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In 1889 a
European hunter, Willi Posselt, travelled to Great Zimbabwe after hearing about it from another European explorer, Karl Mauch. He climbed to the highest point of the ruins despite being told that it was a sacred site where he should not trespass, and found the birds positioned in the centre
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The colonists erroneously attributed Great
Zimbabwe to ancient Mediterranean builders, believing native Africans to be incapable of constructing such a complex structure; thus in Rhodes' mind, as a 1932 guidebook put it, it was "a favourite symbol of the link between the order civilisation derived
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Each one, including its plinth, had been hewn out of a solid block of stone and measured 4 feet 6 inches in height; and each was set firmly into the ground. There was also a stone shaped like a millstone and about 18 inches in diameter, with a number of figures carved in the
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bird sculptures, about 40 centimetres (16 inches) tall and standing on columns more than 90 cm (3 ft) tall, which were originally installed on walls and monoliths within the city. They are unique to Great
Zimbabwe; nothing like them has been discovered elsewhere.
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Various explanations have been advanced to explain the symbolic meaning of the birds. One suggestion is that each bird was erected in turn to represent a new king, but this would have required improbably long reigns. More probably, the
Zimbabwe birds represent sacred or
178:
Posselt compensated
Andizibi with a payment of blankets and "some other articles". As the bird on its pedestal was too heavy for him to carry, he hacked it off and hid the pedestal with the intention of returning later to retrieve it. He subsequently sold his bird to
237:
The
Zimbabwe bird has been a symbol of Zimbabwe and its predecessor states since 1924. The crest of Southern Rhodesia's coat of arms incorporated the Zimbabwe bird, and over time the bird became a widespread symbol of the colony. The paper money and coins of the
109:, starting in the 11th century and inhabited for over 300 years. The ruins, after which modern Zimbabwe was named, cover some 730 hectares (1,800 acres) and are the largest ancient stone construction in sub-Saharan Africa. Among its notable elements are the
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206:'s invasion of Mashonaland. Bent recorded that there were eight birds, six large and two small, and that there had probably originally been more as there were several additional stone pedestals of which the tops had been broken off.
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I selected the best specimen of the bird stones, the beaks of the remainder being damaged, and decided to dig it out. But while doing so, Andizibi and his followers became very excited and rushed around with their guns and
221:(bees, wasps and ants) housed in Harare; the fifth remains at Groote Schuur. In 2003, the German museum returned its portion of the bird's pedestal to Zimbabwe. The birds were displayed for a while in the
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In 1981, a year after the attainment of independence in
Zimbabwe, the South African government returned four of the sculptures to the country in exchange for a world-renowned collection of
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191:, and decorated the house's stairway with wooden replicas. Rhodes also had stone replicas made, three times the size of the original, to decorate the gates of his house in England near
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from the North or the East and the savage barbarism of
Southern and Central Africa before the advent of the European." Bent attributed the birds, wholly erroneously, to the
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173:. I fully expected them to attack us. However, I went on with my work but told Klass, who had loaded two rifles, to shoot the first man he saw aiming at either of us.
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with
Matenga (2001) listing over 100 state, corporate and sporting organisations which incorporate the Bird in their emblems and logos.
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250:. The flag and state symbols of modern Zimbabwe continue to feature the Zimbabwe Bird. It is now the definitive icon of independent
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Rhodes' acquisition of
Posselt's bird prompted him to commission an investigation of the Great Zimbabwe ruins by
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Great Zimbabwe (11th–15th century) | Thematic Essay | Timeline of Art History | The Metropolitan Museum of Art
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Paul Sinclair (2001). "Review: The Soapstone Birds of Great Zimbabwe Symbols of a Nation by Edward Matenga".
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and the Museum of Human Sciences in Harare, but are now housed in a small museum on the Great Zimbabwe site.
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African Museums in the Making: Reflections on the Politics of Material and Public Culture in Zimbabwe
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Rhodesian Grand Commander of the Legion of Merit (GCLM) medal (Civil and Military)
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Colonial Situations: Essays on the Contextualization of Ethnographic Knowledge
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The Silence of Great Zimbabwe: Contested Landscapes and the Power of Heritage
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Reverse side of a Zimbabwe fifty dollar note (2nd series) illustrating the
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Thomas N. Huffman (1985). "The Soapstone Birds from Great Zimbabwe".
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779:"Contested Monuments: The Politics of Archeology in Southern Africa"
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142:) which it has been suggested was the original totem of the Shona.
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Edward Matenga (2001). "The Soapstone Birds of Great Zimbabwe".
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of an enclosure around an apparent altar. He later wrote:
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The Cult of Rhodes: Remembering an Imperialist in Africa
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Emblem used by the Rhodesia Corps of Signals (1970–1980)
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Ruins and Zimbabwe Bird in the bottom right hand corner
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The Lost City of Solomon and Sheba: An African Mystery
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The original carved birds are from the ruined city of
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sculptures found in the ruins of the medieval city of
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Three of the Zimbabwe Birds, photographed around 1891
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78:). The bird's design is derived from a number of
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785:. University of Wisconsin Press. p. 135.
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89:It is now the definitive icon of independent
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911:Munyaradzi, Mawere; Henry, Chiwaura (2015).
430:Zimbabwe Passport Cover (1st version) (1980)
372:Reverse side of a Zimbabwean one dollar coin
138:(God) and the ancestors, or the fish eagle (
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146:Colonial acquisition and return to Zimbabwe
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134:), which was held to be a messenger from
663:. Oxford University Press, USA. p.
499:Chief of Staff Car and Aircraft car flag
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802:
655:Hall, Martin; Stefoff, Rebecca (2006).
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336:Logo used by the Parliament of Rhodesia
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183:, who mounted it in the library of his
1383:Chemical weapons and biological agents
1104:Unilateral Declaration of Independence
693:Murray, Paul; Briggs, Philip (2016).
469:Emblem of the Zimbabwe Prison Service
7:
699:. Bradt Travel Guides. p. 203.
312:Coat of Arms of Rhodesia (1924–1981)
246:also displayed the bird, as did the
240:Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland
442:Flag of the Zimbabwe Defence Forces
1279:Responsible Government Association
860:. Longmans & Company. p.
25:
1309:Southern Rhodesia Communist Party
881:. New Africa Books. p. 85.
857:The Ruined Cities of Mashonaland
781:. In Stocking, George W. (ed.).
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244:Bank of Rhodesia and Nyasaland
62:). It probably represents the
1:
1327:United National Federal Party
1092:Malayan Emergency involvement
917:. Langaa RPCIG. p. 128.
854:Bent, James Theodore (1895).
756:. History Press. p. 20.
624:Studies in Global Archaeology
1767:National symbols of Zimbabwe
1762:National symbols of Rhodesia
1227:Ministry of External Affairs
979:Southern Rhodesia / Rhodesia
810:"Zimbabwe bird 'flies' home"
270:containing the Zimbabwe Bird
204:British South Africa Company
122:animals of the Shona – the
27:National emblem of Zimbabwe
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750:Brown-Lowe, Robin (2003).
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1134:Lancaster House Agreement
1012:under UDI; 1980–present:
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777:Kuklick, Henrika (1991).
726:. Routledge. p. 99.
283:Flag of Zimbabwe Rhodesia
1368:Leader of the Opposition
416:Coat of Arms of Zimbabwe
54:and coins (first on the
839:. McGraw-Hill. p.
720:Fontein, Joost (2016).
1285:Rhodesian Action Party
1119:1976 Geneva Conference
812:. BBC News. 4 May 2003
537:References and sources
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223:Natural History Museum
176:
155:
35:
1358:Deputy Prime Minister
1333:United Rhodesia Party
1297:Rhodesia Labour Party
1161:Chimanimani Mountains
875:Maylam, Paul (2005).
831:Lhote, Henri (1963).
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515:, capital of Zimbabwe
497:Air Force of Zimbabwe
483:Air Force of Zimbabwe
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68:Terathopius ecaudatus
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1259:Central Africa Party
1212:Legislative Assembly
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557:(3): 68–73, 99–100.
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706:978-1-78477-016-7
674:978-0-19-515773-4
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34:The Zimbabwe Bird
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18:Zimbabwe bird
1757:Birds in art
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1692:Coat of arms
1490:Demographics
1425:Reserve Bank
1040:Company rule
1030:Pre-colonial
990:Company rule
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551:African Arts
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481:Flag of the
454:Flag of the
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181:Cecil Rhodes
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1782:African art
1541:Rusape Jews
1000:; 1965–79:
996:; 1953–63:
992:; 1923–80:
988:1890–1923:
403:of Zimbabwe
300:(1968–1979)
285:(1979–1980)
219:Hymenoptera
212:Phoenicians
1751:Categories
1574:Afrikaners
1481:Rhodesiana
1217:Parliament
1097:Federation
998:Federation
527:Relief at
1644:Afrikaans
1636:Languages
1612:Coloureds
1373:Provinces
1348:President
1222:Elections
1207:Districts
1150:Geography
266:National
193:Cambridge
185:Cape Town
111:soapstone
80:soapstone
70:) or the
52:banknotes
1736:Category
1714:Insignia
1707:national
1649:English
1551:Tokaleya
1503:diaspora
1343:Governor
1190:Politics
1141:Zimbabwe
1109:Bush War
1014:Zimbabwe
1008:; 1979:
1002:Rhodesia
696:Zimbabwe
630:: 1–261.
531:, Harare
511:Flag of
252:Zimbabwe
227:Bulawayo
171:assegais
132:chapungu
124:bateleur
91:Zimbabwe
48:Rhodesia
44:Zimbabwe
1675:Symbols
1662:Ndebele
1622:Indians
1616:Goffals
1595:Rhodies
1579:British
1536:Ndebele
1531:Manyika
1459:Society
1440:Tourism
1409:Dollar
1398:Economy
1363:Cabinet
1305:(SRANC)
1022:History
606:3889033
571:3336358
418:(1981–)
187:house,
165:border.
126:eagle (
120:totemic
97:Origins
1719:Flower
1697:Emblem
1687:Anthem
1682:Animal
1605:Others
1584:Greeks
1417:Pound
1329:(UNFP)
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1249:Police
1004:under
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513:Harare
140:hungwe
1702:Flags
1657:Shona
1566:White
1556:Tonga
1546:Shona
1526:Lemba
1521:Kunda
1513:Black
1338:Queen
1323:(UFP)
1299:(RLP)
1287:(RAP)
1281:(RGA)
816:6 May
602:JSTOR
567:JSTOR
136:Mwari
128:Shona
107:Shona
1589:Jews
1293:(RF)
919:ISBN
883:ISBN
818:2013
787:ISBN
758:ISBN
728:ISBN
701:ISBN
669:ISBN
1006:UDI
862:180
594:doi
559:doi
225:in
1753::
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