)
1200:Dutch
1107:onion
1033:boter
999:duck
996:eend
959:head
942:twee
913:huis
882:boer
866:Dutch
841:schwa
723:boers
654:Zeeus
553:Dutch
533:Dutch
292:Dutch
184:Latin
114:Dutch
3321:West
3316:East
3236:East
3092:East
3082:Norn
2973:West
2909:East
2907:and
2472:and
2467:Non-
1897:Sylt
1880:Föhr
1815:Ems
1740:Yola
1649:West
1063:and
1019:and
988:you
985:jij
945:two
847:and
823:and
811:and
766:Goes
731:plat
709:for
699:Axel
693:for
685:for
586:and
1208:pdf
1130:at
1109:(s)
880:d'n
827:in
819:in
689:or
257:IPA
205:zea
3558::
1194:.
1183:.
1157:.
1051:.
981:ie
966:uu
953:d
951:oô
938:eê
936:tw
923:ie
910:s
908:uu
849:ui
845:ij
831:.
807:,
768:,
764:,
757:.
622:.
575:.
543::
539:;
535::
531:;
527::
3255:)
3249:(
2335:/
2331:/
2327:/
2249:)
2245:(
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1013:h
979:j
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563:(
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