618:. The next class were the Hippeis, or knights, consisting of those who were able to keep a horse, or who had an income of three hundred medimni. The third class were the Zeugitae, whose property qualification was two hundred medimni of dry or liquid produce; and the last class were the Thetes, whom Solon did not permit to be magistrates, but whose only political privilege was the right of attending the public assemblies and sitting as jurymen in the law courts. This privilege was at first insignificant, but afterwards became of infinite importance, because most disputes were settled before a jury. Even in those cases which he allowed the magistrates to settle, he provided a final appeal to the people.
56:
793:
614:... , wishing to leave all magistracies as he found them, in the hands of the wealthy classes, but to give the people a share in the rest of the constitution, from which they were then excluded, took a census of the wealth of the citizens, and made a first class of those who had an annual income of not less than five hundred medimni of dry or liquid produce; these he called
962:
In ancient Greece, the power of creditors over the persons of their debtors was absolute; and, as in all cases where despotic control is tolerated, their rapacity was boundless. They compelled the insolvent debtors to cultivate their lands like entile, to perform the service of beasts of burthen, and
1043:
According to
Aristotle's Constitution of Athens, 4, a Council of 401 members was part of Dracon's constitution (about 621 B.C.). The members were selected by lot from the whole body of citizens. Solon (who was archon in 594) reduced the Council to 400, one hundred from each of the four tribes; and
314:
of wet or dry goods (or their equivalent), per year. The term appears to have come from the Greek word for "yoke", which has led modern scholars to conclude that zeugitae were either men who could afford a yoke of oxen or men who were "yoked together" in the phalanx—that is, men who could afford
711:
Solon's legislation only granted to the first three of these four classes a vote in the election of responsible officers, and only to the first class the power of election to the highest offices; as, for instance, that of archon. The first three classes were bound to serve as
879:
The city of Athens was anciently divided into three districts, one sunny slope of a hill, one other on the beach of the sea, and the third in the middle of the plain between the hill and the sea. The inhabitants of the intermediate district were called
716:; the cavalry was raised out of the first two, while the fourth class was only employed as light-armed troops or on the fleet, and apparently for pay. The others served without pay. The holders of office in the State were also unpaid.
602:
By this measure he pleased neither party, but the rich were dissatisfied at the loss of their securities, and the poor were still more so because the land was not divided afresh, as they hoped it would be, and because he had not, like
479:, ancient navies generally preferred to rely on free men to row their galleys. In the 4th and 5th century, Athens generally followed a naval policy of enrolling citizens from the lower classes (the thetes),
329:
At the time of Solon's reforms, zeugitae were granted the right to hold certain minor political offices. Their status rose through the years; in 457/6 BC, they were granted the right to hold the
511:, demanded that the privileges of the nobility, which had till then been obtained, should be utterly set aside. Another party, prepared to be contented by moderate concessions, was composed of the
322:
The zeugitae could serve as hoplites in the
Athenian army. The idea was that one could serve as a hoplite if he had enough money to equip himself in that manner, i.e. he could produce 200
652:) and those who did not belong to the nobility received a share in the rights of citizens, according to a scale determined by their property and their corresponding services to the
731:
could only attend the
Athenian assembly. The fourth class was excluded from all official positions, but possessed the right of voting in the general public assemblies (the
44:
was almost falling to pieces in consequence of dissensions between the parties into which the population was divided. Solon wanted to revise or abolish the older laws of
749:
Solon established a constitutional order with a single chief consultative body, and a single administrative body. Solon established as the chief consultative body the
369:
542:, the level and most fruitful part of the country. Solon, who enjoyed the confidence of all parties on account of his tried insight and sound judgment, was chosen
546:
by a compromise, with full power to put an end to the difficulties, and to restore peace by means of legislation. One of the primary measures of Solon was the
124:. The lower assembly was given the right to hear appeals, and Solon also created the higher assembly. Both of these were meant to decrease the power of the
1353:
496:
472:. There is debate among scholars whether this represented the entire number of thetes, or simply those who left Athens, the remainder staying behind.
262:
1475:. Translated by Bernadotte Perrin. London: William Heinemann Ltd. 1914a – via Perseus Digital Library, Cambridge, MA. Harvard University Press.
814:
487:, higher classes were enrolled as rowers also. This made them crucial in the Athenian Navy and therefore gave them a role in Athens' affairs.
1620:
1522:
1309:
1216:
Reports of
Committees of The House of Representatives: 1st Session, 22nd Congress, Begun and Held at the City of Washington, December 7, 1831
420:
of pentacosiomedimni to thetes could be as little as 2.5.) This distinction spanned from some time earlier than 594−593 BC until 322 BC. The
1635:
1444:). London: William Heinemann Ltd. – digitised and published online by Perseus Digital Library, Cambridge, MA. Harvard University Press.
1067:
1550:
1290:
1268:
840:
337:
in which all men of hoplite status or higher would be enfranchised, and such a regime was indeed established for a time during the
185:
of wet or dry goods (or their equivalent), per year. They were eligible for all top positions of government in Athens. These were:
1602:, Frederick Engels. Chapter V: "The Rise of the Athenian State", discusses the significance and effects of Solonian Constitution.
1515:
Leges
Draconis et Solonis (LegDrSol). Eine neue Edition der Gesetze Drakons und Solons mit Übersetzung und historischer Einordnung
735:) which chose officials and passed laws. They had also the right of taking part in the trials by jury which Solon had instituted.
1423:
273:
as 'those who were able to maintain a horse'. This assumption appears to be on the basis of the inscription of the statute of
1615:
818:
52:
embracing the whole of public and private life, the salutary effects of which lasted long after the end of his constitution.
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390:
300:
750:
1468:
1448:
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1488:
1414:
443:
1256:
439:
354:
207:
1078:
A Dictionary of
Classical Antiquities, Mythology, Religion, Literature and Art from the German of Oskar Seyffert
803:
1410:. Cambridge, MA; London: Harvard University Press; William Heinemann Ltd. – via Perseus Digital Library.
539:
527:
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338:
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202:
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Twelve thousand thetes were disenfranchised and expelled from the city after the
Athenian defeat in the
1401:
578:
766:
574:
196:
656:. For this purpose, he divided the population into four classes, founded on the possession of land:
1434:
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to transfer to them their sons and daughters, whom they exported as slaves to foreign countries.
66:
Under Solon's reforms, all debts were abolished and all debt-slaves were freed. The status of the
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1381:
1340:
1211:
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604:
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by making wealth rather than birth a criterion for holding political positions, a system called
245:
was the second highest of the four social classes. It was composed of men who had at least 300
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55:
1218:, vol. I (of five), House of Representatives, United States Congress, Report No. 194
1536:
1044:
extended in some particulars the powers already possessed by the
Areopagus (ib. 8). See
753:, in which only the first three classes took part, and as chief administrative body the
1407:
1073:
A dictionary of classical antiquities : Mythology, religion, literature & art
501:
Of the population dissatisfied, the inhabitants of the northern mountainous region of
1609:
1385:
1021:
by which the exclusive rights which the nobles had till then possessed were set aside
998:
1278:
1070:(March 1901). "Solonian constitution". In Nettleship, Henry; Sandys, J. E. (eds.).
907:
566:
563:
559:
547:
476:
181:) were the top class of citizens: those whose property or estate could produce 500
79:
333:, and in the late 5th century moderate oligarchs advocated for the creation of an
1504:
1492:
1071:
918:. In the time of Solon, when he had choose a form of government, the democratic
792:
555:
85:
49:
1369:
469:
417:
1463:– via Perseus Digital Library, Cambridge, MA. Harvard University Press.
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1336:
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and hired foreigners. However, under some conditions, for example during the
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643:
458:
334:
266:
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95:
1089:
1087:
1538:
A Smaller
History of Greece: From the Earliest Times to the Roman Conquest
1497:, Macmillan and Company, "§ 3 Epochs Of Constitutional Reform At Athens".
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688:
462:
413:
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were thus made to contain the same amount of silver as 73 old drachmae.
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They were eligible for a few positions of government in Athens such as:
17:
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For more, see 1832 Select
Committee report: "Imprisonment for Debt" in
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447:
316:
270:
254:
250:
236:
190:
107:
1582:
1455:. Translated by Bernadotte Perrin. London: William Heinemann Ltd. 1914
438:
may have predated the Solonian reforms. They could participate in the
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around 460–450 BC, the thetes were empowered to hold public office.
141:
54:
37:
1263:. Cambridge, MA (US): Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
140:, and as soon as it was introduced, Solon went into self-imposed
570:
73:
1115:
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596:
550:("dis-burdening ordinance"). This gave an immediate relief by
98:). Citizens were also divided based on their land production:
948:
647:
401:
412:
were those who were workers for wages, or had less than 200
144:
for ten years so he would not be tempted to take power as a
906:. These three classes of inhabitants formed many factions.
757:, which was to be filled up by those who had been archons.
395:
305:
72:(the "one-sixth workers"), who farmed in an early form of
1599:
The Origin of the Family, Private Property, and the State
562:. At the same time, he made it illegal for the future to
524:, the coast. The third was formed by the nobles, called
406:, 'serf') were the lowest social class of citizens. The
310:) were those whose property or estate could produce 200
1080:(6th ed.). London: Swan Sonnenschein. p. 595.
40:
in the early 6th century BC. At the time of Solon, the
538:, because their property lay for the most part in the
76:, was also abolished. These reforms were known as the
968:
Reports of Committees of The House of Representatives
719:
Each division had different rights; for example, the
1304:. London: Bristol Classical Press; A & C Black.
359:
In 457−456 BC, the archonship was opened to zeugitae
269:
gave an alternate characterisation for the class of
84:. Solon's constitution reduced the power of the old
1210:R M. Johnson; Select Committee (January 17, 1832),
416:(or their equivalent) as yearly income. (Thus, the
692:– possessors of a yoke of oxen, with at least 150
426:were defined as citizens who did not qualify as
370:Constitution of the Athenians (Pseudo-Xenophon)
128:, the aristocratic council. The only parts of
861:Effecting or designed to effect an improvement
27:Constitution of ancient Athens, 6th century BC
1579:BC). Commentary on the Solonian Constitution.
1440:. (1914 edition, with English translation by
8:
894:, those of the hill were referred to as the
821:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1584:The Lives of the Noble Grecians and Romans
1494:A Handbook of Greek Constitutional History
249:or their equivalent as yearly income. The
1509:, vol. 6, University of California Press.
1240:
1228:
1135:
841:Learn how and when to remove this message
497:Constitution of the Athenians (Aristotle)
1093:
703:– workers for wages, with less than 150
132:that Solon kept were the laws regarding
1159:
1059:
854:
450:, but were not allowed to serve in the
1261:The Ancient Greeks: A critical history
1198:Ruschenbusch, 1979, pp. 106 & 110
1171:
442:, and could be jurors serving in the
7:
1147:
1114:. Translated by Kenyon, Frederic G.
819:adding citations to reliable sources
1541:. New York: Harper Books. pp.
1321:"Zur Besatzung athenischer Trieren"
1352:Whitehead, David (December 1981).
136:. The constitution was written as
25:
953:) means 'plain', 'flat', 'field'.
607:, established absolute equality.
900:, and those of the shore as the
791:
440:Ecclesia (the Athenian assembly)
1354:"The Archaic Athenian ΖΕΥΓΙΤΑΙ"
1319:Ruschenbusch, Eberhard (1979).
926:asked the aristocracy, and the
475:Unlike the popular concept of
219:could also serve as generals (
1:
1588:
1573:
1403:Constitution of the Athenians
1112:The Internet Classics Archive
870:the "shaking-off of burdens".
681:– knights, with at least 300
567:upon the person of the debtor
1621:Government of ancient Athens
1517:. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner.
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1636:Ancient Greek constitutions
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1195:Sargent, 1927, pp, 266–268;
1106:Aristotle (June 9, 2021) .
751:Council of the Four Hundred
739:Council of the Four Hundred
673:of produce as yearly income
642:Solon further instituted a
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1513:Schmitz, Winfried (2023).
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1370:10.1017/S0009838800009599
669:) – who had at least 500
569:. Solon also altered the
454:or serve as magistrates.
1594:AD). Article on "Solon".
1243:, Chapter 16, section 1.
1096:, Chapter 18, section 1.
1055:References and citations
600:
227:) in the Athenian army.
1501:Linforth, Ivan Mortimer
1473:Plutarch's Lives: Solon
1453:Plutarch's Lives: Solon
1358:The Classical Quarterly
1302:In search of the Greeks
1300:Renshaw, James (2008).
1212:"Imprisonment for Debt"
1108:"Athenian Constitution"
518:the inhabitants of the
339:Athenian coup of 411 BC
1183:Raaflaub, 2008, p. 140
772:Reforms of Cleisthenes
612:
351:Lower offices of state
130:Draconian constitution
63:
1616:Defunct constitutions
1426:Athenian Constitution
1417:Athenian Constitution
1283:The Peloponnesian War
573:, by introducing the
495:Further information:
368:Further information:
263:Athenian Constitution
253:were also called the
58:
34:Solonian constitution
1285:. New York: Viking.
815:improve this section
767:History of democracy
552:cancelling all debts
197:Council of Areopagus
1174:, pp. 398−399.
1138:, pp. 282–283.
932:a mixed government.
571:standard of coinage
48:. He promulgated a
1506:Solon the Athenian
1400:Aristotle (1952).
721:pentacosiomedimnoi
667:pentacosiomedimnoi
583:Aeginetan standard
457:In the reforms of
326:or more per year.
216:pentacosiomedimnoi
179:πεντακοσιομέδιμνοι
170:pentakosiomedimnoi
157:Pentacosiomedimnoi
101:pentacosiomedimnoi
64:
1626:Ancient Greek law
1557:pentacosiomedimni
1524:978-3-515-13361-6
1442:Bernadotte Perrin
1311:978-1-85399-699-3
1034:of Ancient China.
922:they wanted, the
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783:Explanatory notes
662:pentacosiomedimni
640:
639:
616:pentakosiomedimni
485:Mytilenean revolt
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304:
265:(circa. 350 BC).
164:pentacosiomedimni
59:Bust of Solon in
16:(Redirected from
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1406:. Translated by
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1437:Lives: Solon
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813:Please help
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1419:, Chapter 4
1148:Fine (1983)
910:availed of
908:Pisistratus
632:—Plutarch,
625:—Plutarch,
86:aristocracy
1610:Categories
1577: 350
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831:April 2023
649:τιμοκρατία
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579:Pheidonian
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315:their own
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1192:Sources:
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644:timocracy
593:Timocracy
521:"Paralia"
459:Ephialtes
444:law court
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335:oligarchy
301:romanized
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587:drachmae
463:Pericles
429:zeugitae
414:medimnoi
400:, sing.
355:Ecclesia
324:medimnoi
312:medimnoi
307:zeugitai
296:ζευγῖται
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134:homicide
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1394:Primary
1345:4435656
1250:Sources
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924:pediani
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142:exile
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38:Solon
1547:ISBN
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1374:ISSN
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