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thereafter. In his absence
Nkonyane took effective control and insisted on several key changes to doctrine. Perhaps most importantly, he stressed the need for his followers to propitiate their ancestors—a practice abhorred by the AFM and most Christian denominations. Nkonyane maintained that “Whoever forsakes his ancestors is also forsaken by his ancestors and he becomes an easy prey for disease.” Secondly, he insisted that the form of ornate religious dress worn by Dowie, including robes, staffs, and other paraphernalia, should be used in his congregation. In 1910 Nkonyane's defiance versus the AFM and local authorities led to his expulsion from Wakkerstroom. Eventually, he and about two-thirds of the Wakkerstroom congregation pooled their resources and obtained freehold property in Charlestown, Natal, where they built the first South African "Zion". Many dozens of offshoots from Nkonyane's church formed small Zionist churches, especially in Swaziland (today
161:. After obtaining land from a sympathetic chief, Lion began to build his own Zion in Kolonyama, Basotholand (now known as Lesotho), and formed ZAFM in 1917. Still under the AFM umbrella, he moved his followers to Kolonyama in 1920, and had an increasingly fractious relationship with the AFM until he was expelled in 1923. A number of doctrinal innovations, including sexual confession, brought him negative attention from the authorities, and Lion was eventually jailed for rape and subsequently expelled from Basotholand in 1927. Following his expulsion, Lion raised funds by garnishing his congregations' wages and bought several pieces of freehold land in the Transvaal that he attempted to turn into another "Zion". Lion's organization failed to grow significantly after his expulsion. Among its more important offshoots was the
153:. Shembe was a member of the AFM for only a year in the Orange Free State, when the Ethiopian church that he preached for joined the AFM en masse. In 1911 Shembe left the Free State and moved to Natal, where he used the AFM's faith healing techniques to build up a following across the province. Harnessing the meager resources of his followers, he formed the Narazeth Baptist Church and purchased freehold land at Ekuphakameni, the second South African "Zion". Shembe's Nazarite church was to become the largest Zionist congregation until eclipsed by the Zion Christian Church in the 1950s. Shembe's church was distinct from most other Zionist sects in that he insisted that he was a prophet sent directly from God to the Zulu nation. Most other Zionists were distinctly non-ethnic in outlook.
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Several key
African-led secessions from the AFM led to the explosion of Zionist sects in the 1910s and 1920s. The first was led by Daniel Nkonyane, who was Le Roux's deputy in Wakkerstroom. In 1908 Le Roux became an important AFM official and spent most of his time in the Johannesburg headquarters
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The Old
Cornerstone Apostolic Church in Zion of South Africa, under Archbishop Mawethu Anthwell, had its beliefs grow out of late-nineteenth and early-twentieth religious missions in Southern Africa. In particular the churches owe their origins to the
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Edward Lion's Zion
Apostolic Faith Mission (ZAFM) was also a critical early Zionist sect. Lion, an early Zionist convert, was appointed AFM leader in Basotholand in 1912. Prior to this Lion had received extensive training as a faith healer by
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The arrival of Dowie's emissary, Daniel Bryant, in 1904 led to the formation of a formal
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Transvaal. This initial Zionist church did not flourish for long due to Dowie's disgracing in America. In 1908, however, the arrival of the former Zionist-turned-Pentecostal
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Schisms and succession disputes during the twentieth century led to the foundation of thousands of different congregations, of which the largest is the
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Speaking for ourselves: members of
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Murray, Colin (Aug 1999). "The Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit: Resistance and Abuse in the Life of
Solomon Lion (1908-1987)".
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Some smaller denominations worship in the open air, and practise "wheel" dances—dancing in circles, sometimes to the beat of drums.
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For
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The next significant secession from the AFM was by a little-known member,
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who continued to evangelize after the Zionist missionaries left in 1908.
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The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in South Africa
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Zionist churches are characterised by the following features:
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are a group of Christian denominations that derive from the
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Ritual garments, often mostly white, and prophetic staffs.
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His Grace The Right Reverend Dr Barnabas Edward Lekganyane
394:. Institute for Contextual Theology. 1985. p. 17.
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506:. Lanham MD: Scarecrow Press. pp. 272–3.
349:The Birth of Christian Zionism in South Africa
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84:; research in 1996 suggested that 40% of all
76:The Zionist Churches proliferated throughout
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419:. London: Oxford University. pp. 49–50.
56:in 1904 and among their first recruits were
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351:. Kwa-Dlangezwa: University of Zululand.
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368:. Pretoria: UNISA. pp. 11–12.
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