289:
that their defection from the Jin Army. When soldiers of the Jin Army were captured by the troops of Liu
Guangshi rather than having them killed, he had them treated in a good manner and they were presented these Zhaona Xinbao coins and informed that anyone in possession of these coins could pass unhindered tov the Song camp and then if they choose return safely back to their home. The captured Jin servicemen were then given handed these Zhaona Xinbao coins and were informed after they return to the Jurchen camp that they could hand these over to their compatriots who desired to desert to the Song. These captured Jin soldiers then returned to the Jin camp and secretly distributed these coins to other soldiers who also expressed a desire to defect.
81:
1243:
439:
character below the square hole is usually claimed to be "Shang" (上) but it seems to be a mirrored version of the character and no translation of it is known, general consensus among
Chinese numismatists such as David Jen state that it in fact a signature, the signer is unknown but it might have been Liu Guangshi himself. On the silver version of the Zhaona Xinbao the "Shi" (使) is the same albeit diminutive in size however the character below the square center hole which is also presumed to be a signature resembles a "凵" (
1029:
2375:
317:). The token coin proved to work and the enormous number of deserters forced the Jin general Wan Yanchang to call for his remaining troops to retreat. As the number of Zhaona Xinbao cash coins that was manufactured for this purpose was small and as they only "circulated" over a relatively small area not many authentic specimens are known to still exist today.
423:) that serves as a letter of introduction" or "Treasure (coin) that recruits (Jin dynasty) soldiers who desire to return to their home" based on the context. Another possible translation is "the bearer of this treasure (coin) is able to return (or submit) to the authority of the Song dynasty safely" as Dr.
288:
To this end Liu
Guangshi ordered the creation of special cash coins with the inscription Zhaona Xinbao (招納信寶) which could be translated as "Treasure (coin) that recruits (Jin dynasty) soldiers who desire to return to their home" and adopted a policy that these special cash coins could be used to show
486:
a silver Zhaona Xinbao was reported to be in the hands of Fang Dishan (方地山) which Yuan Hanyun (袁寒雲) describes as being a wee bit bigger than the bronze variant. After Fang's death in the year 1936 the fate of this specimen became unknown. A gold version of the Zhaona Xinbao was in the hands of Chen
474:
in
Zhejiang. This Zhaona Xinbao cash coin is 26 millimeters in diameter and weighs 5 grams. Among the more easily observed characteristics of these cash coins is the fact that the "Bao" (寶) Chinese character could be described as being "unusually tall". Another bronze Zhaona Xinbao cash coin is in
292:
These Zhaona Xinbao cash coins proved to be successful as they were instrumental in the desertion of tens of thousands of conscripted Jin soldiers to the Song Army, not all of the defected soldiers decided to use this opportunity to go back home but volunteered to fight on the side of the Song
438:
On the reverse side of these Zhaona Xinbao cash coins are two characters, one on the top above the square center hole and at the bottom below the square center hole. The top character always reads "Shi" (使) which indicates that these tokens had a mission that served an official function. The
325:
As the Zhaona Xinbao cash coins were manufactured to encourage conscripts from the Jin dynasty's military to defect and make sure that their passage to the army camps of the Song dynasty was safe the inscription had to reflect this purpose. The inscription itself is written in a
455:
Due to the relatively small area where these cash coin-like tokens "circulated" and their low production numbers not many Zhaona Xinbao cash coins exist today, a bronze Zhaona Xinbao could be sold for
262:, Jiangxi) which wasn't meant to circulate in the same manner as regular coinage but to encourage members of the Jin military to defect to the Song side. Akin to the types of Chinese cash coins
1622:
487:
Rentao (陳仁濤) who died in 1968 and the fate of this specimen is also unknown. The gold version of the Zhaona Xinbao are classified as "first-class national cultural relics" (國家一級文物,
463:
14,000) in the year 2016. Meanwhile, despite 20th century
Chinese numismatic works mentioning several silver and gold versions of the Zhaona Xinbao being in the hands of some
435:. Alternative proposed English translations of the inscription of the Zhaona Xinbao are "Trust Token for Recruits" by Yu Liuliang and Yu Hong and "Pass Coin" by David Jen.
2079:
2406:
2194:
2620:
273:
while a very small number of them were made from silver and even less were made from gold. As a large portion of the Jin military was made up of conscripted
1208:
80:
3076:
1615:
1512:
992:
2255:
1648:
1232:
2134:
3188:
1316:
3089:
2394:
1608:
2516:
2501:
2488:
2453:
2418:
2389:
2036:
1857:
1456:
1018:
3224:
2948:
2887:
2779:
1711:
3325:
2521:
2285:
948:
925:
483:
2187:
837:
755:
3163:
2511:
310:
1738:
1201:
599:
Hua
Guangpu, Ed. "Zhongguo Guqian Mulu" ("The Catalogue of Ancient Chinese Coins"), 1998, volume 2 "Sung to Ming", 481 p. (in
3300:
2243:
985:
131:
3049:
2347:
2238:
2114:
2104:
1701:
1502:
745:
263:
163:
139:
3310:
2547:
2216:
2180:
2119:
2109:
2099:
1963:
1791:
1663:
1449:
467:
there whereabouts are all currently unknown and both their cultural and market values are considered to be "priceless".
219:
178:
3008:
2539:
2535:
2461:
2433:
2212:
1643:
1590:
3305:
550:
470:
In 2006 the family of the well-known
Chinese numismatist Ma Dingxiang (馬定祥) donated a Zhaona Xinbao cash coin to the
3320:
2423:
2374:
2233:
1194:
659:
427:(丁福保) suggests because "zhao na" (招纳) has the alternative meaning of "submitting to the authority of another" (歸附,
255:
2295:
2054:
1759:
1507:
978:
2280:
1242:
2871:
2626:
2248:
2011:
1914:
1909:
1400:
1037:
476:
302:
246:). As both armies were roughly equal in manpower both sides had trouble advancing on the other resulting in a
3295:
3133:
2902:
2614:
2477:
2310:
1653:
1497:
1145:
186:
2727:
2275:
1564:
1431:
226:, during the Summer of this year the forces of the Song dynasty were under the command of the governor of
193:
but contain an inscription alluding to their intent, generally these Zhaona Xinbao tokens were made from
3315:
3257:
2496:
1686:
519:
Could be translated as "cause", "send on a mission", "order", "envoy", "messenger", and/or "ambassador".
167:
3143:
2632:
2401:
2352:
2021:
1924:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1691:
1671:
1570:
1140:
1132:
1112:
1087:
1060:
1050:
460:
3182:
3022:
2411:
2357:
1852:
1743:
1706:
1681:
1676:
1217:
1097:
1045:
940:
726:(丁福保) – "Lidai Guqian Tushuo" ("The Charts of the Past Dynasties Ancient Coins"), 1997, with
347:
331:
251:
190:
727:
239:
231:
3118:
2325:
2320:
352:
182:
3158:
2300:
2260:
206:
3197:
3037:
3032:
2969:
2506:
2330:
2315:
2305:
2075:
2067:
2062:
2046:
1894:
1889:
1492:
1117:
1102:
944:
921:
833:
751:
3108:
3042:
2589:
2557:
2340:
2335:
2161:
2142:
2124:
1899:
1844:
1801:
1389:
1335:
841:
731:
711:
639:
600:
456:
432:
293:
dynasty. The soldiers who deserted didn't only include ethnic Han
Chinese but also included
282:
1028:
112:"Shi" (使) and possibly "Shang" (上), indicating an official mission and possibly a signature
2775:
2362:
2265:
2225:
2147:
1995:
1872:
1408:
1305:
1122:
1107:
859:
471:
464:
162:'Treasure (coin) that serves as a letter of introduction') is a special type of
3095:
2745:
2466:
2428:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1696:
1383:
1364:
1358:
1065:
793:
500:
338:. The characters on the obverse side of these trust tokens translate as the following:
335:
298:
243:
235:
216:
175:
882:
854:
3289:
3174:
3168:
3153:
2975:
2963:
2443:
2438:
1945:
1919:
1819:
1764:
1716:
1286:
294:
223:
1186:
301:. These additional soldiers were organised into two newly created armies named the "
3269:
3148:
3123:
2957:
2908:
2757:
2649:
2604:
2599:
2471:
2203:
2031:
1540:
1375:
1350:
1297:
1013:
278:
267:
212:
3263:
3220:
3113:
3103:
3065:
3054:
2944:
2920:
2794:
2763:
2667:
2594:
2552:
1979:
1940:
1884:
1834:
1824:
1809:
1475:
1255:
1251:
686:
274:
964:
528:
Could be translated as "top", "superior", "highest", "go up", and/or "send up".
277:
soldiers, General Liu believed that these soldiers were probably in a state of
3059:
3016:
2914:
2877:
2847:
2841:
2818:
2800:
2709:
2697:
2673:
2016:
1327:
1092:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1055:
723:
707:
424:
664:
Gary
Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)
3084:
2993:
2938:
2932:
2853:
2721:
2715:
2703:
2691:
2685:
2609:
2572:
2562:
1971:
1862:
1829:
1263:
613:
575:
554:
327:
247:
171:
638:"Zhongguo Guqian Pu" ("Plates of Ancient Chinese Coins"), 1995, 534 p. (in
3245:
3233:
3214:
3138:
3027:
2987:
2859:
2835:
2812:
2769:
2751:
2577:
2090:
1904:
1814:
1784:
1552:
1546:
1528:
1175:
917:
807:
259:
250:. To break this stalemate Liu Guangshi decided to cast a special type of
3251:
3239:
3128:
2883:
2661:
2655:
2582:
2567:
2290:
2270:
1576:
1558:
2172:
1600:
832:)。 ("Chinese rare coins pursuit concordance"), 2001, Shanghai, 293 p.
2865:
2806:
2788:
2739:
2733:
2679:
1867:
1534:
1280:
270:
194:
147:
970:
238:, 1089–1142) while the forces of the Jin were under the command of
2926:
2896:
1879:
419:
The inscription "Zhaona Xinbao" could be translated as "Treasure (
227:
91:"Zhaona Xinbao" (招納信寶), "To beckon, to admit, to trust, treasure"
2981:
1987:
420:
197:
but in very rare cases they were also made from silver or gold.
2176:
1604:
1190:
974:
747:
Chinese Coins: Money in
History and Society (Arts of China)
222:
were encamped opposite to each other on each side of the
491:) by the government of the People's Republic of China.
281:
and had more desire to return home than to fight for a
883:"贞观2016年春季大型艺术品拍卖会钱币精品推荐- 发布日期：2016-04-18信息来源: 北京贞观拍卖"
710:(丁福保) – "Dictionary of Ancient Coins" (古錢大辭典). (in
3207:
3075:
3007:
2828:
2642:
2534:
2487:
2452:
2382:
2211:
2133:
2089:
2045:
2004:
1956:
1933:
1843:
1800:
1752:
1662:
1636:
1521:
1485:
1466:
1441:
1418:
1399:
1374:
1349:
1326:
1315:
1296:
1273:
1250:
1225:
1154:
1131:
1036:
1006:
116:
108:
103:
95:
87:
73:
65:
57:
49:
41:
33:
2188:
1616:
1202:
986:
189:. These special coins superficially resemble
8:
2621:Along the River During the Qingming Festival
937:Chinese Cash: Identification and Price Guide
654:
652:
650:
648:
211:In the year 1131 the military forces of the
21:
687:"The Southern Song Dynasty Rebel Cash Coin"
660:"Southern Song Coin for Jin Army Defectors"
157:
3204:
2639:
2449:
2195:
2181:
2173:
1623:
1609:
1601:
1513:Cash coins in traditional Chinese medicine
1323:
1209:
1195:
1187:
993:
979:
971:
574:Wybrand Op den Velde, "Cash coin index.",
371:To beckon, to summon, to recruit, to levy
79:
69:Limited, not meant for general circulation
20:
1649:List of Chinese cash coins by inscription
1233:List of Chinese cash coins by inscription
385:To admit, to take, to receive, to accept
53:Bronze, rare instances in silver and gold
828:Zhonghua Zhenquan Zhuizong Lu (中華珍泉追蹤錄,
744:Yu Liuliang and Yu Hong (1 April 2004).
340:
920:, United Kingdom: Trafford Publishing.
541:
512:
3189:Collected Cases of Injustice Rectified
3114:Endless power transmitting chain drive
689:. Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)
7:
912:Hartill, David (22 September 2005).
889:(in Chinese (China)). 18 April 2016
777:
685:Vladimir Belyaev (3 October 2002).
587:
181:around the year Shaoxing 1 (or the
266:they were primarily made from the
16:Chinese cash coin-like trust token
14:
1934:Manufacturing and casting process
264:that were circulating at the time
2373:
1241:
1027:
830:zhōng huá zhēn quán zhuī zōng lù
618:Sogou Encyclopedia (Sogou Baike)
413:Treasure, jewel, precious, rare
1739:Paper money of the Qing dynasty
1712:Jin dynasty coinage (1115–1234)
967:(Zeno Oriental Coins Database).
965:Image of a bronze Zhaona Xinbao
792:by O. D. Cresswell. Publisher:
164:Southern Song dynasty cash coin
2615:Great Bodhisattva of Zhengding
2135:Special administrative regions
482:During the early years of the
191:traditional Chinese cash coins
166:developed as a propaganda and
152:
143:
135:
1:
3050:Southern Song dynasty coinage
2012:Charms and amulets (Yansheng)
1702:Southern Song dynasty coinage
1503:Cash coins in fortune telling
1038:Numismatic charms and amulets
810:(in Chinese (China)). Jianshu
399:To trust, to believe, letter
1792:Yuan of the Red Army Command
28:Southern Song Dynasty, China
2462:Department of State Affairs
1644:History of Chinese currency
1591:History of Chinese currency
311:Army Appearing from Nowhere
3342:
2424:Bureau of Military Affairs
1239:
620:(in Chinese (China)). 2018
204:
3326:Cash coins by inscription
2371:
2296:Alliance Conducted at Sea
2286:Song–Viet war (1075–1077)
2156:
1760:Historical money of Tibet
1586:
1508:Cash coins as grave goods
1170:
1141:Consumer voucher (Taiwan)
1025:
185:1131) under the reign of
78:
26:
2627:Four Great Books of Song
1915:Great Qing Treasure Note
1910:Great Ming Treasure Note
477:National Museum of China
2478:Secretariat-Chancellery
1664:By period (before 1912)
1654:Ancient Chinese coinage
1498:Cash coins in feng shui
1146:Triple Stimulus Voucher
330:manner and the type of
3109:Early Bessemer process
3077:Science and technology
2276:Nong Zhigao rebellions
1565:Turtle shell hole coin
1432:Hong Kong one-mil coin
1007:Alternative currencies
553:(in Chinese (China)).
549:新浪收藏 (10 April 2018).
475:the collection of the
3301:Psychological warfare
2497:Ministry of Personnel
2402:Imperial examinations
1687:Southern Tang coinage
808:"稀世珍品银质"招纳信宝"与南宋襄樊之战"
806:醉古雅集 (25 July 2017).
174:from the army of the
168:psychological warfare
2633:Dongjing Meng Hua Lu
2407:Administrative units
2281:Song–Tibet relations
2256:Song–Đại Cồ Việt war
2022:Vault protector coin
1734:Qing dynasty coinage
1729:Ming dynasty coinage
1724:Yuan dynasty coinage
1692:Liao dynasty coinage
1672:Zhou dynasty coinage
1571:Vault protector coin
1457:String of cash coins
1113:Vault protector coin
1088:Lei Ting curse charm
1061:Confucian coin charm
750:. Long River Press.
489:guó jiā yī jí wén wù
170:tool for recruiting
3311:Chinese numismatics
3183:Forensic entomology
3144:Watertight bulkhead
3023:Joint-stock company
2517:Ministry of Justice
2502:Ministry of Revenue
2412:Sixteen Prefectures
2005:Historical exonumia
1707:Western Xia coinage
1682:Xin dynasty coinage
1677:Han dynasty coinage
1631:Currencies of China
1459:(貫 / 索 / 緡 / 吊 / 串)
1401:Fakes and fantasies
1319:Ten Kingdoms period
1098:Marriage coin charm
1046:Buddhist coin charm
941:Krause Publications
935:Jen, David (2000).
863:. 16 September 2014
451:Surviving specimens
348:Traditional Chinese
332:Chinese calligraphy
132:traditional Chinese
23:
3119:Astronomical clock
2326:Treaty of Shaoxing
1317:Five Dynasties and
1218:Chinese cash coins
914:Cast Chinese Coins
465:private collectors
353:Simplified Chinese
140:simplified Chinese
3321:Exonumia of China
3283:
3282:
3279:
3278:
3198:Dream Pool Essays
3090:Gunpowder weapons
3003:
3002:
2530:
2529:
2522:Ministry of Works
2507:Ministry of Rites
2454:Three Departments
2291:Fang La rebellion
2271:Wang Ze rebellion
2170:
2169:
2076:New Taiwan dollar
2068:Chinese gold yuan
2063:Old Taiwan dollar
2055:Customs gold unit
2047:Republic of China
1753:Other territories
1598:
1597:
1593:
1493:Cash coins in art
1486:Non-currency uses
1467:Manufacturing and
1345:
1344:
1184:
1183:
1133:Stimulus packages
1118:Taoist coin charm
730:'s comments. (in
666:. 13 October 2016
484:Republic of China
447:) in the middle.
417:
416:
160:
124:
123:
61:1131 (Shaoxing 1)
3333:
3229:
3226:
3205:
2953:
2952: 1174–1189
2950:
2892:
2891: 1050–1080
2889:
2784:
2783: 1111–1117
2781:
2640:
2590:Longquan celadon
2558:Five Great Kilns
2450:
2377:
2197:
2190:
2183:
2174:
2162:Economy of China
2143:Hong Kong dollar
1625:
1618:
1611:
1602:
1588:
1541:Flower hole coin
1390:Qianlong Tongbao
1336:Zhouyuan Tongbao
1324:
1245:
1211:
1204:
1197:
1188:
1031:
1001:Chinese exonumia
995:
988:
981:
972:
954:
931:
899:
898:
896:
894:
879:
873:
872:
870:
868:
851:
845:
842:Mandarin Chinese
826:
820:
819:
817:
815:
803:
797:
787:
781:
775:
769:
768:
766:
764:
741:
735:
732:Mandarin Chinese
721:
715:
712:Mandarin Chinese
705:
699:
698:
696:
694:
682:
676:
675:
673:
671:
656:
643:
640:Mandarin Chinese
636:
630:
629:
627:
625:
610:
604:
601:Mandarin Chinese
597:
591:
585:
579:
572:
566:
565:
563:
561:
546:
529:
526:
520:
517:
433:Mandarin Chinese
341:
161:
158:
154:
145:
137:
83:
58:Years of minting
24:
3341:
3340:
3336:
3335:
3334:
3332:
3331:
3330:
3286:
3285:
3284:
3275:
3227:
3203:
3159:Horner's method
3071:
2999:
2951:
2903:Emperor Huizong
2890:
2824:
2782:
2638:
2526:
2512:Ministry of War
2483:
2448:
2378:
2369:
2348:Mongol conquest
2266:Chanyuan Treaty
2226:Chenqiao mutiny
2207:
2201:
2171:
2166:
2152:
2148:Macanese pataca
2129:
2085:
2041:
2000:
1952:
1929:
1873:Kaiyuan Tongbao
1839:
1796:
1748:
1658:
1632:
1629:
1599:
1594:
1582:
1517:
1481:
1469:casting process
1468:
1462:
1437:
1414:
1409:Zhengde Tongbao
1395:
1370:
1341:
1318:
1311:
1306:Kaiyuan Tongbao
1292:
1269:
1246:
1237:
1221:
1215:
1185:
1180:
1166:
1150:
1127:
1123:Zhengde Tongbao
1108:Open-work charm
1032:
1023:
1002:
999:
961:
951:
934:
928:
911:
908:
903:
902:
892:
890:
881:
880:
876:
866:
864:
860:Hangzhou Museum
853:
852:
848:
827:
823:
813:
811:
805:
804:
800:
796:. London, 1971.
794:Spink & Son
788:
784:
776:
772:
762:
760:
758:
743:
742:
738:
722:
718:
706:
702:
692:
690:
684:
683:
679:
669:
667:
658:
657:
646:
637:
633:
623:
621:
612:
611:
607:
598:
594:
586:
582:
573:
569:
559:
557:
551:"招信纳宝：背上使 银、铜钱"
548:
547:
543:
538:
533:
532:
527:
523:
518:
514:
509:
497:
472:Hangzhou Museum
453:
323:
209:
203:
187:Emperor Gaozong
153:zhāo nà xìn bǎo
29:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3339:
3337:
3329:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3296:Coins of China
3288:
3287:
3281:
3280:
3277:
3276:
3274:
3273:
3267:
3261:
3255:
3249:
3243:
3237:
3231:
3228: 10th c.
3218:
3211:
3209:
3202:
3201:
3194:
3193:
3192:
3180:
3179:
3178:
3171:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3100:
3099:
3096:Wujing Zongyao
3092:
3081:
3079:
3073:
3072:
3070:
3069:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3046:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3025:
3020:
3013:
3011:
3005:
3004:
3001:
3000:
2998:
2997:
2991:
2985:
2979:
2973:
2967:
2961:
2955:
2942:
2936:
2930:
2924:
2918:
2912:
2906:
2900:
2894:
2881:
2875:
2869:
2863:
2857:
2851:
2845:
2839:
2832:
2830:
2826:
2825:
2823:
2822:
2816:
2810:
2804:
2798:
2792:
2786:
2773:
2767:
2761:
2755:
2749:
2746:Huang Tingjian
2743:
2737:
2731:
2725:
2719:
2713:
2707:
2701:
2695:
2689:
2683:
2677:
2671:
2665:
2659:
2653:
2646:
2644:
2637:
2636:
2629:
2624:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2586:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2555:
2550:
2544:
2542:
2532:
2531:
2528:
2527:
2525:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2493:
2491:
2489:Six Ministries
2485:
2484:
2482:
2481:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2458:
2456:
2447:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2429:Qingli Reforms
2426:
2421:
2416:
2415:
2414:
2404:
2399:
2398:
2397:
2386:
2384:
2380:
2379:
2372:
2370:
2368:
2367:
2366:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2345:
2344:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2252:
2251:
2249:Gaoliang River
2246:
2241:
2236:
2228:
2222:
2220:
2209:
2208:
2202:
2200:
2199:
2192:
2185:
2177:
2168:
2167:
2165:
2164:
2157:
2154:
2153:
2151:
2150:
2145:
2139:
2137:
2131:
2130:
2128:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2096:
2094:
2087:
2086:
2084:
2083:
2073:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2057:
2051:
2049:
2043:
2042:
2040:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2008:
2006:
2002:
2001:
1999:
1998:
1993:
1985:
1977:
1969:
1960:
1958:
1954:
1953:
1951:
1950:
1949:
1948:
1937:
1935:
1931:
1930:
1928:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1876:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1849:
1847:
1841:
1840:
1838:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1806:
1804:
1798:
1797:
1795:
1794:
1789:
1788:
1787:
1780:Xinjiang coins
1777:
1775:Mengjiang yuan
1772:
1770:Manchukuo yuan
1767:
1762:
1756:
1754:
1750:
1749:
1747:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1720:
1719:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1697:Da Shu coinage
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1668:
1666:
1660:
1659:
1657:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1640:
1638:
1634:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1627:
1620:
1613:
1605:
1596:
1595:
1587:
1584:
1583:
1581:
1580:
1574:
1568:
1562:
1556:
1550:
1544:
1538:
1532:
1525:
1523:
1519:
1518:
1516:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1489:
1487:
1483:
1482:
1480:
1479:
1472:
1470:
1464:
1463:
1461:
1460:
1454:
1445:
1443:
1442:Currency units
1439:
1438:
1436:
1435:
1429:
1422:
1420:
1416:
1415:
1413:
1412:
1405:
1403:
1397:
1396:
1394:
1393:
1387:
1384:Kangxi Tongbao
1380:
1378:
1372:
1371:
1369:
1368:
1365:Yongle Tongbao
1362:
1359:Hongwu Tongbao
1355:
1353:
1347:
1346:
1343:
1342:
1340:
1339:
1332:
1330:
1321:
1313:
1312:
1310:
1309:
1302:
1300:
1294:
1293:
1291:
1290:
1284:
1277:
1275:
1271:
1270:
1268:
1267:
1260:
1258:
1248:
1247:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1235:
1229:
1227:
1223:
1222:
1220:by inscription
1216:
1214:
1213:
1206:
1199:
1191:
1182:
1181:
1179:
1178:
1171:
1168:
1167:
1165:
1164:
1158:
1156:
1152:
1151:
1149:
1148:
1143:
1137:
1135:
1129:
1128:
1126:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1084:
1083:
1073:
1068:
1066:Feng shui coin
1063:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1042:
1040:
1034:
1033:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1021:
1016:
1010:
1008:
1004:
1003:
1000:
998:
997:
990:
983:
975:
969:
968:
960:
959:External links
957:
956:
955:
950:978-0873418591
949:
932:
927:978-1412054669
926:
907:
904:
901:
900:
874:
846:
821:
798:
782:
770:
756:
736:
716:
700:
677:
644:
631:
605:
592:
580:
567:
540:
539:
537:
534:
531:
530:
521:
511:
510:
508:
505:
504:
503:
501:Challenge coin
496:
493:
452:
449:
443:) with a "禾" (
415:
414:
411:
408:
405:
401:
400:
397:
394:
391:
387:
386:
383:
380:
377:
373:
372:
369:
366:
363:
359:
358:
355:
350:
345:
336:regular script
322:
319:
205:Main article:
202:
199:
183:Gregorian year
122:
121:
118:
114:
113:
110:
106:
105:
101:
100:
97:
93:
92:
89:
85:
84:
76:
75:
71:
70:
67:
63:
62:
59:
55:
54:
51:
47:
46:
43:
39:
38:
35:
31:
30:
27:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3338:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3306:Jin–Song Wars
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3293:
3291:
3271:
3268:
3265:
3262:
3259:
3256:
3253:
3250:
3247:
3244:
3241:
3238:
3235:
3232:
3222:
3219:
3216:
3213:
3212:
3210:
3206:
3200:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3190:
3186:
3185:
3184:
3181:
3177:
3176:
3175:Yingzao Fashi
3172:
3170:
3169:Liaodi Pagoda
3167:
3166:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3154:Tianchi basin
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3098:
3097:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3087:
3086:
3083:
3082:
3080:
3078:
3074:
3068:
3067:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3030:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3018:
3015:
3014:
3012:
3010:
3006:
2995:
2992:
2989:
2986:
2983:
2980:
2977:
2976:Zhao Mengjian
2974:
2971:
2968:
2965:
2964:Wuzhun Shifan
2962:
2959:
2956:
2946:
2943:
2940:
2937:
2934:
2931:
2928:
2925:
2922:
2919:
2916:
2913:
2910:
2907:
2904:
2901:
2898:
2895:
2885:
2882:
2879:
2876:
2873:
2870:
2867:
2864:
2861:
2858:
2855:
2852:
2849:
2846:
2843:
2840:
2837:
2834:
2833:
2831:
2827:
2820:
2817:
2814:
2811:
2808:
2805:
2802:
2799:
2796:
2793:
2790:
2787:
2777:
2774:
2771:
2768:
2765:
2762:
2759:
2756:
2753:
2750:
2747:
2744:
2741:
2738:
2735:
2732:
2729:
2726:
2723:
2720:
2717:
2714:
2711:
2708:
2705:
2702:
2699:
2696:
2693:
2690:
2687:
2684:
2681:
2678:
2675:
2672:
2669:
2666:
2663:
2660:
2657:
2654:
2651:
2648:
2647:
2645:
2641:
2635:
2634:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2622:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2560:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2545:
2543:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2494:
2492:
2490:
2486:
2479:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2459:
2457:
2455:
2451:
2445:
2444:Three Bureaus
2442:
2440:
2439:Baojia system
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2413:
2410:
2409:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2396:
2393:
2392:
2391:
2388:
2387:
2385:
2381:
2376:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2350:
2349:
2346:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2311:Huangtiandang
2309:
2307:
2304:
2303:
2302:
2301:Jin–Song Wars
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2261:Song–Xia wars
2259:
2257:
2254:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2244:Southern Tang
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2231:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2205:
2198:
2193:
2191:
2186:
2184:
2179:
2178:
2175:
2163:
2159:
2158:
2155:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2140:
2138:
2136:
2132:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2088:
2081:
2077:
2074:
2072:Silver dollar
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2052:
2050:
2048:
2044:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2027:Zhaona Xinbao
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2009:
2007:
2003:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1991:
1986:
1984:
1983:
1978:
1976:
1975:
1970:
1968:
1967:
1962:
1961:
1959:
1955:
1947:
1946:Ancestor coin
1944:
1943:
1942:
1939:
1938:
1936:
1932:
1926:
1925:Silver Dragon
1923:
1921:
1920:Hubu Guanpiao
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1855:
1854:
1851:
1850:
1848:
1846:
1842:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1820:Ant-nose coin
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1799:
1793:
1790:
1786:
1783:
1782:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1765:Kucha coinage
1763:
1761:
1758:
1757:
1755:
1751:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1718:
1717:Da Qi coinage
1715:
1714:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1669:
1667:
1665:
1661:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1641:
1639:
1635:
1626:
1621:
1619:
1614:
1612:
1607:
1606:
1603:
1592:
1585:
1578:
1575:
1572:
1569:
1566:
1563:
1560:
1557:
1554:
1551:
1548:
1545:
1542:
1539:
1536:
1533:
1530:
1527:
1526:
1524:
1520:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1490:
1488:
1484:
1477:
1474:
1473:
1471:
1465:
1458:
1455:
1452:
1451:
1447:
1446:
1444:
1440:
1433:
1430:
1427:
1426:Zhaona Xinbao
1424:
1423:
1421:
1417:
1410:
1407:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1398:
1391:
1388:
1385:
1382:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1373:
1366:
1363:
1360:
1357:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1348:
1337:
1334:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1314:
1307:
1304:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1295:
1288:
1285:
1282:
1279:
1278:
1276:
1272:
1265:
1262:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1256:Han dynasties
1253:
1249:
1244:
1234:
1231:
1230:
1228:
1224:
1219:
1212:
1207:
1205:
1200:
1198:
1193:
1192:
1189:
1177:
1173:
1172:
1169:
1163:
1162:Zhaona Xinbao
1160:
1159:
1157:
1153:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1130:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1082:
1079:
1078:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1035:
1030:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1011:
1009:
1005:
996:
991:
989:
984:
982:
977:
976:
973:
966:
963:
962:
958:
952:
946:
942:
938:
933:
929:
923:
919:
915:
910:
909:
905:
888:
884:
878:
875:
862:
861:
856:
850:
847:
843:
839:
838:9787806225738
835:
831:
825:
822:
809:
802:
799:
795:
791:
786:
783:
779:
774:
771:
759:
757:9781592650170
753:
749:
748:
740:
737:
733:
729:
725:
720:
717:
713:
709:
704:
701:
688:
681:
678:
665:
661:
655:
653:
651:
649:
645:
641:
635:
632:
619:
615:
609:
606:
602:
596:
593:
590:, p. 85.
589:
584:
581:
577:
571:
568:
556:
552:
545:
542:
535:
525:
522:
516:
513:
506:
502:
499:
498:
494:
492:
490:
485:
480:
478:
473:
468:
466:
462:
458:
450:
448:
446:
442:
436:
434:
430:
426:
422:
412:
409:
406:
403:
402:
398:
395:
392:
389:
388:
384:
381:
378:
375:
374:
370:
367:
364:
361:
360:
357:Translations
356:
354:
351:
349:
346:
343:
342:
339:
337:
333:
329:
320:
318:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
290:
286:
284:
283:foreign power
280:
276:
272:
269:
265:
261:
258:(present day
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
224:Yangtze River
221:
220:Jin dynasties
218:
214:
208:
207:Jin–Song Wars
200:
198:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
177:
173:
169:
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155:
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133:
129:
128:Zhaona Xinbao
119:
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107:
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86:
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77:
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68:
64:
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56:
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48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
25:
22:Zhaona Xinbao
19:
3316:Song dynasty
3270:Guo Shoujing
3196:
3187:
3173:
3164:Architecture
3149:Fishing reel
3124:Movable type
3094:
3064:
2958:Zhou Jichang
2909:Zhang Zeduan
2758:Zhou Bangyan
2650:Fan Zhongyan
2631:
2619:
2605:Yaozhou ware
2600:Qingbai ware
2434:New Policies
2239:Southern Han
2230:Unification
2204:Song dynasty
2032:Bamboo tally
2026:
1989:
1981:
1973:
1965:
1810:Cowrie shell
1448:
1425:
1376:Qing dynasty
1351:Ming dynasty
1298:Tang dynasty
1287:Kucha Wu Zhu
1274:Wu Zhu coins
1161:
1051:Burial money
1014:Bamboo tally
936:
913:
893:20 September
891:. Retrieved
886:
877:
867:20 September
865:. Retrieved
858:
849:
829:
824:
814:20 September
812:. Retrieved
801:
790:Chinese cash
789:
785:
773:
763:20 September
761:. Retrieved
746:
739:
728:Ma Dingxiang
719:
703:
693:20 September
691:. Retrieved
680:
670:17 September
668:. Retrieved
663:
634:
624:19 September
622:. Retrieved
617:
608:
595:
583:
570:
560:20 September
558:. Retrieved
544:
524:
515:
488:
481:
469:
454:
444:
440:
437:
428:
418:
324:
314:
306:
291:
287:
279:homesickness
268:copper-alloy
240:Wan Yanchang
232:Liu Guangshi
210:
151:
127:
125:
18:
3272:(1231–1316)
3266:(1202–1261)
3264:Qin Jiushao
3260:(1192-1279)
3254:(1186–1249)
3248:(1031–1095)
3242:(1020–1101)
3236:(1010–1070)
3221:Zhang Sixun
3066:Zhu Fan Zhi
3055:Champa rice
3019:(1021–1086)
2996:(1235–1305)
2990:(1222–1307)
2984:(1210–1269)
2978:(1199–1295)
2972:(1190–1230)
2966:(1178–1249)
2945:Lin Tinggui
2941:(1140–1210)
2935:(1120–1182)
2929:(1100–1197)
2923:(1096–1119)
2921:Wang Ximeng
2917:(1094-1172)
2911:(1085–1145)
2905:(1082–1135)
2899:(1051–1107)
2880:(1049–1106)
2874:(1036–1093)
2868:(1020–1090)
2862:(1019–1079)
2856:(1000–1064)
2821:(1170–1231)
2815:(1140–1207)
2809:(1130–1200)
2803:(1127–1206)
2797:(1126–1193)
2795:Fan Chengda
2791:(1125–1209)
2772:(1085–1144)
2766:(1084–1155)
2764:Li Qingzhao
2760:(1056–1121)
2754:(1047–1126)
2748:(1045–1105)
2742:(1039–1112)
2736:(1037–1101)
2730:(1033–1107)
2724:(1032–1085)
2718:(1022–1077)
2712:(1019–1086)
2706:(1019–1083)
2700:(1017–1073)
2694:(1012–1067)
2688:(1011–1077)
2682:(1009–1066)
2676:(1007–1072)
2670:(1002–1060)
2668:Mei Yaochen
2595:Cizhou ware
2472:Chancellery
2467:Secretariat
2395:Family tree
2353:Diaoyucheng
1957:Near modern
1941:Mother coin
1885:Flying cash
1835:Spade money
1825:Knife money
1476:Mother coin
855:"宋 招信纳宝铜钱 "
344:Inscription
321:Inscription
309:) and the "
303:Read Hearts
275:Han Chinese
179:Jin dynasty
117:Design date
96:Design date
66:Circulation
50:Composition
3290:Categories
3217:(972–1051)
3134:Pound lock
3060:Nanhai One
3017:Wang Anshi
2915:Su Hanchen
2878:Li Gonglin
2848:Zhao Chang
2844:(970–1053)
2842:Xu Daoning
2838:(960–1030)
2819:Zhao Rukuo
2801:Yang Wanli
2710:Sima Guang
2698:Zhou Dunyi
2674:Ouyang Xiu
2664:(998–1061)
2658:(991–1055)
2652:(989–1052)
2383:Government
2160:See also:
2017:Horse coin
1972:Candareen
1853:Cash coins
1589:See also:
1328:Later Zhou
1174:See also:
1103:Money tree
1093:Lock charm
1081:Hell money
1076:Joss paper
1071:Horse coin
1056:Coin-sword
724:Ding Fubao
708:Ding Fubao
536:References
425:Ding Fubao
45:26 mm
3208:Inventors
3085:Gunpowder
2994:Qian Xuan
2960:(12th c.)
2939:Liang Kai
2933:Zhao Boju
2872:Wang Shen
2854:Yi Yuanji
2850:(10th c.)
2722:Cheng Hao
2716:Zhang Zai
2704:Zeng Gong
2692:Cai Xiang
2686:Shao Yong
2610:Jian ware
2573:Guan ware
2563:Ding ware
2358:Xiangyang
2234:Later Shu
1863:Ban Liang
1830:Ying Yuan
1264:Ban Liang
576:Amsterdam
555:Sina Corp
459:100,000 (
328:clockwise
256:Jiangzhou
252:cash coin
248:stalemate
172:defectors
3246:Shen Kuo
3234:Jia Xian
3215:Bi Sheng
3139:Dry dock
3028:Banknote
2988:Gong Kai
2860:Wen Tong
2836:Fan Kuan
2829:Painters
2813:Xin Qiji
2770:Zhu Bian
2752:Cai Jing
2728:Cheng Yi
2578:Jun ware
2548:Religion
2419:Military
2390:Emperors
2321:Yancheng
2306:Jingkang
2217:Timeline
2091:Renminbi
1905:Jiaochao
1845:Imperial
1815:Tong Bei
1785:Hongqian
1744:Shengbao
1637:Overview
1553:Qianqian
1547:Hongqian
1529:Bingqian
1522:Concepts
1226:Overview
1176:Exonumia
918:Trafford
778:Jen 2000
588:Jen 2000
495:See also
334:used is
299:Jurchens
260:Jiujiang
230:General
42:Diameter
37:5 g
3252:Song Ci
3240:Su Song
3129:Compass
3009:Economy
2970:Li Song
2884:Cui Bai
2662:Song Qi
2656:Yan Shu
2643:Writers
2583:Ru ware
2568:Ge ware
2540:Society
2536:Culture
2341:Caizhou
2331:Tangdao
2213:History
2125:Digital
1990:(liǎng)
1858:Strings
1802:Ancient
1577:Zhiqian
1559:Tieqian
906:Sources
887:中国成都在线。
614:"招纳信宝."
578:, 1996.
315:qí bīng
313:" (奇兵,
307:chì xīn
305:" (赤心,
295:Khitans
217:Jurchen
201:History
176:Jurchen
104:Reverse
74:Obverse
3038:Guanzi
3033:Jiaozi
2866:Guo Xi
2807:Zhu Xi
2789:Lu You
2776:Zhu Yu
2740:Su Zhe
2734:Su Shi
2680:Su Xun
2553:Poetry
2336:Caishi
2206:topics
2093:series
1982:(qián)
1895:Guanzi
1890:Jiaozi
1868:Wu Zhu
1567:(龜甲穿錢)
1535:Daqian
1434:(香港一文)
1428:(招納信寶)
1419:Others
1411:(正德通寳)
1392:(乾隆通寳)
1386:(康熙通寳)
1367:(永樂通寳)
1361:(洪武通寳)
1338:(周元通寳)
1308:(開元通寳)
1281:Wu Zhu
1155:Others
947:
924:
836:
754:
429:guī fù
271:bronze
195:bronze
150::
148:pinyin
142::
134::
109:Design
88:Design
3258:Li Ye
3043:Huizi
2927:Li Di
2897:Mi Fu
2363:Yamen
2316:De'an
2037:Token
1988:Tael
1980:Mace
1974:(fēn)
1966:(wén)
1964:Cash
1900:Huizi
1880:Sycee
1573:(鎮庫錢)
1543:(花穿錢)
1019:Token
507:Notes
431:) in
228:Hubei
3104:Coke
2982:Muqi
2538:and
2059:Fabi
1996:Yuan
1579:(制錢)
1561:(鐡錢)
1555:(鉛錢)
1549:(紅錢)
1537:(大錢)
1531:(餅錢)
1478:(母錢)
1289:(五銖)
1283:(五銖)
1266:(半兩)
1254:and
945:ISBN
922:ISBN
895:2018
869:2018
840:(in
834:ISBN
816:2018
765:2018
752:ISBN
695:2018
672:2018
626:2018
562:2018
421:coin
362:Zhao
297:and
215:and
213:Song
159:lit.
144:招纳信宝
136:招納信寶
126:The
120:1131
99:1131
34:Mass
3225:fl.
2949:fl.
2888:fl.
2780:fl.
2120:5th
2115:4th
2110:3rd
2105:2nd
2100:1st
2080:5th
1453:(文)
1450:wén
1252:Qin
441:kǎn
404:Bao
390:Xin
254:in
244:完顏昌
236:劉光世
3292::
943:.
939:.
916:.
885:.
857:.
662:.
647:^
616:.
479:.
461:$
445:hé
376:Na
285:.
156:;
146:;
138:;
3230:)
3223:(
2954:)
2947:(
2893:)
2886:(
2785:)
2778:(
2480:)
2476:(
2219:)
2215:(
2196:e
2189:t
2182:v
2082:)
2078:(
1624:e
1617:t
1610:v
1210:e
1203:t
1196:v
994:e
987:t
980:v
953:.
930:.
897:.
871:.
844:)
818:.
780:.
767:.
734:)
714:)
697:.
674:.
642:)
628:.
603:)
564:.
457:¥
410:宝
407:寶
396:信
393:信
382:纳
379:納
368:招
365:招
242:(
234:(
130:(
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