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1019:. The document is believed to be the actual telegram shown to the American ambassador in London in 1917. Marked in Admiral Hall's handwriting at the top of the document are the words: "This is the one handed to Dr Page and exposed by the President." Since many of the secret documents in this incident had been destroyed, it had previously been assumed that the original typed "decrypt" was gone forever. However, after the discovery of this document, the GCHQ official historian said: "I believe that this is indeed the same document that Balfour handed to Page."
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commercial telegraphic records, but the
Americans agreed to back the official cover story. The German Foreign Office refused to consider that their codes could have been broken but sent Von Eckardt on a witch hunt for a traitor in the embassy in Mexico. Von Eckardt indignantly rejected those accusations, and the Foreign Office eventually declared the embassy exonerated.
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code had been compromised, but that was a risk worth taking against the possibility of United States entry into the war.) Finally, since copies of the 13040 code text would also have been deposited in the records of the
American commercial telegraph company, the British had the ability to prove the authenticity of the message to the American government.
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more efficient GermanâAmerican diplomacy could assist Wilson's goal of a negotiated end to the war. The
Germans handed in messages to the American embassy in Berlin, which were relayed to the embassy in Denmark and then to the United States by American telegraph operators. The Germans assumed that this route was secure and so used it extensively.
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to Mexico, the telegram also mentioned "ruthless employment of our submarines". Public opinion demanded action. Wilson had refused to assign US Navy crews and guns to the merchant ships, but once the
Zimmermann note was public, Wilson called for arming the merchant ships although antiwar members of the
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nevertheless remained with a dilemma. Evidence the United States had been provided confidentially by the
British informed Wilson that the message was genuine, but he could not make the evidence public without compromising the British codebreaking operation. This problem was, however, resolved when
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On
February 1, 1917, Germany began unrestricted submarine warfare against all ships in the Atlantic bearing the American flag, both passenger and merchant ships. Two ships were sunk in February, and most American shipping companies held their ships in port. Besides the highly-provocative war proposal
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Moreover, the retransmission was encoded with the older code 13040 and so by mid-February, the
British had the complete text and the ability to release the telegram without revealing the extent to which the latest German codes had been broken. (At worst, the Germans might have realized that the 13040
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After the
Germans' telegraph cables had been cut, the German Foreign Office appealed to the United States for use of their diplomatic telegraphic messages for peace messages. President Wilson agreed in the belief both that such co-operation would sustain continued good relations with Germany and that
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On
February 19, Hall showed the telegram to Edward Bell, the secretary of the American Embassy in Britain. Bell was at first incredulous and thought that it was a forgery. Once Bell was convinced the message was genuine, he became enraged. On February 20, Hall informally sent a copy to US Ambassador
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Even if by some chance Mexico had the military means to win a conflict against the United States and to reclaim the territories in question, it would have had severe difficulty conquering and pacifying a large
English-speaking population which had long enjoyed self-government and was better supplied
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However, that put German diplomats in a precarious situation since they relied on the United States to transmit Zimmermann's note to its final destination, but the message's unencrypted contents would be deeply alarming to the Americans. The United States had placed conditions on German usage, most
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The German government's promises of "generous financial support" were very unreliable. It had already informed Carranza in June 1916 that it could not provide the necessary gold needed to stock a completely independent Mexican national bank. Even if Mexico received financial support, it would still
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The Zimmermann telegram was part of an effort carried out by the Germans to postpone the transportation of supplies and other war materials from the United States to the Allies, which were at war against Germany. The main purpose of the telegram was to make the Mexican government declare war on the
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Zimmermann's office sent the telegram to the German embassy in the United States for retransmission to Von Eckardt in Mexico. It has traditionally been understood that the telegram was sent over three routes. It went by radio, and passed via telegraph cable inside messages sent by diplomats of two
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by Germany on February 1, which the German government presumed would almost certainly lead to war with the United States. The telegram instructed Von Eckardt that if the United States appeared certain to enter the war, he was to approach the Mexican government with a proposal for military alliance
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and was given the codetext, the message in German, and the English translation. The British had obtained a further copy in Mexico City, and Balfour could obscure the real source with the half-truth that it had been "bought in Mexico". Page then reported the story to Wilson on February 24, 1917,
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For the first story, the British obtained the coded text of the telegram from the Mexican commercial telegraph office. The British knew that since the German embassy in Washington would relay the message by commercial telegraph, the Mexican telegraph office would have the coded text. "Mr. H", a
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Disclosure of the telegram would sway American public opinion against Germany if the British could convince the Americans that the text was genuine, but the Room 40 chief William Reginald Hall was reluctant to let it out because the disclosure would expose the German codes broken in Room 40 and
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You are instructed to inform the President of Mexico of the above in the greatest confidence as soon as it is certain that there will be an outbreak of war with the United States, and suggest that the President of Mexico shall on his own initiative communicate with Japan suggesting the latter's
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Hall passed the telegram to the British Foreign Office on February 5 but still warned against releasing it. Meanwhile, the British discussed possible cover stories to explain to the Americans how they obtained the coded text of the telegram and to explain how they obtained the cleartext of the
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ancestry, wished to avoid the conflict in Europe. Since the public had been told falsely that the telegram had been stolen in a decoded form in Mexico, the message was at first widely believed to be an elaborate forgery created by British intelligence. That belief, which was not restricted to
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The United States was far stronger militarily than Mexico was. Even if Mexico's military forces had been completely united and loyal to a single government, no serious scenario existed under which it could have invaded and won a war against the United States. Indeed, much of Mexico's military
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in which he admitted that the telegram was genuine. Zimmermann hoped that Americans would understand that the idea was that Germany would not fund Mexico's war with the United States unless the Americans joined World War I. Nevertheless, in his speech Zimmermann questioned how the Washington
770:), which was a later updated code that was similar to but not really related to code 13040, and naval code SKM (Signalbuch der Kaiserlichen Marine),ââ which was useless for decoding the Zimmermann telegram but valuable to decode naval traffic, which had been retrieved from the wrecked cruiser
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had partially decoded the telegram by the next day. By 1917, the diplomatic code 13040 had been in use for many years. Since there had been ample time for Room 40 to reconstruct the code cryptanalytically, it was readable to a fair degree. Room 40 had obtained German cryptographic documents,
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FĂŒr den Fall, daĂ dies nicht gelingen sollte, schlagen wir Mexico mit folgender Grundlage BĂŒndnis vor; Gemeinsame KriegfĂŒhrung, gemeinsamer FriedensschluĂ. Reichliche finzanzielle UnterstĂŒtzung und EinverstĂ€ndnis unsererseits, daĂ Mexiko in Texas, Neu Mexiko, Arizona frĂŒher verlorenes Gebiet
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As a cover story, the British could publicly claim that their agents had stolen the telegram's decoded text in Mexico. Privately, the British needed to give the Americans the 13040 code so that the American government could verify the authenticity of the message independently with their own
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in 1914, Mexico did not participate in any military excursion with the United States in World War I. That ensured that Mexican neutrality was the best outcome that the United States could hope for even if it allowed German companies to keep their operations in Mexico open.
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including details to be verified from telegraph-company files in the United States. Wilson felt "much indignation" toward the Germans and wanted to publish the Zimmermann Telegraph immediately after he had received it from the British, but he delayed until March 1, 1917.
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Direct telegraph transmission of the telegram was impossible because the British had cut the German international cables at the outbreak of war. However, Germany could communicate wirelessly through the Telefunken plant, operating under Atlantic Communication Company in
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On February 1 we intend to begin submarine warfare without restriction. In spite of this it is our intention to endeavour to keep the United States neutral. If this attempt is not successful, we propose an alliance on the following basis with Mexico:
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any doubts as to the authenticity of the telegram were removed by Zimmermann himself. At a press conference on March 3, 1917, he told an American journalist, "I cannot deny it. It is true." Then, on March 29, 1917, Zimmermann gave a speech in the
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That we shall make war together and together make peace; we shall give general financial support, and it is understood that Mexico is to reconquer her lost territory of New Mexico, Texas and Arizona. The details are left to you for settlement.
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Euer pp. wollen Vorstehendes PrĂ€sidenten streng geheim eröffnen, sobald Kriegsausbruch mit Vereinigten Staaten feststeht und Anregung hinzufĂŒgen, Japan von sich aus zu fortigem Beitritt einzuladen und gleichzeitig zwischen uns und Japan zu
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The Swedish diplomatic message holding the Zimmerman telegram went from Stockholm to Buenos Aires over British submarine telegraph cables, and then moved from Buenos Aires to Mexico over the cable network of a United States company.
806:, the British ambassador in Mexico, later claimed to have been "Mr. H" or at least to have been involved with the interception in his autobiography. The coded text could then be shown to the Americans without embarrassment.
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In October 2005, it was reported that an original typescript of the decoded Zimmermann telegram had recently been discovered by an unnamed historian who was researching and preparing a history of the United Kingdom's
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assigned a military commission to assess the feasibility of the Mexican takeover of their former territories contemplated by Germany. The generals concluded that such a war was unwinnable for the following reasons:
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and strangle Britain with unrestricted submarine warfare before American forces could be trained and shipped to Europe in sufficient numbers to aid the Allies. The Germans were encouraged by their successes on the
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notably that all messages had to be in cleartext (uncoded). However, Wilson had later reversed the order and relaxed the wireless rules to allow coded messages to be sent. Thus the Germans were able to persuade
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completed the decryption. On February 1, Germany announced resumption of "unrestricted" submarine warfare, an act that led the United States to break off diplomatic relations with Germany on February 3.
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government obtained the telegram. According to Reuters news service, Zimmermann told the Reichstag, "the instructions...came into its hands in a way which was not unobjectionable."
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Please call to the attention of the President of Mexico that the employment of ruthless submarine warfare now promises to compel England to make peace in a few month . â Zimmerman.
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The decryption has been described as the most significant intelligence triumph for Britain during World War I and it marked one of the earliest occasions on which a piece of
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telegram without letting anyone know that the codes had been broken. Furthermore, the British needed to find a way to convince the Americans the message was not a forgery.
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for raiding into American territory and carried out several cross-border expeditions. News of the telegram further inflamed tensions between the United States and Mexico.
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Germany had long sought to incite a war between Mexico and the United States, which would have tied down American forces and slowed the export of American arms to the
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431:, second only to their respective minister) in the Foreign Office of the German Empire on January 17, 1917. The message was sent to the German ambassador to Mexico,
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Bitte PrĂ€sidenten darauf hinweisen, daĂ rĂŒcksichtslose Anwendung unserer U-boote jetzt Aussicht bietet, England in wenigen Monaten sum Frieden zu zwingen.
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in 1916 (in dark green); territory promised to Mexico in the Zimmermann telegram (in light green); and the pre-1836 original Mexican territory (red line)
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pacifist and pro-German lobbies, was promoted by German and Mexican diplomats alongside some antiwar American newspapers, especially those of the
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Wir beabsichtigen am 1. Februar uneingeschrÀnkten Ubootkrieg zu beginnen. Es wird Versucht werden, Amerika trotzdem neutral zu halten.
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in 1914 in the context of the Ypiranga incident and against the advice of the British government. War was prevented thanks to the
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British eavesdropping on United States diplomatic traffic. Hall waited three weeks during which de Grey and cryptographer
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and Tampico oil fields and to ensure their continued production during the civil war, but this time, Mexican President
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The Politics of Property Rights: Political Instability, Credible Commitments, and Economic Growth in Mexico, 1876â1929
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British agent in Mexico, bribed an employee of the commercial telegraph company for a copy of the message. Sir
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and the movement of President Carranza in favor of Germany emboldened the Germans to send the Zimmermann note.
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As of 2006, there were six "closed" files on the Zimmermann telegram which had not been declassified held by
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The Sigint Secrets: The Signals Intelligence War, 1990 to Today-Including the Persecution of Gordon Welchman
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to believe that they could divert large numbers of troops to the Western Front in support of their goals.
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Revelation of the contents enraged Americans, especially after German State Secretary for Foreign Affairs
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publicly admitted on March 3, 1917, that the telegram was genuine. It helped to generate support for the
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547:, who was based in Mexico City, claimed to be responsible for the March 1917 munitions explosion at the
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2017:
723:, which operated it for Atlantic Communication Company, the American subsidiary of the German entity.
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by the United States on August 31, 1917, as a direct consequence of the Zimmermann telegram to ensure
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The Mexican Telegraph Company building in Galveston through which the Zimmermann telegram was relayed
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United States in hopes of tying down American forces and slowing the export of American arms. The
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Paterson, Thomas; Clifford, J. Garry; Brigham, Robert; Donoghue, Michael; Hagan, Kenneth (2010).
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adherence at once to this plan, and at the same time offer to mediate between Germany and Japan.
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Bridges, Lamar W. (1969). "Zimmermann Telegram: Reaction of Southern, Southwestern Newspapers".
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1367:"The Mexican Telegraph Company â The Zimmermann Telegram â Galveston County ~ Number: 18753"
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667:. Mexico entering a war against the United States would strain relations with those nations.
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2031:"Zimmerman Telegram: What Was The Zimmerman Telegram, and How Did It Affect World War One?"
652:(Argentina, Brazil, and Chile), which would strain relations with them, as explained below.
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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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The Japanese government, another nation mentioned in the Zimmerman telegram, was already
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The Zimmermann Telegram: Diplomacy, Intelligence and The American Entry into World War I
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2170:. Working Paper Series. Washington DC: The BMW Center for German and European Studies,
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to accept Zimmermann's note in coded form, and it was transmitted on January 16, 1917.
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The Zimmermann Telegram: Intelligence, Diplomacy, and America's Entry into World War I
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Why was the Zimmermann Telegram so important? Gordon Corera BBC News 17 January 2017
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had attempted to incite a war between Mexico and the United States in 1915, giving
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in 1914 to avoid a full-scale war between the United States and Mexico over the
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Pommerin, Reiner (1996). "Reichstagsrede Zimmermanns (Auszug), 30. MĂ€rz 1917".
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The Secret War in Mexico: Europe, the United States, and the Mexican Revolution
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Uncle Sam Wants You: World War I and the Making of the Modern American Citizen
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in the San Francisco Bay Area, and was possibly responsible for the July 1916
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was not in the German codebook, it had to be split into phonetic syllables.
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need to purchase arms, ammunition, and other needed war supplies from the
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Other foreign relations were at stake. The ABC nations had organized the
2304:. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft Vol. 1. pp. 213â16.
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Tools of Progress: A German Merchant Family in Mexico City, 1865âPresent
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This NARA publication paraphrases a book chapter by the cited authors
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zurĂŒckerobert. Regelung im einzelnen Euer Hochwohlgeboren ĂŒberlassen.
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Nexus: Strategic Communications and American Security in World War I
435:. Zimmermann sent the telegram in anticipation of the resumption of
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Paterson, Thomas; Clifford, John Garry; Hagan, Kenneth J. (1999).
950:, recently installed, threatened to destroy the oil fields if the
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with funding from Germany. The decoded telegram was as follows:
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527:. The Germans had aided in arming Mexico, as shown by the 1914
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Before Bletchley Park: The Codebreakers of the First World War
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Mexico and the United States in the Oil Controversy, 1917â1942
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in January 1917 that proposed a military contract between the
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The German provocations were partially successful. President
1104:"The telegram that brought America into the First World War"
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Wilson considered another military invasion of Veracruz and
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believed that it could defeat the British and French on the
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Moving out of German Embassy after breaking relations, 1917
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Threats of Intervention: U. S.-Mexican Relations, 1917â1923
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Imperial German plans for the invasion of the United States
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hardware of 1917 reflected only modest upgrades since the
827:. On February 23, Page met with British Foreign Minister
2084:"Telegram that brought US into Great War is Found Found"
1807:"The Alliance with Mexico and Japan Proposed by Germany"
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Wilson: Campaigns for Progressivism and Peace: 1916â1917
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including the diplomatic code 3512 (captured during the
338:) was a secret diplomatic communication issued from the
1638:"Intelligence Insight No. 004 podcast at 44:14 minutes"
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1501:. USA: Houghton Mifflin College Division. p. 51.
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Tucker, Spencer & Roberts, Priscilla Mary (2005).
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best-seller for the lay reader by the noted historian
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Submarines of the Russian and Soviet Navies 1718â1990
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The Forgotten Peace: Mediation at Niagara Falls, 1914
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Haber, Stephen; Maurer, Noel; Razo, Armando (2003).
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1285:. Ottawa, Canada: University of Ottawa. p. 35.
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1917 political cartoon about the Zimmermann telegram
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with arms than were most other civilian populations.
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4163:
4085:
4059:
4011:
3964:
3904:
3897:
3725:
3607:
3482:
3384:
3311:
3212:
3116:
3078:
3013:
3004:
2947:
2821:
2810:
2776:
2748:
2710:
2662:
2615:
2608:
1345:. USA: University of New Mexico Press. p. 82.
543:$ 12 million for that purpose. The German saboteur
2302:'Quellen zu den deutsch-amerikanischen Beziehungen
2082:
1388:
1334:
1332:
1158:Alexander, Mary; Childress, Marilyn (April 1981).
935:" that would "make the world safe for democracy".
745:All traffic passing through British hands came to
711:neutral countries (the United States and Sweden).
1893:Woodrow Wilson and the Progressive Era, 1910â1917
886:However, many Americans, particularly those with
793:The telegram, completely decrypted and translated
2110:. London: Atlantic Books. pp. 495, 17, 18.
1792:The Growth of American Foreign Policy: A History
1498:American Foreign Relations: A History Since 1895
1098:
1096:
3474:Armistice between Russia and the Central Powers
1996:. UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 201.
1969:. U.S.: University of Texas Press. p. 45.
1895:. New York: Harper & Row. pp. 252â282.
1573:Inside Room 40: The Codebreakers of World War I
777:by the Russians, who passed it to the British.
484:
445:
2391:. New York: Putnam. Vol. II, pp. 127â129.
2141:Room 40: British Naval Intelligence, 1914â1918
1854:"Dr. Zimmermannes Defense of His Mexican Plan"
1612:"Why was the Zimmerman Telegram so important?"
1162:. National Archives and Records Administration
581:, but the occupation was a decisive factor in
315:German interventions in the Mexican Revolution
134:German interventions in the Mexican Revolution
2513:
2360:Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly
1471:American Foreign Relations, Volume 1: To 1920
856:views. Mexicans had a considerable amount of
78:
8:
1447:. UK: Oxford University Press. p. 476.
1304:
1302:
1249:. Santa Barbara CA: ABC-CLIO. p. 1606.
420:
358:against Germany. With Germany's aid, Mexico
36:The Zimmermann telegram as it was sent from
2320:. Independent Print Limited. Archived from
1754:) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1699:) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1596:Polmar, Norman & Noot, Jurrien (1991).
860:in return, some of which was caused by the
446:
4347:
4056:
3961:
3901:
3010:
2818:
2612:
2520:
2506:
2498:
2487:Zimmermann Telegram: The Original Document
2477:Our Documents â Zimmermann Telegram (1917)
2349:Bernstorff, Count Johann Heinrich (1920).
2108:Colossus: Bletchley Park's Greatest Secret
1758:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1750:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1703:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1695:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
698:A portion of the telegram as decrypted by
96:U.S. involvement in the Mexican Revolution
85:
71:
63:
2472:Failed Diplomacy: the Zimmermann Telegram
2172:Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service
2143:. New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich.
1931:
1929:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1441:Beezley, William; Meyer, Michael (2010).
3763:Revolutions and interventions in Hungary
2255:On Secret Service East of Constantinople
2095:from the original on September 15, 2012.
1315:. USA: Marshall Cavendish. p. 869.
644:70 years before, which the U.S. had won.
4140:Occupied Enemy Territory Administration
1538:. New York: Quill. pp. 83, 87â92.
1056:
671:The Carranza government was recognized
27:1917 German alliance proposal to Mexico
2398:The Life and Letters of Walter H. Page
2353:. New York: Scribner. pp. 310â11.
2195:. Naval Institute Press. p. 319.
2060:Foreign Relations of the United States
1912:. U.S.: Greenwood Press. p. 596.
1828:
1743:
1722:(First ed.). Oxford. p. 59.
1720:1917 : war, peace, and revolution
1688:
1667:(First ed.). Oxford. p. 59.
1665:1917 : war, peace, and revolution
1600:. Annapolis: US Naval Institute Press.
1474:. USA: Cengage Learning. p. 265.
1312:Mexico and the United States, Volume 3
1017:Government Communications Headquarters
519:Previous German efforts to promote war
386:American declaration of war on Germany
4093:Austro-Hungarian occupation of Serbia
3429:Third Battle of Ypres (Passchendaele)
2216:. Oxford: Oxford Scholarship Online.
1848:
1846:
1718:Stevenson, D. (David), 1954- (2017).
1663:Stevenson, D. (David), 1954- (2017).
679:Mexican neutrality during World War I
7:
4497:Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne
1395:. Random House Publishing. pp.
1373:. Texas Historical Commission. 2017.
923:On April 6, 1917, Congress voted to
665:United States occupation of Veracruz
558:The failure of United States troops
4696:Signals intelligence of World War I
4426:Ottomans against the Triple Entente
3220:Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes
3159:First Battle of the Masurian Lakes
502:(The signature dropped the second
411:The message came in the form of a
373:. The telegram was intercepted by
25:
583:Mexican neutrality in World War I
3522:Second Battle of the Piave River
3144:Russian invasion of East Prussia
2081:Fenton, Ben (October 17, 2005).
1794:. Random House. pp. 330â31.
1575:. London: Ian Allan Publishing.
996:Last update: 2006 (18 years ago)
978:
4691:GermanyâUnited States relations
4661:1917 in international relations
4593:Arrest of a Suspect in Sarajevo
3793:Lithuanian Wars of Independence
2441:Winkler, Jonathan Reed (2008).
2210:Capozzola, Christopher (2008).
1942:. U.S.: iUniverse. p. 41.
1139:. Washington. February 28, 1917
862:American occupation of Veracruz
560:to capture Pancho Villa in 1916
4416:Austria-Hungary against Serbia
4275:Deportations from East Prussia
4072:1915 typhus epidemic in Serbia
1068:. Harper Collins. p. 42.
661:Niagara Falls peace conference
575:Niagara Falls peace conference
437:unrestricted submarine warfare
1:
4327:Ukrainian Canadian internment
2396:Hendrick, Burton J. (2003) .
2235:. London: Paul Gannon Books.
2231:Gannon, Paul (July 7, 2022).
1835:: CS1 maint: date and year (
1066:For The President's Eyes Only
702:codebreakers. Since the word
683:military invasion of Veracruz
571:military invasion of Veracruz
4482:SazonovâPalĂ©ologue Agreement
3781:Estonian War of Independence
3449:Southern Palestine offensive
1936:Halevy, Drew Philip (2000).
1444:The Oxford History of Mexico
1064:Andrew, Christopher (1996).
942:in 1917â1918, to pacify the
4436:USA against Austria-Hungary
3835:Turkish War of Independence
3787:Latvian War of Independence
3512:Treaty of Bucharest of 1918
3103:Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo
2492:Before Bletchley Park (WWI)
1790:Leopold, Richard W (1962).
510:for telegraphic purposes.)
44:, the German ambassador to
4727:
4519:Treaties of Brest-Litovsk
4067:1899â1923 cholera pandemic
3527:Second Battle of the Marne
3414:Second battle of the Aisne
3283:Second Battle of Champagne
3124:German invasion of Belgium
2372:10.1177/107769906904600112
2314:"The Zimmermann Telegraph"
1644:. The Bletchley Park Trust
1371:Texas Historic Sites Atlas
1193:. National Security Agency
1118:– via History Extra.
700:British Naval Intelligence
549:Mare Island Naval Shipyard
4671:1917 in the United States
4625:
4300:Assyrian genocide (Sayfo)
3829:Irish War of Independence
3572:Armistice of Villa Giusti
3557:Battle of Vittorio Veneto
3169:First Battle of the Marne
2535:
2387:Dugdale, Blanche (1937).
2351:My Three Years in America
2285:. London: Vintage Books.
2191:Boghardt, Thomas (2012).
1906:Gruening, Ernest (1968).
1419:Katz (1981), pp. 328â329.
1339:Buchenau, JĂŒrgen (2004).
1269:Katz (1981), pp. 346â347.
1235:Katz (1981), pp. 329â332.
1226:Katz (1981), pp. 232â240.
1188:"The Zimmermann Telegram"
1160:"The Zimmermann Telegram"
1130:"Washington Exposes Plot"
987:This section needs to be
848:Many Americans then held
533:German Naval Intelligence
395:influenced world events.
104:
4686:GermanyâMexico relations
4452:Constantinople Agreement
3745:ArmenianâAzerbaijani War
3608:Co-belligerent conflicts
3577:Second Romanian campaign
3547:Third Transjordan attack
3258:GorliceâTarnĂłw offensive
3164:Battle of Grand Couronné
2447:Harvard University Press
1891:Link, Arthur S. (1972).
1805:anonymous (April 1917).
1773:Link, Arthur S. (1965).
1212:Katz, Friedrich (1981).
882:"Exploding in his Hands"
447:
4681:History of cryptography
4515:Modus vivendi of Acroma
4467:BulgariaâGermany treaty
3775:Greater Poland Uprising
3675:National Protection War
3552:MeuseâArgonne offensive
3502:German spring offensive
3497:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
3273:Siege of Novogeorgievsk
3248:Second Battle of Artois
3129:Battle of the Frontiers
2494:Paul Gannon Books 2023.
2431:The Zimmermann Telegram
2259:Oxford University Press
2016:Meyer, Lorenzo (1977),
1963:Meyer, Lorenzo (1977).
1909:Mexico and Its Heritage
1279:Small, Michael (2009).
964:involved in World War I
858:anti-American sentiment
717:West Sayville, New York
415:telegram dispatched by
4540:Paris Peace Conference
4528:UkraineâCentral Powers
4322:Massacres of Albanians
4290:Late Ottoman genocides
4097:Bulgarian occupations
3805:Third Anglo-Afghan War
3769:HungarianâRomanian War
3587:Naval Victory Bulletin
3582:Armistice with Germany
3532:Hundred Days Offensive
3459:Battle of La Malmaison
3409:Second battle of Arras
3376:Battle of Transylvania
3230:Second Battle of Ypres
3098:Sarajevo assassination
2987:South African Republic
2423:. New York: Macmillan.
2178:. 6-04. Archived from
1391:The Zimmerman Telegram
944:Isthmus of Tehuantepec
925:declare war on Germany
907:blocked his proposal.
883:
845:
794:
749:, particularly to the
707:
598:
500:
480:
421:
408:
60:
49:
4711:World War I documents
4550:Treaty of St. Germain
4523:RussiaâCentral Powers
4477:SykesâPicot Agreement
4305:Pontic Greek genocide
4280:Destruction of Kalisz
4256:Eastern Mediterranean
3817:PolishâLithuanian War
3599:Armistice of Belgrade
3562:Armistice of Salonica
3492:Operation Faustschlag
3439:Third Battle of Oituz
3361:Baranovichi offensive
3329:Lake Naroch offensive
3303:Battle of Robat Karim
3278:VistulaâBug offensive
3253:Battles of the Isonzo
3184:First Battle of Ypres
2419:Kahn, David (1996) .
2312:(September 8, 1999).
2185:on September 2, 2006.
2176:Georgetown University
2106:Gannon, Paul (2006).
1571:Gannon, Paul (2011).
1026:at Kew (formerly the
1024:The National Archives
912:Wilson administration
881:
869:had long been chasing
843:
792:
768:Mesopotamian campaign
697:
596:
406:
340:German Foreign Office
55:
35:
4676:Diplomatic incidents
4545:Treaty of Versailles
4261:Mount Lebanon famine
4176:in the United States
4144:Russian occupations
3858:TurkishâArmenian War
3799:PolishâUkrainian War
3739:UkrainianâSoviet War
3686:Central Asian Revolt
3469:Armistice of FocÈani
3199:Battle of Sarikamish
3149:Battle of Tannenberg
2545:Military engagements
2402:Kessinger Publishing
2389:Arthur James Balfour
1864:(2): 236â237. 1917.
1642:bletchleypark.org.uk
1431:Katz (1981), p. 364.
1137:The Associated Press
1108:BBC History Magazine
747:British intelligence
690:British interception
642:Mexican-American War
634:midst of a civil war
433:Heinrich von Eckardt
393:signals intelligence
375:British intelligence
42:Heinrich von Eckardt
4612:They shall not pass
4535:Treaty of Bucharest
4492:Treaty of Bucharest
4431:USA against Germany
4408:Declarations of war
4112:German occupations
4025:British casualties
3884:SovietâGeorgian War
3811:Egyptian Revolution
3751:Armeno-Georgian War
3615:Somaliland campaign
3567:Armistice of Mudros
3444:Battle of Caporetto
3434:Battle of MÄrÄÈeÈti
3404:Zimmermann telegram
3399:February Revolution
3344:Battle of the Somme
3268:Bug-Narew Offensive
3243:Battle of Gallipoli
3235:Sinking of the RMS
3027:Scramble for Africa
3021:Franco-Prussian War
2677:Sinai and Palestine
2428:Tuchman, Barbara W.
1561:, September 4, 1914
1385:Tuchman, Barbara W.
1309:Stacy, Lee (2002).
1216:. pp. 328â329.
970:Autograph discovery
948:Venustiano Carranza
933:war to end all wars
927:. Wilson had asked
625:Venustiano Carranza
604:German High Command
553:Black Tom explosion
469:Empfang bestÀtigen.
443:Original (German):
328:Zimmermann telegram
4572:Treaty of Lausanne
4487:Paris Economy Pact
4421:UK against Germany
4351:Entry into the war
4317:Urkun (Kyrgyzstan)
4036:Ottoman casualties
3846:Franco-Turkish War
3726:Post-War conflicts
3710:Russian Revolution
3692:Invasion of Darfur
3657:Kelantan rebellion
3645:Kurdish rebellions
3621:Mexican Revolution
3454:October Revolution
3419:Kerensky offensive
3394:Capture of Baghdad
3371:Monastir offensive
3356:Brusilov offensive
3194:Battle of Kolubara
3033:Russo-Japanese War
2324:on August 14, 2014
1825:– via JSTOR.
1618:. January 17, 2017
1559:The New York Times
1110:. January 17, 2017
884:
871:the revolutionary
846:
795:
783:William Montgomery
708:
632:Mexico was in the
623:Mexican President
599:
589:German motivations
537:Franz von Rintelen
409:
183:Mexican Expedition
109:Mexican Revolution
61:
50:
18:Zimmerman Telegram
4638:
4637:
4621:
4620:
4605:The Golden Virgin
4599:Mutilated victory
4580:
4579:
4560:Treaty of Trianon
4555:Treaty of Neuilly
4462:Damascus Protocol
4335:
4334:
4295:Armenian genocide
4252:Allied blockades
4224:Belgian refugees
4007:
4006:
3917:Strategic bombing
3893:
3892:
3878:Franco-Syrian War
3852:Greco-Turkish War
3840:Anglo-Turkish War
3823:PolishâSoviet War
3757:German Revolution
3733:Russian Civil War
3716:Finnish Civil War
3542:Battle of Megiddo
3517:Battle of Goychay
3464:Battle of Cambrai
3424:Battle of MÄrÄÈti
3339:Battle of Jutland
3319:Erzurum offensive
3174:Siege of PrzemyĆl
3154:Siege of Tsingtao
3139:Battle of Galicia
3069:Second Balkan War
3057:Italo-Turkish War
3014:Pre-War conflicts
3000:
2999:
2890:Portuguese Empire
2806:
2805:
2768:German New Guinea
2750:Asian and Pacific
2456:978-0-674-02839-5
2445:. Cambridge, MA:
2292:978-0-09-952378-9
2277:Massie, Robert K.
2161:(November 2003).
1729:978-0-19-870238-2
1674:978-0-19-870238-2
1582:978-0-7110-3408-2
1012:
1011:
997:
958:Japanese response
825:Walter Hines Page
577:organized by the
541:Victoriano Huerta
529:Ypiranga incident
417:Arthur Zimmermann
407:Arthur Zimmermann
382:Arthur Zimmermann
323:
322:
295:3rd Ciudad JuĂĄrez
260:Zimmermann affair
153:1st Ciudad Juarez
16:(Redirected from
4718:
4565:Treaty of SĂšvres
4457:Treaty of London
4348:
4126:Northeast France
4057:
4029:Parliamentarians
3962:
3924:Chemical weapons
3902:
3663:Senussi campaign
3633:Muscat rebellion
3627:Maritz rebellion
3595:
3537:Vardar offensive
3366:Battle of Romani
3334:Battle of Asiago
3324:Battle of Verdun
3288:Kosovo offensive
3063:First Balkan War
3011:
2910:Russian Republic
2819:
2613:
2555:Economic history
2522:
2515:
2508:
2499:
2460:
2424:
2421:The Codebreakers
2415:
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982:
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866:John J. Pershing
753:and analysts in
619:Mexican response
470:
426:
336:Zimmermann cable
99:
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87:
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73:
64:
40:, to Ambassador
21:
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4656:1917 in Germany
4641:
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4508:
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4472:Treaty of Darin
4440:
4402:
4358:Austria-Hungary
4344:
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4312:Rape of Belgium
4239:
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4159:
4153:Western Armenia
4148:Eastern Galicia
4081:
4055:
4019:
4018:Civilian impact
4017:
4003:
3960:
3889:
3721:
3651:Ovambo Uprising
3603:
3589:
3478:
3380:
3307:
3225:Battle of ĆomĆŒa
3208:
3204:Christmas truce
3179:Race to the Sea
3112:
3074:
2996:
2967:Austria-Hungary
2943:
2878:Empire of Japan
2815:
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2786:U-boat campaign
2772:
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2658:
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2585:Popular culture
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2318:The Independent
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2137:Beesly, Patrick
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2100:
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2062:. March 3, 1917
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2035:The History Guy
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1858:Current History
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1811:Current History
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740:James W. Gerard
692:
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591:
555:in New Jersey.
521:
516:
479:
478:
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401:
388:in April 1917.
332:Zimmermann note
324:
319:
208:Puerto de Varas
148:1st Agua Prieta
100:
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4688:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4666:1917 in Mexico
4663:
4658:
4653:
4651:1917 documents
4643:
4642:
4636:
4635:
4633:
4632:
4626:
4623:
4622:
4619:
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4616:
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4608:
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4567:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4537:
4532:
4531:
4530:
4525:
4517:
4511:
4509:
4507:Peace treaties
4506:
4503:
4502:
4500:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4459:
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4438:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4412:
4410:
4404:
4403:
4401:
4400:
4395:
4393:United Kingdom
4390:
4385:
4383:Ottoman Empire
4380:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4354:
4352:
4345:
4340:
4337:
4336:
4333:
4332:
4330:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4308:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4287:
4285:Sack of Dinant
4282:
4277:
4272:
4271:
4270:
4265:
4264:
4263:
4249:
4247:
4241:
4240:
4238:
4237:
4236:
4235:
4233:United Kingdom
4230:
4221:
4219:
4213:
4212:
4210:
4209:
4208:
4207:
4202:
4193:
4187:POW locations
4185:
4180:
4179:
4178:
4169:
4167:
4161:
4160:
4158:
4157:
4156:
4155:
4150:
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4128:
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4022:
4020:
4012:
4009:
4008:
4005:
4004:
4002:
4001:
3996:
3995:
3994:
3987:United Kingdom
3984:
3982:Ottoman Empire
3979:
3974:
3968:
3966:
3959:
3958:
3956:Trench warfare
3953:
3952:
3951:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3920:
3919:
3908:
3906:
3899:
3895:
3894:
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3890:
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3875:
3869:
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3855:
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3826:
3820:
3814:
3808:
3802:
3796:
3790:
3784:
3778:
3772:
3766:
3760:
3754:
3748:
3742:
3736:
3729:
3727:
3723:
3722:
3720:
3719:
3713:
3707:
3701:
3695:
3689:
3683:
3677:
3672:
3669:Volta-Bani War
3666:
3660:
3654:
3648:
3642:
3636:
3630:
3624:
3618:
3611:
3609:
3605:
3604:
3602:
3601:
3596:
3584:
3579:
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3569:
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3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3507:Zeebrugge Raid
3504:
3499:
3494:
3488:
3486:
3480:
3479:
3477:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
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3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3390:
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3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3352:
3351:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3315:
3313:
3309:
3308:
3306:
3305:
3300:
3298:Battle of Loos
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3216:
3214:
3210:
3209:
3207:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3189:Black Sea raid
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3120:
3118:
3114:
3113:
3111:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3094:
3093:
3091:Historiography
3082:
3080:
3076:
3075:
3073:
3072:
3066:
3060:
3054:
3048:
3045:Bosnian Crisis
3042:
3039:Tangier Crisis
3036:
3030:
3024:
3017:
3015:
3008:
3002:
3001:
2998:
2997:
2995:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2972:Ottoman Empire
2969:
2964:
2959:
2953:
2951:
2949:Central Powers
2945:
2944:
2942:
2941:
2936:
2935:
2934:
2932:British Empire
2927:United Kingdom
2924:
2919:
2914:
2913:
2912:
2907:
2905:Russian Empire
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2881:
2880:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2859:
2858:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2827:
2825:
2823:Entente Powers
2816:
2811:
2808:
2807:
2804:
2803:
2801:
2800:
2795:
2794:
2793:
2791:North Atlantic
2782:
2780:
2774:
2773:
2771:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2754:
2752:
2746:
2745:
2743:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2716:
2714:
2708:
2707:
2705:
2704:
2702:Central Arabia
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2668:
2666:
2664:Middle Eastern
2660:
2659:
2657:
2656:
2651:
2650:
2649:
2639:
2634:
2633:
2632:
2621:
2619:
2610:
2606:
2605:
2603:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2565:Historiography
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2536:
2533:
2532:
2527:
2525:
2524:
2517:
2510:
2502:
2496:
2495:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2467:
2466:External links
2464:
2462:
2461:
2455:
2438:
2425:
2416:
2410:
2393:
2384:
2355:
2345:
2343:
2340:
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2306:
2297:
2291:
2273:
2267:
2251:Hopkirk, Peter
2247:
2241:
2228:
2222:
2207:
2202:978-1612511481
2201:
2188:
2155:
2149:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2124:
2123:
2116:
2098:
2073:
2047:
2021:
2009:
2002:
1982:
1975:
1955:
1948:
1925:
1918:
1898:
1883:
1842:
1797:
1782:
1765:
1728:
1710:
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1010:
1009:
986:
984:
977:
971:
968:
959:
956:
954:landed there.
899:press empire.
837:
834:
829:Arthur Balfour
819:
816:
761:. In Room 40,
691:
688:
669:
668:
657:
653:
645:
637:
620:
617:
590:
587:
567:Woodrow Wilson
520:
517:
515:
512:
423:StaatssekretÀr
400:
397:
321:
320:
318:
317:
308:
307:
302:
297:
292:
287:
282:
277:
272:
267:
262:
257:
252:
250:Las Varas Pass
247:
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225:
220:
215:
210:
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190:
180:
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160:
155:
150:
144:
143:
137:
136:
131:
126:
118:
116:Tampico Affair
112:
111:
105:
102:
101:
92:
90:
89:
82:
75:
67:
38:Washington, DC
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4723:
4712:
4709:
4707:
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4682:
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4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
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4409:
4405:
4399:
4398:United States
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
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4379:
4376:
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4225:
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4220:
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4214:
4206:
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4201:
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4186:
4184:
4181:
4177:
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4166:
4162:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4145:
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4138:
4134:
4133:
4129:
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4119:
4117:
4114:
4113:
4111:
4107:
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4102:
4099:
4098:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4090:
4088:
4084:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4064:
4062:
4058:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4041:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4030:
4027:
4026:
4024:
4023:
4021:
4015:
4010:
4000:
3999:United States
3997:
3993:
3990:
3989:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3969:
3967:
3963:
3957:
3954:
3950:
3949:Convoy system
3947:
3946:
3945:
3944:Naval warfare
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3918:
3915:
3914:
3913:
3910:
3909:
3907:
3903:
3900:
3896:
3885:
3882:
3879:
3876:
3873:
3870:
3867:
3864:
3859:
3856:
3853:
3850:
3847:
3844:
3841:
3838:
3837:
3836:
3833:
3830:
3827:
3824:
3821:
3818:
3815:
3812:
3809:
3806:
3803:
3800:
3797:
3794:
3791:
3788:
3785:
3782:
3779:
3776:
3773:
3770:
3767:
3764:
3761:
3758:
3755:
3752:
3749:
3746:
3743:
3740:
3737:
3734:
3731:
3730:
3728:
3724:
3717:
3714:
3711:
3708:
3705:
3704:Kaocen revolt
3702:
3699:
3698:Easter Rising
3696:
3693:
3690:
3687:
3684:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3670:
3667:
3664:
3661:
3658:
3655:
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3649:
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3640:
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3634:
3631:
3628:
3625:
3622:
3619:
3616:
3613:
3612:
3610:
3606:
3600:
3597:
3593:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
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3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3489:
3487:
3485:
3481:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3391:
3389:
3387:
3383:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3350:
3347:
3346:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3316:
3314:
3310:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3263:Great Retreat
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3238:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3217:
3215:
3211:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3134:Battle of Cer
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3121:
3119:
3115:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3092:
3089:
3088:
3087:
3084:
3083:
3081:
3077:
3070:
3067:
3064:
3061:
3058:
3055:
3052:
3051:Agadir Crisis
3049:
3046:
3043:
3040:
3037:
3034:
3031:
3028:
3025:
3022:
3019:
3018:
3016:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3003:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2954:
2952:
2950:
2946:
2940:
2939:United States
2937:
2933:
2930:
2929:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2902:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2879:
2876:
2875:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2857:
2856:French Empire
2854:
2853:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2828:
2826:
2824:
2820:
2817:
2809:
2799:
2798:Mediterranean
2796:
2792:
2789:
2788:
2787:
2784:
2783:
2781:
2779:
2778:Naval warfare
2775:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2755:
2753:
2751:
2747:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2717:
2715:
2713:
2709:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2669:
2667:
2665:
2661:
2655:
2654:Italian Front
2652:
2648:
2645:
2644:
2643:
2642:Eastern Front
2640:
2638:
2637:Western Front
2635:
2631:
2628:
2627:
2626:
2623:
2622:
2620:
2618:
2614:
2611:
2607:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2595:Puppet states
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
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2541:
2538:
2537:
2534:
2530:
2523:
2518:
2516:
2511:
2509:
2504:
2503:
2500:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2469:
2465:
2458:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2439:
2436:
2432:
2429:
2426:
2422:
2417:
2413:
2411:0-7661-7106-X
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427:(a top-level
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4198: /
4130:
3965:Conscription
3929:Cryptography
3866:Iraqi Revolt
3403:
3293:Siege of Kut
3236:
2814:participants
2763:German Samoa
2697:South Arabia
2442:
2430:
2420:
2397:
2388:
2366:(1): 81â86.
2363:
2359:
2350:
2326:. Retrieved
2322:the original
2317:
2310:Singh, Simon
2301:
2280:
2254:
2232:
2212:
2192:
2180:the original
2163:
2140:
2107:
2101:
2088:
2076:
2064:. Retrieved
2059:
2050:
2038:. Retrieved
2034:
2029:Lee, Roger.
2024:
2012:
1992:
1985:
1965:
1958:
1938:
1908:
1901:
1892:
1886:
1861:
1857:
1831:cite journal
1814:
1810:
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1791:
1785:
1775:
1768:
1719:
1713:
1664:
1658:
1646:. Retrieved
1641:
1632:
1620:. Retrieved
1615:
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1213:
1207:
1195:. Retrieved
1164:. Retrieved
1153:
1141:. Retrieved
1136:
1124:
1112:. Retrieved
1107:
1084:
1065:
1059:
1021:
1013:
1000:
988:
961:
937:
922:
909:
901:
885:
873:Pancho Villa
850:anti-Mexican
847:
821:
812:
808:
800:
796:
779:
773:
751:codebreakers
744:
733:
729:
725:
713:
709:
703:
681:. After the
672:
670:
622:
600:
569:ordered the
564:
557:
522:
507:
506:of the name
503:
501:
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493:
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482:Translated:
481:
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410:
390:
379:
335:
331:
327:
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309:
259:
198:Aguacaliente
178:Santa Isabel
163:Norias Ranch
121:
29:
4706:World War I
4228:Netherlands
4205:Switzerland
4086:Occupations
4077:Spanish flu
3854:(1919â1922)
3848:(1918â1921)
3842:(1918â1923)
3831:(1919â1921)
3825:(1919â1921)
3819:(1919â1920)
3795:(1918â1920)
3789:(1918â1920)
3783:(1918â1920)
3765:(1918â1920)
3747:(1918â1920)
3741:(1917â1921)
3735:(1917â1921)
3682:(1916-1918)
3680:Arab Revolt
3671:(1915â1917)
3665:(1915â1917)
3653:(1914-1917)
3647:(1914â1917)
3641:(1914â1921)
3635:(1913â1920)
3623:(1910â1920)
3617:(1900â1920)
3590: [
3108:July Crisis
3029:(1880â1914)
2692:Mesopotamia
2570:Home fronts
2529:World War I
1622:January 17,
1532:West, Nigel
1143:January 11,
1114:January 17,
1003:August 2024
854:anti-German
852:as well as
650:ABC nations
579:ABC nations
462:vermitteln.
356:World War I
290:3rd Nogales
280:2nd Pilares
270:1st Pilares
265:Brite Ranch
255:San Ygnacio
240:Rubio Ranch
235:Ojos Azules
173:2nd Nogales
168:Ojo de Agua
4645:Categories
4445:Agreements
4245:War crimes
4121:Luxembourg
4014:Casualties
2885:Montenegro
2720:South West
2600:Technology
2590:Propaganda
2580:Opposition
2328:August 14,
2257:. Oxford:
2091:. London.
1817:(1): 66f.
1648:January 5,
1051:References
952:US Marines
864:. General
508:Zimmermann
475:Zimmerman.
371:New Mexico
300:Candelaria
193:San Isidro
158:Bandit War
141:Border War
4701:Telegrams
4342:Diplomacy
4049:Olympians
3972:Australia
3939:Logistics
3872:Vlora War
3801:(1918â19)
3777:(1918â19)
3771:(1918â19)
3759:(1918â19)
3706:(1916â17)
3688:(1916â17)
3639:Zaian War
3629:(1914â15)
3349:first day
3237:Lusitania
3065:(1912â13)
3059:(1911â12)
3047:(1908â09)
3041:(1905â06)
3023:(1870â71)
2812:Principal
2672:Gallipoli
2575:Memorials
2560:Geography
2550:Aftermath
2380:144936173
2066:March 19,
1870:2641-080X
1746:cite book
1738:982092927
1691:cite book
1683:982092927
1397:63, 73â74
917:Reichstag
905:US Senate
774:Magdeburg
759:Admiralty
310:see also
245:Castillon
4630:Category
4217:Refugees
4183:Italians
4172:Germans
4132:Ober Ost
3912:Aviation
3006:Timeline
2977:Bulgaria
2758:Tsingtao
2735:Togoland
2682:Caucasus
2617:European
2609:Theatres
2279:(2007).
2253:(1994).
2139:(1982).
2093:Archived
2040:July 27,
1878:45328328
1823:45328280
1534:(1990).
1387:(1958).
1166:April 8,
1034:See also
929:Congress
535:officer
354:entered
285:Porvenir
230:Guerrero
223:Carrizal
213:TomĂłchic
188:Columbus
129:Veracruz
124:incident
122:Ypiranga
4368:Germany
4268:Germany
4196:Germany
4116:Belgium
4101:Albania
4060:Disease
4040:Sports
3992:Ireland
3905:Warfare
3898:Aspects
3086:Origins
3079:Prelude
2982:Senussi
2962:Germany
2957:Leaders
2895:Romania
2836:Belgium
2831:Leaders
2730:Kamerun
2712:African
2647:Romania
2625:Balkans
2540:Outline
2433:(1958)
2335:Alt URL
2129:Sources
1197:May 24,
989:updated
940:Tampico
931:for "a
757:at the
755:Room 40
721:US Navy
704:Arizona
674:de jure
514:History
399:Content
367:Arizona
350:if the
4388:Russia
4363:France
4191:Canada
4106:Serbia
3977:Canada
3934:Horses
3886:(1921)
3880:(1920)
3874:(1920)
3868:(1920)
3860:(1920)
3813:(1919)
3807:(1919)
3753:(1918)
3718:(1918)
3712:(1917)
3700:(1916)
3694:(1916)
3659:(1915)
3071:(1913)
3053:(1911)
3035:(1905)
2992:Darfur
2917:Serbia
2900:Russia
2863:Greece
2851:France
2841:Brazil
2687:Persia
2630:Serbia
2453:
2435:online
2408:
2378:
2289:
2265:
2239:
2220:
2199:
2187:; 35pp
2147:
2114:
2000:
1973:
1946:
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1868:
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1671:
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1319:
1289:
1253:
1072:
897:Hearst
888:German
525:Allies
419:, the
369:, and
348:Mexico
203:Parral
57:Mexico
46:Mexico
4585:Other
4378:Japan
4373:Italy
4200:camps
4044:Rugby
3594:]
2873:Japan
2868:Italy
2846:China
2740:North
2376:S2CID
2183:(PDF)
2168:(PDF)
2018:p. 44
1874:JSTOR
1819:JSTOR
1191:(PDF)
1133:(PDF)
892:Irish
413:coded
363:Texas
4165:POWs
3484:1918
3386:1917
3312:1916
3213:1915
3117:1914
2922:Siam
2725:East
2451:ISBN
2406:ISBN
2330:2014
2287:ISBN
2263:ISBN
2237:ISBN
2218:ISBN
2197:ISBN
2145:ISBN
2112:ISBN
2068:2024
2042:2018
1998:ISBN
1971:ISBN
1944:ISBN
1914:ISBN
1866:ISSN
1837:link
1760:link
1756:link
1752:link
1734:OCLC
1724:ISBN
1705:link
1701:link
1697:link
1679:OCLC
1669:ISBN
1650:2021
1624:2017
1577:ISBN
1540:ISBN
1503:ISBN
1476:ISBN
1449:ISBN
1401:ISBN
1347:ISBN
1317:ISBN
1287:ISBN
1251:ISBN
1199:2024
1168:2023
1145:2020
1116:2017
1070:ISBN
910:The
772:SMS
346:and
330:(or
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2368:doi
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