284:
97:
111:
330:
others died in hospitals from wounds sustained in battle. The figures on casualties are heavily conflicting but all agree that the
Ottoman forces suffered greatly. The British Consulate reported on January 6, 1896, that "at least 5,000 have been killed though common report swells the number to 10,000." The Austrian Consulate based in
250:
The
Ottoman government was nevertheless upset with the results of the mediation. In the following decades, it once more resolved to bring the area under control by provoking Zeitun's Armenians: newly stationed government troops harassed the population and frequent calls for their massacre were issued
320:
The
Armenians started by conquering the nearby Ottoman garrison, taking 600 Ottoman soldiers and officers as prisoners and placing them under the surveillance of Armenian women. At one point, the prisoners attempted to escape, but failed and were executed. Ottoman troops were repeatedly defeated in
308:
rifles, were sent to the battlefield and sixteen
Armenians were selected to head an administrative body during the siege. With this, the Ottoman military commander sent a wire to Abdul Hamid and told him that the Armenians had started an uprising and were proceeding to massacre Muslims. The Ottoman
329:
Through the intervention of the six major
European powers, the Armenians of Zeitun ended the resistance. The Hunchak activists were allowed to go into exile, the tax burden was eased, and a Christian sub-governor was appointed. Due to the freezing temperatures, thousands of Turks perished and many
241:
had historically enjoyed a period of high autonomy in the
Ottoman Empire until the nineteenth century. In the first half of the nineteenth century, the central government decided to bring this region of the empire under tighter control and attempted to do this by settling Muslims in the villages
321:
their engagements with the
Armenian militia. During the negotiations that later settled the conflict, an Ottoman military commander expressed his admiration to Aghasi, one of the leaders of the resistance, for the Armenians' accurate marksmanship and their determination to resist.
274:
As the governor of the province was removed and replaced by Avni Bey, a man who held a deep-seated hatred for
Armenians, orders were given on October 24, 1895, by Ottoman authorities to use the troops to begin razing several of the Armenians villages near Zeitun.
246:
the
Ottomans sent a military contingent of 12,000 men to Zeitun to reassert government control. The force, however, was held at bay by the Armenians and, through French mediation, the first Zeitun resistance was brought to a close.
299:
The
Armenian citizens of Zeitun, under the leadership of the Hunchakian Party, heard of the ongoing massacres in nearby regions, and thus prepared themselves for armed resistance. Between 1,500 and 6,000 men, armed with
309:
forces possessed an overwhelming numerical and technological advantage: the entire force consisted of 24 battalions (20,000 troops), twelve cannons, 8,000 men from the Zeibek Division from
334:
stated that the Armenians killed 1,300 Turks in the final battle alone. The British consul estimated that combat and non-combat fatalities among all Armenians neared the figure of 6,000.
734:
259:
and established a new branch in Zeitun and encouraged the Armenians to resist the oppressive measures of the Ottoman government. It was also at this time that the ruler of the
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886:
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704:
790:
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727:
283:
465:
The Armenian People From Ancient to Modern Times, Volume II: Foreign Dominion to Statehood: The Fifteenth Century to the Twentieth Century
1040:
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359:
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1002:
893:
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342:
153:
229:(modern Süleymanlı), fearing the prospect of massacre, took up arms to defend themselves from Ottoman troops.
1060:
795:
243:
1008:
810:
460:
898:
830:
505:
372:
815:
845:
835:
805:
800:
543:
The History of the Armenian Genocide: Ethnic Conflict from the Balkans to Anatolia to the Caucasus
866:
783:
620:
526:. Yerevan: Society of the Armenian SSR for the Expansion of Civil and Scientific Knowledge, 1962.
268:
218:
36:
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around Zeitun. This strategy ultimately proved ineffective and in the summer of 1862 during the
949:
878:
552:
548:
468:
206:
166:
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484:
110:
267:, decided finally to eliminate one of the only strongholds of Armenian autonomy during the
238:
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996:
970:
908:
335:
17:
450:(in Armenian). Athens, Greece: Council of National Education Publishing. pp. 28–29.
954:
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872:
624:
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115:
102:
63:
694:
1029:
944:
929:
699:
615:
On which, see Aram Arkun, "Zeytun and the Commencement of the Armenian Genocide," in
541:
305:
251:
by a number of Turks. Between the years 1891 and 1895, activists from the Armenian
338:, a French writer, estimated that Ottoman losses totaled no less than 20,000 men.
346:
314:
712:
708:. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 965–966.
913:
617:
A Question of Genocide: Armenians and Turks at the End of the Ottoman Empire
503:
Langlois, Victor, "Les Arméniens de la Turquie et les massacres du Taurus,"
301:
222:
427:
Nersisian, M. G. "Zeytuntsineri 1895-1896 tt. Inknapashtpan Herosamarte" ,
341:
The Armenians lived on in relative peace until World War I, when they were
671:. Yerevan: Pan-Armenian and Armenian Educational and Cultural Union, 1995.
939:
256:
467:. Richard G. Hovannisian (ed.) New York: St. Martin's Press, p. 223.
331:
310:
288:
924:
292:
282:
173:
30,000–35,000 Muslim (Turkish, Kurdish, and Circassian) irregulars
137:
441:
439:
716:
693:
463:"The Armenian Question in the Ottoman Empire, 1876–1914" in
489:
The Armenian People From Ancient to Modern Times, Volume II
287:
Monument to Zeitun resistance at the Surp Kevork Church,
627:. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011, pp. 221-243.
524:
Zeytuni 1862 tvakani dyutsaznamarte` 100-amyaki artiv
217:) took place in the winter of 1895–1896, during the
540:
487:. "The Eastern Question and the Tanzimat Era" in
29:
728:
8:
791:Liberation struggle of Artsakh (1724-1731)
752:
735:
721:
713:
585:
583:
581:
400:
398:
396:
394:
392:
313:, and 30,000–35,000 Turkish, Kurdish, and
50:October 1895 – January 1896
26:
1046:Armenian rebellions in the Ottoman Empire
641:. New York: The Viking Press. p. 82.
841:Battle of Holy Apostles Monastery (1901)
189:2,000 (includes non-combatant Armenians)
388:
420:
418:
416:
414:
7:
679:Զեյթունի պատմությունը, 1409–1921 թթ.
851:Yıldız assassination attempt (1905)
661:. Beirut: Shirak Publishing, 1968.
547:. Oxford: Berghahn Books. p.
25:
1056:History of Kahramanmaraş Province
983:Armenian Revolutionary Federation
765:Organizations and military units
604:History of the Armenian Genocide
591:History of the Armenian Genocide
573:History of the Armenian Genocide
406:History of the Armenian Genocide
253:Social Democrat Hunchakian Party
109:
95:
1051:Asian resistance to colonialism
269:Armenian massacres of 1895–1896
887:Resistance during the genocide
762:Political and military leaders
692:Hogarth, David George (1911).
357:The rebellion in mentioned in
1:
811:Kum Kapu demonstration (1890)
178:Total: 58,000–63,000 soldiers
129:Aghasi (Karapet Ter-Sargsian)
30:Zeitun rebellion of 1895–1896
826:Ottoman Bank Takeover (1896)
759:Persecution of the Armenians
446:Kurdoghlian, Mihran (1996).
639:The Forty Days of Musa Dagh
509:43 (January–February 1863).
360:The Forty Days of Musa Dagh
215:Zeyt'uni yerkrord goyamartĕ
1102:
1041:1896 in the Ottoman Empire
1036:1895 in the Ottoman Empire
836:Khanasor Expedition (1897)
821:Zeitun rebellion (1895–96)
806:Gugunian Expedition (1890)
744:Armenian national movement
681:. Yerevan: Hayastan, 1969.
448:Patmutiwn Hayots Volume 3
211:Զեյթունի երկրորդ գոյամարտը
18:Zeitun Rebellion (1895–96)
784:Battle of Halidzor (1727)
750:
659:Զեյթուն եւ իր շրջականները
433:143-144 (1996): pp. 7-16.
210:
183:
159:
145:
123:
82:
42:
34:
1003:Armenian volunteer units
669:Զեյթունի ապստամբությունը
623:, Fatma Muge Goçek, and
430:Patma-Banasirakan Handes
378:Zeitun Resistance (1915)
203:Second Zeitun Resistance
154:Ottoman Fifth Army Corps
856:Battle of Sulukh (1907)
779:Syunik rebellion (1722)
705:Encyclopædia Britannica
461:Hovannisian, Richard G.
244:First Zeitun Resistance
1009:French Armenian Legion
816:Sasun rebellion (1894)
796:Zeitun uprising (1862)
637:Werfel, Franz (1935).
343:massacred and deported
296:
192:20,000–30,000 soldiers
124:Commanders and leaders
846:Sasun uprising (1904)
801:Bashkale clash (1889)
522:Meliksetyan, Vaspur.
506:Revue des Deux Mondes
286:
184:Casualties and losses
171:28,000 Ottoman troops
1081:December 1895 events
1076:November 1895 events
199:The Zeitun rebellion
1086:January 1896 events
1071:October 1895 events
677:Poghosyan, Haykaz.
667:Mkrtchyan, Levon.
345:from Zeitun by the
1066:Hamidian massacres
867:Hamidian massacres
831:Van Defense (1896)
297:
219:Hamidian massacres
37:Hamidian massacres
1023:
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965:Political parties
950:Drastamat Kanayan
879:Armenian genocide
773:Until World War I
537:Dadrian, Vahakn N
485:Barsoumian, Hagop
237:The Armenians of
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74:Armenian Victory
16:(Redirected from
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649:Further reading
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1061:Aleppo vilayet
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700:Chisholm, Hugh
695:"Zeitun"
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686:External links
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373:Defense of Van
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261:Ottoman Empire
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146:Units involved
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165:1,500–6,000
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83:Belligerents
1011:(1916–1920)
1005:(1914–1917)
501:(in French)
347:Young Turks
221:, when the
141:Edhem Pasha
1030:Categories
325:Resolution
315:Circassian
279:Resistance
233:Background
175:12 cannons
971:Armenakan
914:Musa Dagh
869:(1894–96)
621:R.G. Suny
606:, p. 130.
602:Dadrian.
593:, p. 128.
589:Dadrian.
571:Dadrian.
491:, p. 200.
408:, p. 129.
404:Dadrian.
349:in 1915.
304:guns and
302:flintlock
263:, Sultan
223:Armenians
940:Andranik
657:Aghasi.
539:(1995).
367:See also
255:visited
207:Armenian
160:Strength
55:Location
35:Part of
977:Hunchak
756:History
702:(ed.).
619:, eds.
257:Cilicia
134:Ali Bey
997:Fedayi
985:(1890)
979:(1887)
973:(1885)
894:Zeitun
881:(1915)
875:(1909)
555:
471:
332:Aleppo
311:Smyrna
289:Aleppo
239:Zeitun
227:Zeitun
100:
71:Result
60:Zeitun
990:Units
925:Arabo
698:. In
384:Notes
293:Syria
138:Pasha
116:Kurds
909:Urfa
553:ISBN
518:See
469:ISBN
47:Date
899:Van
549:127
225:of
201:or
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363:.
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271:.
213:,
209::
62:,
736:e
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561:.
475:.
295:.
205:(
20:)
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