1873:
metal to the complex, so the electron count with respect to Wade's rules does not change. In some cases the transition metal will cap the face of the cluster. Another mode of reaction is the formation of endohedral complexes where the metal is encapsulated inside the cluster. These types of complexes lend themselves to comparison with the solid state structure of the corresponding Zintl phase. These reactions tend to be unpredictable and highly dependent on temperature, among other reaction conditions.
1807:
polyanions are highly reduced and may be oxidized by solvent molecules. NMR experiments have shown a low barrier to change and thus similar energies for different states. NMR is also useful for gaining information about the coupling between individual atoms of the polyanion and with the counter-ion, a coordinated transition metal, or ligand. Nucleus independent chemical shifts can also be an indicator for 3D aromaticity, which causes magnetic shielding at special points.
208:
1601:
1592:
1520:
1547:
1583:. Another exception is the metallic InBi. InBi fulfills the Zintl phase requisite of element-element bonds but not the requisite of the polyanionic structure fitting a normal valence compound, i.e., the BiâBi polyanionic structure does not correspond to a normal valence structure such as the diamond Tl in NaTl.
1872:
The Zintl ion itself can also act as a ligand in transition metal complexes. This reactivity is usually seen in clusters composed of greater than 9 atoms, and it is more common for group 15 clusters. A change in geometry often accompanies complexation; however zero electrons are contributed from the
161:
In the intervening years and in the years since, many other reaction mixtures of metals were explored to provide a great number of examples of this type of system. There are hundreds of both compounds composed of group 14 elements and group 15 elements, plus dozens of others beyond those groups, all
2161:
uses a spherical potential from the nuclei to give orbitals with global nodal properties. Again, this formulates the cluster as a 'super atom' with an electron configuration comparable to a single atom. The model is best applied to spherically symmetric systems, and two examples for which it works
1864:
Similarly in solids, Zintl phases can incorporate hydrogen. Such Zintl phase hydrides can be either formed by direct synthesis of the elements or element hydrides in a hydrogen atmosphere or by a hydrogenation reaction of a pristine Zintl phase. Since hydrogen has a comparable electronegativity as
1655:
where the polyanion is composed of greater than one main group element. Some examples are listed below. Zintl ions are also capable of reacting with ligands and transition metals, and further 'heteroatomic examples are discussed below (intermetalloid clusters). In some solvents, atoms exchange can
203:
The Zintl line is a hypothetical boundary drawn between groups 13 and 14. It separates the columns based on the tendency for group 13 elements to form metals when reacted with electropositive group 1 or 2 elements and for group 14 and above to form ionic solids. The 'typical salts' formed in these
1781:
in ammonia that reduce the more electronegative element over the course of the reaction. This reaction can be monitored by a color change from blue (solvated electrons) to the color of the Zintl phase. The second is method, performed at higher temperatures, is to dissolve a Zintl phase in liquid
1806:
Many of the main group elements have NMR active nuclei, thus NMR experiments are also valuable for gaining structural and electronic information; they can reveal information about the flexibility of clusters. For example, differently charged species can be present in solution because the
1954:
The Zintl-Klemm-Busmann concept describes how in an anionic cluster, the atoms arrange in typical geometries found for the element to the right of it on the periodic table. So âthe anionic lattice is isometric with elemental lattices having the same number of valence electrons.â In this
253:
of these phases can be evaluated. Often their magnitude is comparable to those of salt formation, providing evidence for the ionic character of these phases. Density measurements indicate a contraction of the product compared to reactants, similarly indicating ionic bonding within the phase.
187:
from the electropositive element to the more electronegative element in their composition. Thus, the valence electron concentration (VEC) of the anionic element is increased, and it formally moves to the right in its row of the periodic table. Generally the anion does not reach an
2324:"Anorganische Polyederverbindungen, III. Zintl's "Polyanionige Salze"ïž: Darstellung und Eigenschaften der kristallinen Verbindungen [Na4·7 en]Sn9, [Na4·5 en]Ge9 und [Na3·4 en]Sb7 und ihrer Lösungen Die Kristallstruktur von [Na4·7 en]Sn9"
258:
gives additional information about the oxidation state of the elements, and correspondingly the nature of their bonding. Conductivity and magnetization measurements can also be taken. Finally, the structure of a Zintl phase or ion is most reliably confirmed via
248:
are useful for determining physical and structural properties of Zintl phases. Some Zintl phases can be decomposed into a Zintl ionâthe polyanion that composes the anionic substructure of the phaseâand counter ion, which can be studied as described below. The
200:(replacing the number of valence electrons, N, by VEC), making it comparable to an isovalent element. The formed polyanionic substructures can be chains (two-dimensional), rings, and other two-or three-dimensional networks or molecule-like entities.
1640:
and delocalized skeletal bonding. Beyond the "aesthetic simplicity and beauty of their structures" and distinctive electronic properties, Zintl ions are also of interest in synthesis because of their unique and unpredictable behavior in solution.
173:
More recently, Zintl phase and ion reactivity in more complex systems, with organic ligands or transition metals, have been investigated, as well as their use in practical applications, such as for catalytic purposes or in materials science.
1865:
the post-transition metal it is incorporated as part of the polyanionic spatial structure. There are two structural motifs present. A monatomic hydride can be formed occupying an interstitial site that is coordinated by cations exclusively (
1802:
The structure of Zintl ions can be confirmed through x-ray crystallography. Corbett has also improved the crystallization of Zintl ions by demonstrating the use of chelating ligands such as cryptands, as cation sequestering agents.
2009:
1940:
deficient systems. The rules were developed to predict the geometries of boranes from the number of electrons and can be applied to these polyanions by replacing the BH unit with a lone pair. Some unique clusters of Ge occur in
1945:
shapes that cannot be described by Wadeâs rules. The rules also become more convoluted in intermetallic clusters with transition metals and consideration needs to be taken for the location of the additional electrons.
2141:
Not all phases follow the Zintl-Klemm-Busmann concept, particularly when there is a high content of either the electronegative or electropositive element. There are still other examples where this does not apply.
121:
concept, where the polyanion structure should be similar to that of the isovalent element. Further, the anionic sublattice can be isolated as polyanions (Zintl ions) in solution and are the basis of a rich subfield of
182:
Zintl phases are intermetallic compounds that have a pronounced ionic bonding character. They are made up of a polyanionic substructure and group 1 or 2 counter ions, and their structure can be understood by a formal
1818:
As highly reduced species in solution, Zintl ions offer many and often unexpected, reaction possibilities, and their discrete nature positions them as potentially important starting materials in inorganic synthesis.
2235:
and the surface modification of solids. The oxidation and polymerization of Zintl ions may also be a source of new materials. For example, polymerization of Ge clusters was used to create guest free germanium
2056:
2170:
or ab initio molecular orbital calculations similarly treat the clusters with atomic, and correspondingly label them S, P, D etc. These closed shell configurations have prompted some investigation of
2276:
Sevov, S.C., Zintl Phases in
Intermetallic Compounds, Principles and Practice: Progress, Westbrook, J.H.; *Freisher, R.L.: Eds.; John Wiley & Sons. Ltd., Chichester, England, 2002, pp. 113-132
2136:
1849:
with a variety of ligands in a similar reaction to their oligomerization. As such, functionalization competes with those reactions and both can be observed to occur. Organic groups, for example
2150:
Wade's rules are successful in describing the geometry of the anionic sublattice of Zintl phases and of Zintl ions but not the electronic structure. Other 'spherical shell models' with
1777:
route performed at low temperature. In this method, dry ammonia is condensed over a mixture of the two (or more) metals under inert atmosphere. The reaction initially produces
3281:
1960:
101:
in 1941. In his early studies, Zintl noted that there was an atomic volume contraction upon the formation of these products and realized that this could indicate
2061:
The number of bonds per anion predicts structure based on isoelectronic neighbor. This rule is also referred to as the 8 - N rule and can also be written as:
1794:
is used). Some Zintl ions, such as Si and Ge based ions, can only be prepared via this indirect method because they cannot be reduced at low temperatures.
1861:, form exo bonds to the electronegative main group atoms. These ligands can also stabilize high nuclearity clusters, in particular heteroatomic examples.
138:, indicating the formation of a new product. It was not until many years later, in 1930, that the stoichiometry of the new product was identified as Na
3092:"Between Localization and Delocalization: Ru(cod) 2+ Units in the Zintl Clusters [Bi 9 {Ru(cod)} 2 ] 3â and [Tl 2 Bi 6 {Ru(cod)}] 2â"
2367:"Synthesis of stable homopolyatomic anions of antimony, bismuth, tin, and lead. Crystal structure of a salt containing the heptaantimonide(3-) anion"
1933:
1633:
134:
A "Zintl Phase" was first observed in 1891 by M. Joannis, who noted an unexpected green colored solution after dissolving lead and sodium in liquid
307:
162:
spanning a variety of different geometries. Corbett has contributed improvements to the crystallization of Zintl ions by demonstrating the use of
1810:
Additionally, EPR can be used to measure paramagnetic in relevant clusters, of which there are a number of examples of the type, among others.
2307:
Zintl, E; Goubeau, J; Dullenkopf, W (1931). "Metals and alloys. I. Salt-like compounds and intermetallic phases of sodium in liquid ammonia".
2975:
2851:
2750:
2650:
2473:
3045:"A Bronze Matryoshka: The Discrete Intermetalloid Cluster [Sn@Cu 12 @Sn 20 ] 12â in the Ternary Phases A 12 Cu 12 Sn 21 (A = Na, K)"
2025:
1628:, or cryptand solutions. Therefore, they are referred to as Zintl ions. The term 'clusters' is also used to emphasize them as groups with
1563:
There are examples of a new class of compounds that, on the basis of their chemical formulae, would appear to be Zintl phases, e.g., K
3176:
Geier, Sebastian; Jung, Roland; Peters, Kristina; Gasteiger, Hubert A.; Fattakhova-Rohlfing, Dina; FĂ€ssler, Thomas F. (2017-12-19).
2580:
2194:
by the intermetallic cluster . Another ruthenium intertermetallic cluster, , was used as a precursor to selectively disperse the CO
2231:
layer of alpha-Ge. The discrete nature of Zintl ions opens the possibility for the bottom up synthesis of nanostructured
1842:
through solvent molecules or impurities, for example in the presence of cryptand, which is often used to aid crystallization.
117:
within the phase is then considered on the basis of the resulting electronic state. These ideas are further developed in the
2066:
3215:
Guloy, Arnold M.; Ramlau, Reiner; Tang, Zhongjia; Schnelle, Walter; Baitinger, Michael; Grin, Yuri (September 21, 2006).
3304:
245:
3131:"Site-Selective CO 2 Reduction over Highly Dispersed Ru-SnO x Sites Derived from a [Ru@Sn 9 ] 6â Zintl Cluster"
2190:
Some Zintl ions show the ability to activate small molecules. One example from Dehnen and coworkers is the capture of O
105:
formation. He suggested that the structures of these phases were ionic, with complete electron transfer from the more
3178:"A wet-chemical route for macroporous inverse opal Ge anodes for lithium ion batteries with high capacity retention"
2784:"Nature of naked-metal-cluster polyanions in solution. Evidence for (Sn9-xPbx)4-(x = 0-9) and tin-antimony clusters"
3314:
221:
2365:
Corbett, John D.; Adolphson, Douglas G.; Merryman, Don J.; Edwards, Paul A.; Armatis, Frank J. (October 1, 1975).
2167:
1936:
of boranes. Wadeâs rules offer an alternative model for the relationship between geometry and electron count in
2288:
Laves F (1941) Naturwissenschaften 29:244 (Eduard Zintls
Arbeiten ĂŒber die Chemie und Struktur von Legierungen)
2178:
and corresponds to a 2(N+1) rule in the spherical shell model. An indicator of this phenomenon is a negative
3309:
1609:
The crystal structure of InBi with and without the InâBi bonds to highlight the BiâBi polyanionic structure.
71:
1838:
that can be used as precursors in other reactions. Zintl ions can oxidize without the presence of specific
1656:
occur between heteroatomic clusters. Additionally, it is notable that fewer large cluster examples exist.
193:
2831:
2730:
2453:
2179:
1783:
1774:
260:
232:
in solution phase reactions in liquid ammonia or mercury. The product can be purified in some cases via
151:
2157:
for molecular orbitalsâanalogous to atomic orbitalsâthat describe the clusters as pseduo elements. The
2683:
Scharfe, Sandra; Kraus, Florian; Stegmaier, Saskia; Schier, Annette; FĂ€ssler, Thomas F. (2011-04-11).
3228:
2885:
2449:
2228:
1937:
1866:
1629:
83:
47:
3177:
2224:
2151:
1835:
1580:
197:
207:
3260:
3158:
3129:
Wang, Yanru; Zhang, Chao; Wang, Xiuyi; Guo, Jinqiu; Sun, Zhong-Ming; Zhang, Hongbo (2020-07-17).
2927:
2911:
2756:
2237:
1831:
255:
123:
1624:
will often separate into its constituent anions and cations in liquid ammonia, ethylenediamene,
1600:
3252:
3244:
3197:
3150:
3111:
3072:
3064:
3025:
3017:
2971:
2919:
2903:
2847:
2803:
2746:
2704:
2646:
2613:
2576:
2469:
2386:
2216:
1787:
1778:
1572:
337:
Examples from MĂŒller's 1973 review paper with known structures are listed in the table below.
250:
184:
110:
39:
3091:
2684:
2418:
2020:
is number of anion atoms and VEC is the valence electron concentration per anion atom, then:
3236:
3189:
3142:
3103:
3056:
3009:
2963:
2893:
2839:
2795:
2738:
2696:
2638:
2605:
2556:
2461:
2430:
2378:
2335:
2202:
2004:{\displaystyle {\frac {{\text{anion valence}}+{\text{cation valence}}}{n_{a}}}={\text{VEC}}}
1846:
331:
59:
2954:
HĂ€ussermann, Ulrich; Kranak, Verina F.; Puhakainen, Kati (2011), FĂ€ssler, Thomas F. (ed.),
2685:"Zintl Ions, Cage Compounds, and Intermetalloid Clusters of Group 14 and Group 15 Elements"
1554:
with a covalent diamond structure. Na ions are located between the anions. Concept: Tl ~ C.
2944:
G. Fritz, H. W. Schneider, W. Hönle, H.-G. von
Schnering, Z. Naturforsch. B 1988, 43, 561.
2782:
Rudolph, R. W.; Wilson, W. L.; Parker, F.; Taylor, R. Craig; Young, D. C. (July 1, 1978).
2182:(NICS) values of the center of the cluster or of certain additional high symmetry points.
1929:
1839:
236:, though often careful annealing will result in large single crystals of a desired phase.
220:
Zintl phases can be prepared in regular solid state reactions, usually performed under an
155:
106:
2277:
323:
299:
150:
performed by Zintl et al.; and it was not until 1970 that the structure was confirmed by
3232:
2889:
2843:
2742:
2465:
2322:
Diehl, Lothar; Khodadadeh, Keyumarss; Kummer, Dieter; StrÀhle, Joachim (October 1976).
1854:
1579:) and that the extra electron is distributed over the cations and, possibly, the anion
63:
27:
Product of a chemical reaction between elements of periodic groups 1-2 and groups 13-16
3090:
Lichtenberger, Niels; Spang, Nils; Eichhöfer, Andreas; Dehnen, Stefanie (2017-10-16).
2998:"Superatom Compounds, Clusters, and Assemblies: Ultra Alkali Motifs and Architectures"
1591:
3298:
3162:
2760:
2232:
2198:
2154:
1637:
87:
79:
3130:
2931:
1773:
Zintl ions are typically prepared through one of two methods. The first is a direct
3264:
2783:
2593:
2575:
S.M. Kauzlarich, Encyclopedia of
Inorganic chemistry, 1994, John Wiley & Sons,
2366:
1858:
1850:
1621:
233:
94:
75:
43:
2830:
GĂ€rtner, S.; Korber, N. (2013-01-01), Reedijk, Jan; Poeppelmeier, Kenneth (eds.),
1955:
formulation, the average charge on each atom of the cluster can be calculated by:
2874:"Polyhedral nine-atom clusters of tetrel elements and intermetalloid derivatives"
2209:
2171:
1942:
1928:
The geometry and bonding of a Zintl ion cannot be easily described by classical
1625:
537:
225:
98:
67:
2642:
3216:
292:
189:
97:
who investigated them in the 1930s. The term "Zintl Phases" was first used by
3248:
3201:
3154:
3146:
3068:
3044:
3021:
2997:
2907:
2807:
2632:
2617:
2390:
2339:
2175:
1550:
Diamondoid framework of Tl ions in NaTl. NaTl consists of a polyanion (âTlâ)
163:
147:
55:
31:
3256:
3115:
3107:
3076:
3029:
2923:
2898:
2878:
Philosophical
Transactions: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences
2873:
2708:
2700:
2434:
2323:
2735:
Reference Module in
Chemistry, Molecular Sciences and Chemical Engineering
1519:
204:
reactions become more metallic as the main group element becomes heavier.
2561:
2516:
2254:
2249:
1823:
1791:
167:
17:
3240:
2967:
2915:
2799:
2609:
2417:
SchĂ€fer, Herbert; Eisenmann, Brigitte; MĂŒller, Wiking (September 1973).
2382:
228:. Typical solid state methods include direct reduction of corresponding
3193:
2996:
Reber, Arthur C.; Khanna, Shiv N.; Castleman, A. Welford (2007-08-01).
2158:
1827:
1546:
135:
3060:
3013:
2955:
2051:{\displaystyle 8-{\text{VEC}}={\text{number of bonds per anion atom}}}
1822:
In solution, individual Zintl ions can react with each other to form
102:
58:(from groups 13, 14, 15, or 16). It is characterized by intermediate
2956:"Hydrogenous Zintl Phases: Interstitial Versus Polyanionic Hydrides"
1869:) or it can bind covalently to the polyanion (polyanionic hydride).
1834:
of monomers. After oxidation, the clusters may sometimes persist as
2521:) Clusters: Synthesis and Crystal Structures of the Zintl Phases Cs
1545:
1518:
229:
206:
51:
1532:
271:
An illustrative example: There are two types of Zintl ions in K
2419:"Zintl Phases: Transitions between Metallic and Ionic Bonding"
1882:
Group 14 anions functionalized with organic groups: , , , , ;
114:
1932:; however the geometries Zintl ions can be well described by
211:
A periodic table illustrating the location of the Zintl line.
1648:
of group 14 or 15 elements. Some examples are listed below.
2729:
Qiao, Lei; McGrady, John E.; Sun, Zhong-Ming (2021-01-01),
196:, bonds are formed. The structure can be explained by the
1830:. In fact, anions with high nuclearity can be viewed as
2594:"A remarkable hypoelectronic indium cluster in K8In11"
2592:
Sevov, Slavi C.; Corbett, John D. (December 1, 1991).
2836:
Comprehensive
Inorganic Chemistry II (Second Edition)
2458:
Comprehensive
Inorganic Chemistry II (Second Edition)
2069:
2028:
1963:
3043:
Stegmaier, Saskia; FĂ€ssler, Thomas F. (2011-12-14).
2731:"Zintl chemistry: From Zintl ions to Zintl clusters"
2448:
GĂ€rtner, S.; Korber, N. (2013-01-01), Reedijk, Jan;
2297:
M. Joannis, Hebd. Seances Acad. Sci. 1891, 113, 795.
2131:{\displaystyle {\frac {n_{e}+b_{a}-b_{c}}{n_{a}}}=8}
326:, 22 = 2n + 4 skeletal-electrons corresponding to a
302:, 12 = 2n + 4 skeletal-electrons corresponding to a
1899:
Exo coordinated transition metal complexes: , , , ;
1636:and occupy an area of transition between localized
2962:, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, pp. 143â161,
2423:Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English
2130:
2050:
2003:
2825:
2823:
2821:
2819:
2817:
2678:
2676:
2674:
2672:
2670:
2668:
2666:
2664:
2662:
93:This type of solid is named after German chemist
2960:Zintl Phases: Principles and Recent Developments
2412:
2410:
2408:
2406:
2404:
2402:
2400:
2360:
2358:
2777:
2775:
2724:
2722:
2720:
2718:
2637:. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
2208:, resulting in nearly 100% CO selectivity for
1896:Intermetalloid deltahedral clusters: , , , , ;
1575:calculations have shown that the anion is (In
8:
2872:Scharfe, Sandra; FĂ€ssler, Thomas F. (2010).
2174:. This concept was first suggested for
1632:bonding. The structures can be described by
1523:Structure of subunit in the Zintl phase Cs
2897:
2838:, Amsterdam: Elsevier, pp. 251â267,
2560:
2460:, Amsterdam: Elsevier, pp. 251â267,
2114:
2103:
2090:
2077:
2070:
2068:
2043:
2035:
2027:
1996:
1985:
1975:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1644:The largest subcategory of Zintl ions is
113:main group element. The structure of the
3049:Journal of the American Chemical Society
3002:Journal of the American Chemical Society
2788:Journal of the American Chemical Society
2371:Journal of the American Chemical Society
2240:, in other words a particular, pure Ge.
1930:two electron two center bonding theories
1786:like ethylenediamine (on rare occasions
339:
66:bonding. Zintl phases are a subgroup of
3096:Angewandte Chemie International Edition
2689:Angewandte Chemie International Edition
2505:, Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem. 223, 321 (3935)
2272:
2270:
2266:
1531:. The trianion adopts the structure of
2186:Use in catalysis and materials science
1571:, which is metallic and paramagnetic.
7:
525:Tl (the polyanion is tetrahedral (Tl
2223:has been used as a source of Ge in
78:or exhibit temperature-independent
3217:"A guest-free germanium clathrate"
2844:10.1016/b978-0-08-097774-4.00110-8
2743:10.1016/b978-0-12-823144-9.00014-5
2466:10.1016/b978-0-08-097774-4.00110-8
2180:Nucleus Independent Chemical Shift
1651:Many examples similarly exist for
25:
2227:, where is can be deposited in a
170:, as cation sequestering agents.
1919:Electronic structure and bonding
1599:
1590:
2515:He H, Tyson C, Bobev S (2011).
3182:Sustainable Energy & Fuels
2634:Inorganic Structural Chemistry
2045:number of bonds per anion atom
1:
2631:Mller, Ulrich (2006-10-06).
2162:well are the icosahedral Al
1950:Zintl-Klemm-Busmann concept
1832:oxidative coupling products
3331:
2643:10.1002/9780470057278.ch13
1845:Zintl ion clusters can be
1620:Zintl phases that contain
194:closed shell configuration
3282:Video of preparation of K
3147:10.1021/acscatal.0c01253
2340:10.1002/cber.19761091018
1622:molecule-like polyanions
3290:(subscription required)
2517:"New compounds with (As
2352:zintl ions 14 15 review
536:NaSi (the polyanion is
72:intermetallic compounds
3108:10.1002/anie.201707632
2899:10.1098/rsta.2009.0270
2701:10.1002/anie.201001630
2435:10.1002/anie.197306941
2201:catalyst Ru-SnOx onto
2132:
2052:
2005:
1555:
1543:
212:
2832:"1.09 - Zintl Anions"
2454:"1.09 - Zintl Anions"
2450:Poeppelmeier, Kenneth
2225:lithium ion batteries
2133:
2053:
2006:
1923:
1784:polar aprotic solvent
1714:Heteroatomic clusters
1653:heteroatomic clusters
1549:
1522:
261:X-ray crystallography
210:
126:inorganic chemistry.
3276:Additional resources
2562:10.3390/cryst1030087
2067:
2026:
1961:
1938:delocalized electron
1867:interstitial hydride
1581:antibonding orbitals
330:-form of a bicapped
226:molten salt solution
48:alkaline earth metal
3305:Inorganic compounds
3241:10.1038/nature05145
3233:2006Natur.443..320G
3102:(43): 13253â13258.
3055:(49): 19758â19768.
3008:(33): 10189â10194.
2968:10.1007/430_2010_20
2890:2010RSPTA.368.1265S
2884:(1915): 1265â1284.
2800:10.1021/ja00482a069
2610:10.1021/ic00026a004
2598:Inorganic Chemistry
2383:10.1021/ja00854a066
1665:Homoatomic clusters
1646:homoatomic clusters
1542:. Concept: As ~ S.
345:Cation/Anion group
341:
192:, so to reach that
119:Zintl-Klemm-Busmann
42:between a group 1 (
3194:10.1039/C7SE00422B
2328:Chemische Berichte
2152:spherical harmonic
2128:
2048:
2001:
1885:Silated anions: Ge
1779:solvated electrons
1556:
1544:
544:) Concept Si ~ P)
532:NaTl (See Figure)
529:) Concept Tl ~ P)
340:
308:trigonal-bipyramid
298:, or according to
256:X-ray spectroscopy
213:
109:metal to the more
38:is a product of a
3315:Cluster chemistry
3227:(7109): 320â323.
3141:(14): 7808â7819.
3061:10.1021/ja205934p
3014:10.1021/ja071647n
2977:978-3-642-21150-8
2853:978-0-08-096529-1
2794:(14): 4629â4630.
2752:978-0-12-409547-2
2695:(16): 3630â3670.
2652:978-0-470-05727-8
2604:(26): 4875â4877.
2475:978-0-08-096529-1
2377:(21): 6267â6268.
2334:(10): 3404â3418.
2217:materials science
2146:Electronic theory
2120:
2046:
2038:
1999:
1991:
1978:
1970:
1782:ammonia or other
1573:Molecular orbital
1517:
1516:
251:heat of formation
185:electron transfer
164:chelating ligands
50:) and main group
16:(Redirected from
3322:
3269:
3268:
3212:
3206:
3205:
3173:
3167:
3166:
3126:
3120:
3119:
3087:
3081:
3080:
3040:
3034:
3033:
2993:
2987:
2986:
2985:
2984:
2951:
2945:
2942:
2936:
2935:
2901:
2869:
2863:
2862:
2861:
2860:
2827:
2812:
2811:
2779:
2770:
2769:
2768:
2767:
2726:
2713:
2712:
2680:
2657:
2656:
2628:
2622:
2621:
2589:
2583:
2573:
2567:
2566:
2564:
2512:
2506:
2491:
2485:
2484:
2483:
2482:
2445:
2439:
2438:
2414:
2395:
2394:
2362:
2353:
2350:
2344:
2343:
2319:
2313:
2312:
2309:Z. Phys. Chem. A
2304:
2298:
2295:
2289:
2286:
2280:
2274:
2137:
2135:
2134:
2129:
2121:
2119:
2118:
2109:
2108:
2107:
2095:
2094:
2082:
2081:
2071:
2057:
2055:
2054:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2039:
2036:
2010:
2008:
2007:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1992:
1990:
1989:
1980:
1979:
1976:
1971:
1968:
1965:
1840:oxidizing agents
1798:Characterization
1603:
1594:
342:
332:square antiprism
321:
320:
319:
290:
289:
288:
240:Characterization
222:inert atmosphere
158:(en) by Kummer.
21:
3330:
3329:
3325:
3324:
3323:
3321:
3320:
3319:
3295:
3294:
3289:
3285:
3278:
3273:
3272:
3214:
3213:
3209:
3175:
3174:
3170:
3128:
3127:
3123:
3089:
3088:
3084:
3042:
3041:
3037:
2995:
2994:
2990:
2982:
2980:
2978:
2953:
2952:
2948:
2943:
2939:
2871:
2870:
2866:
2858:
2856:
2854:
2829:
2828:
2815:
2781:
2780:
2773:
2765:
2763:
2753:
2728:
2727:
2716:
2682:
2681:
2660:
2653:
2630:
2629:
2625:
2591:
2590:
2586:
2574:
2570:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2514:
2513:
2509:
2492:
2488:
2480:
2478:
2476:
2447:
2446:
2442:
2416:
2415:
2398:
2364:
2363:
2356:
2351:
2347:
2321:
2320:
2316:
2306:
2305:
2301:
2296:
2292:
2287:
2283:
2275:
2268:
2263:
2246:
2222:
2206:
2197:
2193:
2188:
2166:and clusters.
2165:
2148:
2110:
2099:
2086:
2073:
2072:
2065:
2064:
2024:
2023:
2018:
1981:
1966:
1959:
1958:
1952:
1926:
1921:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1892:
1888:
1879:
1816:
1800:
1771:
1752:
1748:
1740:
1736:
1722:
1716:
1667:
1662:
1618:
1613:
1612:
1611:
1610:
1606:
1605:
1604:
1596:
1595:
1578:
1570:
1566:
1561:
1553:
1540:
1536:
1530:
1526:
1512:
1508:
1503:
1495:
1486:
1482:
1477:
1473:
1466:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1445:
1441:
1435:
1431:
1426:
1422:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1394:
1382:
1378:
1373:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1347:
1343:
1336:
1332:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1312:
1308:
1303:
1299:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1271:
1259:
1255:
1250:
1235:
1231:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1190:
1186:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1156:
1144:
1140:
1135:
1128:
1119:
1115:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1092:
1088:
1080:
1073:
1069:
1063:
1055:
1051:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1010:
1006:
1002:
997:
993:
972:
968:
962:
958:
954:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
902:CsGe CsSn CsPb
883:
876:
872:
868:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
824:RbGe RbSn RbPb
819:
800:
796:
792:
785:
781:
777:
771:
764:
760:
756:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
716:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
685:
681:
675:
656:
650:
646:
642:
636:
628:
624:
620:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
583:
579:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
543:
528:
524:
519:
500:
496:
490:
482:
478:
474:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
438:
434:
428:
424:
420:
416:
410:
406:
402:
398:
393:
389:
382:LiGa LiIn LiTl
381:
377:
371:
318:
315:
314:
313:
311:
296:
287:
284:
283:
282:
280:
278:
274:
269:
242:
218:
180:
156:ethylenediamine
152:crystallization
145:
141:
132:
111:electronegative
107:electropositive
70:, high-melting
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3328:
3326:
3318:
3317:
3312:
3310:Intermetallics
3307:
3297:
3296:
3293:
3292:
3287:
3283:
3277:
3274:
3271:
3270:
3207:
3168:
3121:
3082:
3035:
2988:
2976:
2946:
2937:
2864:
2852:
2813:
2771:
2751:
2714:
2658:
2651:
2623:
2584:
2568:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2507:
2486:
2474:
2440:
2429:(9): 694â712.
2396:
2354:
2345:
2314:
2299:
2290:
2281:
2265:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2258:
2257:
2252:
2245:
2242:
2233:semiconductors
2220:
2204:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2184:
2172:3D aromaticity
2163:
2155:wave functions
2147:
2144:
2127:
2124:
2117:
2113:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2080:
2076:
2042:
2034:
2031:
2016:
1995:
1988:
1984:
1977:cation valence
1974:
1951:
1948:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1916:
1915:
1911:
1910:ring inside Sb
1907:
1903:
1900:
1897:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1883:
1878:
1875:
1847:functionalized
1815:
1812:
1799:
1796:
1770:
1767:
1766:
1765:
1763:
1761:
1759:
1757:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1727:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1715:
1712:
1711:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1700:
1698:
1696:
1694:
1692:
1690:
1688:
1686:
1684:
1682:
1680:
1678:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1670:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1638:covalent bonds
1617:
1614:
1608:
1607:
1598:
1597:
1589:
1588:
1587:
1586:
1585:
1576:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1557:
1551:
1538:
1534:
1528:
1524:
1515:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1501:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1475:
1471:
1468:
1464:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1443:
1439:
1433:
1429:
1424:
1420:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1392:
1389:
1385:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1371:
1368:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1345:
1341:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1310:
1306:
1301:
1297:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1269:
1266:
1262:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1248:
1245:
1239:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1188:
1184:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1154:
1151:
1147:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1133:
1130:
1126:
1125:MgSe MgTe MgTe
1121:
1117:
1113:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1090:
1086:
1083:
1078:
1071:
1067:
1061:
1058:
1053:
1049:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1008:
1004:
1000:
995:
991:
988:
984:
983:
977:
975:
970:
966:
960:
956:
952:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
904:
898:
896:
892:
891:
885:
881:
878:
874:
870:
866:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
826:
820:
817:
814:
810:
809:
803:
798:
794:
790:
783:
779:
775:
769:
766:
762:
758:
754:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
718:
714:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
683:
679:
676:
673:
670:
666:
665:
659:
654:
648:
644:
640:
634:
631:
626:
622:
618:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
586:
581:
577:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
541:
534:
526:
522:
517:
514:
510:
509:
503:
498:
494:
488:
485:
480:
476:
472:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
440:
436:
432:
426:
422:
418:
414:
408:
404:
400:
396:
391:
387:
384:
379:
375:
369:
366:
362:
361:
358:
355:
352:
349:
346:
322:(according to
316:
294:
285:
276:
272:
268:
265:
241:
238:
217:
214:
179:
176:
143:
139:
131:
128:
88:semiconductors
46:) or group 2 (
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3327:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3302:
3300:
3291:
3280:
3279:
3275:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3211:
3208:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3172:
3169:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3135:ACS Catalysis
3132:
3125:
3122:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3086:
3083:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3039:
3036:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2992:
2989:
2979:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2950:
2947:
2941:
2938:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2868:
2865:
2855:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2826:
2824:
2822:
2820:
2818:
2814:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2778:
2776:
2772:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2725:
2723:
2721:
2719:
2715:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2679:
2677:
2675:
2673:
2671:
2669:
2667:
2665:
2663:
2659:
2654:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2635:
2627:
2624:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2588:
2585:
2582:
2581:0-471-93620-0
2578:
2572:
2569:
2563:
2558:
2555:(3): 87âp98.
2554:
2550:
2546:
2511:
2508:
2504:
2503:
2498:
2497:
2490:
2487:
2477:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2444:
2441:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2413:
2411:
2409:
2407:
2405:
2403:
2401:
2397:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2361:
2359:
2355:
2349:
2346:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2318:
2315:
2310:
2303:
2300:
2294:
2291:
2285:
2282:
2279:
2278:Slavi Chapter
2273:
2271:
2267:
2260:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2247:
2243:
2241:
2239:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2218:
2213:
2211:
2207:
2200:
2199:hydrogenation
2185:
2183:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2160:
2159:Jellium model
2156:
2153:
2145:
2143:
2139:
2125:
2122:
2115:
2111:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2078:
2074:
2062:
2059:
2040:
2032:
2029:
2021:
2019:
2011:
1993:
1986:
1982:
1972:
1969:anion valence
1956:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1918:
1901:
1898:
1895:
1884:
1881:
1880:
1876:
1874:
1870:
1868:
1862:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1843:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1820:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1804:
1797:
1795:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1780:
1776:
1768:
1764:
1762:
1760:
1758:
1756:
1754:
1744:
1742:
1732:
1730:
1728:
1726:
1724:
1718:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1707:
1705:
1703:
1701:
1699:
1697:
1695:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1687:
1685:
1683:
1681:
1679:
1677:
1675:
1673:
1671:
1669:
1668:
1664:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1649:
1647:
1642:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1615:
1602:
1593:
1584:
1582:
1574:
1558:
1548:
1541:
1521:
1513:
1499:
1497:
1489:
1487:
1469:
1467:
1461:
1447:
1436:
1418:
1416:
1390:
1387:
1386:
1383:
1369:
1367:
1363:
1361:
1339:
1337:
1327:
1313:
1295:
1293:
1267:
1264:
1263:
1260:
1246:
1244:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1226:
1211:
1192:
1180:
1178:
1152:
1149:
1148:
1145:
1131:
1129:
1122:
1120:
1110:
1084:
1082:
1075:
1059:
1057:
1046:
1031:
1012:
989:
986:
985:
982:
978:
976:
974:
973:(See Figure)
963:
905:
903:
899:
897:
894:
893:
890:
886:
879:
877:
827:
825:
821:
815:
812:
811:
808:
804:
802:
787:
767:
765:
719:
717:
711:
677:
671:
668:
667:
664:
660:
658:
651:
632:
630:
587:
585:
574:
539:
535:
533:
530:
515:
512:
511:
508:
504:
502:
486:
484:
441:
439:
429:
411:
385:
383:
367:
364:
363:
359:
356:
353:
350:
347:
344:
343:
338:
335:
333:
329:
325:
309:
305:
301:
297:
266:
264:
262:
257:
252:
247:
246:usual methods
239:
237:
235:
234:zone refining
231:
227:
223:
215:
209:
205:
201:
199:
195:
191:
186:
177:
175:
171:
169:
165:
159:
157:
153:
149:
137:
129:
127:
125:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
91:
89:
85:
82:and are poor
81:
80:paramagnetism
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
3224:
3220:
3210:
3188:(1): 85â90.
3185:
3181:
3171:
3138:
3134:
3124:
3099:
3095:
3085:
3052:
3048:
3038:
3005:
3001:
2991:
2981:, retrieved
2959:
2949:
2940:
2881:
2877:
2867:
2857:, retrieved
2835:
2791:
2787:
2764:, retrieved
2737:, Elsevier,
2734:
2692:
2688:
2633:
2626:
2601:
2597:
2587:
2571:
2552:
2548:
2510:
2501:
2500:
2495:
2493:
2489:
2479:, retrieved
2457:
2443:
2426:
2422:
2374:
2370:
2348:
2331:
2327:
2317:
2311:(154): 1â46.
2308:
2302:
2293:
2284:
2214:
2189:
2149:
2140:
2063:
2060:
2022:
2014:
2012:
1957:
1953:
1934:Wadeâs rules
1927:
1924:Wade's rules
1871:
1863:
1859:bromomethane
1844:
1821:
1817:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1772:
1652:
1650:
1645:
1643:
1634:Wade's rules
1626:crown ethers
1619:
1562:
1504:
1491:
1478:
1462:
1448:
1437:
1427:
1395:
1374:
1365:
1348:
1328:
1314:
1304:
1272:
1251:
1242:
1227:
1212:
1193:
1182:
1157:
1136:
1124:
1111:
1093:
1076:
1065:
1047:
1032:
1013:
998:
980:
964:
950:
901:
888:
864:
823:
806:
788:
773:
752:
712:
686:
662:
652:
638:
616:
575:
545:
531:
520:
506:
492:
470:
430:
412:
394:
373:
336:
327:
324:Wade's rules
303:
300:Wade's rules
270:
244:Many of the
243:
219:
202:
181:
178:Zintl phases
172:
160:
133:
118:
95:Eduard Zintl
92:
44:alkali metal
35:
29:
2229:microporous
2210:methanation
1943:deltahedral
1630:homonuclear
554:(x †11) Na
538:tetrahedral
306:-form of a
76:diamagnetic
36:Zintl phase
3299:Categories
2983:2022-12-16
2859:2022-12-13
2766:2022-12-14
2481:2022-12-13
2261:References
2176:fullerenes
1814:Reactivity
1616:Zintl ions
1559:Exceptions
1496:BaSe BaTe
1366:SrSe SrTe
1243:CaSe CaTe
625:Sb NaSb Na
558:Si NaGe Na
475:As LiAs Li
166:, such as
148:titrations
124:main group
84:conductors
3249:1476-4687
3202:2398-4902
3163:225729672
3155:2155-5435
3069:0002-7863
3022:0002-7863
2908:1364-503X
2808:0002-7863
2761:239941189
2618:0020-1669
2502:F. Weibke
2391:0002-7863
2238:clathrate
2097:−
2033:−
1824:oligomers
1775:reduction
1769:Synthesis
1463:BaPb BaPb
1449:BaGe BaGe
1333:SrSn SrPb
1285:SrTl SrTl
1213:CaSn CaSn
1174:CaTl CaTl
1170:CaIn CaIn
1162:CaGa CaGa
1048:MgIn MgIn
1014:MgGa MgGa
981:CsBr CsI
889:RbBr RbI
663:NaBr NaI
507:LiBr LiI
310:) and 1x
216:Synthesis
168:cryptands
74:that are
56:metalloid
32:chemistry
18:Zintl ion
3257:16988708
3116:28834005
3077:21961732
3030:17655299
2932:12820790
2924:20156825
2916:25663317
2709:21455921
2549:Crystals
2452:(eds.),
2255:Stannide
2250:Plumbide
2244:See also
1877:Examples
1836:radicals
1828:polymers
1792:pyridine
1660:Examples
1056:Tl MgTl
629:Bi NaBi
592:P NaP Na
483:Bi LiBi
446:P LiP Li
291:(pseudo
267:Examples
224:or in a
198:8-N rule
60:metallic
40:reaction
3265:4366188
3229:Bibcode
2886:Bibcode
1453:BaSn Ba
1428:BaSi Ba
1305:SrSi Sr
1198:Ge CaGe
959:Bi CsBi
873:Bi RbBi
807:KBr KI
713:KPb KPb
521:NaIn Na
136:ammonia
130:History
68:brittle
3263:
3255:
3247:
3221:Nature
3200:
3161:
3153:
3114:
3075:
3067:
3028:
3020:
2974:
2930:
2922:
2914:
2906:
2850:
2806:
2759:
2749:
2707:
2649:
2616:
2579:
2537:and Cs
2472:
2389:
2013:where
1914:bowl).
1857:, and
1851:phenyl
761:Sb KBi
724:P KP K
230:oxides
103:cation
3261:S2CID
3159:S2CID
2928:S2CID
2912:JSTOR
2757:S2CID
2496:Biftz
1893:Tl, ;
1221:Pb Ca
1206:Sn Ca
1181:CaSi
1070:Ge Mg
979:CsCl
955:Sb Cs
900:CsSi
887:RbCl
869:As Rb
822:RbSi
661:NaCl
643:Se Na
621:As Na
584:NaPb
505:LiCl
497:Se Li
479:Sb Li
279:; 2x
190:octet
154:with
115:anion
99:Laves
64:ionic
52:metal
3253:PMID
3245:ISSN
3198:ISSN
3151:ISSN
3112:PMID
3073:PMID
3065:ISSN
3026:PMID
3018:ISSN
2972:ISBN
2920:PMID
2904:ISSN
2848:ISBN
2804:ISSN
2747:ISBN
2705:PMID
2647:ISBN
2614:ISSN
2577:ISBN
2541:CdAs
2533:ZnAs
2529:, Cs
2525:NaAs
2499:and
2470:ISBN
2387:ISSN
2219:, Ge
1941:non-
1826:and
1527:NaAs
1505:BaBr
1500:BaCl
1490:BaS
1483:BaBi
1438:BaSi
1412:BaTl
1408:BaIn
1404:BaIn
1400:BaGa
1396:BaGa
1391:BaAl
1375:SrBr
1370:SrCl
1364:SrS
1357:SrBi
1329:SrGe
1315:SrSi
1289:SrTl
1281:SrIn
1277:SrGa
1273:SrGa
1268:SrAl
1252:CaBr
1247:CaCl
1241:CaS
1183:CaSi
1166:CaGa
1158:CaAl
1153:CaAl
1137:MgBr
1132:MgCl
1123:MgS
969:NaAs
816:RbIn
805:KCl
757:As K
516:NaGa
360:VII
348:III
328:nido
304:nido
34:, a
3237:doi
3225:443
3190:doi
3143:doi
3104:doi
3057:doi
3053:133
3010:doi
3006:129
2964:doi
2894:doi
2882:368
2840:doi
2796:doi
2792:100
2739:doi
2697:doi
2639:doi
2606:doi
2557:doi
2462:doi
2431:doi
2379:doi
2336:doi
2332:109
2215:In
2203:CeO
2168:DFT
2037:VEC
1998:VEC
1902:(Ni
1889:Hyp
1855:TMS
1790:or
1788:DMF
1719:AsP
1509:BaI
1492:BaS
1479:BaP
1446:Ge
1388:Ba
1379:SrI
1265:Sr
1256:CaI
1225:Pb
1210:Sn
1191:Ge
1150:Ca
1141:MgI
1081:Pb
1074:Sn
1064:Si
1045:In
1030:In
1011:Ga
987:Mg
946:CsP
942:CsP
938:CsP
895:Cs
860:RbP
856:RbP
852:RbP
813:Rb
801:Te
786:Se
672:KIn
657:Te
612:NaP
608:NaP
552:136
540:(Si
513:Na
501:Te
466:LiP
462:LiP
458:LiP
454:LiP
372:Al
365:Li
357:VI
351:IV
146:by
86:or
54:or
30:In
3301::
3286:Ge
3259:.
3251:.
3243:.
3235:.
3223:.
3219:.
3196:.
3184:.
3180:.
3157:.
3149:.
3139:10
3137:.
3133:.
3110:.
3100:56
3098:.
3094:.
3071:.
3063:.
3051:.
3047:.
3024:.
3016:.
3004:.
3000:.
2970:,
2958:,
2926:.
2918:.
2910:.
2902:.
2892:.
2880:.
2876:.
2846:,
2834:,
2816:^
2802:.
2790:.
2786:.
2774:^
2755:,
2745:,
2733:,
2717:^
2703:.
2693:50
2691:.
2687:.
2661:^
2645:.
2612:.
2602:30
2600:.
2596:.
2551:.
2547:.
2543:14
2535:14
2494:W
2468:,
2456:,
2427:12
2425:.
2421:.
2399:^
2385:.
2375:97
2373:.
2369:.
2357:^
2330:.
2326:.
2269:^
2212:.
2164:13
2138:.
2058:.
1912:13
1906:Sb
1853:,
1749:Ge
1747:14
1745:Bi
1737:Sb
1733:Sn
1577:11
1569:11
1567:In
1470:Ba
1457:Pb
1442:Ba
1432:Si
1423:Si
1419:Ba
1355:14
1349:Sr
1340:Sr
1323:Ge
1319:Sr
1309:Si
1300:Si
1296:Sr
1232:Pb
1228:Ca
1217:Ca
1202:Ca
1194:Ca
1187:Ca
1116:Bi
1112:Mg
1106:Sb
1102:Mg
1098:As
1094:Mg
1085:Mg
1077:Mg
1066:Mg
1060:Mg
1052:Mg
1041:Mg
1037:In
1033:Mg
1026:Mg
1022:Ga
1018:Mg
1007:Mg
1003:Ga
999:Mg
996:12
994:Al
992:17
990:Mg
965:Cs
951:Cs
948:15
944:11
936:11
930:Cs
922:Cs
914:Cs
906:Cs
884:S
880:Rb
865:Rb
862:15
858:11
850:11
844:Rb
836:Rb
828:Rb
793:Se
772:S
750:15
748:KP
746:11
709:46
707:Sn
701:46
699:Ge
693:46
691:Si
684:17
682:Si
680:12
669:K
653:Na
647:Se
639:Na
637:S
633:Na
617:Na
614:15
606:11
600:Na
588:Na
580:Pb
576:Na
570:Pb
568:13
566:Na
562:Pb
560:15
550:Si
546:Na
493:Li
491:S
487:Li
471:Li
468:15
442:Li
435:Sn
431:Li
425:Sn
423:22
421:Li
417:Ge
413:Li
407:Ge
405:22
403:Li
399:Si
395:Li
390:Si
388:22
386:Li
378:Al
374:Li
368:Li
354:V
334:)
312:Si
281:Si
277:17
275:Si
273:12
263:.
142:Pb
90:.
3288:9
3284:4
3267:.
3239::
3231::
3204:.
3192::
3186:2
3165:.
3145::
3118:.
3106::
3079:.
3059::
3032:.
3012::
2966::
2934:.
2896::
2888::
2842::
2810:.
2798::
2741::
2711:.
2699::
2655:.
2641::
2620:.
2608::
2565:.
2559::
2553:1
2545:"
2539:4
2531:4
2527:7
2523:2
2519:7
2464::
2437:.
2433::
2393:.
2381::
2342:.
2338::
2221:9
2205:2
2196:2
2192:2
2126:8
2123:=
2116:a
2112:n
2105:c
2101:b
2092:a
2088:b
2084:+
2079:e
2075:n
2041:=
2030:8
2017:a
2015:n
1994:=
1987:a
1983:n
1973:+
1908:4
1904:4
1891:3
1887:9
1751:4
1739:3
1735:5
1721:3
1565:8
1552:n
1539:3
1537:S
1535:4
1533:P
1529:7
1525:2
1511:2
1507:2
1502:2
1494:3
1485:3
1481:3
1476:2
1474:P
1472:3
1465:3
1459:3
1455:5
1451:2
1444:2
1440:2
1434:4
1430:3
1425:3
1421:5
1414:2
1410:4
1406:2
1402:4
1398:2
1393:4
1381:2
1377:2
1372:2
1359:3
1353:P
1351:3
1346:2
1344:P
1342:3
1335:3
1331:2
1325:4
1321:3
1317:2
1311:7
1307:4
1302:3
1298:5
1291:3
1287:2
1283:2
1279:4
1275:2
1270:2
1258:2
1254:2
1249:2
1234:3
1230:5
1223:2
1219:3
1215:3
1208:2
1204:3
1200:2
1196:2
1189:7
1185:2
1176:3
1172:2
1168:4
1164:2
1160:4
1155:2
1143:2
1139:2
1134:2
1127:2
1118:2
1114:3
1108:2
1104:3
1100:2
1096:3
1091:2
1089:P
1087:3
1079:2
1072:2
1068:2
1062:2
1054:2
1050:5
1043:2
1039:2
1035:5
1028:3
1024:5
1020:2
1016:2
1009:2
1005:2
1001:5
971:7
967:2
961:2
957:3
953:3
940:7
934:P
932:3
928:7
926:P
924:3
920:6
918:P
916:4
912:4
910:P
908:2
882:2
875:2
871:3
867:3
854:7
848:P
846:3
842:7
840:P
838:3
834:6
832:P
830:4
818:4
799:2
797:K
795:2
791:2
789:K
784:2
782:K
780:2
778:S
776:2
774:K
770:2
768:K
763:2
759:3
755:3
753:K
744:P
742:3
740:K
738:7
736:P
734:3
732:K
730:6
728:P
726:4
722:3
720:K
715:2
705:8
703:K
697:8
695:K
689:8
687:K
678:K
674:4
655:2
649:2
645:2
641:2
635:2
627:3
623:3
619:3
610:7
604:P
602:3
598:7
596:P
594:3
590:3
582:4
578:9
572:5
564:4
556:8
548:x
542:4
527:4
523:2
518:4
499:2
495:2
489:2
481:3
477:3
473:3
464:7
460:5
456:4
452:7
450:P
448:3
444:3
437:5
433:2
427:5
419:4
415:9
409:5
401:2
397:7
392:5
380:4
376:9
370:3
317:9
295:4
293:P
286:4
144:9
140:4
62:/
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.