1975:
718:
only focus on differentiating the form and structure of characters. As for the study of speech sounds and rhymes, there is much doubt and confusion. Either through speculation on ancient characters or interpretation of contemporary ones, the investigations have mostly missed the target. It is in
480:
period (420–589), when "lexicography in China entered the stage of exploration and development. There were more new dictionary types coming into being and discoveries were waiting to be made in format and style, in mode of definition, and in phonetic notation.".
631:
title) in stressing the importance of character dictionaries. "Words and characters are fundamental. For students nowadays, they rarely have a better knowledge of characters: when they read the Five
Classics" they follow the civil official
1862:
557:
style, odd characters, and characters easily confusable. Its writing style is the standardized official script of the Han dynasty. It has, to a large extent, captured the essence of
1413:
1068:
1802:
1792:
1670:
1832:
1061:
1842:
1782:
788:
1872:
553:
It generally follows the example of the . It cites extensively and identifies and differentiates ancient characters, characters of the
1812:
1054:
615:. After accompanying the Emperor on a tour, Yan Zhitui wanted to look up the origins and archaic pronunciations of two obscure
477:
181:
1997:
1978:
1822:
361:
783:(封氏聞見記; "Master Feng's Record of Knowledge"; c. 770), written by the Tang dynasty scholar Feng Yan (封演), described the
1468:
849:(1716) quotes its definitions and pronunciations over 180 times. Ren Dazhuang (任大樁; 1738–1789) compiled the 8-volume
1703:
347:
1747:
405:
1714:
1852:
880:
1766:
241:
2002:
922:, tr. by Zhang Liqing (張立青) National East Asian Languages Resource Center, Ohio State University. p. 72.
727:
that the voiceless is differentiated from the voiced and the tones are demarcated in five scales . (76)
447:
425:(韻集; "Assembly of Rimes"; c. 280). Other than their dictionaries, little is known about either brother.
816:(1493) only mentions this dictionary once. A discussion of different vehicle types (18, 禮五) quotes the
1926:
1650:
1446:
301:
1046:
1514:
581:
508:
139:
1955:
1435:
1331:
1081:
1077:
538:
343:
446:"forest; woods; grove; group; collection of literary works; many; numerous". Titles of several
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1342:
1320:
1309:
1276:
845:
695:
577:
569:
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1936:
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611:(顏氏家訓; "Family Instructions of the Yan Clan") referred to the usefulness of consulting the
1692:
1536:
1483:
1457:
1353:
593:
94:
994:
McNair, Amy (1995), "Public Values in
Calligraphy and Orthography in the Tang Dynasty",
795:
in 7 volumes, following the 540 radicals, it included 12,824 characters. Among all the
1659:
1364:
1041:
160:
153:
1991:
1221:
1166:
915:
592:
format of giving the head character entry in Small Seal Script and the definition in
489:
366:
1635:
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Lü Chen's younger brother Lü Jing (呂靜) was also a lexicographer, who compiled the
371:
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129:
78:
1580:
791:). During the Jin dynasty, Lü Chen sought out unusual characters and compiled the
1946:
1298:
1243:
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659:
616:
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521:
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604:
1199:
1155:
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108:
432:, translated as "Forest of Characters" or "The Character Forest", combines
1547:
1492:
736:
627:
character dictionaries. Yan Zhitui also referred to Lü Chen (without the
534:
456:
421:
357:
278:
115:
776:正 "correct" (suitable for government examinations) forms of characters.
529:(論書表; "Memorial on Calligraphy"; 514), in which Jiang Shi described the
1569:
1525:
1254:
1188:
1177:
762:, but it was later lost. Yan Yuansun (顏元孫; d. 732), the Tang author of
651:
637:
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136:
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1892:
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204:
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1287:
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165:
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667:(581–618) history, "Biography of Pan Hui" (潘徽) criticized the
144:
839:(1644–1911), scholars collected surviving fragments of the
710:
have merely retained some texts and quotations; those like
824:(軿車; "curtained carriage") had cloth curtains but no rear
920:
The
Historical Evolution of Chinese Languages and Scripts
899:
897:
186:
120:
799:-based dictionaries, Lü Chen's was the most beneficial.
1863:
Lin Yutang's
Chinese-English Dictionary of Modern Usage
877:
412:
as a "more influential character dictionary" than the
306:
382:(121; with 9,353 character entries) and preceded the
99:
83:
857:") in, and Tao Fangqi (陶方琦; 1845–1884) compiled the
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1414:Ministry of Education Mandarin Chinese Dictionary
843:and quotations in other books. For example, the
832:(輜車; "ancient covered wagon") had a rear shaft.
712:An Explanatory Dictionary of Chinese Characters
408:Chinese characters. Yong and Peng describe the
283:
269:
1803:A Syllabic Dictionary of the Chinese Language
1062:
45:
8:
654:'s interpretations but neglected Lü Chen's.
537:(r. 349–350) was enfeoffed at Rencheng (任城)
223:
209:
1671:Great Dictionary of Modern Chinese Dialects
1025:The Chinese Lexicon: A Comprehensive Survey
861:(字林考逸補本; "Supplement to Examining the Lost
500:(字林音義; "Pronunciations and Meanings in the
404:, and included more the 3,000 uncommon and
1974:
1882:
1771:
1092:
1069:
1055:
1047:
292:
232:
62:
1793:Medhurst's Chinese and English Dictionary
787:in a list of early Chinese dictionaries (
768:"Lexicon for Seeking a Salary", used the
464:(大漢語林; "Great Forest of Chinese"; 1992).
460:(大辞林; "Great Forest of Words", 1988) and
1008:
982:
969:
956:
943:
931:
903:
519:(386–535) dynasty. His biography in the
439:"character; script; writing; graph" and
893:
687:character dictionaries and praised the
828:(轅; "(cart/carriage) shaft"), while a
20:
492:compiled the first commentary to the
7:
1843:Concise Dictionary of Spoken Chinese
1783:A Dictionary of the Chinese Language
758:"was considered as important as the
721:The Dictionary of Initial Consonants
1833:Mathews' Chinese–English Dictionary
1038:Zilin 字林 "The Forest of Characters"
640:, "and when they practice writing
488:(420–479), Wu Gongceng (吳恭曾) from
353:Lü Chen (呂忱). It contained 12,824
14:
875:Yong, Heming; Peng, Jing (2008).
802:The last remaining copies of the
1973:
772:as a source for determining the
743:in 7 volumes and Wu Gongceng's
478:Northern and Southern dynasties
388:(c. 543; with 12,158 entries).
187:
166:
145:
121:
1873:ABC Chinese–English Dictionary
1391:
1386:
1382:
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644:-poems," they believed in the
636:rather than the lexicographer
507:Jiang Shi (江式) was a renowned
307:
247:
100:
84:
46:
16:Chinese Jin dynasty dictionary
1:
1133:
739:" section includes Lü Chen's
454:林 "forest" metaphor, such as
1979:List of Chinese dictionaries
1823:The Five Thousand Dictionary
1813:A Chinese–English Dictionary
370:. In the history of Chinese
1469:Xiandai Hanyu Guifan Cidian
853:(字林考逸; "Examining the Lost
525:(554) history included the
2019:
1704:Yiqiejing Yinyi (Xuanying)
603:dynasty (550–577) scholar
1971:
1748:Zhongguo Renming Dacidian
1099:
580:") were archaic forms of
545:), Lü Chen presented the
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61:
30:
1715:Yiqiejing Yinyi (Huilin)
725:The Collection of Rhymes
1853:Grammata Serica Recensa
881:Oxford University Press
360:, organized by the 540-
1921:(Tangut; 12th century)
1121:(first millennium BCE)
1023:Yip, Po-ching (2000),
729:
679:character primers and
563:
1137: 3rd century BC
806:were lost before the
747:(字林音義) in 5 volumes.
700:
551:
448:Japanese dictionaries
396:Lü Chen compiled the
348:Jin dynasty (266–420)
1998:Chinese dictionaries
1927:Pentaglot Dictionary
1447:Xiandai Hanyu Cidian
1009:Yong & Peng 2008
983:Yong & Peng 2008
970:Yong & Peng 2008
957:Yong & Peng 2008
944:Yong & Peng 2008
932:Yong & Peng 2008
904:Yong & Peng 2008
716:The Character Forest
702:Previous works like
663:(636), the official
340:Forest of Characters
182:Baxter–Sagart (2014)
1515:Kanmiu Buque Qieyun
1027:, Psychology Press.
998:43:263–278. p. 264.
582:Chinese calligraphy
476:was popular in the
1956:Han-Han Dae Sajeon
1909:In other languages
1436:Zhongwen Da Cidian
1332:Zhonghua Da Zidian
1082:Chinese characters
1080:for scripts using
708:The Instant Primer
400:to supplement the
344:Chinese dictionary
1985:
1984:
1967:
1966:
1917:Pearl in the Palm
1904:
1903:
1761:
1760:
1597:(c. 12th century)
1343:Xinhua Dictionary
1321:Shuowen Jiezi Zhu
1310:Kangxi Dictionary
1271:(c. 11th century)
972:, pp. 186–7.
859:Zilin kaoyi buben
846:Kangxi Dictionary
781:Fengshi wenjianji
704:Three Cang Primer
696:rime dictionaries
578:Small Seal Script
570:Large Seal Script
504:") in 5 volumes.
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242:McCune–Reischauer
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72:Standard Mandarin
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302:Revised Hepburn
54:Literal meaning
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588:followed the
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2003:Lexicography
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1636:Peiwen Yunfu
1634:
1625:Qi Lin Bayin
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1592:Pingshui Yun
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837:Qing dynasty
834:
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808:Song dynasty
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358:head entries
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130:Southern Min
85:
79:Hanyu Pinyin
35:Chinese name
24:
18:
1718:一切經音義 (慧琳)
1707:一切經音義 (玄英)
1299:Zhengzitong
1244:Ganlu Zishu
1150:(c. 220 BC)
1145:Cangjiepian
1116:Shizhoupian
1089:Monolingual
851:Zilin kaoyi
835:During the
765:Ganlu Zishu
745:Zilin yinyi
733:Book of Sui
670:Cangjiepian
665:Sui dynasty
660:Book of Sui
617:place names
601:Northern Qi
527:Lunshu biao
522:Book of Wei
515:during the
513:epigraphist
498:Zilin yinyi
484:During the
199:Korean name
175:Old Chinese
1992:Categories
1685:Exegetical
1674:現代漢語方言大詞典
1161:(c. 40 BC)
1096:Characters
869:References
605:Yan Zhitui
539:commandery
428:The title
95:Wade–Giles
1767:Bilingual
1651:Varieties
1581:Qiyin lüe
1472:现代汉语规范词典
1200:Xiao Erya
1156:Jijiupian
889:Footnotes
676:Jijiupian
607:'s (581)
574:xiǎozhuàn
559:xiaozhuan
355:character
167:DziH lim
1959:(Korean)
1751:中國人名大辭典
1720:(c. 807)
1709:(c. 649)
1698:(c. 583)
1548:Guangyun
1498:(c. 230)
1493:Shenglei
1417:教育部國語辭典
1238:(c. 543)
1216:(c. 350)
1194:(c. 230)
1183:(c. 200)
918:(2003),
689:Shenglei
457:Daijirin
279:Hiragana
116:Jyutping
1660:Fangyan
1570:Yunjing
1526:Tangyun
1518:刊謬補缺切韻
1450:现代汉语词典
1255:Leipian
1189:Guangya
1178:Shiming
822:píngchē
820:that a
652:Qu Yuan
638:Xu Shen
634:Xu Miao
572:") and
566:Zhòuwén
533:. When
468:History
406:variant
362:radical
332:Chinese
137:Hokkien
101:Tzu-lin
41:Chinese
1896:(1997)
1893:CEDICT
1886:Online
1877:(1996)
1867:(1972)
1857:(1957)
1847:(1947)
1837:(1931)
1827:(1926)
1817:(1892)
1807:(1874)
1797:(1842)
1787:(1823)
1753:(1921)
1676:(2002)
1641:(1711)
1619:(1324)
1575:(1161)
1564:(1037)
1553:(1008)
1504:Qieyun
1474:(2004)
1463:(1994)
1461:漢語大詞典
1452:(1978)
1441:(1968)
1439:中文大辭典
1430:(1938)
1419:(1926)
1408:(1915)
1403:Ciyuan
1370:(1994)
1359:(1989)
1357:漢語大字典
1348:(1957)
1337:(1915)
1335:中華大字典
1326:(1815)
1324:說文解字注
1315:(1716)
1304:(1627)
1293:(1615)
1282:(1254)
1277:Zitong
1260:(1066)
1233:Yupian
1222:Ziyuan
576:(小篆; "
568:(籀文; "
496:, the
385:Yupian
374:, the
342:was a
334::
248:Charim
205:Hangul
1731:(997)
1729:龍龕手鑒
1696:經典釋文
1639:佩文韻府
1628:戚林八音
1617:中原音韻
1606:蒙古字韻
1559:Jiyun
1542:(780)
1540:韻海鏡源
1531:(732)
1520:(706)
1509:(601)
1425:Cihai
1379:Words
1368:中华字海
1346:新华字典
1313:康熙字典
1288:Zihui
1247:干祿字書
1211:Zilin
1170:說文解字
863:Zilin
855:Zilin
841:Zilin
830:zīchē
818:Zilin
804:Zilin
793:Zilin
785:Zilin
774:zheng
770:Zilin
756:Zilin
741:Zilin
693:Yunji
685:Zilin
650:poet
647:Chuci
629:Zilin
625:Yunji
621:Zilin
613:Zilin
586:Zilin
547:Zilin
531:Zilin
502:Zilin
494:Zilin
474:Zilin
430:Zilin
422:Yunji
410:Zilin
398:Zilin
376:Zilin
327:Zilin
308:Jirin
265:Kanji
219:Hanja
146:Jīlîm
122:Zilam
86:Zìlín
25:Zilin
1595:平水韻
1584:七音略
1484:Rime
1302:正字通
1266:Piya
1203:小爾雅
1159:急就篇
1148:倉頡篇
1127:Erya
1119:史籀篇
1007:cf.
981:Tr.
968:Tr.
955:Tr.
865:").
826:yuán
779:The
731:The
723:and
714:and
706:and
691:and
683:and
673:and
657:The
623:and
599:The
555:zhou
511:and
472:The
392:Text
324:The
1663:方言
1573:韻鏡
1562:集韻
1551:廣韻
1529:唐韻
1507:切韻
1496:聲類
1428:辭海
1406:辭源
1291:字彙
1280:字通
1269:埤雅
1258:類篇
1236:玉篇
1225:字苑
1214:字林
1192:廣雅
1181:釋名
1130:爾雅
452:rin
441:lín
285:じりん
140:POJ
1994::
1392:cí
1389:;
1134:c.
1105:zì
1102:;
1040:,
896:^
879:.
698:.
642:fu
596:.
561:.
434:zì
416:.
336:字林
271:字林
225:자림
211:字林
47:字林
1395:)
1387:词
1385:／
1383:詞
1381:(
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1132:(
1108:)
1100:字
1098:(
1070:e
1063:t
1056:v
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883:.
789:2
735:"
444:林
437:字
330:(
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