930:
220:
908:
888:
866:
19:
1670:
540:
929:
459:. The rising price of copper, lack of skilled mint workers, and poor distribution from the government mints all contributed to the failure of the Wanli Tongbao cash coins by the year 1579. The first provincial mint to close was that of Yunnan in the year 1580 which was quickly followed by most provincial mints in 1582. The only successful provincial mints were of Huguang, where three different local mints cast their own cash coins that did not conform to the Zhiqian standards.
701:(折銀錢, "conversion coins") by Chinese numismatists, was cast, this term was used to designate Shunzhi Tongbao cash coins produced from the year 1653 that had the inscription "一厘" on the left to the square centre hole on their reverse sides, this inscription indicates that the nominal value of the cash coin corresponded to 0.001 tael of silver (1 li (釐 or 厘, "cash"), as a weight). This would mean that the official government conversation rate was set as
409:(錠). Because of the possibility that under the Jiajing Emperor cash coins were produced with earlier reign titles the attribution of some earlier cash coins is still disputed among modern scholars. However, Schjöth noted that the proposal to also cast 95,000,000 strings of these 9 earlier reign titles might not have actually been adopted and that these cash coins were local and Japanese forgeries. The standard weight of Jiajing Tongbao was 1.2
483:(崇禎通寶) were of poorer quality than those producing during preceding periods, these cash coins tended to be both thin and bristle, due to the reduced amount of copper in their composition. Chinese people at this point started to refrain from using copper-alloy cash coins and the markets preferred the usage of
665:(卯), these casting rounds had a predefined number of cash coins to be produced, copying the imperial standard with their exact standardised dimensions and metallic compositions. The obverse side of the standard cash coin would always contain the current reign era name with "Tongbao" (通寶) inscribed on it.
611:
and payments were processed by counting the number of cash coins. The government of the Qing dynasty monopolised the production of copper-alloy cash coins, which constituted less than 20% of the total money circulating in China at the time, as well as the mining of copper, while the government
498:
invasions. The
Ministry of Revenue also established a number of branch mints in Nanjing, but the rivalry between the Ministry of Revenue and the Ministry of Public Works prevented the Ming dynasty from adopting an effective monetary policy. By the year 1623 there were five different concurrent
219:
606:
for larger payments. While strings officially consisted of 1,000 cash coins, normally it would contain only around 980 copper-alloy cash coins. Because all copper-alloy cash coins of the Qing dynasty had both uniform shapes and weights, the denomination of the cash coins were not written down
1203:"Six Centuries Ago, Chinese Explorers Left This Coin Behind in Africa – Emperor Yongle was perhaps best known for starting the initial construction of Beijing's Forbidden City, but he also sent huge fleets of ships, under the command of admiral Zheng He, out across the ocean to faraway lands"
374:
for them, this demand would stimulate an overproduction of forgeries that inundated the markets of Ming China, often these forged cash coins were cast in such miserable quality that a single real
Zhiqian could buy 300 fake ones. Consequently, this caused inflation in many different places.
814:, but due to the depletion of copper in Yunnan and the high import costs of Japanese copper provincial mints would often reduce the weights. In the year 1867 the imperial government issued an unsuccessful edit for all central and eastern provincial mints to cast Zhiqian with a weight of 1
471:
mint was established during this period with 250 furnaces. The city of
Nanjing was quickly awash with a glut of coinage, which caused the production of cash coins in the year 1606 to be scaled back to an annual production of 15,000 strings with some government mints being closed.
462:
In the year 1599 the Wanli administration made another attempt at the restoration of cash coinage, during this attempt the
Ministry of Public Works opened up a second mint in the city of Nanjing, this increased the number of furnaces from 60 to 250. Proposals for the Nanjing
907:
405:(嘉靖通寶) in the year Jiajing 5 (1527). In the year Jiajing 11 (1553) the government of the Ming dynasty cast 10,000,000 additional Jiajing Tongbao cash coins and allegedly as well as Zhiqian with 9 earlier reign era names, a total amount of 1,000,000
394:(好鍚, "superior tin") was to be added to the alloy of these coins. As the government of the Ming dynasty had closed its coin mints for such a long period of time, the government was forced to pardon illegal producers and hire them as mint workers.
266:(洪武通寶). The government of the Ming dynasty then made the private production of cash coins illegal. These early Hongwu Tongbao cash coins were issued in multiple denominations, however, after only four years, the denominations larger than 1
346:
In the year 1433, due to the devaluation of the Great Ming
Treasure Note banknotes, the government of the Ming dynasty resumed the casting of cash coins again. The casting of these new Xuande Tongbao cash coins was divided between the two
865:
177:) that were used to pay the wages of employees of the imperial government (including the mint workers themselves) and was one of the most commonly circulating types of cash coins during the Ming dynasty among the general population.
887:
502:
The melting down of copper artifacts which were of great historical and religious significance upset a number
Conservative government officials, which further added to the already ad reputation of the Tianqi Tongbao cash coins.
678:(白鉛). The two imperial mints in Beijing were the only places where official standard cash coins were manufactured during the early years of the Qing dynasty period. The later official alloy was altered to 60% copper and 40%
1534:
Cong
Hanxiang (從翰香) and Xie Hangsheng (謝杭生) (1992). "Zhiqian (制錢)", in Zhongguo da baike quanshu (中國大百科全書), Zhongguo lishi (中國歷史) (Beijing/Shanghai: Zhongguo da baike quanshu chubanshe), Vol. 3, 1535. (in
258:(大中通寶), these new cash coins continued circulating and co-existing next to older cash coins. Following the Ming conquest of all of China the Ming government started establishing provincial mints, known as
598:
system where both copper-alloy cash coins and silver circulated simultaneously. The copper-alloy currency during most of the Qing dynasty period consisted solely of cash coins with a denomination of 1
475:
In the early 17th century, an increase in the price of copper caused the government to reduce the amount of copper in the composition of the
Zhiqian in favour of lead. Cash coins with the inscriptions
427:
In the spring of 1572, the Ming dynasty government once again resumed the production of standard cash coins at the
Beijing and Nanjing mints. It did not take long for the mints to be opened in
661:(笵鑄), in these state-operated mints, of which there were two in the city of Beijing, and one in almost each provincial capital city. Zhiqian were to be produced in casting rounds, known as
705:(折銀一厘錢), which was proof that silver was of continuing importance as a currency of account. Similar cash coins with this reverse inscription were also being produced by some rulers of the
499:
government mints operating in the city of
Nanjing, two of which were run by the Ministry of Public Works, two by the Ministry of Revenue, and one by the Nanjing municipal government.
2049:
363:. The official production of cash coins ceased once again for seven decades in 1435 and the private production of copper-alloy cash coins would once again become commonplace.
783:
the government of the Qing dynasty introduced a number of currency reforms that re-introduced multiple denominations, these large denomination cash coins were referred to as
1202:
1188:"An Investigation of the Using of Brass in Casting Coins in Ancient China" (我国古代黄铜铸钱考略) included in "A Collection of Chinese Numismatic Theses" (中国钱币论文集) published in 1992.
654:" (Boo Yuwan). The Qing government then further stipulated that every province should establish their own provincial mint for the production of copper-alloy cash coins.
2506:
1635:
760:
The official exchange rate between Zhiqian and silver in the year 1644 was inherited from the mid-Ming period and stood at 7 standard cash coins per 0.01
2042:
1939:
106:
produced in imperial Chinese mints according to weight and composition standards that were fixed by the imperial government. The term was first used for
2075:
1659:
18:
2561:
1743:
2035:
686:
be determined by the private market, causing the government of the Qing dynasty to alter the official copper-alloy of the Zhiqian over time.
2619:
2463:
2284:
1883:
915:
628:
603:
491:
464:
186:
2138:
829:
to be cast by both the imperial mints in Beijing and provincial mints. In the year 1899 the weight of the Zhiqian was reduced to only 8
1552:
632:
348:
510:
and Chongzhen Tongbao cash coins produced by the Ministry of Public Work mint had the mint mark "工" (Gong) inscribed to its reverse.
2165:
1628:
839:
estimated that during the late Qing dynasty period, the total copper sector (copper coins including standard cash and the new
401:
the government of the Ming dynasty would alleviate the situation by producing a large amount of Zhiqian with the inscription
189:. The inner rim as well as the outer rim of the cash coin was slightly elevated, and on the obverse side of the coin was the
44:
2541:
2531:
2128:
1929:
1592:
52:
2629:
2546:
2536:
2526:
2390:
2218:
2090:
1876:
877:
268:
28:
2070:
2017:
1163:
328:
32:
with a standard weight of 1 Kuping Qian (庫平錢), which was the nationally set standard weight for cash coins during the
173:(賞錢, "Tip money") which is a term used to refer to cash coins that were small, thin, and very fragile (comparable to
1621:
1446:
80:
940:
731:
The actual weight of the standard cash coin would also vary over time, this official weight was usually between 1
560:
185:
The design of the standard Chinese cash coin was round, while it had a square centre hole that allowed them to be
2481:
2186:
1934:
607:
anywhere on the coins themselves, this was because for most of their history, a cash coin was always valued at 1
1669:
982:
Chinese numismatists use the term "conversion coins" because of their official fixed value compared with silver.
920:
2438:
2341:
2336:
1827:
1567:
948:
872:
728:
added to their official alloy. The Zhiqian that contained tin were referred to as Qingqian (青錢, "green cash").
556:
351:
mints in both capital cities. Furthermore, Xuande Tongbao cash coins were also produced at the branch mints in
309:
308:(弘治通寶) were produced, the government of the Ming dynasty had a preference for making and receiving payments in
898:
850:(宣統通寶) cash coins produced at the Ministry of Revenue mint between the years 1909 and 1910 had a weight of 6
494:
established its own mint in Beijing, this was done to help finance the continued rising cost of fighting the
331:
where silver coinage and paper money would continue to dominate, but were in fact produced to help stimulate
2609:
2080:
1924:
125:
1991:
1858:
1596:
840:
539:
2624:
2113:
717:
480:
275:
The government of the Ming dynasty attempted to collect all older cash coins and to recast them into 1
224:
124:
The term "Zhiqian" was used to discern full-valued cash coins produced by the imperial government from
847:
800:
799:
cash coins) were cast of copper, iron, and zinc. All Xianfeng era Zhiqian had the obverse inscription
768:(分), of silver, while old Ming dynasty period cash coins were traded at a rate of 14 cash coins per 1
2448:
2351:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2118:
2098:
1997:
1207:
564:
544:
534:
402:
305:
255:
214:
198:
23:
716:(康熙通寶) the official composition of the Zhiqian remained at 60% copper and 40% zinc and/or lead, the
648:" (Boo Ciowan) and those cast at the Ministry of Public Works mint would have the Manchu mint mark "
476:
301:
2614:
2279:
2170:
2133:
2108:
2103:
1644:
468:
448:
332:
136:(舊錢), and privately produced forgeries of non-standard weights and alloys that were referred to as
119:
103:
1600:
371:
772:
of silver. In the year 1645 the official exchange rate was fixed at 10 standard cash coins per
319:
The composition of the Yongle Tongbao was generally 63–90% copper (Cu), 10–25% lead (Pb), 6–9%
259:
236:
2502:
2494:
2489:
2473:
2321:
2316:
1919:
1548:
792:
1439:
1260:"MEDIEVAL CHINESE COINS – TARTAR, MONGOL, MING DYNASTIES – (A.D. 960 to 1644) – MING DYNASTY"
843:
minted after the year 1900) constituted only 17% of the total money in circulation in China.
382:
the production of cash coins was resumed and the Zhiqian were given a standard weight of 1.2
2588:
2569:
2551:
2326:
2271:
2228:
1816:
1762:
1607:
1581:
1536:
1397:
780:
721:
417:
254:
was driven out of China. The first cash coins produced by the Baoyuanju had the inscription
194:
190:
110:
cash coins following the abolition of large denomination versions of this cash coin series.
2574:
2422:
2299:
1835:
1732:
1059:
807:
636:
467:
and River Transport Intendancy to establish new mints in the city were also accepted. The
398:
379:
70:
33:
197:, during the Ming dynasty the reverse side of their cash coins tended to be blank, while
635:. The standard cash coins produced at the Ministry of Revenue mint would later bear the
247:
who at the time ruled under the title of "Prince of Wu" and created the mint before the
2206:
2201:
2196:
2123:
1810:
1791:
1785:
1401:
1134:
1067:
713:
340:
297:
263:
165:(俸錢, "Stipend coin") which referred to second rate cash coins that had a weight of 0.9
107:
547:(順治通寶) standard cash coin with an official silver exchange rate set at the value of 1
169:
and were distributed through the salaries of government officials and emoluments. and
2603:
2453:
2372:
2346:
2246:
2191:
2143:
1852:
1713:
1440:"In Search of Power and Credibility – Essays on Chinese Monetary History (1851–1845)"
706:
616:
495:
286:
248:
244:
1613:
1259:
787:("big cash"). These cash coins were produced until the year 1890 and the standard 1
720:(雍正通寶) cash coins had a composition of 50% copper and 50% zinc and/or lead, and the
161:) and fine quality cash coins had were delivered to Beijing as seigniorage revenue.
2458:
1967:
1802:
1777:
1724:
1229:
1198:
624:
620:
591:
251:
232:
129:
100:
96:
92:
147:
Other terms used during the Ming dynasty for various types of cash coins include
2406:
2367:
2311:
2261:
2251:
2236:
1902:
1682:
1678:
1573:
1506:
836:
733:
694:
595:
548:
367:
281:
2443:
1754:
336:
313:
1168:
Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)
1139:
Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)
2398:
2289:
2256:
1690:
639:
360:
202:
1467:
Kuroda, "The Collapse of the Chinese Imperial Monetary System". Page = 103.
327:(Zn). The Yongle Tongbao cash coins were notably not manufactured for the
2517:
2331:
2241:
2211:
1979:
1973:
1955:
1606:
T'ang Yu K'un : 制錢通考 (A comprehensive study of Chinese coins.) (in
1233:
432:
352:
506:
Some Chongzhen Tongbao cash coins were produced with the denomination 2
335:
as Chinese cash coins were used as a common form of currency throughout
1985:
1158:
1156:
819:
440:
436:
240:
2027:
2294:
1961:
1707:
944:
784:
657:
Standard copper-alloy cash coins were cast by using models, known as
428:
356:
60:
2306:
627:
established two imperial mints, one under the jurisdiction of the
538:
484:
452:
387:
218:
17:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1385:
517:, but by 1630 cash coins produced in the north had a weight of 1
2414:
1433:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1423:
1421:
1419:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1129:
1127:
761:
679:
513:
The standard Chongzhen Tongbao cash coins initially weighed 1.3
324:
2031:
1617:
689:
During the Shunzhi period another type of Zhiqian known as the
725:
456:
320:
1580:(中國貨幣史) (Shanghai: Qunlian chubanshe), 580–581, 597–605. (in
424:
were once again cast until the death of the emperor in 1572.
120:
Cash (Chinese coin) § Other terms relating to cash coins
370:
over copper-alloy cash coins, the Chinese market had a high
753:. After the year 1733 it was officially fixed to be at 1.2
1475:
1473:
1299:
1297:
741:. In the year 1645 the standard weight was altered to 1.2
1490:
1488:
1328:
1326:
1324:
1295:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1281:
1279:
1277:
612:
allowed for the market to determine the price of silver.
1253:
1251:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1089:
1087:
1085:
1053:
1051:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1019:
157:(北錢, "Northern coin"), which referred to full weight (1
1017:
1015:
1013:
1011:
1009:
1007:
1005:
1003:
1001:
999:
825:
The Zhiqian of 1890 was officially given a weight of 1
1230:"Could a rusty coin re-write Chinese-African history?"
673:
148:
668:
The initial alloy was fixed at 70% copper, known as
2560:
2516:
2472:
2431:
2383:
2360:
2270:
2227:
2179:
2089:
2063:
1948:
1912:
1893:
1868:
1845:
1826:
1801:
1776:
1753:
1742:
1723:
1700:
1677:
1652:
577:), Tianming Tongbao (天命通寶), and Sure han ni jiha (
1547:. Trafford, United Kingdom: Trafford Publishing.
791:cash coin would become the norm again until the
262:(寶泉局), these new cash coins had the inscription
822:to help alleviate copper shortages in Beijing.
682:and/or lead, but the actual compositions would
567:with the inscriptions Abkai fulingga han jiha (
1164:"Admiral Zheng He and the Yongle Tongbao Coin"
810:era the weight of the Zhiqian remained at 1.2
2043:
1629:
8:
745:, in 1651 this was further changed to 1.25
2050:
2036:
2028:
1940:Cash coins in traditional Chinese medicine
1750:
1636:
1622:
1614:
594:period, the Chinese monetary system was a
386:, the government stipulated that for each
2076:List of Chinese cash coins by inscription
1660:List of Chinese cash coins by inscription
416:In the year 1570 during the reign of the
1509:, A Monetary History of China, page 595.
623:in the year 1644, the government of the
272:and the Dazhong Tongbao were abolished.
1518:
1494:
1479:
1356:
1344:
1332:
1315:
1303:
1118:
1093:
995:
962:
861:
854:and were both cast and machine-struck.
631:and one under the jurisdiction of the
602:, which could be strung together into
1570:Special Publication 37, London, 2003.
973:(錠) is equal to 5,000 cash coins (文).
7:
795:in 1911. Xianfeng era Zhiqian (or 1
615:Following capture of Beijing by the
235:established its first imperial mint
99:of China to refer to standard issue
451:(萬曆通寶) cash coins was set at 93.8%
22:A late-19th-century machine-struck
1591:(translated by Edward H. Kaplan).
1445:. Department of Economic History,
366:Despite the government preferring
153:(样錢, "Model coin"), also known as
14:
2361:Manufacturing and casting process
1396:Ulrich Theobald (13 April 2016).
1262:. Calgary Coin & Antique Shop
521:and those in the south at most 8
296:cash coins with the inscriptions
285:(which is about 3.7 grams in the
1668:
928:
906:
886:
864:
858:Banknotes denominated in Zhiqian
443:, these Zhiqian all weighed 1.3
420:cash coins with a weight of 1.3
2166:Paper money of the Qing dynasty
2139:Jin dynasty coinage (1115–1234)
1208:SmartNews – Keeping you current
1058:Ulrich Theobald (25 May 2016).
935:A 1909 (宣統元年) banknote of 2000
672:(紅銅) and 30% of zinc, known as
2562:Special administrative regions
749:, and in the year 1657 to 1.4
199:Qing dynasty period cash coins
65:
56:
48:
1:
2439:Charms and amulets (Yansheng)
2129:Southern Song dynasty coinage
1930:Cash coins in fortune telling
1593:Western Washington University
239:(寶源局) in the capital city of
2219:Yuan of the Red Army Command
941:Ili Official Currency Bureau
724:(乾隆通寶) had an additional 2%
390:of pure copper two taels of
132:period, which were known as
91:, is a term used during the
2620:Economy of the Qing dynasty
2071:History of Chinese currency
2018:History of Chinese currency
1589:A monetary history of China
674:
604:strings of 1,000 cash coins
378:In the year 1503 under the
149:
2646:
1666:
1447:London School of Economics
921:Hupeh Government Cash Bank
532:
314:privately issued banknotes
212:
117:
2583:
2187:Historical money of Tibet
2013:
1935:Cash coins as grave goods
1587:Peng Xinwei (彭信威) (1994)
1258:Robert Kokotailo (1997).
939:in Zhiqian issued by the
919:of Zhiqian issued by the
279:coins with a weight of 1
191:era name (or reign motto)
2342:Great Qing Treasure Note
2337:Great Ming Treasure Note
1568:Royal Numismatic Society
899:Provincial Bank of Honan
893:A 1904 banknote of 1000
881:denominated in Zhiqian.
873:Great Qing Treasure Note
793:fall of the Qing dynasty
779:During the reign of the
633:Ministry of Public Works
557:Manchu conquest of China
349:Ministry of Public Works
310:Great Ming Treasure Note
2091:By period (before 1912)
2081:Ancient Chinese coinage
1925:Cash coins in feng shui
1543:Hartill, David (2005).
875:(大清寶鈔) banknote of 500
697:coin"), referred to as
439:, Jiangxi, Fujian, and
397:Under the reign of the
329:internal Chinese market
1992:Turtle shell hole coin
1859:Hong Kong one-mil coin
1438:Xun Yan (March 2015).
1135:"Chinese coins – 中國錢幣"
841:Great Qing Copper Coin
552:
228:
37:
26:(光緒通寶) cash coin of 1
2114:Southern Tang coinage
1449:and Political Science
913:A 1908 banknote of 1
818:to be transported to
542:
490:In the year 1622 the
323:(Sn), and 0.04–0.18%
231:In the year 1361 the
222:
89:regulation cash coins
21:
2449:Vault protector coin
2161:Qing dynasty coinage
2156:Ming dynasty coinage
2151:Yuan dynasty coinage
2119:Liao dynasty coinage
2099:Zhou dynasty coinage
1998:Vault protector coin
1884:String of cash coins
535:Qing dynasty coinage
215:Ming dynasty coinage
2630:Chinese numismatics
2432:Historical exonumia
2134:Western Xia coinage
2109:Xin dynasty coinage
2104:Han dynasty coinage
2058:Currencies of China
1886:(貫 / 索 / 緡 / 吊 / 串)
1828:Fakes and fantasies
1746:Ten Kingdoms period
1398:"Qing Period Money"
943:for circulation in
629:Ministry of Revenue
551:(weight) in silver.
492:Ministry of Revenue
469:Ever Normal Granary
465:Ministry of Revenue
447:. The alloy of the
333:international trade
45:traditional Chinese
1744:Five Dynasties and
1645:Chinese cash coins
1578:Zhongguo huobi shi
1545:Cast Chinese Coins
1141:. 16 November 2016
1064:制錢, standard cash"
737:(c. 3.7g) and 1.4
703:zhé yín yì lí qián
565:its own cash coins
553:
229:
53:simplified Chinese
38:
2597:
2596:
2503:New Taiwan dollar
2495:Chinese gold yuan
2490:Old Taiwan dollar
2482:Customs gold unit
2474:Republic of China
2180:Other territories
2025:
2024:
2020:
1920:Cash coins in art
1913:Non-currency uses
1894:Manufacturing and
1772:
1771:
1236:. 17 October 2010
1201:(15 March 2013).
718:Yongzheng Tongbao
563:already produced
561:Later Jin dynasty
481:Chongzhen Tongbao
343:, and East Asia.
292:While standard 1
225:Chongzhen Tongbao
2637:
2589:Economy of China
2570:Hong Kong dollar
2052:
2045:
2038:
2029:
2015:
1968:Flower hole coin
1817:Qianlong Tongbao
1763:Zhouyuan Tongbao
1751:
1672:
1638:
1631:
1624:
1615:
1608:Mandarin Chinese
1582:Mandarin Chinese
1562:Hartill, David,
1558:
1537:Mandarin Chinese
1522:
1516:
1510:
1504:
1498:
1492:
1483:
1477:
1468:
1465:
1459:
1458:
1456:
1454:
1444:
1435:
1414:
1413:
1411:
1409:
1393:
1360:
1354:
1348:
1342:
1336:
1330:
1319:
1313:
1307:
1301:
1272:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1255:
1246:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1226:
1220:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1195:
1189:
1186:
1180:
1179:
1177:
1175:
1160:
1151:
1150:
1148:
1146:
1131:
1122:
1116:
1097:
1091:
1080:
1079:
1077:
1075:
1055:
983:
980:
974:
967:
932:
910:
890:
868:
848:Xuantong Tongbao
801:Xianfeng Tongbao
781:Xianfeng Emperor
722:Qianlong Tongbao
677:
653:
647:
586:
576:
418:Longqing Emperor
312:paper notes and
201:often contained
193:of the reigning
152:
78:
67:
58:
50:
2645:
2644:
2640:
2639:
2638:
2636:
2635:
2634:
2600:
2599:
2598:
2593:
2579:
2575:Macanese pataca
2556:
2512:
2468:
2427:
2379:
2356:
2300:Kaiyuan Tongbao
2266:
2223:
2175:
2085:
2059:
2056:
2026:
2021:
2009:
1944:
1908:
1896:casting process
1895:
1889:
1864:
1841:
1836:Zhengde Tongbao
1822:
1797:
1768:
1745:
1738:
1733:Kaiyuan Tongbao
1719:
1696:
1673:
1664:
1648:
1642:
1576:(彭信威) (1954 ).
1555:
1542:
1531:
1526:
1525:
1517:
1513:
1505:
1501:
1493:
1486:
1482:, p. 4394.
1478:
1471:
1466:
1462:
1452:
1450:
1442:
1437:
1436:
1417:
1407:
1405:
1395:
1394:
1363:
1355:
1351:
1343:
1339:
1331:
1322:
1314:
1310:
1302:
1275:
1265:
1263:
1257:
1256:
1249:
1239:
1237:
1228:
1227:
1223:
1213:
1211:
1197:
1196:
1192:
1187:
1183:
1173:
1171:
1170:. 31 March 2013
1162:
1161:
1154:
1144:
1142:
1133:
1132:
1125:
1117:
1100:
1092:
1083:
1073:
1071:
1057:
1056:
997:
992:
987:
986:
981:
977:
968:
964:
959:
952:
933:
924:
911:
902:
891:
882:
869:
860:
651:
649:
645:
643:
584:
582:
580:
578:
574:
572:
570:
568:
545:Shunzhi Tongbao
537:
531:
403:Jiajing Tongbao
399:Jiajing Emperor
380:Hongzhi Emperor
306:Hongzhi Tongbao
256:Dazhong Tongbao
227:(崇禎通寶) Zhiqian.
217:
211:
187:strung together
183:
122:
116:
76:
74:
24:Guangxu Tongbao
12:
11:
5:
2643:
2641:
2633:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2610:Coins of China
2602:
2601:
2595:
2594:
2592:
2591:
2584:
2581:
2580:
2578:
2577:
2572:
2566:
2564:
2558:
2557:
2555:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2523:
2521:
2514:
2513:
2511:
2510:
2500:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2484:
2478:
2476:
2470:
2469:
2467:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2435:
2433:
2429:
2428:
2426:
2425:
2420:
2412:
2404:
2396:
2387:
2385:
2381:
2380:
2378:
2377:
2376:
2375:
2364:
2362:
2358:
2357:
2355:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2303:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2276:
2274:
2268:
2267:
2265:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2233:
2231:
2225:
2224:
2222:
2221:
2216:
2215:
2214:
2207:Xinjiang coins
2204:
2202:Mengjiang yuan
2199:
2197:Manchukuo yuan
2194:
2189:
2183:
2181:
2177:
2176:
2174:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2147:
2146:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2124:Da Shu coinage
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2095:
2093:
2087:
2086:
2084:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2067:
2065:
2061:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2054:
2047:
2040:
2032:
2023:
2022:
2014:
2011:
2010:
2008:
2007:
2001:
1995:
1989:
1983:
1977:
1971:
1965:
1959:
1952:
1950:
1946:
1945:
1943:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1916:
1914:
1910:
1909:
1907:
1906:
1899:
1897:
1891:
1890:
1888:
1887:
1881:
1872:
1870:
1869:Currency units
1866:
1865:
1863:
1862:
1856:
1849:
1847:
1843:
1842:
1840:
1839:
1832:
1830:
1824:
1823:
1821:
1820:
1814:
1811:Kangxi Tongbao
1807:
1805:
1799:
1798:
1796:
1795:
1792:Yongle Tongbao
1789:
1786:Hongwu Tongbao
1782:
1780:
1774:
1773:
1770:
1769:
1767:
1766:
1759:
1757:
1748:
1740:
1739:
1737:
1736:
1729:
1727:
1721:
1720:
1718:
1717:
1711:
1704:
1702:
1698:
1697:
1695:
1694:
1687:
1685:
1675:
1674:
1667:
1665:
1663:
1662:
1656:
1654:
1650:
1649:
1647:by inscription
1643:
1641:
1640:
1633:
1626:
1618:
1612:
1611:
1604:
1585:
1571:
1560:
1554:978-1412054669
1553:
1540:
1530:
1527:
1524:
1523:
1521:, p. 424.
1511:
1499:
1497:, p. 405.
1484:
1469:
1460:
1415:
1402:Chinaknowledge
1361:
1359:, p. 256.
1349:
1347:, p. 253.
1337:
1335:, p. 252.
1320:
1318:, p. 248.
1308:
1306:, p. 249.
1273:
1247:
1221:
1190:
1181:
1152:
1123:
1121:, p. 247.
1098:
1096:, p. 237.
1081:
1068:Chinaknowledge
994:
993:
991:
988:
985:
984:
975:
961:
960:
958:
955:
954:
953:
934:
927:
925:
912:
905:
903:
897:issued by the
892:
885:
883:
870:
863:
859:
856:
714:Kangxi Tongbao
533:Main article:
530:
527:
477:Tianqi Tongbao
302:Xuande Tongbao
298:Yongle Tongbao
264:Hongwu Tongbao
213:Main article:
210:
207:
182:
179:
115:
112:
108:Hongwu Tongbao
97:Qing dynasties
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2642:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2607:
2605:
2590:
2586:
2585:
2582:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2567:
2565:
2563:
2559:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2515:
2508:
2504:
2501:
2499:Silver dollar
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2479:
2477:
2475:
2471:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2454:Zhaona Xinbao
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2436:
2434:
2430:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2418:
2413:
2411:
2410:
2405:
2403:
2402:
2397:
2395:
2394:
2389:
2388:
2386:
2382:
2374:
2373:Ancestor coin
2371:
2370:
2369:
2366:
2365:
2363:
2359:
2353:
2352:Silver Dragon
2350:
2348:
2347:Hubu Guanpiao
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2282:
2281:
2278:
2277:
2275:
2273:
2269:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2247:Ant-nose coin
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2234:
2232:
2230:
2226:
2220:
2217:
2213:
2210:
2209:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2192:Kucha coinage
2190:
2188:
2185:
2184:
2182:
2178:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2145:
2144:Da Qi coinage
2142:
2141:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2096:
2094:
2092:
2088:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2068:
2066:
2062:
2053:
2048:
2046:
2041:
2039:
2034:
2033:
2030:
2019:
2012:
2005:
2002:
1999:
1996:
1993:
1990:
1987:
1984:
1981:
1978:
1975:
1972:
1969:
1966:
1963:
1960:
1957:
1954:
1953:
1951:
1947:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1917:
1915:
1911:
1904:
1901:
1900:
1898:
1892:
1885:
1882:
1879:
1878:
1874:
1873:
1871:
1867:
1860:
1857:
1854:
1853:Zhaona Xinbao
1851:
1850:
1848:
1844:
1837:
1834:
1833:
1831:
1829:
1825:
1818:
1815:
1812:
1809:
1808:
1806:
1804:
1800:
1793:
1790:
1787:
1784:
1783:
1781:
1779:
1775:
1764:
1761:
1760:
1758:
1756:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1741:
1734:
1731:
1730:
1728:
1726:
1722:
1715:
1712:
1709:
1706:
1705:
1703:
1699:
1692:
1689:
1688:
1686:
1684:
1683:Han dynasties
1680:
1676:
1671:
1661:
1658:
1657:
1655:
1651:
1646:
1639:
1634:
1632:
1627:
1625:
1620:
1619:
1616:
1609:
1605:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1572:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1556:
1550:
1546:
1541:
1538:
1533:
1532:
1528:
1520:
1515:
1512:
1508:
1503:
1500:
1496:
1491:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1476:
1474:
1470:
1464:
1461:
1448:
1441:
1434:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1416:
1403:
1399:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1353:
1350:
1346:
1341:
1338:
1334:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1312:
1309:
1305:
1300:
1298:
1296:
1294:
1292:
1290:
1288:
1286:
1284:
1282:
1280:
1278:
1274:
1261:
1254:
1252:
1248:
1235:
1231:
1225:
1222:
1210:
1209:
1204:
1200:
1194:
1191:
1185:
1182:
1169:
1165:
1159:
1157:
1153:
1140:
1136:
1130:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1090:
1088:
1086:
1082:
1069:
1065:
1063:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1020:
1018:
1016:
1014:
1012:
1010:
1008:
1006:
1004:
1002:
1000:
996:
989:
979:
976:
972:
966:
963:
956:
950:
946:
942:
938:
931:
926:
922:
918:
917:
909:
904:
900:
896:
889:
884:
880:
879:
874:
867:
862:
857:
855:
853:
849:
846:The standard
844:
842:
838:
834:
832:
828:
823:
821:
817:
813:
809:
804:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
777:
775:
771:
767:
763:
758:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
735:
729:
727:
723:
719:
715:
710:
708:
707:Southern Ming
704:
700:
696:
692:
687:
685:
681:
676:
671:
666:
664:
660:
655:
641:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
613:
610:
605:
601:
597:
593:
588:
566:
562:
558:
555:Prior to the
550:
546:
541:
536:
528:
526:
524:
520:
516:
511:
509:
504:
500:
497:
493:
488:
486:
485:silver ingots
482:
478:
473:
470:
466:
460:
458:
454:
450:
449:Wanli Tongbao
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
425:
423:
419:
414:
412:
408:
404:
400:
395:
393:
389:
385:
381:
376:
373:
369:
364:
362:
358:
354:
350:
344:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
317:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
290:
288:
287:metric system
284:
283:
278:
273:
271:
270:
265:
261:
257:
253:
250:
246:
245:Zhu Yuanzhang
242:
238:
234:
226:
221:
216:
208:
206:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
180:
178:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
151:
145:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
121:
113:
111:
109:
105:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
72:
68:
62:
54:
46:
42:
41:Standard cash
35:
31:
30:
25:
20:
16:
2625:Ming dynasty
2459:Bamboo tally
2416:
2408:
2400:
2392:
2237:Cowrie shell
2003:
1875:
1803:Qing dynasty
1778:Ming dynasty
1725:Tang dynasty
1714:Kucha Wu Zhu
1701:Wu Zhu coins
1588:
1577:
1563:
1544:
1519:Hartill 2005
1514:
1502:
1495:Hartill 2005
1480:Hartill 2005
1463:
1451:. Retrieved
1406:. Retrieved
1357:Hartill 2005
1352:
1345:Hartill 2005
1340:
1333:Hartill 2005
1316:Hartill 2005
1311:
1304:Hartill 2005
1264:. Retrieved
1238:. Retrieved
1224:
1212:. Retrieved
1206:
1199:Rachel Nuwer
1193:
1184:
1172:. Retrieved
1167:
1143:. Retrieved
1138:
1119:Hartill 2005
1094:Hartill 2005
1072:. Retrieved
1061:
978:
970:
965:
936:
914:
894:
876:
851:
845:
835:
830:
826:
824:
815:
811:
805:
796:
788:
778:
773:
769:
765:
759:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
732:
730:
711:
702:
698:
690:
688:
683:
669:
667:
662:
658:
656:
625:Qing dynasty
621:Shun dynasty
614:
608:
599:
592:Qing dynasty
589:
554:
529:Qing dynasty
522:
518:
514:
512:
507:
505:
501:
489:
474:
461:
444:
426:
421:
415:
410:
406:
396:
391:
383:
377:
365:
345:
318:
304:(宣德通寶), and
293:
291:
280:
276:
274:
267:
252:Yuan dynasty
233:Ming dynasty
230:
209:Ming dynasty
184:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
146:
141:
137:
133:
130:Song dynasty
123:
101:copper-alloy
88:
85:Durun i jiha
84:
64:
40:
39:
27:
15:
2384:Near modern
2368:Mother coin
2312:Flying cash
2262:Spade money
2252:Knife money
1903:Mother coin
1574:Peng Xinwei
1507:Peng Xinwei
837:Peng Xinwei
806:During the
776:of silver.
693:(一厘錢, "one-
590:During the
479:(天啟通寶) and
368:paper money
355:, Jiangxi,
114:Terminology
81:Möllendorff
2615:Cash coins
2604:Categories
2587:See also:
2444:Horse coin
2399:Candareen
2280:Cash coins
2016:See also:
1755:Later Zhou
1601:Washington
1597:Bellingham
1453:8 February
990:References
712:Until the
699:Zheyinqian
596:bimetallic
431:, Shanxi,
203:mint marks
126:older ones
118:See also:
104:cash coins
2290:Ban Liang
2257:Ying Yuan
1691:Ban Liang
1564:Qing cash
709:dynasty.
640:mint mark
619:from the
487:instead.
455:and 6.2%
435:, Henan,
361:Guangdong
341:Southeast
260:Baoquanju
237:Baoyuanju
175:Sizhuqian
171:Shangqian
142:sizhuqian
128:from the
2518:Renminbi
2332:Jiaochao
2272:Imperial
2242:Tong Bei
2212:Hongqian
2171:Shengbao
2064:Overview
1980:Qianqian
1974:Hongqian
1956:Bingqian
1949:Concepts
1653:Overview
1408:14 March
1266:14 March
1234:BBC News
1174:14 March
1145:14 March
1074:13 March
949:Xinjiang
803:(咸豐通寶).
691:Yiliqian
684:de facto
670:hongtong
433:Shandong
353:Zhejiang
300:(永樂通寶),
241:Yingtian
223:Various
163:Fengqian
150:yangqian
140:(私錢) or
66:zhì qián
2552:Digital
2417:(liǎng)
2285:Strings
2229:Ancient
2004:Zhiqian
1986:Tieqian
1529:Sources
1240:30 July
1214:31 July
1062:zhiqian
820:Tianjin
808:Tongzhi
764:, or 1
675:baiqian
617:Manchus
571:ᡶᡠᠯᡳᠩᡤᠠ
441:Huguang
437:Shaanxi
195:emperor
155:Beiqian
144:(私鑄錢).
134:jiuqian
34:Guangxu
2520:series
2409:(qián)
2322:Guanzi
2317:Jiaozi
2295:Wu Zhu
1994:(龜甲穿錢)
1962:Daqian
1861:(香港一文)
1855:(招納信寶)
1846:Others
1838:(正德通寳)
1819:(乾隆通寳)
1813:(康熙通寳)
1794:(永樂通寳)
1788:(洪武通寳)
1765:(周元通寳)
1735:(開元通寳)
1708:Wu Zhu
1551:
945:Yining
785:Daqian
659:fanzhu
646:ᠴᡳᠣᠸᠠᠨ
637:Manchu
559:, the
496:Manchu
429:Yunnan
392:haoyin
372:demand
359:, and
357:Fujian
249:Mongol
181:Design
138:siqian
87:), or
71:Manchu
63::
61:pinyin
55::
47::
2464:Token
2415:Tael
2407:Mace
2401:(fēn)
2393:(wén)
2391:Cash
2327:Huizi
2307:Sycee
2000:(鎮庫錢)
1970:(花穿錢)
1443:(PDF)
957:Notes
916:chuàn
652:ᠶᡠᠸᠠᠨ
569:ᠠᠪᡴᠠᡳ
453:brass
388:catty
337:South
243:, by
2486:Fabi
2423:Yuan
2006:(制錢)
1988:(鐡錢)
1982:(鉛錢)
1976:(紅錢)
1964:(大錢)
1958:(餅錢)
1905:(母錢)
1716:(五銖)
1710:(五銖)
1693:(半兩)
1681:and
1549:ISBN
1455:2020
1410:2020
1268:2020
1242:2018
1216:2018
1176:2020
1147:2020
1076:2020
971:dìng
827:qián
816:qián
812:qián
762:tael
755:qián
751:qián
747:qián
743:qián
739:qián
734:qián
695:cash
680:zinc
585:ᠵᡳᡴᠠ
579:ᠰᡠᡵᡝ
575:ᠵᡳᡴᠠ
549:cash
519:qián
515:qián
445:qián
422:qián
411:qián
407:dìng
384:qián
325:zinc
282:qián
167:qián
159:qián
95:and
93:Ming
77:ᠵᡳᡴᠠ
36:era.
2547:5th
2542:4th
2537:3rd
2532:2nd
2527:1st
2507:5th
1880:(文)
1877:wén
1679:Qin
1404:.de
1070:.de
937:wén
895:wén
878:wén
852:fēn
831:fēn
797:wén
789:wén
774:fēn
770:fēn
766:fēn
726:tin
663:mǎo
650:ᠪᠣᠣ
644:ᠪᠣᠣ
609:wén
600:wén
587:).
581:ᡥᠠᠨ
573:ᡥᠠᠨ
523:fēn
508:wén
457:tin
321:tin
294:wén
289:).
277:wén
269:wén
29:wén
2606::
1610:).
1603:).
1599:,
1584:).
1566:,
1539:).
1487:^
1472:^
1418:^
1400:.
1364:^
1323:^
1276:^
1250:^
1232:.
1205:.
1166:.
1155:^
1137:.
1126:^
1101:^
1084:^
1066:.
998:^
969:1
951:.
947:,
923:.
901:.
871:A
833:.
757:.
583:ᠨᡳ
543:A
525:.
413:.
339:,
316:.
205:.
83::
79:;
73::
69:;
59:;
57:制钱
51:;
49:制錢
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2505:(
2051:e
2044:t
2037:v
1637:e
1630:t
1623:v
1595:(
1559:.
1557:.
1457:.
1412:.
1270:.
1244:.
1218:.
1178:.
1149:.
1078:.
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