523:
360:. This has been attributed to the relatively high cost of manufacturing in Zimbabwe, which in turn necessitates higher market prices. Consequently, ZDI-made arms and ammunition have been unable to compete with the cheaper identical products being offered by countries such as China abroad. The inflated civil service wage—which applies to ZDI workers—has also been identified as another factor slowing down output. Between 2004 and 2014 Managing Director Dube presided over a methodical diversification process in an attempt to drum up revenue. In January 2005, ZDI announced its intention to take advantage of the ongoing
203:, commercial vehicles were converted for military uses and several types of light ammunition manufactured. Small arms such as the Kommando LDP and the Rhogun submachine guns were also produced, although primarily for civilians; most Rhodesian weaponry was designed with those unaccustomed to handling firearms in mind. The local industry remained dependent on South African technical assistance to promote the export of its products and facilitate general distribution. Individual weapons were assembled by joint efforts between civilian engineers and companies that processed the raw metals.
490:
547:
535:
433:
477:
405:, compounded by an exodus of technically skilled personnel, have badly damaged the ZDI's ability to continue manufacturing. The factory machinery is antiquated and no resources are available to replace or even refurbish it. ZDI still possesses a preexisting stockpile of ammunition but can no longer meet its immediate overhead costs, including raw materials. As of March 2015 Managing Director Dube confirmed that all production lines had been halted.
254:
Quartermaster-General and chief of the ZNA's
Procurement Office, was appointed to lead the new effort. Stansfield aimed to build on the once-vibrant defence industry generated by the Rhodesian Bush War. He thus contracted with the separate firms that had once manufactured armoured vehicles, munitions, and small arms during that conflict and offered them an inroad into the export market under the auspices of a united Zimbabwe Defence Industries.
559:
445:
503:
464:
397:, where it manufactures arms and munitions. It is also said to own a mortar shell plant, where 155 mm artillery shells, rocket launchers and hand grenades were once produced. Since 2008 the main factory operated at a greatly reduced level of productivity, only offering small arms and small arms ammunition. American and
379:
In May 2014, ZDI began buying and selling scrap metal from two other parastatals, Ziscosteel and
Zimbabwe National Railways. This venture collapsed when it emerged that the company had failed to secure the relevant permits from the Ministry of Mines and Development. A second diversification attempt,
257:
Rhodesian technicians had once suggested that the local production of ammunition for heavy weapons could be possible, although the absence of funds and the embargo had precluded their acquisition of the associated machinery and tooling equipment. At its peak ZDI had finally achieved this goal; the
234:, weapons and ammunition shortages remained acute. Serious logistical difficulties arose from the parallel employment of Western and Soviet weaponry, which were of different gauges and calibres, often within the same battalion. In August 1981, a sabotage action most likely carried out by
253:
towards the end of 1982, finally provided the impetuous for the establishment of ZDI. A state parastatal which could procure arms in a direct manner while circumventing the army's cumbersome tender process was perceived as necessary for the war effort. Colonel Ian
Stansfield, former
242:(ZNA) was still demobilising troops and remained uncertain of future manpower levels or the amount of funding available for a replacement inventory. Nevertheless, senior officers in the ZNA took this opportunity to lobby for the acquisition of more weapons from domestic suppliers.
345:. Nevertheless, the initial ease with which Mann had been able to negotiate the purchase without a licensed dealer or an end-user certificate aroused suspicion among South African investigators carrying out their own inquiry, condemning ZDI for its apparent carelessness.
384:
also defaulted on payments for ammunition due to lack of funds, and it was widely reported that ZDI could no longer pay its workers. Employees claimed they had not received their wages for seven months. In response, the company sent most of its staff on forced leave.
380:
aimed at supplying food for the
Zimbabwe Defence Forces, also ended abruptly when the Zimbabwe Revenue Authority accused ZDI of importing its rations without paying duties. Both the Zimbabwe National Army and
298:
party, who were accused of violating human rights. The controversy over supplying arms to
Zimbabwe has persisted as late as 2008, when South African trade unionists blocked the unloading of Chinese arms in
527:
1229:
922:
207:
occasionally cooperated with their South
African counterparts to design equipment which could later be produced in South Africa and imported in violation of the embargo.
1234:
322:
1224:
372:
member of parliament. ZDI currently manages at least one farm, although others it has occupied remain neglected. ZDI's next major diversification phase was in the
1214:
872:
1239:
1204:
364:
programme by managing expropriated commercial farmland on behalf of the army. The company garnered headlines when it attempted to seize the farm of
1219:
318:'s procurement office have been accused of using real end-user certificates in a fraudulent manner to acquire weaponry for Congo-Duka or ZDI.
238:
or disgruntled
Rhodesian servicemen destroyed most of Zimbabwe's ammunition stocks. Plans for future procurement were put on hold as the
1184:
1165:
1125:
1102:
1079:
1060:
1041:
258:
company was able to manufacture mortar bombs for the ZNA's 60 mm, 81 mm, and 120 mm mortar systems, in addition to both
1209:
563:
495:
315:
933:
199:
limited the nation's ability to modernise its arsenal. As part of a general import substitution programme initiated during the
962:
325:, ZDI sparked controversy when it emerged that Managing Director Tshinga Dube had committed to sell a massive consignment of
979:
416:. ZDI employees still reporting to work have complained of being used as forced labour at an unidentified company farm.
235:
214:—intended to manufacture weapons of a general nature. This corporation is believed to have manufactured copies of the
883:
174:
against major world currencies, have forced ZDI to limit its activity to exporting second-hand equipment from the
551:
349:
204:
155:
1001:
376:, where it haggled the majority shares in Anjin Investments, a joint mining project between Zimbabwe and China.
449:
381:
369:
365:
307:, a fact insinuated to a United Nations arms consultant when he visited its Harare facilities later that June.
361:
341:. Zimbabwean authorities later arrested Mann and claimed the sale had been approved as part of an elaborate
231:
175:
437:
373:
239:
211:
31:
903:
482:
348:
Zimbabwean arms exports continued to fall throughout the 2000s, with only minor sales being made to the
167:
310:
In 2001, ZDI formed a
Congolese subsidiary in conjunction with the Kinshasa-based Strategic Reserves,
1006:
984:
246:
266:
rounds for
Western as well as Soviet rifles and machine guns. During the 1980s it also marketed the
1140:
413:
314:, which is believed to oversee the illicit transfer of arms to Zimbabwe. Military officials in the
337:
machine guns, and over 45,000 rounds of ammunition to
British and South African mercenaries under
290:
on 25 November 2005. This added ZDI to an American sanctions list that included Zimbabwean leader
200:
146:, with a primary focus on sporting and military ammunition. In the past it has also manufactured
195:'s internationally recognised independence as Zimbabwe in 1980, an arms embargo imposed by the
1180:
1161:
1144:
1121:
1098:
1075:
1056:
1037:
879:
259:
171:
112:
1108:
210:
By June 1978, Rhodesia had formed an Arms Manufacturing Corporation—based on South Africa's
342:
147:
1034:
Fireforce Exposed: Rhodesian Security Forces and Their Role in Defending White Supremacy
282:
ZDI's small arms ammunition output, once mostly exported to professional hunters in the
1091:
808:
806:
804:
398:
334:
287:
196:
1198:
402:
291:
283:
250:
139:
42:
1139:. Area Handbook Series (Second ed.). Washington, D.C.: Department of the Army,
263:
170:. The subsequent economic depression in Zimbabwe, as well as the collapse of the
539:
353:
267:
162:. During the late 1990s, ZDI was involved in brokering major arms deals between
159:
338:
1148:
286:, decreased considerably following Executive Order 13391 issued by President
508:
357:
303:
bound for Harare. ZDI arranged to have the cargo rerouted, possibly through
151:
1053:
From Defence to Development: Redirecting Military Resources in South Africa
444:
192:
136:
85:
393:
Zimbabwe Defence Industries operates a facility in Domboshawa, known as
648:
646:
644:
642:
295:
873:"Small Arms Availability, Trade and Impacts in the Republic of Congo"
746:
744:
742:
740:
738:
617:
615:
602:
600:
598:
596:
594:
592:
590:
588:
586:
469:
304:
300:
271:
219:
143:
79:
330:
326:
163:
1158:
The Wonga Coup: Simon Mann's Plot to Seize Oil Billions in Africa
16:
State-owned Zimbabwean arms manufacturing and procurement company
1177:
Angola Unravels: The Rise and Fall of the Lusaka Peace Process
904:"Zimbabwe - Arms and Corruption: Fuelling Human Rights Abuses"
215:
963:"Zimbabwe Defence Industries should be shut down – manager"
694:
692:
690:
249:, which culminated in the deployment of 1,000 troops into
528:
Alliance of Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Congo
871:
Demetriou, Spyros; Muggah, Robert; Biddle, Ian (2002).
750:
665:
663:
661:
652:
606:
1055:. Ottawa: International Development Research Centre.
902:
Johnson-Thomas, Brian; Danssaert, Peter (July 2009).
838:
836:
791:
789:
787:
785:
783:
621:
270:, an armoured reconnaissance vehicle inspired by the
812:
932:. Randburg: Mopani Media. July 2011. Archived from
725:
723:
721:
719:
717:
715:
713:
711:
709:
707:
122:
102:
92:
74:
56:
48:
38:
26:
1118:Fighting vehicles and weapons of Rhodesia, 1965-80
1093:Ambiguous Order: Military Forces in African States
1090:
909:. Antwerp: International Peace Information Service
52:Zimbabwe Arms Manufacturing Corporation (Pty) Ltd
980:"ZDI admits involvement in Charleswood seizure"
8:
1072:The Battle for Zimbabwe: The Final Countdown
854:
21:
1230:Manufacturing companies established in 1984
1116:Locke, Peter G.; Cooke, Peter D.F. (1995).
1032:Anti-Apartheid Movement, (various) (1979).
698:
323:2004 Equatorial Guinea coup d'Ă©tat attempt
166:and other African governments such as the
20:
408:ZDI owns at least one banana plantation,
142:and procurement company headquartered in
1235:Technology companies established in 1984
1051:Cock, Jacklyn; McKenzie, Penny (1998).
1036:. London: The Anti-Apartheid Movement.
774:
762:
582:
1225:Government-owned companies of Zimbabwe
978:Wasosa, Munyaradzi (28 January 2005).
795:
669:
633:
827:
729:
133:Zimbabwe Defence Industries (Pty) Ltd
7:
1215:Consulting firms established in 1984
1097:. London: Lynne Reinner Publishers.
842:
681:
294:and other key figures of the ruling
1002:"Zimbabwe Defence Industries broke"
751:Johnson-Thomas & Danssaert 2009
622:Demetriou, Muggah & Biddle 2002
1120:. Wellington: P&P Publishing.
14:
230:Following the integration of the
1179:. New York: Human Rights Watch.
557:
545:
533:
521:
501:
496:Democratic Republic of the Congo
488:
475:
462:
443:
431:
316:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1240:Weapons manufacturing companies
1205:1984 establishments in Zimbabwe
245:Zimbabwe's intervention in the
1135:Nelson, Harold D, ed. (1982).
954:Newspaper and journal articles
564:Sudan People's Liberation Army
1:
1220:Defence companies of Zimbabwe
961:Nkala, Oscar (5 March 2015).
278:Sanctions and diversification
653:Anti-Apartheid Movement 1979
236:South African Special Forces
607:Southern Africa Report 2011
62:; 40 years ago
22:Zimbabwe Defence Industries
1256:
1074:. Cape Town: Zebra Press.
923:"Zimbabwe Security Forces"
156:armoured fighting vehicles
1210:Companies based in Harare
1160:. London: Profile Books.
1137:Zimbabwe, a Country Study
205:Rhodesian security forces
855:Cock & McKenzie 1998
450:Zimbabwe Republic Police
382:Zimbabwe Republic Police
1010:. Harare. 21 March 2014
965:. Harare: Nehanda Radio
232:Zimbabwe Defence Forces
187:Rhodesian arms industry
176:Zimbabwe Defence Forces
135:(ZDI) is a state-owned
1156:Roberts, Adam (2006).
1089:Howe, Herbert (2004).
930:Southern Africa Report
699:Locke & Cooke 1995
552:Lord's Resistance Army
438:Zimbabwe National Army
374:Marange diamond fields
350:Lord's Resistance Army
32:state-owned enterprise
483:Republic of the Congo
321:During the ill-fated
168:Republic of the Congo
1175:Vines, Alex (1999).
1070:Hill, Geoff (2003).
1007:Zimbabwe Independent
985:Zimbabwe Independent
814:Zimbabwe Independent
247:Mozambican Civil War
126:Firearms, ammunition
1141:American University
573:Notes and citations
414:Manicaland Province
274:, without success.
23:
515:Non-state entities
201:Rhodesian Bush War
140:arms manufacturing
98:Sub-Saharan Africa
939:on 5 January 2012
880:Small Arms Survey
172:Zimbabwean dollar
130:
129:
113:Managing Director
1247:
1190:
1171:
1152:
1131:
1112:
1109:Internet Archive
1096:
1085:
1066:
1047:
1019:
1017:
1015:
997:
995:
993:
974:
972:
970:
948:
946:
944:
938:
927:
918:
916:
914:
908:
898:
896:
894:
888:
882:. Archived from
877:
858:
852:
846:
840:
831:
825:
819:
810:
799:
793:
778:
772:
766:
760:
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481:
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448:
447:
436:
435:
434:
370:white Zimbabwean
226:Formation of ZDI
70:
68:
63:
24:
1255:
1254:
1250:
1249:
1248:
1246:
1245:
1244:
1195:
1194:
1193:
1187:
1186:978-156432233-3
1174:
1168:
1167:978-184668234-6
1155:
1134:
1128:
1127:978-047302413-0
1115:
1105:
1104:978-158826315-5
1088:
1082:
1081:978-186872652-3
1069:
1063:
1062:978-088936853-8
1050:
1044:
1043:978-090006504-0
1031:
1022:
1013:
1011:
1000:
991:
989:
977:
968:
966:
960:
951:
942:
940:
936:
925:
921:
912:
910:
906:
901:
892:
890:
886:
875:
870:
861:
853:
849:
841:
834:
826:
822:
811:
802:
794:
781:
773:
769:
761:
757:
749:
736:
728:
705:
697:
688:
680:
676:
668:
659:
651:
640:
632:
628:
620:
613:
605:
584:
575:
566:
558:
556:
546:
544:
534:
532:
522:
520:
517:
502:
500:
489:
487:
476:
474:
463:
461:
458:
442:
432:
430:
427:
422:
391:
343:sting operation
280:
228:
189:
184:
118:
105:
95:
88:
82:
66:
64:
61:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1253:
1251:
1243:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1197:
1196:
1192:
1191:
1185:
1172:
1166:
1153:
1132:
1126:
1113:
1103:
1086:
1080:
1067:
1061:
1048:
1042:
1028:
1027:
1026:
1021:
1020:
998:
975:
957:
956:
955:
950:
949:
919:
899:
889:on 1 June 2013
867:
866:
865:
864:Online sources
860:
859:
857:, p. 149.
847:
832:
830:, p. 145.
820:
800:
779:
777:, p. 152.
767:
765:, p. 151.
755:
734:
703:
701:, p. 147.
686:
684:, p. 215.
674:
672:, p. 272.
657:
638:
636:, p. 255.
626:
611:
581:
580:
579:
574:
571:
570:
569:
554:
542:
530:
516:
513:
512:
511:
498:
485:
472:
457:
454:
453:
452:
440:
426:
423:
421:
418:
401:sanctions and
399:European Union
390:
387:
288:George W. Bush
279:
276:
260:7.62Ă—51mm NATO
227:
224:
197:United Nations
188:
185:
183:
180:
128:
127:
124:
120:
119:
117:
116:
111:Tshinga Dube (
108:
106:
103:
100:
99:
96:
93:
90:
89:
84:
78:
76:
72:
71:
58:
54:
53:
50:
46:
45:
40:
36:
35:
28:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1252:
1241:
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1228:
1226:
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1218:
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1200:
1188:
1182:
1178:
1173:
1169:
1163:
1159:
1154:
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1146:
1142:
1138:
1133:
1129:
1123:
1119:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1100:
1095:
1094:
1087:
1083:
1077:
1073:
1068:
1064:
1058:
1054:
1049:
1045:
1039:
1035:
1030:
1029:
1024:
1023:
1009:
1008:
1003:
999:
987:
986:
981:
976:
964:
959:
958:
953:
952:
935:
931:
924:
920:
905:
900:
885:
881:
874:
869:
868:
863:
862:
856:
851:
848:
845:, p. 98.
844:
839:
837:
833:
829:
824:
821:
817:
815:
809:
807:
805:
801:
797:
792:
790:
788:
786:
784:
780:
776:
771:
768:
764:
759:
756:
752:
747:
745:
743:
741:
739:
735:
731:
726:
724:
722:
720:
718:
716:
714:
712:
710:
708:
704:
700:
695:
693:
691:
687:
683:
678:
675:
671:
666:
664:
662:
658:
655:, p. 37.
654:
649:
647:
645:
643:
639:
635:
630:
627:
624:, p. 11.
623:
618:
616:
612:
608:
603:
601:
599:
597:
595:
593:
591:
589:
587:
583:
577:
576:
572:
565:
555:
553:
543:
541:
531:
529:
519:
518:
514:
510:
499:
497:
486:
484:
473:
471:
460:
459:
455:
451:
446:
441:
439:
429:
428:
424:
419:
417:
415:
411:
406:
404:
403:disinvestment
400:
396:
388:
386:
383:
377:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
346:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
319:
317:
313:
308:
306:
302:
297:
293:
292:Robert Mugabe
289:
285:
284:United States
277:
275:
273:
269:
265:
261:
255:
252:
251:Tete Province
248:
243:
241:
240:National Army
237:
233:
225:
223:
221:
217:
213:
208:
206:
202:
198:
194:
186:
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179:
177:
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149:
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138:
134:
125:
121:
114:
110:
109:
107:
101:
97:
91:
87:
81:
77:
73:
59:
55:
51:
47:
44:
43:Arms industry
41:
37:
33:
29:
25:
19:
1176:
1157:
1136:
1117:
1107:– via
1092:
1071:
1052:
1033:
1025:Bibliography
1012:. Retrieved
1005:
990:. Retrieved
983:
967:. Retrieved
941:. Retrieved
934:the original
929:
911:. Retrieved
891:. Retrieved
884:the original
850:
823:
813:
775:Roberts 2006
770:
763:Roberts 2006
758:
677:
629:
609:, p. 9.
409:
407:
394:
392:
378:
347:
320:
311:
309:
281:
256:
244:
229:
209:
190:
158:such as the
154:, and light
132:
131:
75:Headquarters
27:Company type
18:
1014:24 February
992:24 February
969:24 February
943:24 February
913:24 February
893:20 December
796:Wasosa 2005
670:Nelson 1982
634:Nelson 1982
540:Interahamwe
366:Roy Bennett
362:land reform
354:Interahamwe
268:Gazelle FRV
160:Gazelle FRV
94:Area served
49:Predecessor
1199:Categories
878:. Geneva:
828:Vines 1999
730:Nkala 2015
389:Facilities
339:Simon Mann
312:Congo-Duka
222:(Harare).
152:land mines
137:Zimbabwean
104:Key people
1149:227599708
843:Howe 2004
682:Hill 2003
578:Citations
509:Sri Lanka
358:Sri Lanka
264:7.62Ă—39mm
220:Salisbury
191:Prior to
988:. Harare
425:Domestic
410:Valhalla
193:Rhodesia
150:rounds,
123:Products
86:Zimbabwe
39:Industry
30:Public (
456:Foreign
420:Clients
395:Elphida
296:ZANU-PF
212:ARMSCOR
182:History
65: (
57:Founded
1183:
1164:
1147:
1124:
1101:
1078:
1059:
1040:
567:(1997)
506:
493:
480:
470:Angola
467:
356:, and
331:RPG-7s
327:AK-47s
305:Angola
301:Durban
272:Buffel
148:mortar
144:Harare
80:Harare
937:(PDF)
926:(PDF)
907:(PDF)
887:(PDF)
876:(PDF)
412:, in
164:China
1181:ISBN
1162:ISBN
1145:OCLC
1122:ISBN
1099:ISBN
1076:ISBN
1057:ISBN
1038:ISBN
1016:2016
994:2016
971:2016
945:2016
915:2016
895:2015
816:2014
368:, a
262:and
67:1984
60:1984
335:PKM
218:in
216:Uzi
1201::
1143:.
1004:.
982:.
928:.
835:^
803:^
782:^
737:^
706:^
689:^
660:^
641:^
614:^
585:^
352:,
333:,
329:,
178:.
83:,
1189:.
1170:.
1151:.
1130:.
1111:.
1084:.
1065:.
1046:.
1018:.
996:.
973:.
947:.
917:.
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