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documentation from writer Chao Gongwu and Gao Sisun, and there have been attempts to categorize the book into a different genus. This lasted until 1936 where scholars like Zhong
Fengnian demonstrated that the book was written as a handbook of diction from the School of Diplomacy, and not intended to be a compilation of historical facts.
605:
The chapters take the form of anecdotes meant to illustrate various strategies and tricks employed by the
Warring States. With the focus thus being more on providing general political insights than on presenting the whole history of the period, there is no stringent year-by-year dating such as that
441:
The six versions of written works from the School of
Diplomacy were discovered by Liu Xiang during his editing and proofreading of the imperial literary collection. Those works of political views and diplomatic strategies from the School of Diplomacy were in poor condition, with confusing contents
997:
The book does not emphasize the historical facts or fiction, but appears to be an extensive collection of anecdotes with little bearing to the chronological order of chapter and narration. Since the 12th century, it has been widely debated whether the book should be considered a historical
610:. Stories are sorted chronologically by under which ruler they take place, but within the reign of a single king there is no way to tell if the time elapsed between two anecdotes is a day or a year.
378:
has not yet been verified: it is generally deemed, after Zhang
Xincheng, that the book was not written by a single author at one time. It is thought to have been composed by
497:, "Works from the School of Diplomacy During the Warring States Period)". The book contained 27 chapters, 11 of which were found to be similar to the contents in
417:
1044:
613:
The book comprises approximately 120,000 words, and is divided into 33 chapters and 497 sections. The twelve dynasties the strategies pertain to are:
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ideology. The book appears to overemphasize the historical contributions from the School of
Diplomacy, devaluing the book's historical importance.
422:
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438:. Although this argument had been seconded by Jin Dejian (1932) and Zu Zhugeng (1937), but by 1939 it was refuted by Zhang Xincheng.
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1154:. Berkeley: Society for the Study of Early China; Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California Berkeley. pp.
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44:
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63:
426:, but he provided no warrant for it. In 1931, Luo Genze put forward an argument that the book was composed by Kuai Tong (
120:
351:
BC). It is an important text of the
Warring States period as it describes the strategies and political views of the
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363:
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1025:(Michigan Monographs In Chinese Studies Book 83). U OF M CENTER FOR CHINESE STUDIES. ISBN 978-0892641291
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The intellectual aspects have been disputed due to its stress on fame and profit and its conflicts with
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period. The earliest to assert the texts were apocryphal scriptures was perhaps the compiler of the
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1011:. Oxford: Clarendon Press; revised edition, University of Michigan Center for Chinese Studies.
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and missing words. Liu Xiang proofread and edited them into the new book under the title
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reclaimed some lost chapters, proofread and edited the modern version. Some writings on
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Legends of the
Warring States: Persuasions, Romances, and Stories from Chan-kuo Ts'e
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1048:. (A typescript translation made while studying for a London University D. Lit.)
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434:) in his two papers based on six conclusions which he drew, a contemporary of
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was created from a revision of this article dated 26 February 2006
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Ancient
Chinese text noting the events of the Chinese warring states period
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and reveals the historical and social characteristics of the period.
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recounts the history of the
Warring States from the conquest of the
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1065: See HKUL Digital Initiatives for G. W. Bonsall translation.
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Annals of the
Warring States. London and Paris: Hermits United.
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BC before its burial, as the text tend to avoid using the word
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Oratory and Democracy in China: Four Dialogues from the
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1150:Early Chinese Texts: A Bibliographical Guide
1247:English translation of ZGC by B. S. Bonsall
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1239:Complete text of ZGC (Simplified Chinese)
1222:, and does not reflect subsequent edits.
1205:
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382:and his peers, before being obtained by
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423:Complete Library of the Four Treasuries
1257:Stratagems of the Warring States 《戰國策》
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1007:Crump, James I., Jr. (1970, 1996).
481:in 1973 and edited and published in
412:had never been questioned since the
1042:Bonsall, Bramwell Seaton (1920s?).
453:were lost in subsequent centuries.
85:"Strategies of the Warring States"
25:
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590:clan in 490 BC up to the failed
334:Strategies of the Warring States
922:Chapter 05/Yan 1:5 and Yan 1:12
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608:Spring and Autumn Annals
449:Significant contents of
45:Traditional Chinese
606:found in the preceding
487:Zhanguo Zonghengjia Shu
64:Simplified Chinese
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1180:Listen to this article
1028:Hu, Mingyuan (2022).
418:Annotated Bibliography
371:
1283:Warring States period
1273:Chinese history texts
1242:(Traditional Chinese)
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817:Chapter 18/Zhao 4:18
369:Warring States period
366:
347:(5th to 3rd centuries
345:Warring States period
1231:More spoken articles
1121:He 2001, pp. 132–135
891:Chapter 23/Han 1:16
779:Chapter 23/Chu 4:13
286:Baxter–Sagart (2014)
926:Chapter 04/Yan 2:4
924:Chapter 20/Yan 1:11
855:Chapter 16/Wei 3:8
815:Chapter 21/Zhao 1:9
692:Chapter 19/Qin 3:2
551:translation of the
353:School of Diplomacy
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1136:Tsien, Tsuen-hsuin
1112:He 2001, pp. 36–37
1103:He 2001, pp. 24–25
1094:He 2001, pp. 64–67
1021:Crump, J. (2022).
986:Literary criticism
853:Chapter 15/Wei 3:3
541:Emperor Gao of Han
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1288:Han dynasty texts
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1038:978-1-7391156-0-9
1017:978-0-89264-122-2
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630:Context Identical
563:mentioned in the
560:Lost Book of Zhou
477:near the city of
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100:Standard Mandarin
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374:The author of
367:Spears of the
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1085:, p. 1.
1083:Tsien (1993)
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1002:Translations
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670:Western Zhou
649:Eastern Zhou
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545:naming taboo
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218:Southern Min
107:Hanyu Pinyin
29:
627:Translation
602:in 221 BC.
577:Zhan Guo Ce
525:Seal script
499:Zhan Guo Ce
485:in 1976 as
471:Han dynasty
451:Zhan Guo Ce
444:Zhan Guo Ce
414:Western Han
388:Zhan Guo Ce
376:Zhan Guo Ce
314:Zhan Guo Ce
279:Old Chinese
113:Zhàn Guó Cè
35:Zhan Guo Ce
1267:Categories
1227:Audio help
1218:2006-02-26
1070:References
600:Gao Jianli
135:Wade–Giles
18:Zhanguo ce
1142:戰國策". In
1138:(1993). "
992:Confucian
978:Zhongshan
475:Mawangdui
469:from the
467:excavated
455:Zeng Gong
384:Liu Xiang
1229: ·
957:Wei(Wey)
501:and the
479:Changsha
473:tomb at
404:Yulingzi
187:Jyutping
1216: (
1187:minutes
1146:(ed.).
623:Chinese
586:by the
571:Content
517:Chinese
491:Chinese
483:Beijing
436:Han Xin
428:Chinese
420:of the
393:Shijing
359:History
331:as the
329:English
225:Hokkien
1162:
1061:
1036:
1015:
533:
519::
509:Taiwan
495:戰國縱橫家書
493::
430::
380:Su Qin
349:
242:Tâi-lô
1158:–11.
1053:Notes
565:Rites
521:帛書戰國策
465:were
463:cloth
292:*
1160:ISBN
1034:ISBN
1013:ISBN
961:Nil
955:and
953:Song
946:宋、衛策
811:Zhao
733:Nil
653:Nil
584:clan
575:The
537:bang
527:and
406:and
399:Mozi
311:The
971:中山策
936:31
931:30
918:Yan
901:28
896:27
887:Han
870:25
865:24
860:23
849:Wei
832:21
827:20
822:19
794:17
789:16
784:15
775:Chu
758:13
753:12
748:11
743:10
738:09
712:07
707:06
702:05
697:04
688:Qin
663:西周策
642:東周策
598:by
594:of
588:Zhi
581:Fan
337:or
319:W-G
228:POJ
201:IPA
149:IPA
1269::
1185:12
1063:a:
966:33
941:32
911:燕策
906:29
880:韓策
875:26
842:魏策
837:22
804:趙策
799:18
768:楚策
763:14
729:Qi
722:齊策
717:08
681:秦策
676:03
658:02
637:01
619:##
567:.
432:蒯通
402:,
396:,
321::
71:战国
52:戰國
1233:)
1225:(
1220:)
1189:)
1182:(
1168:.
1156:1
515:(
489:(
317:(
74:策
55:策
20:)
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