123:, has been credited with stimulating an agricultural boom in Zambia. In 2004, for the first time in 26 years, Zambia exported more corn than it imported. Zambia was considered the "easy option" for Zimbabwean farmers as compared to other potential destinations such as Malawi or Nigeria due to the close resemblance between the soil and
155:
The poor economy in
Zimbabwe has also led foreign tourists hoping to see Victoria Falls to approach it from the Zambian rather than the Zimbabwean side. This has led to further tensions as Zimbabweans who formerly worked in tourism-related industries on their own side of the border have crossed over
116:, whose numbers had reached roughly 150 to 300 people as of 2004. They farm a variety of crops including tobacco, wheat, and chili peppers on an estimated 150 farms. The capital they brought, combined with general economic liberalisation under the late
53:. UNHCR estimated that a further 200 Zimbabweans were crossing into Zambia every day. The influx countered the trend of decreasing numbers of refugees in Zambia; the total numbers had fallen from 300,000 in the 1990s (the vast majority being
28:
Around 2007, the number of
Zimbabweans crossing the border into Zambia began to grow, rising as high as 1,000 per day from a previous average of sixty per day. By late 2007 and early 2008, there were roughly 10,000
65:
146:
offered praise to the
Zimbabwean farmers for training up locals, but implicitly warned them against racism, reminding them that "they have got to take their Zambian employees for what they are, human beings."
200:
96:
Many
Zimbabweans in Zambia engage in shuttle trade, bringing products such as game meat, fruit, sweets, and mobile phones for sale. Zimbabweans living in the border area also cross
640:
164:. Other Zimbabweans working as street vendors or in other lines of employment report that they increasingly stereotyped as sex workers and subject to public opprobrium.
104:. Zimbabwean cross-border traders who buy mealie meal in bulk in Zambia and then bring it back to Zimbabwe for sale have been blamed for food shortages in border areas.
156:
to the
Zambian side and compete directly with their Zambian counterparts. The Zambian government has also expressed concern about the increasing numbers of Zimbabwean
61:
680:
646:
746:
584:
142:
harshly criticised his
Zambian counterpart Levy Mwanawasa for taking in the white farmers, whom he called "racist colonialists". Zambian agricultural minister
135:
while selling their produce abroad for U.S. dollars, which put them into difficulties when the kwacha appreciated almost one-third against the dollar in 2006.
76:
536:"Bad luck continues to stalk Zambia's white farmers, hounded from Zimbabwe: Currency's success spells ruin for exporters who are paid in US dollars"
208:
673:
791:
739:
822:
235:
131:, as well as Zambia's relative stability; however, farmers who relocated to Zambia typically took on heavy debts denominated in
477:
171:, but faced a strike brought by local health care workers over the issue. The government threatened to fire all the strikers.
666:
827:
732:
786:
38:
592:
42:
781:
703:
113:
311:
771:
766:
180:
558:
Arrington, Andrea (April 2009), "Competitive Labour: Divisions between
Zambian and Zimbabwean Workers",
452:
167:
In June 2009, the
Zambian government was also pursuing a plan to bring in Zimbabwean nurses as invited
796:
776:
535:
506:
755:
642:
Towards a more constructive analysis of forced migration: the case of
Zimbabwean migrants in Zambia
128:
117:
49:
to return to their homeland. However, by the end of the month, only three had formally applied for
698:
482:
54:
708:
124:
567:
50:
143:
60:
Zambia also granted political asylum to twelve members of the
Zimbabwean opposition party
132:
120:
72:
816:
243:
139:
79:
led to further delays due to Zambian authorities' need to screen border-crossers for
46:
168:
511:
335:
101:
97:
585:"Zambia-Zimbabwe: Zimbabwe's sex workers look to their neighbour for business"
571:
157:
57:, as well as Rwandans and Congolese) to around 113,000 due to repatriations.
71:
The large number of border crossers led to long queues at checkpoints near
68:. There was a thirteenth member of their group who was not granted asylum.
16:
Zambian and international media estimate there to be tens of thousands of
30:
658:
429:"NMC blames locals and Zimbabweans for mealie meal shortages in L/Stone"
80:
724:
612:
428:
404:
386:
359:
287:
263:
161:
34:
66:
second round of voting in the 2008 Zimbabwean presidential election
507:"Settling in Zambia: Zimbabwe's Displaced Farmers Find a New Home"
453:"Zim's Loss, Zam's gain: White Zimbabweans making good in Zambia"
112:
Among Zimbabweans who have moved to Zambia are a small number of
100:
into Zambia in search of food, selling or bartering chickens for
728:
662:
360:"Zimbabwean nationals queue at Vic falls awaiting clearance"
405:"Hunger stricken Zimbabweans scrounge for food in Zambia"
236:"Zambia: Rising levels of resentment towards Zimbabweans"
613:"Zimbabwean nurses ready to work in Zambia: Shikapwasha"
264:"25,000 Zimbabweans in SA heading for Zambia: Red Cross"
387:"Zimbabweans screened for cholera at Vic Falls border"
41:
fled across two borders to Zambia as a result of the
288:"Only Three Zimbabweans Apply for Asylum so far"
478:"Zimbabwe's White Farmers Start Anew in Zambia"
37:. Numbers spiked sharply that year, as 25,000
740:
674:
8:
529:
527:
39:Zimbabweans formerly living in South Africa
747:
733:
725:
681:
667:
659:
500:
498:
381:
379:
312:"Zambia: Bracing for a Zimbabwean exodus"
191:
230:
228:
226:
224:
77:2008–2009 Zimbabwean cholera outbreak
7:
476:LaFraniere, Shannon (2004-03-21),
336:"Zimbabweans get asylum in Zambia"
14:
201:"Zimbabweans 'sneak into Zambia'"
199:Mwanagombe, Louis (2007-08-06),
639:Mandrilly, Aline (April 2008),
62:Movement for Democratic Change
1:
645:, Master's thesis, Bordeaux:
505:Thielke, Thilo (2004-12-27),
75:as early as August 2007. The
647:Institut d'études politiques
591:, 2007-10-26, archived from
534:Carroll, Rory (2006-02-27),
242:, 2008-06-09, archived from
844:
762:
694:
572:10.1080/00020180902827589
114:white Zimbabwean farmers
823:Ethnic groups in Zambia
181:Demographics of Zambia
689:Immigration to Zambia
45:, ignoring a call by
18:Zimbabweans in Zambia
828:Zimbabwean diaspora
756:Zimbabwean diaspora
316:UNHCR Refugee World
483:The New York Times
138:Zimbabwean leader
92:Cross-border trade
64:in advance of the
810:
809:
722:
721:
125:climate of Zambia
118:Zambian president
24:Migration history
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278:
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275:
260:
254:
253:
252:
251:
232:
219:
218:
217:
216:
207:, archived from
196:
129:that of Zimbabwe
51:political asylum
843:
842:
838:
837:
836:
834:
833:
832:
813:
812:
811:
806:
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651:
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633:Further reading
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596:
583:
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560:African Studies
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198:
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160:in the capital
153:
144:Mundia Sikatana
110:
94:
89:
26:
12:
11:
5:
841:
839:
831:
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815:
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792:United Kingdom
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566:(1): 163–183,
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327:
303:
279:
255:
220:
190:
188:
185:
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176:
173:
152:
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133:Zambian kwacha
121:Levy Mwanawasa
109:
106:
93:
90:
88:
85:
73:Victoria Falls
43:May 2008 riots
25:
22:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
840:
829:
826:
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797:United States
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664:
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614:
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595:on 2009-07-10
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457:The Economist
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269:
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256:
246:on 2009-09-30
245:
241:
237:
231:
229:
227:
225:
221:
211:on 2012-09-05
210:
206:
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195:
192:
186:
182:
179:
178:
174:
172:
170:
169:guest workers
165:
163:
159:
150:
148:
145:
141:
140:Robert Mugabe
136:
134:
130:
126:
122:
119:
115:
108:White farmers
107:
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103:
99:
91:
86:
84:
82:
78:
74:
69:
67:
63:
58:
56:
52:
48:
47:Robert Mugabe
44:
40:
36:
32:
23:
21:
19:
801:
787:South Africa
713:
650:, retrieved
641:
621:, retrieved
619:, 2009-06-29
617:Lusaka Times
616:
607:
597:, retrieved
593:the original
588:
579:
563:
559:
553:
543:, retrieved
540:The Guardian
539:
516:, retrieved
510:
487:, retrieved
481:
471:
461:, retrieved
456:
447:
437:, retrieved
435:, 2009-01-16
433:Lusaka Times
432:
423:
413:, retrieved
411:, 2008-11-07
409:Lusaka Times
408:
399:
393:, 2008-12-05
391:Lusaka Times
390:
368:, retrieved
366:, 2007-08-03
364:Lusaka Times
363:
354:
344:, retrieved
342:, 2008-06-08
339:
330:
320:, retrieved
318:, 2008-06-16
315:
306:
296:, retrieved
294:, 2008-05-29
292:Lusaka Times
291:
282:
272:, retrieved
270:, 2008-05-26
268:Lusaka Times
267:
258:
248:, retrieved
244:the original
239:
213:, retrieved
209:the original
204:
194:
166:
154:
137:
111:
95:
70:
59:
27:
17:
15:
782:New Zealand
714:Zimbabweans
512:Der Spiegel
459:, June 2004
158:sex workers
102:mealie meal
98:Lake Kariba
81:the disease
31:Zimbabweans
817:Categories
652:2009-08-28
623:2009-08-28
599:2009-08-28
545:2009-08-28
518:2009-08-28
489:2009-08-28
463:2009-08-28
439:2009-08-28
415:2009-08-28
370:2009-08-28
346:2009-08-28
322:2009-08-28
298:2009-08-28
274:2009-08-28
250:2009-08-28
215:2009-08-28
187:References
87:Employment
767:Australia
589:IRIN News
240:IRIN News
772:Botswana
699:Angolans
340:BBC News
175:See also
55:Angolans
709:Indians
704:Chinese
802:Zambia
777:Canada
205:News24
162:Lusaka
35:Zambia
151:Other
127:and
568:doi
33:in
819::
615:,
587:,
564:68
562:,
538:,
526:^
509:,
497:^
480:,
455:,
431:,
407:,
389:,
378:^
362:,
338:,
314:,
290:,
266:,
238:,
223:^
203:,
83:.
20:.
748:e
741:t
734:v
682:e
675:t
668:v
570::
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