2206:
Simão de
Andrade's fleet, because she had sprung a leak. .., the Chinese seized Vasco Calvo, a brother of Diogo Calvo, and other Portuguese who were in Canton trading ashore. On 27 June 1521 Duarte Coelho arrived with two junks at Tamão. Besides capturing some of the Portuguese vessels, the Chinese blockaded Diogo Calvo's ship and four other Portuguese vessels in Tamão with a large fleet of armed junks. A few weeks later Ambrósio do Rego arrived with two other ships. As many of the Portuguese crews had been killed in the fighting, slaughtered afterwards or taken prisoners, by this time there was not enough Portuguese for all the vessels, and thus Calvo, Coelho, and Rego resolved to abandon the junks in order the batteter to man the three ships. They set sail on 7 September and were attacked by the Chinese fleet, managing however to escape, thanks to a providential gale which scattered the enemy junks, and arrived at Malacca in October 1521. Vieira mentions other junks which arrived in China with Portuguese aboard; all were attacked, and the entire crews were killed fighting or were taken prisoners and slaughtered later.
561:
861:
2501:
brought a message to the king of
Bintang 'soon returned', says Jorge de Albuquerque. Vieira tells us that the junk 'returned with a message from the king of Malacca, and reached Canton on 5 September' (fol.110V.) … 'On the day of St. Nicholas in the year 1522 they put boards on them with the sentence that they should die and be exposed in pillories as robbers. The sentences said: "Petty sea robbers sent by the great robber falsely; they come to spy out our country; let them die in pillories as robbers." a report was sent to the king according to the information of the mandarins, and the king confirmed the sentence. On 23 September 1523 these twenty-three persons were each one cut in pieces, to wit, heads, legs, arms, and their private members placed in their mouths, the trunk of the body being divided into two pieces around the belly. In the streets of Canton
673:
456:
770:, had lodged with the Zhengde emperor against the Portuguese invasion, the Portuguese were greeted with hostility from the Chinese when they arrived in China. The Malaccan Sultan, based in Bintan after fleeing Malacca, sent a message to the Ming, which combined with Portuguese raids and piracy in China, led the Ming authorities to arrest and execute 23 of the Portuguese and torture the rest. After the Portuguese set up posts for trading in China and committed piratical activities and raids in China, the Ming responded with the complete extermination of the Portuguese in
2245:
from Tamão, and they found themselves in a most difficult position... "Tomé Pires replied that he had not come for that purpose, nor was it meet for him to discuss such a matter; that it would be evident from the letter he had brought that he had no knowledge of anything else. …With these questions he kept us on our knees for four hours; and when he had tired himself out, he sent each one back to the prison in which he was kept. On 14 August 1522 the
Pochanci put fetters on the hands of Tomé Pires, and on those of the company he put fetters, and irons on their feet
417:
488:, was notorious for taking advantage of the young emperor and squandered immense amount of silver and valuables. The diverted funds were about 36 million pounds of gold and silver. There was even rumor of a plot that Liu Jin had intended to murder the emperor and place his own grandnephew on the throne. Liu Jin's plot was ultimately discovered, and he was executed in 1510. However, the rise of corrupt enunchs continued throughout the Zhengde Emperor's reign. There was also an
2462:
Portuguese ambassador would not return. A draft letter in
Chinese was sent to the imprisoned Portuguese, from which they wrote three letters, for King Manuel, the Governor of India and the Captain of Malacca. These letters were delivered to the Cantonese authorities on 1 October 1522. The Malay ambassador was not anxious to be the courier, nor was it easy to find another. At last a junk with fifteen Malays and fifteen Chinese sailed from Canton on 31 May 1523 and reached Pattani.
819:, to show that the Portuguese were "petty sea robbers" in the eyes of the Chinese. When more Portuguese ships landed, the Ming also had them seized, and subsequently executed them, as well as cutting off their genitalia, beheading the bodies and forcing their fellow Portuguese to wear the body parts, while the Chinese celebrated with music. The genitalia and heads were displayed, strung up for the public to see, after which they were discarded.
828:
62:
548:
641:) circulated the capital. Their attacks caused much unrest, because they randomly attacked people at night, causing wounds with their claws. The Minister for War asked the emperor to write an imperial edict proclaiming local security troops would arrest all those who frightened other people. The threat brought a sudden end to the spread of the stories.
782:, after the Malaccans informed the Chinese of the Portuguese seizure of Malacca, to which the Chinese responded with hostility toward the Portuguese. The Malaccans told the Chinese of the Portuguese deception in disguising plans for conquering Malacca as mere trading activities, and told of all the atrocities committed by the Portuguese.
907:
were expected to be responsible for all the troubles the dynasty faced. As a result, the ministers became increasingly frustrated and disillusioned about their posts, and protested in different forms of what was essentially an imperial strike. Thus emperors such as the
Zhengde Emperor sneaked out of the palace while emperors such as the
560:
735:. Although the Zhengde Emperor gave the Portuguese ambassador his blessing while touring Nanjing in May 1520, he died soon after and the Portuguese (who were rumored to be troublemakers in Canton and supposedly even cannibalized kidnapped Chinese children), were ejected by Chinese authorities under the new Grand Secretary
2345:
Meanwhile from India, where the news of this state of affairs had not yet arrived, another fleet of four ships under the command of Martim Afonso de Merlo
Coutinho sailed for China in April 1522. Countinho had left Lisbon just one year before, commissioned by Dom Manuel with a message of good-will to
911:
and Wanli emperors simply did not show up in the imperial court. Other authors state that
Zhengde was a ruler with a strong will, who dealt decisively with Liu Jin, Prince Ning, Prince Anhua and the Mongol threat, acted competently in crises caused by natural disasters and plagues and collected taxes
906:
were a direct reaction to the bureaucratic gridlock that affected the Ming dynasty in its later half. The emperors were very limited in their policy decision and could not really implement any sort of lasting effective reforms despite the obvious need, while they were faced with constant pressure and
475:
or travel around the country with heavy expenditures being paid from the Ming government's coffers. While being urged to return to the palace and attend to governmental matters, the
Zhengde Emperor would refuse to receive all his ministers and ignored all their petitions. He also sanctioned the rise
2500:
A message came to the king of
Bintang from his ambassador , and the man who brought it soon returned. The report which the king of Bintang was spreading in the country is that the Chinese intended to come against Malacca. This is not very certain, though there are things that may happen The man who
2244:
But many others died in prison, some of hunger, many strangled, 'after carrying boards stating that they should die as sea-robbers', one struck on the head with a mallet, and others beaten to death. Pires and his companions arrived at Canton a fortnight after the three
Portuguese ships had escaped
2205:
In the meantime, after the departure of Simão de Andrade, the ship Madalena, which belonged to D. Nuno Manuel, coming from Lisbon under the command of Diogo Calvo, arrived at Tamão with some other vessels from Malacca, among them the junk of Jorge Álvares, which the year before could not sail with
2166:
Finally Pires and his companions left Peking on 22 May and arrived in Canton on 22 September 1521. Francisco de Budoia died during the journey. From Peking instructions were sent to Canton that the ambassador and his suite should be kept in custody, and that only after the Portuguese had evacuated
2461:
According to Vieira the mandarins again ordered that Pires should write a letter to the King of Portugal, which the ambassador of the ex-king of Malacca should take to Malacca, in order that his country and people might be returned to their former master; if a satisfactory reply did not come, the
2064:
envoy, had most effectively poured out his tale of woe, of deprivation at the hands of the Portuguese in Malacca; and he had backed up the tale with others concerning the reprehensible Portuguese methods in the Moluccas, making the case (quite truthfully) that European trading visits were no more
871:
By the accounts of some historians, although bred to be a successful ruler, the Zhengde Emperor thoroughly neglected his duties, beginning a dangerous trend that would plague future Ming emperors. The abandonment of official duties to pursue personal gratification would slowly lead to the rise of
424:
Zhu Houzhao ascended the throne as the Zhengde Emperor and was married to his Empress at the age of 14. Unlike his father, the Zhengde Emperor was not interested in ruling or his Empress and disregarded most state affairs. His actions have been considered reckless, foolish or pointless. There are
503:
In time, the Zhengde Emperor became notorious for his childish behaviour as well as abusing his power as emperor. For instance, he set up a staged commercial district inside his palace and ordered all his ministers, eunuchs, soldiers and servants of the palace to dress up and act as merchants or
2539:
both those of Canton and those of the environs, in order to give them to understand that they thought nothing of the Portuguese, so that the people might not talk about Portuguese. Thus our ships were captured through two captains not agreeing, and so all in the ships were taken, they were all
2516:
The Suma oriental of Tome Pires: an account of the East, from the Red Sea to China, written in Malacca and India in 1512–1515; and, The book of Francisco Rodrigues : Pilot-Major of the armada that discovered Banda and the Moluccas : rutter of a voyage in the red sea, nautical rules,
2477:
The Suma oriental of Tome Pires: an account of the East, from the Red Sea to China, written in Malacca and India in 1512–1515; and, The book of Francisco Rodrigues : Pilot-Major of the armada that discovered Banda and the Moluccas : rutter of a voyage in the red sea, nautical rules,
2438:
The Suma oriental of Tome Pires: an account of the East, from the Red Sea to China, written in Malacca and India in 1512–1515; and, The book of Francisco Rodrigues : Pilot-Major of the armada that discovered Banda and the Moluccas : rutter of a voyage in the red sea, nautical rules,
2400:
The Suma oriental of Tome Pires: an account of the East, from the Red Sea to China, written in Malacca and India in 1512–1515; and, The book of Francisco Rodrigues : Pilot-Major of the armada that discovered Banda and the Moluccas : rutter of a voyage in the red sea, nautical rules,
2384:
Coutinho's fleet of six sail left Malacca on 10 July and arrived at Tamão in August 1522. They were soon attacked by the Chinese fleet. The Portuguese had many men killed and taken prisoners, two ships and the junk were lost, and after vain efforts to re-establish relations with the Cantonese
2361:
The Suma oriental of Tome Pires: an account of the East, from the Red Sea to China, written in Malacca and India in 1512–1515; and, The book of Francisco Rodrigues : Pilot-Major of the armada that discovered Banda and the Moluccas : rutter of a voyage in the red sea, nautical rules,
2322:
The Suma oriental of Tome Pires: an account of the East, from the Red Sea to China, written in Malacca and India in 1512–1515; and, The book of Francisco Rodrigues : Pilot-Major of the armada that discovered Banda and the Moluccas : rutter of a voyage in the red sea, nautical rules,
2260:
The Suma oriental of Tome Pires: an account of the East, from the Red Sea to China, written in Malacca and India in 1512–1515; and, The book of Francisco Rodrigues : Pilot-Major of the armada that discovered Banda and the Moluccas : rutter of a voyage in the red sea, nautical rules,
2221:
The Suma oriental of Tome Pires: an account of the East, from the Red Sea to China, written in Malacca and India in 1512–1515; and, The book of Francisco Rodrigues : Pilot-Major of the armada that discovered Banda and the Moluccas : rutter of a voyage in the red sea, nautical rules,
2182:
The Suma oriental of Tome Pires: an account of the East, from the Red Sea to China, written in Malacca and India in 1512–1515; and, The book of Francisco Rodrigues : Pilot-Major of the armada that discovered Banda and the Moluccas : rutter of a voyage in the red sea, nautical rules,
2143:
The Suma oriental of Tome Pires: an account of the East, from the Red Sea to China, written in Malacca and India in 1512–1515; and, The book of Francisco Rodrigues : Pilot-Major of the armada that discovered Banda and the Moluccas : rutter of a voyage in the red sea, nautical rules,
2385:
authorities, Coutinho returned with the other ships to Malacca, where he arrived in the middle of October 1522. Though some chroniclers put the blame on the Chinese, Chang quotes Chinese sources which assert that the Portuguese should be held responsible for the outbreak of hostilities.
796:
The Ming proceeded to execute several Portuguese by beating and strangling them, and torturing the rest. The other Portuguese prisoners were put into iron chains and kept in prison. The Chinese confiscated all of the Portuguese property and goods in the Pires embassy's possession.
786:, a Portuguese trade envoy, was accused of spying and was among those who died in the Chinese dungeons. The Ming effectively held the Portuguese ambassador hostage, using them as a bargaining chip in demanding that the Portuguese restore the deposed Malaccan Sultan to his throne.
536:, a local administrative officer. Frustrated at not being able to lead his troops to victory, the Zhengde Emperor's advisor suggested they release the prince in order to capture him again. In January 1521, the Zhengde Emperor had the rebel Prince of Ning executed in
2540:
killed, and their heads and private members were carried on the backs of the Portuguese in front of the Mandarin of Canton with the playing of musical instruments and rejoicing, were exhibited suspended in the streets, and were then thrown into the dunghills.
2033:
The inexcusable behavior of the Portuguese, combined with the ill-chosen language of the letters which Pires presented to the celestial emperor, supplemented by a warning from the Malay sultan of Bintan, persuaded the Chinese that Pires was indeed up to no
393:
Zhu Houzhao was made crown prince at a very early age and because his father did not take up any other concubines, Zhu did not have to contend with other princes for the throne. (His younger brother died in infancy.) The prince was thoroughly educated in
810:
The Ming sent a message to the deposed Sultan Mahmud Shah concerning the fate of the Portuguese ambassador, whom the Chinese held prisoner. When they received his reply, the Chinese officials then proceeded to execute the Portuguese ambassador,
507:
Then in 1517, the Zhengde Emperor gave himself an alter ego named Zhu Shou (朱壽) so he could relinquish his imperial duties and send himself off on an expedition to the north to repel raiding expeditions several tens of thousands strong led by
793:, killing and capturing so many Portuguese that the Portuguese had to abandon their junks and retreat with only three ships, only escaping back to Malacca because a wind scattered the Chinese ships as they launched a final attack.
504:
street vendors while he walked through the scene pretending to be a commoner. Any unwilling participants, especially the ministers (who viewed it as degrading and an insult), would be punished or removed from their post.
883:
argued that: "The Emperor was smart and playful... He also did not harm officials who argued against him. the support of the minister and the efficient works of the clerks. midnight to issue edicts that punished like
739:. Although illegal trade continued thereafter, official relations between the Portuguese and the Ming court would not improve until the 1540s, culminating in the Ming court's consent in 1557 to Portugal establishing
839:
according to the Chinese age reckoning used at the time. It was said that he was drunk while boating on a lake one day in the fall of 1520, fell off, and almost drowned. He died after contracting illnesses from the
2107:
The Moslem ruler of Malacca, whom they had dispossessed, complained of them to the Chinese authorities. A Portuguese envoy, Pires, who reached Peking in 1520 was treated as a spy, was conveyed by imperial order to
2085:
The Moslem ruler of Malacca, whom they had dispossessed, complained of them to the Chinese authorities. A Portuguese envoy, Pires, who reached Peking in 1520 was treated as a spy, was conveyed by imperial order to
444:, one of his favorite consorts at a Bao Fang. On one occasion he was badly mauled while hunting tigers, and could not appear in court audiences for a month. On another occasion he burned down his palace by storing
1988:
The reception in China was far from friendly; this, it seems, had something to do with the complaint which the ruler of Malacca, conquered by the Portuguese in 1511, had lodged with the Chinese emperor, his
1936:
The reception in China was far from friendly; this, it seems, had something to do with the complaint which the ruler of Malacca, conquered by the Portuguese in 1511, had lodged with the Chinese emperor, his
1916:
The reception in China was far from friendly; this, it seems, had something to do with the complaint which the ruler of Malacca, conquered by the Portuguese in 1511, had lodged with the Chinese emperor, his
667:
Samuel Wells Williams, The Middle Kingdom: A Survey of the Geography, Government, Education, Social Life, Arts, Religion, &c. of the Chinese Empire and Its Inhabitants, 2 vol. (Wiley & Putnam, 1848).
1967:
His reception in China was far from friendly; this, it seems, had something to do with the complaint which the ruler of Melaka, conquered by the Portuguese in 1511, had lodged with the Chinese emperor, his
2879:
Association for Asian Studies. Ming Biographical History Project Committee (1976). Association for Asian Studies. Ming Biographical History Project Committee; Goodrich, Luther Carrington; 房, 兆楹 (eds.).
1896:
in China was far from friendly; this, it seems, had something to do with the complaint which the ruler of Malacca, conquered by the Portuguese in 1511, had lodged with the Chinese emperor, his suzerain.
3357:
800:
In 1522 Martim Afonso de Merlo Coutinho was appointed commander of another Portuguese fleet sent to establish diplomatic relations. The Chinese defeated the Portuguese ships led by Coutinho at the
807:
The Ming forced Pires to write letters for them, demanding that the Portuguese restore the deposed Malaccan Sultan back to his throne. The Malay ambassador to China was to deliver the letter.
860:
912:
in a benevolent manner. Although his reign's achievements were in large parts the contributions of his very talented officials, they also reflected on the capability of the ruler.
440:
in Beijing initially to house exotic animals such as tigers and leopards for his amusement and then later used to house beautiful women for his personal enjoyment. He also met
398:
literature and he excelled in his studies. Many of the Hongzhi Emperor's ministers expected that Zhu Houzhao would become a benevolent and brilliant emperor like his father.
1684:
662:, and by their tremendously loud guns shook the place far and near. This was reported at court, and an order returned to drive them away immediately, and stop the trade.
2001:
3321:
2423:
On fol. 108v. it is stated that Martim Afonso de Melo Coutinho went from Malacca to China in 1521, but in fol. 121 it is correctly said that he arrived in 1522.
3353:
2128:
Fernao Pires de Andrade reached Peking, China, in 1520, but unfortunately for that Portuguese envoy, he was treated as a spy and died in a Cantonese prison.
512:. He met the enemy outside the city of Yingzhou and defeated them in a major battle by surrounding them. For a long period of time after this battle, the
672:
3396:
377:, whom the Ming fought several conflicts with. He eventually died at age 29 from an illness he contracted after drunkenly falling off a boat into the
369:
who took advantage of his position in the court to squander vast sums of money. The emperor was also involved with several correspondences with the
3092:
2957:
3391:
1445:
3337:
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of rhubarb, one thousand five hundred or six hundred rich pieces of silk, a matter of four thousand silk handkerchiefs which the Chinese call
3416:
2891:
2869:
2848:
2827:
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2785:
2764:
2743:
2698:
2677:
2625:
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2525:
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2409:
2370:
2331:
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2230:
2191:
2152:
2057:
2026:
1960:
1889:
1798:
1628:
1546:
1481:
623:
Prior to the death of the Zhengde Emperor in early 1521, rumours about a mysterious group of creatures collectively called Dark Afflictions (
902:
Some modern historians have come to view his reign in a new light and debate that his actions along with that of his successors such as the
687:
The first direct European contacts with China occurred during the reign of the Zhengde Emperor. In several initial missions commissioned by
3309:
3305:
3101:
3048:
335:
87:
3297:
1714:
3386:
844:
waters. Since none of his several children had survived childhood, he was succeeded by his cousin Zhu Houcong, who became known as the
804:. A large number of Portuguese were captured and ships destroyed during the battle. The Portuguese were forced to retreat to Malacca.
3401:
1865:
1569:
1506:
455:
428:
The Zhengde Emperor took up a luxurious and prodigal lifestyle and indulged himself in women. It was said that he liked to frequent
3301:
3293:
28:
1831:
2562:
1692:
815:. Their genitalia were inserted into their mouths. These executions were deliberately conducted in multiple public areas in
516:
did not launch a raiding expedition into Ming territory. Then again in 1519, the Zhengde Emperor led another expedition to
3333:
2636:
1658:
3421:
3406:
1860:
B. J. ter Haar. Translated by Zakeri, Mohsen. (2005). Telling Stories: Witchcraft And Scapegoating in Chinese History.
3085:
493:
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Malacca and returned it to its king, a vassal of the Emperor of China, would the members of the embassy be liberated.
1742:"Between the Islamic and Chinese Universal Empires: The Ottoman Empire, Ming Dynasty, and Global Age of Explorations"
926:
716:
537:
190:
760:
489:
411:
358:
612:
3285:
3152:
3142:
2637:"Crossing Culture in the Blue-and-White with Arabic or Persian inscriptions under Emperor Zhengde (r. 1506–21)"
1037:
836:
577:
521:
500:. The Prince of Anhua was the Zhengde Emperor's great-granduncle, while the Prince of Ning was his granduncle.
407:
362:
2283:
clerks who were present wrote down ten and stole three hundred … The goods that they took from us were twenty
763:
and committed atrocities against the Malay Sultanate, the Ming responded with violent force against Portugal.
597:
3277:
1336:
865:
300:
3349:
3345:
3341:
3329:
3325:
3317:
3281:
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than the prelude to annexation of territory. With the tiny sea power at this time available to the Chinese
767:
416:
71:
3411:
3313:
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688:
676:
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3381:
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801:
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841:
587:
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Chinese Islamic bronze incense burner made during the reign of Zhengde. Adilnor Collection, Sweden.
143:
2926:
2902:
1995:
1769:
700:
692:
680:
582:
The Zhengde Emperor was fascinated by foreigners and invited many Muslims to serve as advisors,
1501:
Chase, Kenneth Warren. (2003). Firearms: A Global History to 1700. Cambridge University Press.
889:
365:. Infamous for his childlike behavior, the emperor was also known for favoring eunuchs such as
3198:
2937:
2913:
2887:
2865:
2844:
2823:
2817:
2802:
2781:
2760:
2739:
2694:
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2621:
2600:
2521:
2482:
2443:
2405:
2366:
2327:
2300:
2265:
2226:
2187:
2148:
2053:
2022:
2016:
1956:
1885:
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1794:
1788:
1761:
1718:
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1565:
1542:
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1502:
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873:
752:
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374:
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1879:
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of silver and seventy or eighty taels of gold and other pieces of silver, and all the cloths
1753:
1532:
1063:
790:
696:
624:
449:
343:
313:
61:
2292:
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powerful eunuchs who would dominate and eventually ruin the Ming dynasty. The Ming scholar
600:, records that there was a grand mosque in Beijing and the Emperor used to visit and pray.
3173:
3163:
3147:
3122:
3062:
3041:
2996:
1450:
1118:
908:
845:
382:
339:
290:
224:
123:
113:
1596:
452:. His harem was so overfilled that many women starved to death due to lack of supplies.
3193:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3117:
607:, the Zhengde Emperor had an alleged homosexual relationship with a Muslim leader from
472:
437:
67:
2551:
Imperial China – 900–1800, F.W. Mote, Pages 658, First Harvard University Press, 2003.
778:. The Ming government imprisoned, tortured and executed multiple Portuguese envoys in
3370:
3255:
3228:
3215:
3183:
1839:
1773:
903:
783:
720:
533:
513:
460:
354:
32:
654:) (1506), foreigners from the west called Fah-lan-ki (or Franks), who said they had
3109:
3012:
2912:(110). Department of Asian and Middle Eastern Studies, University of Pennsylvania.
2644:
FINE2055 Crossing Cultures: China and the Outside World Dr. Yeewan Koon Spring 2008
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974:
756:
659:
586:, and envoys at his court. Works of art such as porcelain from his court contained
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378:
280:
268:
36:
20:
2819:
From Ming to Ch'ing: Conquest, Region, and Continuity in Seventeenth-century China
2709:"Lot 37 A Rare Blue and White Screen Zhengde six-character mark and of the period"
2513:
Tomé Pires; Armando Cortesão; Francisco Rodrigues (1990). Armando Cortesão (ed.).
2474:
Tomé Pires; Armando Cortesão; Francisco Rodrigues (1990). Armando Cortesão (ed.).
2435:
Tomé Pires; Armando Cortesão; Francisco Rodrigues (1990). Armando Cortesão (ed.).
2397:
Tomé Pires; Armando Cortesão; Francisco Rodrigues (1990). Armando Cortesão (ed.).
2358:
Tomé Pires; Armando Cortesão; Francisco Rodrigues (1990). Armando Cortesão (ed.).
2319:
Tomé Pires; Armando Cortesão; Francisco Rodrigues (1990). Armando Cortesão (ed.).
2257:
Tomé Pires; Armando Cortesão; Francisco Rodrigues (1990). Armando Cortesão (ed.).
2218:
Tomé Pires; Armando Cortesão; Francisco Rodrigues (1990). Armando Cortesão (ed.).
2179:
Tomé Pires; Armando Cortesão; Francisco Rodrigues (1990). Armando Cortesão (ed.).
2140:
Tomé Pires; Armando Cortesão; Francisco Rodrigues (1990). Armando Cortesão (ed.).
2881:
2859:
2838:
2796:
2775:
2754:
2733:
2688:
2667:
2615:
2594:
2514:
2475:
2398:
2121:
2100:
2078:
2047:
1981:
1980:
Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch Indië, Hague (1968).
1950:
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1909:
1815:
1618:
3250:
3223:
2708:
1644:
736:
525:
497:
247:
147:
24:
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the Emperor of China, for which purpose he carried another ambassador with him.
1593:
827:
3234:
2727:. The Faber monographs on pottery and porcelain (3rd ed.). London: Faber.
2647:
1757:
1662:
849:
509:
178:
2941:
2917:
2442:(reprint) (illustrated ed.). Asian Educational Services. p. xliii.
2365:(reprint) (illustrated ed.). Asian Educational Services. p. xliii.
1765:
894:
878:
679:, who commissioned the first direct European maritime ventures to China from
3261:
3245:
3239:
2753:
Valenstein, Suzanne G. (1988). Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York) (ed.).
2481:(reprint) (illustrated ed.). Asian Educational Services. p. xliv.
2404:(reprint) (illustrated ed.). Asian Educational Services. p. xlvi.
2326:(reprint) (illustrated ed.). Asian Educational Services. p. xlii.
2264:(reprint) (illustrated ed.). Asian Educational Services. p. xlii.
1908:
Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde (Netherlands) (1968).
816:
779:
708:
608:
547:
445:
395:
2520:(reprint) (illustrated ed.). Asian Educational Services. p. xlv.
2225:(reprint) (illustrated ed.). Asian Educational Services. p. xli.
532:. He arrived only to discover that the revolt had already been put down by
2147:(reprint) (illustrated ed.). Asian Educational Services. p. xl.
2049:
Barbarians and mandarins: thirteen centuries of Western travelers in China
2186:(illustrated, reprint ed.). Asian Educational Services. p. xl.
775:
732:
704:
615:, although no evidence supporting this claim exists in Chinese sources.
2284:
885:
812:
724:
655:
569:
517:
481:
429:
366:
347:
275:
263:
216:
151:
2296:
771:
728:
632:
611:, named Sayyid Husain, who served as the overseer in Hami during the
583:
477:
321:
79:
75:
1741:
1983:
Bijdragen tot de taal-, land- en volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië
2732:
Britannica Educational Publishing (2010). Kuiper, Kathleen (ed.).
1790:
Passions of the cut sleeve: the male homosexual tradition in China
859:
826:
740:
703:
landed in southern China and traded with the Chinese merchants of
671:
605:
Passions of the cut sleeve: the male homosexual tradition in China
559:
546:
454:
415:
2886:. Vol. 1 (illustrated ed.). Columbia University Press.
1949:
Alijah Gordon, Malaysian Sociological Research Institute (2001).
330:; 26 October 1491 – 20 April 1521), personal name
2798:
The Religious Traditions of Asia: Religion, History, and Culture
2304:
2018:
Islands and Empires: Western Impact on the Pacific and East Asia
464:
3074:
2777:
Telling Stories: Witchcraft And Scapegoating in Chinese History
2083:. Vol. 1–2 (4, reprint ed.). Macmillan. p. 235.
831:
Kangling, The tomb of The Zhengde Emperor —— early January 2020
381:. He left behind no sons and was succeeded by his first cousin
342:'s eldest son. Zhu Houzhao took the throne at only 14 with the
2596:
Ming China, 1368–1644: A Concise History of a Resilient Empire
2759:(illustrated, revised ed.). Metropolitan Museum of Art.
2303:, one thousand three hundred pods of musk, four thousand odd
1878:
Ahmad Ibrahim; Sharon Siddique; Yasmin Hussain, eds. (1985).
234:
Chengtian Dadao Yingsu Ruizhe Zhaode Xiangong Hongwen Sixiao
2927:"Shaykh ʹÂlam: The Emperor of Early Sixteenth-century China"
2903:"Shaykh ʹÂlam: The Emperor of Early Sixteenth-century China"
1952:
The propagation of Islam in the Indonesian-Malay archipelago
864:
Zhengde Emperor calligraphy plaque "Wonder of the World" on
1955:. Malaysian Sociological Research Institute. p. 136.
2687:
Levenson, Jay A.; National Gallery of Art (U.S.) (1991).
1473:
The Troubled Empire: China in the Yuan and Ming Dynasties
425:
many instances where he showed a lack of responsibility.
2840:
China Marches West: The Qing Conquest of Central Eurasia
2822:(illustrated, revised ed.). Yale University Press.
350:", meaning "right virtue" or "rectification of virtue".
2925:
Toh, Hoong Teik (October 2000). Mair, Victor H. (ed.).
2816:
Spence, Jonathan D.; Wills, Jr., John E., eds. (1979).
2105:. Vol. 1–2 (2 ed.). Macmillan. p. 313.
1911:
Bijdragen tot de taal-, land- en volkenkunde, Part 124
27:
emperor who also used an era name called Zhengde, see
723:
to formally open relations between the main court at
1884:. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. p. 11.
789:
The Ming defeated a Portuguese fleet in 1521 at the
436:(豹房; literally "The Leopards' Chamber") outside the
353:
In the 1510s, Zhengde led an expedition against the
3214:
3108:
2801:(illustrated, reprint ed.). Psychology Press.
596:a travelogue written by the Central Asian merchant
373:government about their mutual distrust against the
296:
286:
274:
262:
246:
223:
210:
200:
186:
172:
158:
133:
129:
119:
109:
101:
93:
86:
46:
2864:(illustrated ed.). Harvard University Press.
2719:Oriental Blue and White, London, 1970, p. 29.
35:prince who used Zhengde as his personal name, see
2123:Spices: The story of spices. The spices described
1793:. University of California Press. p. 142.
1564:Wintle, Justin. Guides, Rough. (2002). China.
766:Due to the complaint that the Malaccan Sultan,
648:
471:For months at a time he would live outside the
3086:
1005:
996:
987:
978:
966:
957:
948:
939:
930:
50:
8:
2295:) of Nanking, and many fans, and also three
2052:. University of Chicago Press. p. 143.
2000:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1931:Bijdragen tot de taal-, land- en volkenkunde
835:The Zhengde Emperor died in 1521 at age 29,
578:Blue and white porcelain § 16th century
528:who had bribed many people in the emperor's
219:(正德): 24 January 1506 – 27 January 1522
1814:Société française des seiziémistes (1997).
3093:
3079:
3071:
3003:
1986:. Vol. 124. M. Nijhoff. p. 446.
1541:. Stanford University Press. p. 239.
1019:
43:
2690:Circa 1492: Art in the Age of Exploration
2635:Chiang Han Hua Jennifer (28 April 2007).
848:. His tomb is located at Kangling of the
813:slicing their bodies into multiple pieces
540:, an event that was recorded even by the
459:Stele in memory of the renovation of the
2617:Peking: Temples and City Life, 1400–1900
1560:
1558:
1476:. Harvard University Press. p. 98.
338:, reigned from 1505 to 1521. He was the
2883:Dictionary of Ming Biography, 1368–1644
1497:
1495:
1493:
1462:
947:Consort Rongshuxian, of the Shen clan (
2992:
2981:
2102:The Chinese, their history and culture
2080:The Chinese, their history and culture
1993:
1446:Family tree of Chinese monarchs (late)
1243:
1239:
1229:
1135:
1028:
1024:
197:
2795:Kitagawa, Joseph Mitsuo, ed. (2002).
2738:. Britannica Educational Publishing.
2669:The Civilization of the Islamic World
2021:. U of Minnesota Press. p. 226.
1740:Chen, Yuan Julian (11 October 2021).
1659:"博宝艺术家网-艺术家一站式服务平台!艺术家官网+艺术展览+艺术电子画册"
1396:
1393:
1383:
1371:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1341:
1335:
1325:
1313:
1303:
1299:
1287:
1284:
1274:
1261:
1251:
1247:
1226:
1216:
1204:
1194:
1190:
1178:
1175:
1165:
1153:
1143:
1139:
1123:
1117:
1107:
1094:
1084:
1080:
1068:
1062:
1052:
1036:
1032:
603:According to Bret Hinsch in the book
164:Zhengde 16, 14th day of the 3rd month
7:
1934:. Vol. 124. 1968. p. 446.
1820:. Vol. 15–16. Droz. p. 14.
1538:Writing women in late imperial China
747:Sino-Malay alliance against Portugal
467:, 1509 (4th year of the Zhengde era)
139:Hongzhi 4, 24th day of the 9th month
1881:Readings on Islam in Southeast Asia
520:province to the south to quell the
2620:. University of California Press.
938:Consort Shuhuide, of the Wu clan (
761:Portugal conquered Malacca in 1511
755:was a tributary state and ally to
14:
2563:"「明史」課程大綱 – 第七講 議禮、修玄與威刑-嘉靖政局的演變"
2126:. Chemical Pub. Co. p. 102.
2099:Kenneth Scott Latourette (1942).
2077:Kenneth Scott Latourette (1964).
564:Chinese ablution basin with word
3397:16th-century Chinese LGBT people
1685:"明代青花瓷器的阿拉伯文及八思巴文 – 陶瓷鉴赏 – 中艺陶瓷"
743:as their trading base in China.
496:and another uprising led by the
432:and even created palaces called
60:
29:Emperor Chongzong of Western Xia
16:11th emperor of the Ming dynasty
2780:(illustrated ed.). Brill.
1746:Journal of Early Modern History
899:(Zhengde's own adoptive son)."
420:Portrait of the Zhengde Emperor
2756:A Handbook of Chinese Ceramics
2672:. The Rosen Publishing Group.
1715:"大明正德青花花卉阿拉伯文百宝盒-世界收藏网 – 藏品信息"
650:During the reign of Chingtih (
637:
524:by a powerful prince known as
326:
1:
3392:16th-century Chinese monarchs
3322:5 Dynasties & 10 Kingdoms
2723:Garner, Sir Harry M. (1970).
1817:Nouvelle revue du XVIe siècle
448:in the courtyards during the
3417:Emperors of the Ming dynasty
3102:Emperors of the Ming dynasty
2843:. Harvard University Press.
2599:. Rowman & Littlefield.
2568:(in Chinese). Archived from
2089:(the University of Michigan)
150:, Ming dynasty (present-day
97:19 June 1505 – 20 April 1521
3049:Emperor of the Ming dynasty
2858:Mote, Frederick W. (2003).
2120:John William Parry (1969).
1914:. M. Nijhoff. p. 446.
1227:Zhengde Emperor (1491–1521)
956:Consort, of the Wang clan (
695:, the Portuguese explorers
572:calligraphy, Zhengde period
480:around him. One particular
357:and squashed rebellions by
336:emperor of the Ming dynasty
88:Emperor of the Ming dynasty
3438:
3387:Accidental deaths in China
1832:"History of Homosexuality"
1241:
1176:Empress Xiaomu (1451–1475)
1129:
1095:Empress Xiaosu (1430–1504)
1026:
575:
405:
19:This article is about the
18:
3271:
3205:
3059:
3046:
3038:
3033:
3006:
2963:: 164–169. Archived from
2693:. Yale University Press.
2593:Dardess, John W. (2012).
1758:10.1163/15700658-bja10030
1377:
1359:
1355:
1347:
1319:
1301:
1293:
1268:
1249:
1245:
1210:
1192:
1184:
1159:
1141:
1137:
1101:
1082:
1074:
1046:
1030:
1006:
997:
988:
979:
967:
965:Beauty, of the Liu clan (
958:
949:
940:
931:
628:
412:Prince of Anhua rebellion
317:
253:
230:
215:
205:
196:
59:
51:
3402:Child monarchs from Asia
2901:Toh, Hoong Teik (2000).
2837:Perdue, Peter C (2009).
2774:ter Haar, B. J. (2006).
2666:O'Kane, Bernard (2012).
2015:Ernest S. Dodge (1976).
1038:Emperor Yingzong of Ming
522:Prince of Ning rebellion
408:Prince of Ning rebellion
2861:Imperial China 900–1800
2725:Oriental Blue and White
995:Lady, of the Dai clan (
866:Pagoda of Fogong Temple
717:Fernão Pires de Andrade
658:, abruptly entered the
613:Ming-Turpan border wars
211:Era name and dates
162:20 April 1521 (aged 29)
2991:Cite journal requires
2614:Naquin, Susan (2000).
2046:Nigel Cameron (1976).
1470:Timothy Brook (2010).
1004:Lady, of the Du clan (
986:Lady, of the Ma clan (
868:
832:
711:. In 1513 their king,
684:
670:
590:in Arabic or Persian.
573:
556:Relations with Muslims
552:
468:
421:
168:Bao Fang, Ming dynasty
72:National Palace Museum
1337:Empress Xiaochengjing
863:
830:
689:Afonso de Albuquerque
677:Afonso de Albuquerque
675:
563:
550:
458:
419:
406:Further information:
301:Empress Xiaochengjing
66:Palace portrait on a
2934:Sino-Platonic Papers
2910:Sino-Platonic Papers
2735:The Culture of China
1787:Bret Hinsch (1992).
1617:Julia Ching (1993).
1285:Zhang Luan (d. 1492)
802:Battle of Shancaowan
713:Manuel I of Portugal
588:Islamic inscriptions
334:(朱厚㷖), was the 11th
177:Kangling Mausoleum,
3422:People from Beijing
3407:LGBT heads of state
1842:on 19 November 2003
1721:on 22 February 2015
1695:on 22 February 2015
1597:金瓶梅是形象的历史 潘金莲原型是明宫女
929:, of the Xia clan (
645:Contact with Europe
144:Shuntian Prefecture
2970:on 2 February 2014
2715:. 8 November 2012.
2575:on 27 October 2016
1594:自封官职的明武宗(1) 历史密码II
927:Empress Xiaojingyi
869:
833:
701:Rafael Perestrello
693:Portuguese Malacca
685:
681:Portuguese Malacca
598:ʿAli Akbar Khata'i
574:
553:
544:embassy to China.
469:
422:
191:Empress Xiaojingyi
3364:
3363:
3069:
3068:
3060:Succeeded by
2893:978-0-231-03801-0
2871:978-0-674-01212-7
2850:978-0-674-04202-5
2829:978-0-300-02672-6
2808:978-0-7007-1762-0
2787:978-90-04-14844-4
2766:978-0-8109-1170-3
2745:978-1-61530-183-6
2700:978-0-300-05167-4
2679:978-1-4488-8509-1
2627:978-0-520-92345-4
2606:978-1-4422-0491-1
2527:978-81-206-0535-0
2488:978-81-206-0535-0
2449:978-81-206-0535-0
2411:978-81-206-0535-0
2372:978-81-206-0535-0
2333:978-81-206-0535-0
2271:978-81-206-0535-0
2232:978-81-206-0535-0
2193:978-81-206-0535-0
2154:978-81-206-0535-0
2059:978-0-226-09229-4
2028:978-0-8166-0853-9
1962:978-983-99866-2-4
1891:978-9971-988-08-1
1800:978-0-520-07869-7
1630:978-0-333-53174-7
1620:Chinese religions
1548:978-0-8047-2872-0
1483:978-0-674-04602-3
1436:
1435:
753:Malacca Sultanate
568:(cleanliness) in
306:
305:
258:
257:
238:(承天達道英肅睿哲昭德顯功弘文思孝
206:Zhu Houzhao (朱厚㷖)
23:emperor. For the
3429:
3240:Prince of Lu (魯)
3229:Prince of Lu (潞)
3209:
3095:
3088:
3081:
3072:
3053:Emperor of China
3039:Preceded by
3029:
3022:
3008:Zhengde Emperor
3004:
3000:
2994:
2989:
2987:
2979:
2977:
2975:
2969:
2962:
2952:
2950:
2948:
2931:
2921:
2907:
2897:
2875:
2854:
2833:
2812:
2791:
2770:
2749:
2728:
2716:
2704:
2683:
2662:
2660:
2658:
2653:on 21 March 2012
2652:
2646:. Archived from
2641:
2631:
2610:
2585:
2584:
2582:
2580:
2574:
2567:
2558:
2552:
2549:
2543:
2542:
2536:
2534:
2510:
2504:
2503:
2497:
2495:
2471:
2465:
2464:
2458:
2456:
2432:
2426:
2425:
2420:
2418:
2394:
2388:
2387:
2381:
2379:
2355:
2349:
2348:
2342:
2340:
2316:
2310:
2309:
2280:
2278:
2254:
2248:
2247:
2241:
2239:
2215:
2209:
2208:
2202:
2200:
2176:
2170:
2169:
2163:
2161:
2137:
2131:
2130:
2117:
2111:
2110:
2096:
2090:
2088:
2074:
2068:
2067:
2043:
2037:
2036:
2012:
2006:
2005:
1999:
1991:
1977:
1971:
1970:
1946:
1940:
1939:
1926:
1920:
1919:
1905:
1899:
1898:
1875:
1869:
1858:
1852:
1851:
1849:
1847:
1838:. Archived from
1828:
1822:
1821:
1811:
1805:
1804:
1784:
1778:
1777:
1737:
1731:
1730:
1728:
1726:
1717:. Archived from
1711:
1705:
1704:
1702:
1700:
1691:. Archived from
1689:taoci.chnart.com
1681:
1675:
1674:
1672:
1670:
1661:. Archived from
1655:
1649:
1648:
1641:
1635:
1634:
1614:
1608:
1605:
1599:
1591:
1585:
1579:
1573:
1562:
1553:
1552:
1533:Kang-i Sun Chang
1528:
1522:
1516:
1510:
1499:
1488:
1487:
1467:
1064:Chenghua Emperor
1020:
1009:
1008:
1000:
999:
991:
990:
982:
981:
970:
969:
961:
960:
952:
951:
943:
942:
934:
933:
898:
882:
791:Battle of Tunmen
668:
639:
630:
484:, leader of the
450:lantern festival
402:Reign as emperor
328:
319:
198:
181:, Beijing, China
64:
55:
54:
53:
44:
3437:
3436:
3432:
3431:
3430:
3428:
3427:
3426:
3367:
3366:
3365:
3360:
3267:
3210:
3207:
3203:
3104:
3099:
3065:
3063:Jiajing Emperor
3056:
3051:
3044:
3042:Hongzhi Emperor
3023:
3021:27 October 1491
3017:
3016:
3009:
2990:
2980:
2973:
2971:
2967:
2960:
2955:
2946:
2944:
2929:
2924:
2905:
2900:
2894:
2878:
2872:
2857:
2851:
2836:
2830:
2815:
2809:
2794:
2788:
2773:
2767:
2752:
2746:
2731:
2722:
2707:
2701:
2686:
2680:
2665:
2656:
2654:
2650:
2639:
2634:
2628:
2613:
2607:
2592:
2589:
2588:
2578:
2576:
2572:
2565:
2560:
2559:
2555:
2550:
2546:
2532:
2530:
2528:
2512:
2511:
2507:
2493:
2491:
2489:
2473:
2472:
2468:
2454:
2452:
2450:
2434:
2433:
2429:
2416:
2414:
2412:
2396:
2395:
2391:
2377:
2375:
2373:
2357:
2356:
2352:
2338:
2336:
2334:
2318:
2317:
2313:
2276:
2274:
2272:
2256:
2255:
2251:
2237:
2235:
2233:
2217:
2216:
2212:
2198:
2196:
2194:
2178:
2177:
2173:
2159:
2157:
2155:
2139:
2138:
2134:
2119:
2118:
2114:
2098:
2097:
2093:
2076:
2075:
2071:
2060:
2045:
2044:
2040:
2029:
2014:
2013:
2009:
1992:
1979:
1978:
1974:
1963:
1948:
1947:
1943:
1928:
1927:
1923:
1907:
1906:
1902:
1892:
1877:
1876:
1872:
1859:
1855:
1845:
1843:
1830:
1829:
1825:
1813:
1812:
1808:
1801:
1786:
1785:
1781:
1739:
1738:
1734:
1724:
1722:
1713:
1712:
1708:
1698:
1696:
1683:
1682:
1678:
1668:
1666:
1665:on 6 April 2017
1657:
1656:
1652:
1643:
1642:
1638:
1631:
1616:
1615:
1611:
1606:
1602:
1592:
1588:
1580:
1576:
1563:
1556:
1549:
1530:
1529:
1525:
1517:
1513:
1500:
1491:
1484:
1469:
1468:
1464:
1459:
1451:Zhengde Tongbao
1442:
1437:
1119:Hongzhi Emperor
1017:
918:
892:
876:
858:
846:Jiajing Emperor
825:
749:
669:
666:
647:
621:
619:Dark Affliction
580:
558:
494:Prince of Anhua
414:
404:
391:
340:Hongzhi Emperor
310:Zhengde Emperor
291:Hongzhi Emperor
225:Posthumous name
182:
167:
165:
163:
142:
140:
138:
137:26 October 1491
124:Jiajing Emperor
114:Hongzhi Emperor
82:
49:
48:
47:Zhengde Emperor
40:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3435:
3433:
3425:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3369:
3368:
3362:
3361:
3272:
3269:
3268:
3266:
3265:
3259:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3237:
3232:
3226:
3220:
3218:
3212:
3211:
3206:
3204:
3202:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3114:
3112:
3106:
3105:
3100:
3098:
3097:
3090:
3083:
3075:
3067:
3066:
3061:
3058:
3045:
3040:
3036:
3035:
3034:Regnal titles
3031:
3030:
3010:
3007:
3002:
3001:
2993:|journal=
2953:
2922:
2898:
2892:
2876:
2870:
2855:
2849:
2834:
2828:
2813:
2807:
2792:
2786:
2771:
2765:
2750:
2744:
2729:
2720:
2717:
2705:
2699:
2684:
2678:
2663:
2632:
2626:
2611:
2605:
2587:
2586:
2553:
2544:
2526:
2505:
2487:
2466:
2448:
2427:
2410:
2389:
2371:
2350:
2332:
2311:
2270:
2249:
2231:
2210:
2192:
2171:
2153:
2132:
2112:
2091:
2069:
2058:
2038:
2027:
2007:
1972:
1961:
1941:
1921:
1900:
1890:
1870:
1853:
1823:
1806:
1799:
1779:
1752:(5): 422–456.
1732:
1706:
1676:
1650:
1636:
1629:
1609:
1600:
1586:
1574:
1572:. pp. 244–245.
1554:
1547:
1531:Ellen Widmer;
1523:
1511:
1489:
1482:
1461:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1454:
1453:
1448:
1441:
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1425:
1423:
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1401:
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1320:
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1289:
1288:
1286:
1283:
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1279:
1276:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1263:
1260:
1257:
1256:
1253:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1246:
1244:
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1240:
1238:
1235:
1234:
1231:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1222:
1221:
1218:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1199:
1196:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1171:
1170:
1167:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1148:
1145:
1144:
1142:
1140:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1124:
1122:
1116:
1113:
1112:
1109:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1096:
1093:
1090:
1089:
1086:
1085:
1083:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1069:
1067:
1061:
1058:
1057:
1054:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1041:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1012:
1011:
1002:
993:
984:
972:
963:
954:
945:
936:
917:
914:
857:
854:
824:
821:
748:
745:
664:
646:
643:
620:
617:
557:
554:
498:Prince of Ning
473:Forbidden City
438:Forbidden City
403:
400:
390:
387:
304:
303:
298:
294:
293:
288:
284:
283:
278:
272:
271:
266:
260:
259:
256:
255:
251:
250:
244:
243:
228:
227:
221:
220:
213:
212:
208:
207:
203:
202:
194:
193:
188:
184:
183:
176:
174:
170:
169:
160:
156:
155:
135:
131:
130:
127:
126:
121:
117:
116:
111:
107:
106:
103:
99:
98:
95:
91:
90:
84:
83:
70:, kept in the
68:hanging scroll
65:
57:
56:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3434:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3374:
3372:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3299:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3270:
3263:
3260:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3221:
3219:
3217:
3216:Southern Ming
3213:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:(Restoration)
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3115:
3113:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3096:
3091:
3089:
3084:
3082:
3077:
3076:
3073:
3064:
3055:
3054:
3050:
3043:
3037:
3032:
3028:20 April 1521
3027:
3020:
3015:
3014:
3005:
2998:
2985:
2966:
2959:
2958:"澳門海洋文化的若干問題"
2954:
2943:
2939:
2936:(110): 1–20.
2935:
2928:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2904:
2899:
2895:
2889:
2885:
2884:
2877:
2873:
2867:
2863:
2862:
2856:
2852:
2846:
2842:
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2835:
2831:
2825:
2821:
2820:
2814:
2810:
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2800:
2799:
2793:
2789:
2783:
2779:
2778:
2772:
2768:
2762:
2758:
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2747:
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2737:
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2730:
2726:
2721:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2696:
2692:
2691:
2685:
2681:
2675:
2671:
2670:
2664:
2649:
2645:
2638:
2633:
2629:
2623:
2619:
2618:
2612:
2608:
2602:
2598:
2597:
2591:
2590:
2571:
2564:
2557:
2554:
2548:
2545:
2541:
2529:
2523:
2519:
2518:
2509:
2506:
2502:
2490:
2484:
2480:
2479:
2470:
2467:
2463:
2451:
2445:
2441:
2440:
2431:
2428:
2424:
2413:
2407:
2403:
2402:
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2364:
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2354:
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2347:
2335:
2329:
2325:
2324:
2315:
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2302:
2298:
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2290:
2286:
2273:
2267:
2263:
2262:
2253:
2250:
2246:
2234:
2228:
2224:
2223:
2214:
2211:
2207:
2195:
2189:
2185:
2184:
2175:
2172:
2168:
2156:
2150:
2146:
2145:
2136:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2124:
2116:
2113:
2109:
2104:
2103:
2095:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2081:
2073:
2070:
2066:
2061:
2055:
2051:
2050:
2042:
2039:
2035:
2030:
2024:
2020:
2019:
2011:
2008:
2003:
1997:
1990:
1985:
1984:
1976:
1973:
1969:
1964:
1958:
1954:
1953:
1945:
1942:
1938:
1933:
1932:
1925:
1922:
1918:
1913:
1912:
1904:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1887:
1883:
1882:
1874:
1871:
1867:
1866:90-04-13160-4
1863:
1857:
1854:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1827:
1824:
1819:
1818:
1810:
1807:
1802:
1796:
1792:
1791:
1783:
1780:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1736:
1733:
1720:
1716:
1710:
1707:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1680:
1677:
1664:
1660:
1654:
1651:
1646:
1640:
1637:
1632:
1626:
1623:. Macmillan.
1622:
1621:
1613:
1610:
1604:
1601:
1598:
1595:
1590:
1587:
1584:
1578:
1575:
1571:
1570:1-85828-764-2
1567:
1561:
1559:
1555:
1550:
1544:
1540:
1539:
1534:
1527:
1524:
1521:
1515:
1512:
1508:
1507:0-521-82274-2
1504:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1490:
1485:
1479:
1475:
1474:
1466:
1463:
1456:
1452:
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1447:
1444:
1443:
1439:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1408:
1406:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1399:
1391:
1390:
1387:
1386:
1381:
1380:
1375:
1374:
1369:
1368:
1365:
1364:
1351:
1350:
1345:
1344:
1338:
1333:
1332:
1329:
1328:
1323:
1322:
1317:
1316:
1311:
1310:
1307:
1306:
1297:
1296:
1291:
1290:
1282:
1281:
1278:
1277:
1272:
1271:
1266:
1265:
1259:
1258:
1255:
1254:
1237:
1236:
1233:
1232:
1224:
1223:
1220:
1219:
1214:
1213:
1208:
1207:
1202:
1201:
1198:
1197:
1188:
1187:
1182:
1181:
1173:
1172:
1169:
1168:
1163:
1162:
1157:
1156:
1151:
1150:
1147:
1146:
1133:
1132:
1127:
1126:
1120:
1115:
1114:
1111:
1110:
1105:
1104:
1099:
1098:
1092:
1091:
1088:
1087:
1078:
1077:
1072:
1071:
1065:
1060:
1059:
1056:
1055:
1050:
1049:
1044:
1043:
1039:
1034:
1022:
1021:
1014:
1003:
994:
985:
983:); 1471–1541)
976:
973:
964:
955:
946:
937:
928:
925:
924:
923:
922:
915:
913:
910:
905:
904:Wanli Emperor
900:
896:
891:
887:
880:
875:
867:
862:
855:
853:
851:
847:
843:
838:
829:
822:
820:
818:
814:
808:
805:
803:
798:
794:
792:
787:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
764:
762:
758:
754:
746:
744:
742:
738:
734:
731:, capital of
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
697:Jorge Álvares
694:
690:
682:
678:
674:
663:
661:
657:
653:
644:
642:
640:
634:
626:
618:
616:
614:
610:
606:
601:
599:
595:
591:
589:
585:
579:
571:
567:
562:
555:
549:
545:
543:
539:
535:
534:Wang Yangming
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
505:
501:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
474:
466:
462:
461:Temple of Yan
457:
453:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
426:
418:
413:
409:
401:
399:
397:
388:
386:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
355:Northern Yuan
351:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
323:
315:
311:
302:
299:
295:
292:
289:
285:
282:
279:
277:
273:
270:
267:
265:
261:
252:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
226:
222:
218:
214:
209:
204:
199:
195:
192:
189:
185:
180:
175:
171:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
136:
132:
128:
125:
122:
118:
115:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
63:
58:
45:
42:
38:
34:
33:Liang dynasty
30:
26:
22:
3412:LGBT royalty
3310:N. Dynasties
3306:S. Dynasties
3168:
3047:
3025:
3018:
3013:House of Zhu
3011:
2984:cite journal
2972:. Retrieved
2965:the original
2945:. Retrieved
2933:
2909:
2882:
2860:
2839:
2818:
2797:
2776:
2755:
2734:
2724:
2712:
2689:
2668:
2655:. Retrieved
2648:the original
2643:
2616:
2595:
2577:. Retrieved
2570:the original
2556:
2547:
2538:
2531:. Retrieved
2517:almanack ...
2515:
2508:
2499:
2492:. Retrieved
2478:almanack ...
2476:
2469:
2460:
2453:. Retrieved
2439:almanack ...
2437:
2430:
2422:
2415:. Retrieved
2401:almanack ...
2399:
2392:
2383:
2376:. Retrieved
2362:almanack ...
2360:
2353:
2344:
2337:. Retrieved
2323:almanack ...
2321:
2314:
2282:
2275:. Retrieved
2261:almanack ...
2259:
2252:
2243:
2236:. Retrieved
2222:almanack ...
2220:
2213:
2204:
2197:. Retrieved
2183:almanack ...
2181:
2174:
2165:
2158:. Retrieved
2144:almanack ...
2142:
2135:
2127:
2122:
2115:
2106:
2101:
2094:
2084:
2079:
2072:
2063:
2048:
2041:
2032:
2017:
2010:
1987:
1982:
1975:
1966:
1951:
1944:
1935:
1930:
1924:
1915:
1910:
1903:
1895:
1880:
1873:
1856:
1844:. Retrieved
1840:the original
1836:china.org.cn
1835:
1826:
1816:
1809:
1789:
1782:
1749:
1745:
1735:
1723:. Retrieved
1719:the original
1709:
1697:. Retrieved
1693:the original
1688:
1679:
1667:. Retrieved
1663:the original
1653:
1639:
1619:
1612:
1603:
1589:
1582:
1577:
1537:
1526:
1519:
1514:
1472:
1465:
975:Wang Mantang
953:; 1492–1542)
935:; 1492–1535)
920:
919:
901:
870:
834:
809:
806:
799:
795:
788:
765:
750:
686:
651:
649:
636:
622:
604:
602:
594:Khataynameh,
593:
592:
581:
565:
506:
502:
486:Eight Tigers
470:
442:Wang Mantang
433:
427:
423:
392:
379:Yellow River
359:Prince Anhua
352:
331:
325:
309:
307:
239:
235:
231:
166:(正德十六年三月十四日)
141:(弘治四年九月二十四日)
105:19 June 1505
102:Enthronement
41:
37:Xiao Zhengde
21:Ming dynasty
3382:1521 deaths
3377:1491 births
3302:16 Kingdoms
2533:14 December
2494:14 December
2455:14 December
2417:14 December
2378:14 December
2339:14 December
2299:of musk in
2277:14 December
2238:14 December
2199:14 December
2160:14 December
1846:26 November
1725:22 February
1669:22 February
1339:(1471—1541)
1121:(1470–1505)
1066:(1447–1487)
1040:(1427–1464)
893: [
877: [
842:Grand Canal
768:Mahmud Shah
737:Yang Tinghe
526:Zhu Chenhao
492:led by the
389:Early years
383:Zhu Houcong
363:Prince Ning
332:Zhu Houzhao
254:Wuzong (武宗)
248:Temple name
148:North Zhili
110:Predecessor
25:Western Xia
3371:Categories
3294:3 Kingdoms
3264:(doubtful)
3057:1505–1521
2579:27 October
1699:17 January
1457:References
1262:Zhang Shou
944:; d. 1539)
850:Ming tombs
784:Tomé Pires
757:Ming China
751:The Malay
721:Tomé Pires
576:See also:
542:Portuguese
510:Dayan Khan
434:"Bao Fang"
375:Portuguese
327:Zhèngdé Dì
179:Ming tombs
31:. For the
3224:Hongguang
3199:Chongzhen
2942:2157-9687
2918:2157-9679
1996:cite book
1989:suzerain.
1968:suzerain.
1937:suzerain.
1917:suzerain.
1774:244587800
1766:1385-3783
1509:. p. 159.
921:Consorts:
890:Qian Ning
817:Guangzhou
780:Guangzhou
709:Guangzhou
638:Hēi Shěng
446:gunpowder
396:Confucian
120:Successor
3258:(regent)
3242:(regent)
3231:(regent)
3189:Taichang
3179:Longqing
3159:Chenghua
3153:Yingzong
3143:Yingzong
2301:powerder
2285:quintals
1535:(1997).
1440:See also
1394:Lady Jin
1015:Ancestry
932:孝靜毅皇后 夏氏
874:Tan Qian
776:Quanzhou
733:Portugal
705:Tuen Mun
665:—
538:Tongzhou
490:uprising
430:brothels
371:Malaccan
344:era name
154:, China)
3174:Jiajing
3169:Zhengde
3164:Hongzhi
3148:Jingtai
3123:Jianwen
2956:黃, 鴻釗.
2713:Bonhams
2561:周, 正偉.
2297:arrobas
2289:sheu-pa
1645:"华夏收藏网"
950:榮淑賢妃 沈氏
941:淑惠德妃 吳氏
909:Jiajing
886:Liu Jin
759:. When
725:Beijing
715:, sent
656:tribute
652:Zhengde
625:Chinese
584:eunuchs
570:Thuluth
566:Taharat
530:cabinet
518:Jiangxi
514:Mongols
482:Liu Jin
478:eunuchs
367:Liu Jin
348:Zhengde
314:Chinese
276:Dynasty
232:Emperor
217:Zhengde
152:Beijing
3334:W. Xia
3262:Dingwu
3256:Dongwu
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3235:Longwu
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287:Father
187:Spouse
173:Burial
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1795:ISBN
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