Zirid dynasty - Knowledge (XXG)

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was built after the suppression of the rebellion of the Zanāta Abū Yazīd in 336/947. The second, with the remains of a mosque, was built by Zīrī's son Buluggīn (Ar. Buluqqīn, the founder of the Zīrid dynasty, r. 362–73/972–83) after his appointment in 362/972 as Fāṭimid viceroy of Ifrīqiya. After the departure of Buluggīn's son al-Manṣūr to take up residence at al-Qayrawān in 381/991, Ashīr remained the Zīrid capital of the central Maghrib until the foundation of the Qalʿa (Fortress) of the Banū Ḥammād in 398/1007, when it became the second city of the Ḥammādids. In ruins between 440/1048–9 and 455/1063 following a dynastic quarrel, it was repopulated as a market town before its desertion sometime after al-Idrīsī wrote in the mid-sixth/twelfth century.

2535: 1979:, the Fatimid caliph's former palace-city just outside the walls of Kairouan, where his successors continued to reside until the mid-11th century. Buluggin spent much of his time in the west, however. From 974 onward he entrusted the governance of Ifriqiya to Abd Allah ibn Muhammad al-Katib, a secretary with whom he replaced the Fatimid-appointed secretary, Ziyadat Allah. In 974 or 977–978 (364 or 367 AH), he founded another capital and palace complex in Ashir, next to his father's foundation, which he favoured over Kairouan. Ashir continued to be the capital of the Zirids in the central Maghreb, while Kairouan was the capital of Ifriqiya. 2022:(r. 984–996). After his departure to the west in 979, Bulugin had not returned to Kairouan and during this time his appointee, Abd Allah ibn Muhammad al-Katib, had amassed considerable power and influence in Ifriqiya. As a result, al-Mansur became involved in a confrontation with Abd Allah starting in 987. Later Zirid sources portray Abd Allah as a rebel who was aided by the Fatimid Caliphs, because the latter now preferred him over al-Mansur and wished to impose a new arrangement in Ifriqiya. In the end, al-Mansur ordered the successful assassination of Abd Allah and his son. In 989–990 he also suppressed a revolt by the 2365:, millet and chickpea were grown. The breeding of horses and sheep flourished and fishing provided plentiful food. The Mediterranean was also an important part of the economy, even though it was, for a time, abandoned after the departure of the Fatimids, when the priority of the Zirid Emirs turned to territorial and internal conflicts. Their maritime policy enabled them to establish trade links, in particular for the importation of the timber necessary for their fleet, and enabled them to begin an alliance and very close ties with the Kalbid Emirs of Sicily. They did, however, face blockade attempts by the Venetians and 57: 2391: 2161:, whose rule they considered flawed and unjust. The request also contained a pledge to recognize al-Mu'izz as their ruler. Al-Mu'izz, eager to expand his influence after the fragmentation of Zirid North Africa, accepted and sent his son, 'Abdallah, to the island with a large army. Al-Akhal, who had been in negotiations with the Byzantines, requested help from them. A Byzantine army intervened and defeated the Zirid army on the island, but it then withdrew to Calabria, allowing 'Abdallah to finish off al-Akhal. Al-Akhal was besieged in 1583: 2234:(r. 1062-1088) began to intervene in Ifriqiya around this time, having his sovereignty recognized in Sfax, Tunis, and Kairouan. Tamim organized a coalition with some of the Banu Hilal and Banu Sulaym tribes and succeeded in inflicting a heavy defeat on al-Nasir at the Battle of Sabiba in 1065. The war between the Zirids and Hammadids continued until 1077, when a truce was negotiated, sealed by a marriage between Tamim and one of al-Nasir's daughters. In 1074 Tamim sent a naval expedition to 4071: 401: 4203:

weathered the Banu Hilal invasions much better than their Zirid counterparts to the east and sometimes even allied with the new Arab tribes. Al-Nasir exploited the partial collapse of Zirid rule in Ifriqiya to have his own authority recognized in many of the main cities there, including Sfax, Kairouan, and Tunis. Pressures from the Banu Hilal tribes eventually forced al-Nasir's successor, al-Mansur (r. 1088-1105), to move the capital to

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outbuildings of this town are very extensive countryside and mountains inhabited by several tribes of the Berbers. The chief wealth of the inhabitants consists of herds of cattle and sheep grazing in the mountains. Algiers supplies so much honey that it forms an export object, and the quantity of butter, figs and other commodities is so great that it is exported to Kairouan and elsewhere".

2307:, arrived off the coast. Al-Hasan decided to abandon the city, leaving it to be occupied, which effectively ended the Zirid dynasty's rule. Al-Hasan fled to the citadel of al-Mu'allaqa near Carthage and stayed there for a several months. He planned to flee to the Fatimid court in Egypt but the Norman fleet blocked his way, so instead he headed west, making for the 1594: 6437: 2026:, the traditional source of the Fatimid army, under the leadership of a pretender named Abu'l-Faraj. Following these challenges, al-Mansur was finally able to reunify the Zirid realm, but he was obliged to move his principal residence from 'Ashir to al-Mansuriyya (Kairouan) in 991, leaving his brother Yattufat to govern 'Ashir. 2474:(who served the Fatimids), is one of the oldest palaces in the Maghreb to have been discovered and excavated. As independent rulers, however, the Zirids of Ifriqiya seem to have built few structures on a grand scale and there are few surviving major monuments from this period. They reportedly built a new palace at 2081:, in 1008, and in 1015 he rebelled against Badis and declared himself independent altogether, while also recognizing the Abbasids instead of the Fatimids as caliphs. Badis besieged Hammad's capital and nearly subdued him, but died in 1016 shortly before this could be accomplished. His son and successor, 2181:

The Zirids renounced the Fatimids and recognized the Abbasid Caliphs in 1048-49, or sometime between 1041 and 1051. The recognition of the Abbasids was nominal, as the Abbasids themselves were in political decline and could not impose direct authority in the region. In retaliation against the Zirids,

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It consisted of two palatial citadels on the separate sites called Yashīr and Bénia (Banya). The first was founded in 324/936 by Zīrī b. Manād, the Talkāta ally of the Fāṭimid caliph al-Qāʾim (r. 322–34/934–45), to secure the central Maghrib against the Zanāta allies of Córdoba; a substantial palace

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of 14 April 1052. Nevertheless, the Zirids were decisively defeated and were forced to retreat, opening the road to Kairouan for the Hilalian Arab cavalry. The resulting anarchy devastated the previously flourishing agriculture, and the coastal towns assumed a new importance as conduits for maritime

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The Hammadid state reached its apogee under the reign of al-Nasir ibn 'Alannas (r. 1062-1088) during which it was briefly the most important state in the Maghreb. The Hammadid capital attracted scholars and artists from Kairouan, growing its cultural and economic importance. The Hammadids initially

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as a title to nobility, a theme that was taken the by court historians of the period. Management of the area by later Zirid rulers was neglectful as the agricultural economy declined, prompting an increase in banditry among the rural population. The relationship between the Zirids and their Fatimid

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who ruled in the name of the Fatimids. The Zirids gradually established their autonomy in Ifriqiya through military conquest until officially breaking with the Fatimids in the mid-11th century. The rule of the Zirid emirs opened the way to a period in North African history where political power was

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Leur rôle était double et double leur domaine, avec ses deux capitales d'Achir, donjon du territoire héréditaire, et Kairouan, centre de l'administration. Ce domaine était trop grand: il se brisa. Les parents, auxquels les nouveaux maitres de l'Ifriqya avaient confié la tâche de continuer la lutte

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manuscript copied in 1020 by 'Ali ibn Ahmad al-Warraq for Fatima, the nursemaid of al-Mu'izz ibn Badis. It is one of many Qur'an manuscripts that were donated to the Great Mosque of Kairouan and it is one of the most important surviving Islamic manuscripts commissioned by a female patron in North

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The Hammadids, for their part, built an entirely new fortified capital at Qal'at Bani Hammad, founded in 1007. Although abandoned and destroyed in the 12th century, the city has been studied by modern archeologists and is one of the best-preserved medieval Islamic capitals in the world. The Zirid

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of the city, Abu 'Abdallah ibn Abi Zamanin, to take control of the new kingdom instead of one Zawi's sons. Under the reign of Habus (1019–1038), the Taifa of Granada was consolidated and evolved into one of the most important political forces of al-Andalus during this period. During the reign of

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Hammad ibn Buluggin, the son of Buluggin and uncle of Badis ibn al-Mansur, was appointed governor of 'Ashir in 997 and given a great deal of autonomy, even going so far as to build a new capital for himself, known as the Qal'a Bani Hammad. The split between Hammad and his nephew came when Badis

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of the Zirids, vassals of the Fatimids, had to be white since we have seen that they adopted black, the colour of the Abbasids, after having broken with Cairo." Michael Brett points out that the Zirid prince Al-Mu'izz ibn Badis renounced his alleigence to the Fatimids by chaning his colors from

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is believed to have been part of the spoils taken during the sack. In 1083 Mahdia was besieged by a chief of the Banu Hilal, Malik ibn 'Alawi. Unable to take the city, Malik instead turned to Kairouan and captured that city, but Tamim marched out with his entire army and defeated the Banu Hilal

2215:(Gabès), the Zirid governor, al-Mu'izz ibn Muhammad ibn Walmiya remained loyal until 1062 when, outraged by the expulsion of his two brothers from Mahdia by al-Mu'izz ibn Badis, he declared his independence and placed himself under the protection of Mu'nis ibn Yahya, a chief of Banu Hilal. 2376:

visited and described the city of Algiers in the Zirid era: "The city of Algiers is built on a gulf and surrounded by a wall. It contains a large number of bazaars and a few sources of good water near the sea. It is from these sources that the inhabitants draw the water they drink. In the

2286:(r. 1116-1121). 'Ali continued to recognize the Fatimids, receiving another embassy from Cairo in 1118. He imposed his authority on Tunis, but failed to recapture Gabès from its local ruler, Rafi' ibn Jami', whose counterattack he then had to repel from Mahdia. He was succeeded by his son 2072:

and sought outside help from the Fatimids and even from the Umayyads of Cordoba, but after his death in 1009 the Zirids were able to retake Tripoli for a time. The region nonetheless remained effectively under control of the Banu Khazrun, who fluctuated between practical autonomy and full

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With al-Mansur's succession, the rule of the Zirid was now being passed on through the son of Buluggin and his descendants. This alienated the other sons of Ziri ibn Manad, who now found themselves excluded from power. In 999 many of these brothers launched a rebellion in 'Ashir against

2105:(r. 1016–1062) was particularly prosperous and marked the height of their power in Ifriqiya. In the eleventh century, when the question of Berber origin became a concern, the dynasty of al-Mu'izz started, as part of the Zirids' propaganda, to emphasize its supposed links to the 4193:

declared his son as heir and attempted to designate a part of Hammad's territory as a new principality to be governed by the crown prince. Hammad refused to let this happen and responded by ordering the name of the Fatimid caliph to be replaced with the Abbasid caliph in the

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forces, at which point he also brought Kairouan back under Zirid control. He went on to capture Gabès in 1097 and Sfax in 1100. Gabès, however, soon declared itself independent again under the leadership of the Banu Jami', a family from the Riyahi branch of the Banu Hilal.

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The Zirid period was a time of great economic prosperity. The departure of the Fatimids to Cairo, far from ending this prosperity, saw its amplification under the Zirid and Hammadid rulers. Referring to the government of the Zirid emir al-Mu'izz ibn Badis, the historian

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Badis appointed Hammad ibn Buluggin as governor of 'Ashir and the western Zirid territories in 997. He gave Hammad a great deal of autonomy, allowing him to campaign against the Zanata and control any new territories he conquered. Hammad constructed his own capital, the

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continued to govern on behalf of the Fatimids but the island descended into political disarray during the 11th century, inciting the Zirids to intervene on the island. In 1025 (or 1021), al-Mu'izz ibn Badis sent a fleet of 400 ships to the island in response to the

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was captured in 1135 and Tripoli was captured in 1146. In 1148, the Normans captured Sfax, Gabès, and Mahdia. In Mahdia, the population was weakened by years of famine and the bulk of the Zirid army was away on another campaign when the Norman fleet, commanded by

4100:(r. 1002–1008), seeking able military commanders, granted Zawi and his followers permission to come to Cordoba, where they subsequently became an important part of al-Muzaffar's army. The Caliphate of Córdoba fragmented after 1008, a period known as the 2574:

and was commissioned by al-Mu῾izz ibn Badis in the first half of the 11th century (though later restored). It is one of the most significant works of art from the Zirid period, notable for its elaborately carved woodwork featuring arabesque motifs and a

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to the Maghreb. The Banu Sulaym settled first in Cyrenaica, but the Banu Hilal continued towards Ifriqiya. The Zirids attempted to stop their advance towards Ifriqiya, they sent 30,000 Sanhaja cavalry to meet the 3,000 Arab cavalry of Banu Hilal in the

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Zirid art is also known for its decorated manuscripts. This art form flourished in Kairouan under Zirid rule and manuscripts from this city were exported throughout the Islamic world. One important example is the so-called "Nurse's Qur'an" (Arabic:

4207:(Béjaïa or Bougie), a city founded earlier by al-Nasir. Hammadid rule was eventually ended by the Almohads, led by 'Abd al-Mu'min, who captured Bijaya in 1152. Soon after, 'Abd al-Mu'min's son captured Constantine, where the last Hammadid ruler, 5271:

contre les Zenâta, se déclarèrent indépendants dans les provinces qu'ils défendaient. Dès lors la Berbérie fâtimite compta deux royaumes çanhâjiens: à l'Est, le royaume des BeniZirî de Kairouan, à l'Ouest le royaume des Beni Hammâd de la Qal'a.

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attempted to conquer Granada but was soundly defeated by the Zirids. In 1019 or 1020 Zawi left al-Andalus and returned to Ifriqiya, resuming his ambitions within the Zirid state there. His fate is not known for certain: according to

4199:(Friday sermon) in mosques, a clear departure from Zirid political allegiances. A closely-fought war ended with Hammad and al-Mu'izz ibn Badis concluding a peace agreement which allowed Hammad to retain his effective independence. 2118:, and the Fatimids encouraged the defection of Tripolitania from the Zirids, but nevertheless the relationship remained close. In the 1040s, the Zirids broke away completely by adopting Sunni Islam and recognizing the Abbasids of 2518:

branch in Granada was also responsible for turning it into one of the major cities of al-Andalus. Among the surviving remains of the Zirid period in Granada today are a section of its original city walls, an extensive system of

4115:, but by this point Zawi and other factions were seeking political fortunes elsewhere in al-Andalus. The new caliph granted Zawi and his faction the province of Ilbira (Elvira) to settle in 1013. After moving the capital from 4387: 2323:

in Algiers. When 'Abd al-Mu'min captured Algiers in 1151, he freed al-Hasan, who accompanied him back to Marrakesh. Later, when 'Abd al-Mu'min conquered Mahdia in 1160, placing all of Ifriqiya under Almohad rule,

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kingdom of Granada. Arab sources consider him to be the founder of the present-day city of Granada, a designation also repeated by some modern historians like Helen Rodgers, Stephen Cavendish, and Brian Catlos.

2226:(r. 1062-1108), who spent much of his reign attempting to restore Zirid power in the region. In 1063 he repelled a siege of Mahdia by the independent ruler of Sfax while also capturing the important port of 4142:

he died of the plague years later, while Abdallah ibn Buluggin's memoirs claim he was poisoned not long after arriving in North Africa, but neither gives the date of his death. In Granada, Zawi's nephew

2085:(r. 1016–1062), defeated Hammad in 1017, which forced the negotiation of a peace agreement between them. Hammad resumed his recognition of the Fatimids as caliphs but remained independent, forging a new 4474: 2633:(bunûd) and on the edging of ceremonial clothing. Flags and robes of honour do not appear to have been made in Ifrïqiya; they were gifts from the caliph." He added: "Let us recall that the official 7493: 2165:

and killed in 1038. 'Abdallah was subsequently forced to withdraw from the island, either due to the ever-divided Sicilians turning against him or due to another Byzantine invasion in 1038, led by

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eventually forced al-Mu'izz ibn Badis to abandon Kairouan in 1057 and move his capital to Mahdia, while the Banu Hilal largely roamed and pillaged the interior of the former Zirid territories.

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The Zirid period of Ifriqiya is considered a high point in its history, with agriculture, industry, trade and learning, both religious and secular, all flourishing, especially in their capital,

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reports: "It never seen by the Berbers of that country a kingdom more vast and more flourishing than his own." The northern regions produced wheat in large quantities, while the region of

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in Sicily; however, the Zirid emir rethought his involvement in Sicily and decided to withdraw, abandoning what they had briefly held. In 1087, the Zirid capital, Mahdia, was sacked by the

7275: 1785:, broke away from the main branch after various internal disputes and took control of the territories of the central Maghreb after 1015. The main branch of the Zirids, also called the 7684: 1808:

The Zirids of Granada surrendered to the Almoravids in 1090, but the Badicides and the Hammadids remained independent during this time. Sometime between 1041 and 1051 the Zirid ruler

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The Zirids were also patrons of the arts. Important examples of woodwork commissioned for mosques have survived from this period. Buluggin ibn Ziri commissioned the production of a

2424:) about the history of Qayrawan. Al-Mu'izz ibn Badis, the Zirid ruler, was also himself an author and wrote an important treatise on the arts of the book, covering subjects such as 783: 5061:

Pellat, Charles (1991). "Midrār". In Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E. & Pellat, Ch. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, New Edition, Volume VI: Mahk–Mid. Leiden: E. J. Brill.

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was with him. 'Abd al-Mu'min appointed him governor of Mahdia, where he remained, residing in the suburb of Zawila, until 'Abd al-Mu'min's death in 1163. The new Almohad caliph,

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The Zirid dynasty was responsible for various constructions and renovations throughout the Maghreb. Zirid and Hammadid architecture in North Africa was closely linked to

7486: 6440:, in Word, Heritage and Knowledge, a cura di C. Gambardella, XVI Forum International di Studi-Le vie dei Mercanti, Napoli-Capri 14-16 giugno 2018, Roma 2018, pp. 323-332 6257:

Oman, G.; Christides, V.; Bosworth, C.E. (1960–2007). "Ṭarābulus al-G̲h̲arb". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.).

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Oman, G.; Christides, V.; Bosworth, C.E. (1960–2007). "Ṭarābulus al-G̲h̲arb". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.).

2319:. He obtained permission from Yahya ibn al-'Aziz, the Hammadid ruler, to cross his territory, but after entering Hammadid territory he was detained and placed under 2089:

state which controlled a large part of present-day Algeria thereafter. Qal'at Bani Hammad was retained as the Hammadid capital, while 'Ashir became its second city.

1030: 923: 4096:(also known as Almanzor), initially refused to allow Zawi's immigration to al-Andalus, believing his reputation as a troublemaker. However, his son and successor, 2478:, the former Fatimid capital near Kairouan, but it has not been uncovered by modern archeologists, except for some fragments of carved stucco decoration. At the 1064: 1069: 2554:

in Fez. The minbar, whose original fragments are now preserved in a museum, bears an inscription that dates it to the year 980, around the time of Buluggin's

7479: 1622: 1171: 1130: 7233: 2169:. Another Kalbid amir, al-Hasan al-Samsam, was elected to govern Sicily, but Muslim rule there disintegrated into various petty factions leading up to the 986: 913: 2219:(Sfax) was declared independent by the Zirid governor, Mansur al-Barghawati, who was murdered and succeeded by his cousin Hammu ibn Malil al-Barghawati. 7368: 56: 4577: 4413: 2270:(r. 1108-1116), formally recognized the Fatimid caliphs again and received an emissary from Cairo in 1111. He captured an important fortress near 1054: 494: 5130: 2534: 2211:

dynasty that governed the city thereafter, alternately recognizing the Hammadids or the Zirids as overlords depending on the circumstances. In

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According to Historian Hady Roger Idris, the colour of the flags is unknown, but he stressed : "The name of the Fatimids appeared on the

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was restored by Al-Mu'izz ibn Badis in the 11th century. From this restoration some brightly-painted wooden ceilings have survived, featuring

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Brett, Michael (1975). "The Fatimid revolution (861-973) and its aftermath in North Africa". In Fage, J.D.; Oliver, Roland Anthony (eds.).

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After the rebellion of Buluggin's brothers failed in 999, Zawi ibn Ziri sought to move to al-Andalus, which was under Umayyad control. The

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Bush, Olga (2013). "Granada art and architecture". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.).

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After 1015, the Hammadid branch ruled in the central Maghreb while the descendants of Badis ibn al-Mansur continued to rule in Ifriqiya:

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Sarr-Marroco, Bilal (2021). "The Founding of Madinat Gharnata by the Banu Ziri (5th/11th Century)". In Boloix-Gallardo, Bárbara (ed.).

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conquered the central Maghreb and Ifriqiya by 1160, ending the Hammadid dynasty in turn and finally unifying the whole of the Maghreb.

975: 4178:. The Taifa of Granada was eventually conquered by the Almoravids of North Africa in 1090, putting an end to the independent kingdom. 2034:(r. 996–1016), Buluggin's grandson, marking the first serious break in the unity of the Zirids. The rebels were defeated in battle by 1998:

territory, from which he brought back a large number of slaves to Ifriqiya. In 978 the Fatimids also granted Buluggin overlordship of

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Garnier, Sébastien (2020). "Libya until 1500". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.).

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Messier, Ronald A.; Miller, James A. (2015). The Last Civilized Place: Sijilmasa and Its Saharan Destiny. University of Texas Press.

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west and by 980 he had conquered Fez and most of the western Maghreb (present-day Morocco), which had previously been retaken by the

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Valérian, Dominique (2021). "Khurāsān, Banū". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.).

6033: 5562: 5537: 5512: 5050: 4942: 4786: 4759: 4677: 4635: 4511: 4484: 4454: 4397: 2170: 2115: 2050:, the former enemies of the Fatimids and Zirids. He and his followers eventually founded an independent kingdom in al-Andalus, the 6896:

García-Arenal, Mercedes (2014). "Granada". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.).

1615: 1341: 1164: 635: 442: 410: 7085: 1083: 7679: 7002:

Tibi, Amin (1960–2007). "Zāwī b. Zīrī". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.).

6393: 4305: 3890: 2705: 2325: 2287: 2207:, the shaykhs of the city elected Abd al-Haqq ibn Abd al-Aziz ibn Khurasan (r. 1059-1095) as local ruler. He founded the local 1833: 1306: 1049: 580: 213: 5528:

Lewicki, T. (1960–2007). "Mag̲h̲rāwa". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.).

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Rizzitano, U. (1960–2007). "Kalbids". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.).

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in the Great Mosque of Kairouan is believed to date from al-Mu'izz ibn Badis's restoration of the building. It is the oldest

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independence, often playing the Fatimids and the Zirids against each other. The Zirids finally lost Tripoli to them in 1022.

1991: 1123: 1044: 5960: 5640: 4443:

Hrbek, Ivan; Africa, Unesco International Scientific Committee for the Drafting of a General History of (1 January 1992).

2606: 2463: 2197: 1901:(roughly north-eastern Algeria today) on behalf of the Fatimids, guarding the western frontier of the Fatimid Caliphate. 1825: 446: 6947: 6301: 1940:

of Fez and the "Caliph" Ibn Wasul of Sijilmasa in cages in a humiliating manner. After this success, Ziri was also given

1136: 5987:"Reviewed work: Die Beduinen in der Vorgeschichte Tunesiens. Die « Invasion » der Banū Hilāl, Gerald Schuster" 2486:, was added to the entrance of the prayer hall in 991 and is attributed to the patronage of Al-Mansur ibn Buluggin. The 1291: 1264: 1093: 892: 6079:

Talbi, M. (1960–2007). "Ḳābis". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.).

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Sebag, P. (1960–2007). "Tūnis". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.).

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Brett, Michael (2009). "Ashīr". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.).

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and an unusually decorated exterior façade, has also been attributed to the Zirid period (probably 10th century) by

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Different historical sources give different dates for the occurrence of this decision, ranging from 1041 and 1051.

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During the 1130s and 1140s the Normans of Sicily began to capture cities and islands along the coast of Ifriqiya.

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between 1010 and 1013. By the end of the siege they succeeded in installing their own puppet caliph in Córdoba,

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trade and bases for piracy against Christian shipping, as well as being the last holdout of the Zirids. The

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and enslaved many of its inhabitants. The next year (1075) another Zirid raid resulted in the capture of

2010:. In 984 Buluggin died in Sijilmasa from an illness and his successor decided to abandon Morocco in 985. 4208: 4112: 3853: 3609: 3446: 790: 481: 6438:

L. Hadda, Zirid and Hammadid palaces in North Africa and its influence on Norman architecture in Sicily

2150:. In 1036, the Muslim population of the island request aid from al-Mu'izz to overthrow the Kalbid emir 2078: 7440: 2499: 2459: 2251: 1758: 908: 599: 1924:. After playing this valuable role, he expanded 'Ashir with a new palace circa 947. In 959 he aided 4159: 4149: 4101: 3211: 3167: 2670: 2601:

Africa. Its folios are now kept in several museums and collections around the world, including the

2425: 2398: 2069: 2035: 2031: 1976: 1861: 1551: 1320: 1245: 807: 588: 556: 7256:

Saladin, the Almohads and the Banū Ghāniya: The Contest for North Africa (12th and 13th centuries)

2146:(in southern Italy) from the Muslims, but the fleet was lost in a powerful storm off the coast of 1824:

tribe to the Maghreb, dealing a serious blow to Zirid power in Ifriqiya. In the 12th century, the

7560: 7432: 7404: 6613: 6006: 5246: 5142: 4144: 3194: 2494:

of scrolling vegetal motifs. Under Al-Mu’izz the Zirids also built the Sidi Abu Marwan mosque in

2475: 2203:

As a result of the Zirid withdrawal, various local principalities emerged in different areas. In

2192: 1198: 1112: 1020: 1003: 819: 775: 389: 338: 96: 5335: 4175: 4070: 2507: 450: 7644: 7596: 7584: 7566: 7458: 7419: 7344: 7323: 7302: 7281: 7260: 7239: 7218: 7118: 7091: 7064: 7034: 7007: 6982: 6955: 6926: 6901: 6686: 6661: 6601: 6369: 6307: 6262: 6162: 6156: 6084: 6054: 6029: 5924: 5895: 5889: 5841: 5814: 5747: 5741: 5701: 5693: 5671: 5558: 5533: 5508: 5483: 5447: 5420: 5368: 5341: 5290: 5238: 5161: 5146: 5097: 5062: 5046: 4938: 4880: 4782: 4755: 4702: 4673: 4631: 4583: 4534: 4507: 4501: 4480: 4450: 4393: 4365: 4282: 2930: 2658: 2308: 2304: 2106: 1956: 1925: 1886: 1872: 1837: 1817: 1742: 1731: 1723: 1719: 1710: 1427: 1417: 1380: 1360: 1350: 814: 731: 723: 643: 572: 454: 324: 297: 201: 156: 78: 71: 7254: 7030:

Infidel Kings and Unholy Warriors: Faith, Power, and Violence in the Age of Crusade and Jihad

5443:

Infidel Kings and Unholy Warriors: Faith, Power, and Violence in the Age of Crusade and Jihad

5362: 5284: 4528: 4276: 2038:, Badis' uncle, and most of the brothers were killed. The only remaining brother of stature, 7694: 7638: 7620: 7608: 7578: 7554: 7536: 7524: 7518: 7392: 7317: 7212: 6539: 5998: 4357: 4187: 4171: 4134: 4065: 2957: 2823: 2610: 2445: 2312: 2243: 2139: 2086: 2051: 1975:

was preparing for his departure to Egypt. On 20 December 972, Buluggin took up residence in

1782: 1778: 1727: 1254: 1012: 938: 755: 667: 609: 506: 310: 114: 31: 2060:

After 1001 Tripolitania broke away under the leadership of Fulful ibn Sa'id ibn Khazrun, a

1781:

in 1013, after the collapse of the Caliphate of Cordoba. Another branch of the Zirids, the

7626: 7614: 7542: 7388: 6625: 4167: 4155: 3626: 3461: 3431: 3341: 3308: 2693: 2329: 2267: 2231: 2166: 1664: 1640: 1474: 1464: 1455: 1219: 1088: 928: 887: 875: 802: 795: 739: 675: 651: 433: 126: 122: 118: 6739: 2332:, subsequently ordered him to come back to Marrakesh, but al-Hasan died along the way in 4174:

in battle in 1039, gaining some territory in turn to the west. In 1056 they annexed the

400: 7602: 7396: 6637: 6635: 5656: 5652: 5134: 2776: 2650: 2479: 2471: 2007: 1894: 1735: 1706: 1598: 1437: 1281: 870: 827: 747: 548: 527: 425: 7471: 7383: 7111:

Robinson, Cynthia (1992). "Arts of the Taifa Kingdoms". In Dodds, Jerrilynn D. (ed.).

6409: 6407: 4476:

L'Algérie, coeur du Maghreb classique: de l'ouverture islamo-arabe au repli (698-1518)

2450: 2282:, bringing back many captives. He was assassinated in 1116 and succeeded by his son, ' 7668: 7632: 7590: 6002: 5644: 3775: 3035: 2699: 2630: 2511: 2366: 2283: 2208: 2039: 1936:

in present-day Morocco. On their return home to the Fatimid capital they paraded the

1876: 1836:, surrendered Mahdia to the Normans in 1148, thus ending independent Zirid rule. The 1805:, the dynasty who governed the island on behalf of the Fatimids, fell into disorder. 1770: 1587: 998: 4313: 1944:

to govern on behalf of the Fatimids. He was eventually killed in battle against the

2320: 2259: 2065: 1999: 1967:. Buluggin's position was confirmed on 2 October 972 at Sardaniya, a place outside 1929: 1762: 1746: 899: 352: 152: 7277:

Architecture of the Islamic West: North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula, 700-1800

4211:, had fled. Yahya was given a pension and allowed to retire in Marrakesh and then 7338: 7296: 7058: 6920: 6568: 5477: 4776: 2369:, who sought to reduce their wood supply and thus their dominance in the region. 7530: 2523: 2467: 2429: 2394: 2346: 2255: 2187: 2147: 1883: 1813: 960: 950: 659: 144: 5266:

L'architecture musulmane d'occident: Tunisie, Algérie, Maroc, Espagne et Sicile

2526:

hill, and the former minaret of a mosque (now part of the Church of San José).

7548: 4163: 4139: 2373: 2183: 2043: 1995: 1890: 1879: 1832:

of Sicily along the coast further weakened Zirid power. The last Zirid ruler,

1821: 1774: 519: 140: 6905: 6605: 5675: 5242: 4369: 4345: 7650: 4361: 4085: 2491: 2354: 2316: 1933: 1917: 1913: 1370: 715: 683: 501: 467: 7358:

Ettinghausen, Richard; Grabar, Oleg; Jenkins-Madina, Marilyn, eds. (2001).

2597: 5810:

Narrating Muslim Sicily: War and Peace in the Medieval Mediterranean World

2068:

dynasty, which endured until 1147. Fulful fought a protracted war against

4229: 4107:. Zawi initially played a role, along with other Berber factions, in the 4093: 2560: 2275: 2271: 2239: 2235: 2212: 2143: 2098: 2061: 1968: 1960: 1790: 1766: 1699: 699: 691: 614: 604: 170: 6010: 5986: 5768: 2454:

Remains of the palace at 'Ashir, the residence founded by Ziri ibn Manad

7506: 7455:

Dynasties Intertwined: The Zirids of Ifriqiya and the Normans of Sicily

5250: 5226: 4212: 4195: 2646:

The following list includes the Zirid rulers who ruled in the Maghreb:

2570: 2519: 2503: 2362: 2333: 2162: 2134: 2119: 2111: 1909: 1898: 1868: 1864: 1857: 1854: 1829: 1802: 1750: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1684: 1561: 511: 417: 174: 160: 5286:

North Africa, Revised Edition: A History from Antiquity to the Present

4278:

North Africa, Revised Edition: A History from Antiquity to the Present

4204: 2634: 2626: 2547: 2495: 2358: 2299: 2227: 2130: 2023: 1945: 1941: 1921: 1798: 1794: 1754: 472: 462: 102: 17: 7235:

Islamic Palace Architecture in the Western Mediterranean: A History

5364:

Middle East and Africa: International Dictionary of Historic Places

4530:

Middle East and Africa: International Dictionary of Historic Places

2542:

added to the Great Mosque of Kairouan during the reign of al-Mu'izz

2042:, led the remaining rebels westwards and sought new opportunity in 1789:, occupied only Ifriqiya between 1048 and 1148. They were based in 7087:

Ibn Hazm of Cordoba: The Life and Works of a Controversial Thinker

4778:

The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual

4669:

The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual

4232:, a courtier, poet and historian, secretary to al-Muizz ibn Badis. 4125: 4080: 4069: 2661:, 972–984 (as viceroy of the Fatimids in Ifriqiya and the Maghreb) 2576: 2533: 2449: 2402: 2389: 2279: 2204: 2123: 2003: 1952: 1905: 955: 263: 148: 136: 90: 4074:

Map of the Taifa of Granada in the first half of the 11th century

1920:, when he helped break Abu Yazid's siege of the Fatimid capital, 1745:

the Zirids extended their control westwards and briefly occupied

6641: 6413: 6193: 6181: 5334:

Emmanuel Kwaku Akyeampong; Henry Louis Gates (2 February 2012).

5021: 4166:

into a vassal state for several years, before they defeated the

2622: 2350: 2247: 2216: 1937: 1904:

With Fatimid support Ziri founded his own capital and palace at

1714: 182: 7475: 4162:

in 1038, annexing much of that kingdom's territory and turning

2405:

and commissioned by a nursemaid serving a Zirid sultan in 1020.

2353:

was a major hub of olive production and the cultivation of the

1912:, in 936. He proved his worth as a key ally in 945, during the 1820:. In retaliation, the Fatimids instigated the migration of the 6681:

M. Bloom, Jonathan; S. Blair, Sheila, eds. (2009). "Maqsura".

4666:

Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (1996). "The Zirids and Hammadids".

1928:

on a Fatimid military expedition which successfully conquered

7301:. Vol. 2. Cambridge University Press. pp. 589–636. 4800: 4798: 4720: 4718: 4579:

Excavations at Surt (Medinat Al-Sultan) Between 1977 and 1981

4503:

L'Algérie au passé lointain: de Carthage à la régence d'Alger

2122:

as rightful Caliphs, a move which was popular with the urban

7117:. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. pp. 49–52. 6874: 6872: 6364:

M. Bloom, Jonathan; S. Blair, Sheila, eds. (2009). "Zirid".

5093:

Muslim Spain and Portugal: A Political History of al-Andalus

4628:

Muslim Spain and Portugal: A Political History of al-Andalus

4527:

Trudy Ring; Noelle Watson; Paul Schellinger (5 March 2014).

7178: 7176: 7084:

Adang, Camilla; Fierro, Maribel; Schmidtke, Sabine (2012).

5859: 5857: 1769:(in present-day Libya). One member of the dynastic family, 6327: 6240: 6238: 5619: 5617: 5615: 5613: 4960: 4958: 4556: 4554: 4552: 4550: 1871:. In the 10th century this tribe served as vassals of the 1713:

and the eponymous founder of the dynasty, the Zirids were

6225: 6223: 4844: 4842: 7441:

Historical map showing location of Zirid Kingdom c. 1000

6472: 6470: 5921:

The Cambridge History of Africa: From c. 1050 to c. 1600

5837:

Ibn Hamdis the Sicilian: Eulogist for a Falling Homeland

1797:

on the coast. The Zirids of Ifriqiya also intervened in

7370:

La berbérie orientale sous les Zīrīdes: Xe-XIIe siècles

7163: 7161: 7136: 7134: 6740:"Bifolium from the "Nurse's Qur'an" (Mushaf al-Hadina)" 6499: 6497: 5923:. Vol. 3. Cambridge University Press. p. 15. 5361:

Ring, Trudy; Watson, Noelle; Schellinger, Paul (2014).

5193: 5191: 5189: 2482:

in Tunis an elegantly-designed ribbed dome, called the

6683:

The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture

6556:. Paris: Arts et métiers graphiques. pp. 108–109. 6366:

The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture

6300:

Sénac, Philippe; Cressier, Patrice (10 October 2012).

6280: 6278: 6210: 6208: 6206: 6204: 6202: 6102: 6100: 5600: 5598: 4829: 4827: 4825: 2173:

of the island in the second half of the 11th century.

1897:(r. 935–971) was installed as governor of the central 2274:

called Iqlibiya and his fleet launched raids against

1753:

after 980, but encountered resistance from the local

7376:(in French). Paris: Librarie d'Amérique et d'Orient. 5005: 4414:"Qantara - Les Zirides et les Hammadides (972-1152)" 2591: 2018:

After Buluggin's death, he was succeeded by his son

1963:, spawning a dynasty whose rulers held the title of 1678: 1654: 5003: 5001: 4999: 4997: 4995: 4993: 4991: 4989: 4987: 4985: 2361:. Other crops such as sugar cane, saffron, cotton, 259: 245: 235: 223: 207: 195: 181: 166: 132: 110: 86: 66: 39: 7382: 5227:"Le Palais de Zīrī à Achîr (Dixième Siècle J. C.)" 4389:Histoire de l'Afrique du Nord: des origines à 1830 2013: 7340:The Empire of the Mahdi: The Rise of the Fatimids 6978:Kingdoms of Faith: A New History of Islamic Spain 5919:. In Fage, J. D.; Oliver, Roland Anthony (eds.). 2238:where they ravaged the Italian coasts, plundered 1812:renounced the Fatimid Caliphs and recognized the 6158:The Norman Conquest of Southern Italy and Sicily 4876:Historical Dictionary of the Berbers (Imazighen) 4158:the Zirids of Granada defeated an attack by the 30:For the related dynasty that ruled Granada, see 5687: 5685: 4446:Africa from the Seventh to the Eleventh Century 4092:ruler of the Caliphate of Córdoba at the time, 2466:. The Zirid palace at 'Ashir (near present-day 2415:Kitab al-Jam' wa 'l-bayan fi akhbar al-Qayrawan 2006:), allowing him to appoint his own governor in 1761:. To the east, Zirid control was extended over 7685:States and territories established in the 970s 7214:A history of the Maghrib in the Islamic period 6954:. Routledge. pp. 490, 505 (see note 18). 6770:Discover Islamic Art, Museum With No Frontiers 6642:Ettinghausen, Grabar & Jenkins-Madina 2001 6414:Ettinghausen, Grabar & Jenkins-Madina 2001 6194:Ettinghausen, Grabar & Jenkins-Madina 2001 6182:Ettinghausen, Grabar & Jenkins-Madina 2001 5888:El Hareir, Idris; Mbaye, Ravane, eds. (2011). 5022:Ettinghausen, Grabar & Jenkins-Madina 2001 4672:. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 35–36. 2357:was an important part of the local economy in 2222:Al-Mui'zz ibn Badis was succeeded by his son, 7487: 6303:Histoire du Maghreb médiéval: VIIe-XIe siècle 4699:Histoire du Maghreb médiéval: VIIe-XIe siècle 2014:Buluggin's successors and the first divisions 1616: 1165: 8: 6660:. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. 5419:. University of Miami Press. pp. 8–14. 2715:Pedigree of Zirid dynasty and its offshoots 2419: 2412:was a Zirid chronicler and prince. He wrote 6981:. New York: Basic Books. pp. 200–201. 6925:. Oxford University Press. pp. 11–15. 6919:Rodgers, Helen; Cavendish, Stephen (2021). 6891: 6889: 6887: 6328:"Islamic art from museums around the world" 5482:. Oxford University Press. pp. 11–15. 5476:Rodgers, Helen; Cavendish, Stephen (2021). 4693:Sénac, Philippe; Cressier, Patrice (2012). 4346:"L'invasion hilālienne et ses conséquences" 4300: 4298: 2177:Hilalian invasions and withdrawal to Mahdia 1882:state that challenged the authority of the 1867:tribe, originating from the area of modern 1793:until 1057, when they moved the capital to 7494: 7480: 7472: 7410:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 5662:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 5268:. Arts et métiers graphiques. p. 64. 5152:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 4781:. Edinburgh University Press. p. 17. 2711: 1623: 1609: 1183: 1172: 1158: 374: 55: 36: 7418:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 513–516. 7322:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. 7217:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 7182: 7033:. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. p. 29. 6567:Marçais, Georges; Golvin, Lucien (1960). 6244: 5943: 5813:. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 32–33. 5670:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 137–138. 5623: 5446:. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. p. 27. 5309: 5289:. University of Texas Press. p. 84. 5180: 5160:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 688–689. 4964: 4928: 4926: 4924: 4922: 4920: 4911: 4860: 4816: 4804: 4724: 4582:. Department of Antiquities. p. 17. 4560: 4479:(in French). La Découverte. p. 158. 4281:. University of Texas Press. p. 84. 2182:the Fatimids sent the Arab tribes of the 1951:When the Fatimids moved their capital to 6306:(in French). Armand Colin. p. 150. 6074: 6072: 6070: 5954: 5952: 5891:The Spread of Islam Throughout the World 4745: 4743: 4741: 4739: 4737: 4735: 4733: 4386:Julien, Charles-André (1 January 1994). 4381: 4379: 2230:(Sousse). Meanwhile, the Hammadid ruler 6952:The Routledge Handbook of Muslim Iberia 6922:City of Illusions: A History of Granada 6734: 6732: 6730: 6704: 6702: 6359: 6357: 6355: 6353: 6351: 6349: 5479:City of Illusions: A History of Granada 4621: 4619: 4267: 4247: 4215:(Salé), where he died in 1161 or 1162. 1197: 1186: 388: 377: 7360:Islamic Art and Architecture, 650-1250 7052: 7050: 7004:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 6621: 6611: 6583: 6476: 6461: 6398:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 6259:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 6081:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 6026:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 5965:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 5917:"Egypt, Nubia and the Eastern Deserts" 5802: 5800: 5798: 5796: 5794: 5792: 5790: 5634: 5632: 5530:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 5505:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 5471: 5469: 5467: 5465: 5463: 5410: 5408: 4752:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 4617: 4615: 4613: 4611: 4609: 4607: 4605: 4603: 4601: 4599: 4123:(Granada) that year, Zawi founded the 2502:, including the construction of a new 1959:(r. 971–984) was appointed viceroy of 61:Maximum extent of Zirid control c. 980 7194: 7167: 7152: 7140: 6878: 6863: 6851: 6839: 6527: 6515: 6503: 6488: 6449: 6425: 6387: 6385: 6295: 6293: 6284: 6229: 6214: 6142: 6130: 6118: 6106: 5875: 5863: 5727: 5604: 5589: 5577: 5399: 5387: 5321: 5220: 5218: 5209: 5197: 5077: 4976: 4899: 4848: 4661: 4659: 4657: 4655: 4653: 4651: 4649: 4647: 4571: 4569: 4506:(in French). Harmattan. p. 165. 4275:Phillip C. Naylor (15 January 2015). 4042: 4040: 4038: 4036: 4034: 4032: 4030: 4028: 4026: 4024: 4022: 4020: 4018: 4016: 4014: 4009: 4007: 4005: 4003: 4001: 3995: 3993: 3991: 3989: 3987: 3985: 3983: 3981: 3979: 3977: 3975: 3973: 3971: 3969: 3967: 3965: 3959: 3957: 3955: 3953: 3951: 3945: 3943: 3941: 3939: 3937: 3935: 3933: 3931: 3929: 3927: 3925: 3923: 3921: 3919: 3905: 3903: 3888: 3882: 3880: 3878: 3876: 3874: 3872: 3870: 3868: 3866: 3864: 3851: 3849: 3847: 3845: 3839: 3837: 3835: 3829: 3823: 3821: 3819: 3817: 3815: 3813: 3811: 3809: 3807: 3805: 3803: 3797: 3795: 3793: 3788: 3786: 3773: 3757: 3755: 3753: 3751: 3749: 3747: 3745: 3732: 3730: 3717: 3715: 3713: 3711: 3695: 3679: 3677: 3675: 3673: 3671: 3669: 3667: 3665: 3649: 3647: 3645: 3643: 3641: 3639: 3637: 3624: 3607: 3605: 3603: 3601: 3599: 3597: 3595: 3593: 3580: 3578: 3576: 3574: 3572: 3570: 3568: 3566: 3560: 3542: 3536: 3534: 3532: 3530: 3528: 3512: 3510: 3508: 3506: 3504: 3502: 3500: 3487: 3478: 3476: 3474: 3472: 3459: 3457: 3444: 3442: 3429: 3427: 3425: 3423: 3417: 3407: 3405: 3403: 3401: 3399: 3393: 3391: 3389: 3383: 3381: 3379: 3373: 3371: 3369: 3356: 3339: 3337: 3335: 3333: 3328: 3326: 3321: 3319: 3306: 3304: 3302: 3300: 3294: 3266: 3260: 3258: 3256: 3254: 3252: 3226: 3224: 3222: 3209: 3192: 3190: 3188: 3186: 3184: 3182: 3180: 3178: 3165: 3163: 3161: 3159: 3157: 3155: 3153: 3151: 3145: 3127: 3109: 3107: 3105: 3103: 3097: 3095: 3093: 3091: 3089: 3087: 3085: 3070: 3033: 3031: 3029: 3024: 3022: 3020: 3018: 2992: 2986: 2980: 2978: 2976: 2974: 2968: 2966: 2964: 2953: 2951: 2949: 2947: 2945: 2943: 2941: 2928: 2880: 2834: 2819: 2817: 2815: 2813: 2811: 2809: 2807: 2805: 2803: 2801: 2799: 2797: 2795: 2793: 2791: 2789: 2787: 2774: 2768: 2766: 2764: 2762: 2760: 2758: 2756: 2754: 2752: 2750: 2748: 2746: 2744: 2742: 2740: 2738: 2736: 2734: 2732: 2723: 2579:inscription dedicated to al-Mu'izz. 2568:in the Islamic world to be preserved 1718:held by Berber dynasties such as the 244: 234: 230: 206: 194: 190: 180: 7: 7114:Al-Andalus: The Art of Islamic Spain 6816:"Calligraphy - The David Collection" 6657:Al-Andalus: The Art of Islamic Spain 5116: 5033: 5009: 4833: 4468: 4466: 4339: 4337: 4335: 4333: 4331: 2446:Taifa of Granada § Architecture 2421:كتاب الجمع والبيان في أخبار القيروان 1702:(eastern Maghreb) from 972 to 1148. 6554:L'architecture musulmane d'Occident 5959:Idris, Hady Roger (24 April 2012), 4695:"Zirides, Badisides, et Hammadides" 4473:Meynier, Gilbert (1 January 2010). 2584: 2420: 1668: 1644: 1137:List of people on stamps of Algeria 6573:(in French). Imprimerie La Rapide. 4775:Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (1996). 25: 6710:"Qantara - Maqsūra of al-Mu 'izz" 6654:Dodds, Jerrilynn D., ed. (1992). 4500:Simon, Jacques (1 January 2011). 4392:(in French). Payot. p. 295. 4350:Cahiers de civilisation médiévale 2653:, d. 971 CE (as Fatimid governor) 2638:Fatimid white to Abbasid black. 2116:1016 Ismaili massacre in Ifriqiya 1828:combined with the attacks of the 1757:who gave their allegiance to the 6946:Carvajal López, José C. (2020). 6003:10.1163/057053909X12475581297885 4879:. Scarecrow Press. p. 149. 4306:"Zirid Dynasty | Muslim dynasty" 1801:during the 11th century, as the 1592: 1581: 1208: 399: 357: 343: 329: 315: 290: 7298:The Cambridge History of Africa 6791:"The so-called 'Nanny's Quran'" 5337:Dictionary of African Biography 4630:. Routledge. pp. 141–142. 2290:in 1121, the last Zirid ruler. 2101:(Kairouan). The early reign of 7060:A Companion to Islamic Granada 6744:The Metropolitan Museum of Art 4225:List of Sunni Muslim dynasties 4133:In 1018 the Umayyad pretender 4055:Offshoots of the Zirid dynasty 1124:List of wars involving Algeria 1: 6898:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three 6598:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three 6051:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three 5740:Brett, Michael (3 May 2019). 5555:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three 4935:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three 4119:to the hilltop settlement of 2464:Norman architecture in Sicily 7457:. Cornell University Press. 6950:. In Fierro, Maribel (ed.). 5698:Libya: Encyclopedia of Islam 2498:. A major remodeling of the 7274:Bloom, Jonathan M. (2020). 7238:. Oxford University Press. 6685:. Oxford University Press. 6392:Talbi, M. (24 April 2012). 6368:. Oxford University Press. 5283:Naylor, Phillip C. (2015). 4701:(in French). Armand Colin. 2592: 2558:to this region. The wooden 2266:Tamim's son and successor, 2048:Umayyads Caliphs of Cordoba 1709:, a military leader of the 1679: 1655: 1118:Military history of Algeria 7711: 7367:Idris, Hady Roger (1962). 6542:. Xavier Delestre. Édisud. 6161:. McFarland. p. 176. 5639:Idris, Hady Roger (1971). 5096:. Routledge. p. 103. 4449:. J. Currey. p. 172. 4344:Idris, Hady Roger (1968). 4185: 4063: 2603:Metropolitan Museum of Art 2443: 2258:, and Jenkins-Madina, the 2110:overlords varied - 20,000 1777:, eventually founding the 29: 7514: 7280:. Yale University Press. 7211:Abun-Nasr, Jamil (1987). 7027:Catlos, Brian A. (2014). 6975:Catlos, Brian A. (2018). 6570:La Grande Mosquée de Sfax 6552:Marçais, Georges (1954). 6155:Brown, Gordon S. (2015). 5985:Schuster, Gerald (2009). 5807:Granara, William (2019). 5440:Catlos, Brian A. (2014). 4533:. Routledge. p. 36. 4098:'Abd al-Malik al-Muẓaffar 3963: 3961: 3843: 3841: 3833: 3831: 3801: 3799: 3767: 3765: 3763: 3709: 3705: 3703: 3701: 3697: 3689: 3687: 3685: 3663: 3659: 3657: 3655: 3651: 3564: 3562: 3554: 3552: 3550: 3540: 3538: 3526: 3522: 3520: 3518: 3421: 3419: 3411: 3409: 3397: 3395: 3387: 3385: 3377: 3375: 3298: 3296: 3288: 3286: 3284: 3278: 3276: 3274: 3264: 3262: 3250: 3246: 3244: 3242: 3236: 3234: 3232: 3149: 3147: 3139: 3137: 3135: 3133: 3131: 3125: 3121: 3119: 3117: 3115: 3101: 3099: 3064: 3062: 3060: 3058: 3056: 3054: 3052: 3050: 3016: 3012: 3010: 3008: 3006: 3004: 3002: 3000: 2998: 2994: 2984: 2982: 2972: 2970: 2922: 2920: 2918: 2916: 2910: 2908: 2906: 2904: 2902: 2900: 2898: 2896: 2894: 2892: 2890: 2888: 2886: 2878: 2874: 2872: 2870: 2868: 2866: 2864: 2862: 2860: 2858: 2856: 2854: 2852: 2850: 2848: 2846: 2844: 2842: 2840: 2836: 2552:Mosque of the Andalusians 1971:where the Fatimid caliph 1849:Origins and establishment 1690:dynasty from what is now 1131:Postal history of Algeria 1070:Insurgency in the Maghreb 893:Sétif and Guelma massacre 269: 255: 231: 219: 191: 54: 49: 7362:. Yale University Press. 5834:Granara, William (201). 5415:Handler, Andrew (1974). 5264:Georges Marçais (1955). 5131:"Ṣabra or al-Manṣūriyya" 4873:Ilahiane, Hsain (2006). 4576:Fehérvári, Géza (2002). 2488:Great Mosque of Kairouan 2152:Aḥmad ibn Yūsuf al-Akḥal 1765:after 978 and as far as 1749:and much of present-day 1694:which ruled the central 7436:Encyclopædia Britannica 7316:Brett, Michael (2017). 7253:Baadj, Amar S. (2015). 5997:(4/5). Brill: 487–492. 5894:. UNESCO. p. 407. 5700:. Library of Congress. 5225:Golvin, Lucien (1966). 4362:10.3406/ccmed.1968.1452 4310:Encyclopædia Britannica 4094:Ibn Abi ʿAmir al-Mansur 2410:Abd al-Aziz ibn Shaddad 2064:leader who founded the 1773:, revolted and fled to 1144:History of North Africa 944:Independence referendum 883:Attack on Mers-el-Kébir 77:Nominal vassal of the 7680:1152 disestablishments 7232:Arnold, Felix (2017). 5840:. Simon and Schuster. 5773:Libya: A Country Study 5743:The Fatimids and Egypt 5340:. OUP USA. p. 9. 5090:Kennedy, Hugh (2014). 4626:Kennedy, Hugh (1996). 4075: 2665:al-Mansur ibn Buluggin 2543: 2462:, but also influenced 2455: 2406: 2020:Al-Mansur ibn Buluggin 1990:in 973. He also led a 1893:of the Zirid dynasty, 1296:Byzantine North Africa 426:Iberomaurusian Culture 247:• Disestablished 27:Sanhaja Berber dynasty 7090:. Brill. p. 47. 7063:. Brill. p. 93. 5775:. Library of Congress 5417:The Zirids of Granada 4073: 2538:Detail of the wooden 2537: 2453: 2393: 2232:al-Nasir ibn 'Alannas 1992:successful expedition 1698:from 972 to 1014 and 1292:2nd Roman (Byzantine) 1050:High Council of State 830:(19th–20th centuries) 791:Emirate of Beni Abbas 778:(16th–19th centuries) 482:Archeology of Algeria 111:Common languages 7337:Halm, Heinz (1996). 6766:"Page from a Qur'an" 5915:Hrbek, Ivan (1975). 5692:Brill, E.J. (1987). 4113:Sulayman al-Musta'in 2642:List of Zirid rulers 2500:Great Mosque of Sfax 2460:Fatimid architecture 2401:”, executed in fine 2372:The Arab chronicler 2198:Banu Hilal invasions 1982:Buluggin soon led a 1759:Caliphate of Cordoba 1562:Parliamentary system 1259:12th C.–146 BC 600:Early African Church 581:Prefecture of Africa 565:Kingdom of the Aurès 70:Vassal state of the 7453:King, Matt (2022). 7381:Tibi, Amin (2002). 6881:, pp. 831–833. 6714:www.qantara-med.org 6644:, pp. 274–275. 6416:, pp. 285–286. 5580:, p. 128, 142. 5390:, pp. 624–626. 4418:www.qantara-med.org 4316:on 29 February 2020 4147:was invited by the 2688:Tamim ibn al-Mu'izz 2682:al-Mu'izz ibn Badis 2671:Badis ibn al-Mansur 2556:military expedition 2470:), built in 934 by 2224:Tamim ibn al-Mu'izz 2114:were killed in the 2103:al-Mu'izz ibn Badis 2083:al-Mu'izz ibn Badis 2070:Badis ibn al-Mansur 2036:Hammad ibn Buluggin 2032:Badis ibn al-Mansur 1988:Umayyads of Cordoba 1977:Sabra al-Mansuriyya 1955:in 972, Ziri's son 1810:al-Mu'izz ibn Badis 1552:Tunisian revolution 808:Barbary Slave Trade 589:Exarchate of Africa 557:Mauro-Roman Kingdom 237:• Established 7319:The Fatimid Empire 6948:"Material culture" 6795:www.bardomuseum.tn 5866:, p. 174-175. 5129:Talbi, M. (1995). 4088:(r. 976–1009) and 4076: 2544: 2456: 2407: 2193:Battle of Haydaran 2093:Apogee in Ifriqiya 2079:Qal'at Bani Hammad 1826:Hilalian invasions 1599:History portal 1512:Kingdom of Tunisia 1113:Outline of Algeria 1021:Algerian Civil War 820:Second Barbary War 776:Regency of Algiers 339:Khurasanid dynasty 7660: 7659: 7503:Islamic dynasties 7425:978-90-04-12756-2 7308:978-0-521-21592-3 7266:978-90-04-29857-6 7097:978-90-04-23424-6 7070:978-90-04-42581-1 7040:978-0-374-71205-1 6961:978-1-317-23354-1 6932:978-0-19-764406-5 6530:, pp. 87–88. 6518:, pp. 86–87. 6168:978-0-7864-5127-2 5946:, p. 68, 76. 5930:978-0-521-20981-6 5901:978-92-3-104153-2 5847:978-1-78607-847-6 5820:978-1-78673-613-0 5753:978-0-429-76474-5 5489:978-0-19-764406-5 5453:978-0-374-71205-1 5374:978-1-134-25986-1 5347:978-0-19-538207-5 5324:, pp. 57–58. 5312:, p. 67, 75. 5296:978-0-292-76190-2 5167:978-90-04-09834-3 5103:978-1-317-87041-8 5067:978-90-04-08112-3 4902:, p. 54, 63. 4886:978-0-8108-6490-0 4727:, pp. 69–70. 4708:978-2-200-28342-1 4589:978-1-900971-00-3 4540:978-1-134-25986-1 4288:978-0-292-76190-2 4145:Habbus ibn Maksan 4060:Zirids of Granada 4052: 4051: 4048: 4047: 3917: 3901: 3862: 3784: 3743: 3728: 3635: 3618: 3591: 3498: 3470: 3455: 3440: 3367: 3350: 3317: 3220: 3203: 3176: 3082: 3044: 2939: 2785: 2659:Buluggin ibn Ziri 2590: 2305:George of Antioch 2294:End of Zirid rule 1957:Buluggin ibn Ziri 1873:Fatimid Caliphate 1838:Almohad Caliphate 1818:Abbasid Caliphate 1743:Buluggin ibn Ziri 1732:Marinid Sultanate 1724:Almohad Caliphate 1720:Almoravid dynasty 1711:Fatimid Caliphate 1677: 1653: 1633: 1632: 1588:Africa portal 1573: 1572: 1483: 1482: 1446: 1445: 1389: 1388: 1332: 1331: 1236: 1235: 1182: 1181: 1094:COVID-19 pandemic 815:First Barbary War 784:Ottoman governors 644:Umayyad Caliphate 573:Kingdom of Altava 373: 372: 369: 368: 365: 364: 325:Kingdom of Africa 303: 302: 298:Fatimid Caliphate 214:Al-Hassan ibn Ali 209:• 1121–1148 202:Buluggin ibn Ziri 157:Roman Catholicism 79:Abbasid Caliphate 72:Fatimid Caliphate 16:(Redirected from 7702: 7690:Berber dynasties 7496: 7489: 7482: 7473: 7468: 7429: 7405:Heinrichs, W. P. 7386: 7377: 7375: 7363: 7354: 7333: 7312: 7291: 7270: 7249: 7228: 7198: 7192: 7186: 7180: 7171: 7165: 7156: 7155:, p. 42-43. 7150: 7144: 7138: 7129: 7128: 7108: 7102: 7101: 7081: 7075: 7074: 7054: 7045: 7044: 7024: 7018: 7017: 6999: 6993: 6992: 6972: 6966: 6965: 6943: 6937: 6936: 6916: 6910: 6909: 6893: 6882: 6876: 6867: 6861: 6855: 6849: 6843: 6837: 6831: 6830: 6828: 6826: 6812: 6806: 6805: 6803: 6801: 6787: 6781: 6780: 6778: 6776: 6764:Rammah, Mourad. 6761: 6755: 6754: 6752: 6750: 6736: 6725: 6724: 6722: 6720: 6706: 6697: 6696: 6678: 6672: 6671: 6651: 6645: 6639: 6630: 6629: 6623: 6619: 6617: 6609: 6593: 6587: 6581: 6575: 6574: 6564: 6558: 6557: 6549: 6543: 6537: 6531: 6525: 6519: 6513: 6507: 6501: 6492: 6486: 6480: 6474: 6465: 6459: 6453: 6447: 6441: 6435: 6429: 6423: 6417: 6411: 6402: 6401: 6389: 6380: 6379: 6361: 6344: 6343: 6341: 6339: 6324: 6318: 6317: 6297: 6288: 6282: 6273: 6272: 6254: 6248: 6242: 6233: 6232:, p. 32-33. 6227: 6218: 6212: 6197: 6191: 6185: 6179: 6173: 6172: 6152: 6146: 6145:, p. 31-32. 6140: 6134: 6128: 6122: 6116: 6110: 6104: 6095: 6094: 6076: 6065: 6064: 6046: 6040: 6039: 6021: 6015: 6014: 5982: 5976: 5975: 5974: 5972: 5956: 5947: 5941: 5935: 5934: 5912: 5906: 5905: 5885: 5879: 5873: 5867: 5861: 5852: 5851: 5831: 5825: 5824: 5804: 5785: 5784: 5782: 5780: 5767:Berry, LaVerle. 5764: 5758: 5757: 5737: 5731: 5725: 5719: 5718: 5716: 5714: 5689: 5680: 5679: 5636: 5627: 5621: 5608: 5602: 5593: 5587: 5581: 5575: 5569: 5568: 5550: 5544: 5543: 5525: 5519: 5518: 5500: 5494: 5493: 5473: 5458: 5457: 5437: 5431: 5430: 5412: 5403: 5397: 5391: 5385: 5379: 5378: 5358: 5352: 5351: 5331: 5325: 5319: 5313: 5307: 5301: 5300: 5280: 5274: 5273: 5261: 5255: 5254: 5222: 5213: 5207: 5201: 5195: 5184: 5178: 5172: 5171: 5143:Heinrichs, W. 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Archived from 4302: 4293: 4292: 4272: 4255: 4252: 4188:Hammadid dynasty 4182:Hammadid dynasty 4160:Taifa of Almeria 4109:siege of Córdoba 4066:Taifa of Granada 3912: 3909:ibn Abi al-Futuh 3899: 3860: 3782: 3741: 3726: 3633: 3616: 3589: 3496: 3468: 3453: 3438: 3365: 3348: 3315: 3218: 3201: 3174: 3080: 3042: 2958:Hammadid dynasty 2937: 2783: 2721: 2720: 2712: 2706:al-Hasan ibn Ali 2611:David Collection 2595: 2593:Mushaf al-Hadina 2589:romanized: 2588: 2586: 2423: 2422: 2330:Abu Ya'qub Yusuf 2160: 2002:(in present-day 1926:Jawhar al-Siqili 1908:, south-east of 1853:The Zirids were 1779:Taifa of Granada 1728:Zayyanid dynasty 1682: 1672: 1670: 1658: 1648: 1646: 1625: 1618: 1611: 1597: 1596: 1595: 1586: 1585: 1584: 1569: 1498: 1497: 1461: 1460: 1404: 1403: 1347: 1346: 1328: 1323: 1314: 1309: 1276:146 BC–435 1273: 1251: 1250: 1225: 1224: 1212: 1202: 1184: 1174: 1167: 1160: 1139: 1126: 1077:2010s to present 992:1965 coup d'état 976:Contemporary era 842:French governors 760: 752: 744: 736: 728: 720: 712: 704: 696: 688: 680: 672: 664: 656: 648: 640: 610:Fossatum Africae 593: 585: 577: 569: 561: 553: 545: 532: 524: 516: 507:Ancient Carthage 438: 430: 422: 403: 393: 375: 361: 360: 347: 346: 333: 332: 319: 318: 311:Hammadid dynasty 307: 306: 294: 293: 287: 286: 271: 270: 59: 37: 32:Taifa of Granada 21: 7710: 7709: 7705: 7704: 7703: 7701: 7700: 7699: 7665: 7664: 7661: 7656: 7510: 7500: 7465: 7452: 7449: 7447:Further reading 7426: 7397:Bosworth, C. E. 7380: 7373: 7366: 7357: 7351: 7336: 7330: 7315: 7309: 7294: 7288: 7273: 7267: 7252: 7246: 7231: 7225: 7210: 7207: 7202: 7201: 7193: 7189: 7181: 7174: 7166: 7159: 7151: 7147: 7139: 7132: 7125: 7110: 7109: 7105: 7098: 7083: 7082: 7078: 7071: 7056: 7055: 7048: 7041: 7026: 7025: 7021: 7014: 7001: 7000: 6996: 6989: 6974: 6973: 6969: 6962: 6945: 6944: 6940: 6933: 6918: 6917: 6913: 6895: 6894: 6885: 6877: 6870: 6862: 6858: 6850: 6846: 6838: 6834: 6824: 6822: 6820:www.davidmus.dk 6814: 6813: 6809: 6799: 6797: 6789: 6788: 6784: 6774: 6772: 6763: 6762: 6758: 6748: 6746: 6738: 6737: 6728: 6718: 6716: 6708: 6707: 6700: 6693: 6680: 6679: 6675: 6668: 6653: 6652: 6648: 6640: 6633: 6620: 6610: 6595: 6594: 6590: 6582: 6578: 6566: 6565: 6561: 6551: 6550: 6546: 6538: 6534: 6526: 6522: 6514: 6510: 6502: 6495: 6487: 6483: 6475: 6468: 6460: 6456: 6448: 6444: 6436: 6432: 6424: 6420: 6412: 6405: 6394:"Ibn S̲h̲addād" 6391: 6390: 6383: 6376: 6363: 6362: 6347: 6337: 6335: 6326: 6325: 6321: 6314: 6299: 6298: 6291: 6283: 6276: 6269: 6256: 6255: 6251: 6243: 6236: 6228: 6221: 6213: 6200: 6192: 6188: 6180: 6176: 6169: 6154: 6153: 6149: 6141: 6137: 6129: 6125: 6117: 6113: 6105: 6098: 6091: 6078: 6077: 6068: 6061: 6048: 6047: 6043: 6036: 6023: 6022: 6018: 5984: 5983: 5979: 5970: 5968: 5958: 5957: 5950: 5942: 5938: 5931: 5914: 5913: 5909: 5902: 5887: 5886: 5882: 5874: 5870: 5862: 5855: 5848: 5833: 5832: 5828: 5821: 5806: 5805: 5788: 5778: 5776: 5766: 5765: 5761: 5754: 5739: 5738: 5734: 5726: 5722: 5712: 5710: 5708: 5691: 5690: 5683: 5638: 5637: 5630: 5622: 5611: 5603: 5596: 5588: 5584: 5576: 5572: 5565: 5552: 5551: 5547: 5540: 5527: 5526: 5522: 5515: 5502: 5501: 5497: 5490: 5475: 5474: 5461: 5454: 5439: 5438: 5434: 5427: 5414: 5413: 5406: 5398: 5394: 5386: 5382: 5375: 5360: 5359: 5355: 5348: 5333: 5332: 5328: 5320: 5316: 5308: 5304: 5297: 5282: 5281: 5277: 5263: 5262: 5258: 5224: 5223: 5216: 5208: 5204: 5196: 5187: 5179: 5175: 5168: 5135:Bosworth, C. E. 5128: 5127: 5123: 5115: 5111: 5104: 5089: 5088: 5084: 5076: 5072: 5060: 5056: 5044: 5040: 5032: 5028: 5020: 5016: 5008: 4983: 4975: 4971: 4963: 4956: 4945: 4932: 4931: 4918: 4910: 4906: 4898: 4894: 4887: 4872: 4871: 4867: 4859: 4855: 4847: 4840: 4832: 4823: 4815: 4811: 4803: 4796: 4789: 4774: 4773: 4769: 4762: 4749: 4748: 4731: 4723: 4716: 4709: 4692: 4691: 4687: 4680: 4665: 4664: 4645: 4638: 4625: 4624: 4597: 4590: 4575: 4574: 4567: 4559: 4548: 4541: 4526: 4525: 4521: 4514: 4499: 4498: 4494: 4487: 4472: 4471: 4464: 4457: 4442: 4441: 4437: 4427: 4425: 4424:on 3 March 2016 4412: 4411: 4407: 4400: 4385: 4384: 4377: 4356:(43): 353–369. 4343: 4342: 4329: 4319: 4317: 4304: 4303: 4296: 4289: 4274: 4273: 4269: 4264: 4259: 4258: 4253: 4249: 4244: 4239: 4221: 4190: 4184: 4176:Taifa of Malaga 4156:Badis Ibn Habus 4068: 4062: 4057: 4011: 3911: 3908: 3898: 3894: 3892: 3859: 3856:ibn Abd al-Aziz 3855: 3790: 3781: 3777: 3740: 3736: 3725: 3721: 3632: 3628: 3615: 3611: 3588: 3584: 3495: 3491: 3480: 3467: 3463: 3452: 3448: 3437: 3433: 3364: 3360: 3347: 3343: 3330: 3323: 3314: 3310: 3217: 3213: 3200: 3196: 3173: 3169: 3079: 3075: 3041: 3037: 3026: 2936: 2932: 2782: 2778: 2694:Yahya ibn Tamim 2644: 2532: 2508:Georges Marçais 2448: 2442: 2388: 2383: 2342: 2296: 2268:Yahya ibn Tamim 2250:. According to 2179: 2171:Norman conquest 2167:George Maniakes 2154: 2107:Himyarite kings 2095: 2016: 1887:Abbasid caliphs 1851: 1846: 1705:Descendants of 1629: 1593: 1591: 1582: 1580: 1575: 1574: 1567: 1546:1987–2011 1526:1957–1987 1516:1956–1957 1506:1881–1956 1495: 1485: 1484: 1479:1705–1881 1469:1574–1705 1458: 1448: 1447: 1442:1229–1574 1432:1160–1229 1422:1148–1160 1401: 1391: 1390: 1344: 1334: 1333: 1326: 1319: 1312: 1305: 1267: 1248: 1238: 1237: 1222: 1200: 1193: 1178: 1149: 1148: 1135: 1133: 1122: 1120: 1108: 1100: 1099: 1098: 1074: 1008: 978: 968: 967: 966: 965: 888:Operation Torch 876:Cheikh Bouamama 861:Emir Abdelkader 837:French conquest 824: 803:Barbary pirates 796:Emirate of Kuku 772: 764: 763: 758: 750: 742: 734: 726: 718: 710: 702: 694: 686: 678: 670: 662: 654: 646: 638: 631: 621: 620: 619: 591: 583: 575: 567: 559: 551: 544:(146 BC–590 AD) 543: 530: 522: 514: 497: 487: 486: 477: 436: 434:Capsian culture 428: 420: 418:Aterian Culture 413: 391: 384: 358: 344: 330: 316: 291: 248: 238: 210: 198: 197:• 973–984 119:Maghrebi Arabic 105: 101: 99: 95: 93: 81: 76: 74: 62: 45: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7708: 7706: 7698: 7697: 7692: 7687: 7682: 7677: 7667: 7666: 7658: 7657: 7655: 7654: 7648: 7642: 7636: 7635:(1666–present) 7630: 7624: 7618: 7612: 7606: 7600: 7594: 7588: 7582: 7576: 7570: 7564: 7558: 7552: 7546: 7540: 7534: 7528: 7522: 7515: 7512: 7511: 7501: 7499: 7498: 7491: 7484: 7476: 7470: 7469: 7463: 7448: 7445: 7444: 7443: 7438: 7430: 7424: 7401:van Donzel, E. 7389:Bearman, P. J. 7378: 7364: 7355: 7349: 7334: 7328: 7313: 7307: 7292: 7286: 7271: 7265: 7250: 7244: 7229: 7223: 7206: 7203: 7200: 7199: 7187: 7183:Abun-Nasr 1987 7172: 7157: 7145: 7130: 7123: 7103: 7096: 7076: 7069: 7046: 7039: 7019: 7012: 6994: 6987: 6967: 6960: 6938: 6931: 6911: 6883: 6868: 6866:, p. 184. 6856: 6854:, p. 599. 6844: 6842:, p. 510. 6832: 6807: 6782: 6756: 6726: 6698: 6691: 6673: 6666: 6646: 6631: 6622:|journal= 6588: 6586:, p. 125. 6576: 6559: 6544: 6532: 6520: 6508: 6493: 6481: 6479:, p. 123. 6466: 6454: 6452:, p. 100. 6442: 6430: 6418: 6403: 6381: 6374: 6345: 6319: 6312: 6289: 6274: 6267: 6249: 6245:Abun-Nasr 1987 6234: 6219: 6198: 6196:, p. 302. 6186: 6184:, p. 210. 6174: 6167: 6147: 6135: 6123: 6111: 6096: 6089: 6066: 6059: 6041: 6034: 6016: 5977: 5948: 5944:Abun-Nasr 1987 5936: 5929: 5907: 5900: 5880: 5878:, p. 175. 5868: 5853: 5846: 5826: 5819: 5786: 5759: 5752: 5732: 5720: 5706: 5681: 5628: 5624:Abun-Nasr 1987 5609: 5594: 5592:, p. 174. 5582: 5570: 5563: 5545: 5538: 5520: 5513: 5495: 5488: 5459: 5452: 5432: 5425: 5404: 5402:, p. 626. 5392: 5380: 5373: 5353: 5346: 5326: 5314: 5310:Abun-Nasr 1987 5302: 5295: 5275: 5256: 5231:Ars Orientalis 5214: 5202: 5200:, p. 624. 5185: 5181:Abun-Nasr 1987 5173: 5166: 5139:van Donzel, E. 5121: 5119:, p. 418. 5109: 5102: 5082: 5070: 5054: 5038: 5036:, p. 399. 5026: 5024:, p. 188. 5014: 4981: 4969: 4965:Abun-Nasr 1987 4954: 4943: 4916: 4912:Abun-Nasr 1987 4904: 4892: 4885: 4865: 4861:Abun-Nasr 1987 4853: 4838: 4836:, p. 514. 4821: 4817:Abun-Nasr 1987 4809: 4805:Abun-Nasr 1987 4794: 4787: 4767: 4760: 4729: 4725:Abun-Nasr 1987 4714: 4707: 4685: 4678: 4643: 4636: 4595: 4588: 4565: 4561:Abun-Nasr 1987 4546: 4539: 4519: 4512: 4492: 4485: 4462: 4455: 4435: 4405: 4398: 4375: 4327: 4294: 4287: 4266: 4265: 4263: 4260: 4257: 4256: 4246: 4245: 4243: 4240: 4238: 4235: 4234: 4233: 4227: 4220: 4217: 4186:Main article: 4183: 4180: 4117:Madinat Ilbira 4064:Main article: 4061: 4058: 4056: 4053: 4050: 4049: 4046: 4044: 4043: 4041: 4039: 4037: 4035: 4033: 4031: 4029: 4027: 4025: 4023: 4021: 4019: 4017: 4015: 4013: 4008: 4006: 4004: 4002: 3999: 3997: 3996: 3994: 3992: 3990: 3988: 3986: 3984: 3982: 3980: 3978: 3976: 3974: 3972: 3970: 3968: 3966: 3964: 3962: 3960: 3958: 3956: 3954: 3952: 3949: 3947: 3946: 3944: 3942: 3940: 3938: 3936: 3934: 3932: 3930: 3928: 3926: 3924: 3922: 3920: 3918: 3914:Fatimid vizier 3904: 3902: 3886: 3884: 3883: 3881: 3879: 3877: 3875: 3873: 3871: 3869: 3867: 3865: 3863: 3850: 3848: 3846: 3844: 3842: 3840: 3838: 3836: 3834: 3832: 3830: 3827: 3825: 3824: 3822: 3820: 3818: 3816: 3814: 3812: 3810: 3808: 3806: 3804: 3802: 3800: 3798: 3796: 3794: 3792: 3787: 3785: 3771: 3770: 3768: 3766: 3764: 3762: 3759: 3758: 3756: 3754: 3752: 3750: 3748: 3746: 3744: 3731: 3729: 3716: 3714: 3712: 3710: 3708: 3706: 3704: 3702: 3700: 3698: 3696: 3693: 3692: 3690: 3688: 3686: 3684: 3681: 3680: 3678: 3676: 3674: 3672: 3670: 3668: 3666: 3664: 3662: 3660: 3658: 3656: 3654: 3652: 3650: 3648: 3646: 3644: 3642: 3640: 3638: 3636: 3622: 3620: 3619: 3606: 3604: 3602: 3600: 3598: 3596: 3594: 3592: 3579: 3577: 3575: 3573: 3571: 3569: 3567: 3565: 3563: 3561: 3558: 3557: 3555: 3553: 3551: 3549: 3547: 3544: 3543: 3541: 3539: 3537: 3535: 3533: 3531: 3529: 3527: 3525: 3523: 3521: 3519: 3517: 3515: 3513: 3511: 3509: 3507: 3505: 3503: 3501: 3499: 3485: 3483: 3482: 3477: 3475: 3473: 3471: 3458: 3456: 3443: 3441: 3428: 3426: 3424: 3422: 3420: 3418: 3415: 3413: 3412: 3410: 3408: 3406: 3404: 3402: 3400: 3398: 3396: 3394: 3392: 3390: 3388: 3386: 3384: 3382: 3380: 3378: 3376: 3374: 3372: 3370: 3368: 3354: 3352: 3351: 3338: 3336: 3334: 3332: 3327: 3325: 3320: 3318: 3305: 3303: 3301: 3299: 3297: 3295: 3292: 3291: 3289: 3287: 3285: 3283: 3281: 3279: 3277: 3275: 3273: 3271: 3268: 3267: 3265: 3263: 3261: 3259: 3257: 3255: 3253: 3251: 3249: 3247: 3245: 3243: 3241: 3239: 3237: 3235: 3233: 3231: 3229: 3227: 3225: 3223: 3221: 3207: 3205: 3204: 3191: 3189: 3187: 3185: 3183: 3181: 3179: 3177: 3164: 3162: 3160: 3158: 3156: 3154: 3152: 3150: 3148: 3146: 3143: 3142: 3140: 3138: 3136: 3134: 3132: 3129: 3128: 3126: 3124: 3122: 3120: 3118: 3116: 3114: 3112: 3110: 3108: 3106: 3104: 3102: 3100: 3098: 3096: 3094: 3092: 3090: 3088: 3086: 3084: 3068: 3067: 3065: 3063: 3061: 3059: 3057: 3055: 3053: 3051: 3049: 3046: 3045: 3032: 3030: 3028: 3023: 3021: 3019: 3017: 3015: 3013: 3011: 3009: 3007: 3005: 3003: 3001: 2999: 2997: 2995: 2993: 2990: 2988: 2987: 2985: 2983: 2981: 2979: 2977: 2975: 2973: 2971: 2969: 2967: 2965: 2963: 2952: 2950: 2948: 2946: 2944: 2942: 2940: 2926: 2925: 2923: 2921: 2919: 2917: 2915: 2913: 2911: 2909: 2907: 2905: 2903: 2901: 2899: 2897: 2895: 2893: 2891: 2889: 2887: 2885: 2882: 2881: 2879: 2877: 2875: 2873: 2871: 2869: 2867: 2865: 2863: 2861: 2859: 2857: 2855: 2853: 2851: 2849: 2847: 2845: 2843: 2841: 2839: 2837: 2835: 2832: 2830: 2829: 2818: 2816: 2814: 2812: 2810: 2808: 2806: 2804: 2802: 2800: 2798: 2796: 2794: 2792: 2790: 2788: 2786: 2772: 2770: 2769: 2767: 2765: 2763: 2761: 2759: 2757: 2755: 2753: 2751: 2749: 2747: 2745: 2743: 2741: 2739: 2737: 2735: 2733: 2731: 2717: 2716: 2710: 2709: 2703: 2697: 2691: 2685: 2675: 2674: 2668: 2662: 2655: 2654: 2651:Ziri ibn Manad 2643: 2640: 2531: 2528: 2484:Qubbat al-Bahw 2480:Zaytuna Mosque 2472:Ziri ibn Manad 2441: 2438: 2395:Surat Al-An'am 2387: 2384: 2382: 2379: 2341: 2338: 2295: 2292: 2178: 2175: 2094: 2091: 2015: 2012: 1984:new expedition 1895:Ziri ibn Manad 1850: 1847: 1845: 1842: 1755:Zenata Berbers 1736:Hafsid dynasty 1707:Ziri ibn Manad 1631: 1630: 1628: 1627: 1620: 1613: 1605: 1602: 1601: 1577: 1576: 1571: 1570: 1564: 1558: 1557: 1554: 1548: 1547: 1544: 1538: 1537: 1534: 1528: 1527: 1524: 1522:Bourguiba rule 1518: 1517: 1514: 1508: 1507: 1504: 1502:French Tunisia 1496: 1491: 1490: 1487: 1486: 1481: 1480: 1477: 1471: 1470: 1467: 1459: 1454: 1453: 1450: 1449: 1444: 1443: 1440: 1434: 1433: 1430: 1424: 1423: 1420: 1414: 1413: 1412:973–1148 1410: 1402: 1397: 1396: 1393: 1392: 1387: 1386: 1383: 1377: 1376: 1373: 1367: 1366: 1363: 1357: 1356: 1353: 1345: 1340: 1339: 1336: 1335: 1330: 1329: 1324: 1316: 1315: 1310: 1302: 1301: 1298: 1288: 1287: 1284: 1278: 1277: 1274: 1261: 1260: 1257: 1249: 1244: 1243: 1240: 1239: 1234: 1233: 1231: 1223: 1218: 1217: 1214: 1213: 1205: 1204: 1195: 1194: 1187: 1180: 1179: 1177: 1176: 1169: 1162: 1154: 1151: 1150: 1147: 1146: 1141: 1128: 1115: 1109: 1107:Related topics 1106: 1105: 1102: 1101: 1097: 1096: 1091: 1089:Hirak Movement 1086: 1080: 1073: 1072: 1067: 1062: 1057: 1052: 1047: 1042: 1036: 1035: 1034: 1033: 1028: 1017: 1007: 1006: 1001: 995: 994: 989: 983: 979: 974: 973: 970: 969: 964: 963: 958: 953: 947: 946: 941: 936: 931: 926: 921: 916: 911: 905: 896: 895: 890: 885: 879: 878: 873: 871:Mokrani Revolt 868: 866:Fatma N'Soumer 863: 857: 856: 851: 845: 844: 839: 833: 828:French Algeria 823: 822: 817: 811: 810: 805: 799: 798: 793: 787: 786: 780: 773: 770: 769: 766: 765: 762: 761: 759:(1235–1556 AD) 753: 751:(1229–1574 AD) 745: 743:(1215–1465 AD) 737: 735:(1121–1269 AD) 729: 727:(1040–1147 AD) 721: 719:(1014–1152 AD) 713: 705: 697: 689: 681: 673: 665: 657: 649: 641: 632: 627: 626: 623: 622: 618: 617: 612: 607: 602: 596: 595: 594: 586: 578: 570: 562: 554: 549:Vandal Kingdom 546: 533: 528:Jugurthine War 525: 517: 509: 504: 498: 493: 492: 489: 488: 485: 484: 476: 475: 470: 465: 459: 458: 457: 439: 431: 423: 414: 409: 408: 405: 404: 396: 395: 386: 385: 378: 371: 370: 367: 366: 363: 362: 355: 349: 348: 341: 335: 334: 327: 321: 320: 313: 304: 301: 300: 295: 283: 282: 277: 267: 266: 261: 257: 256: 253: 252: 249: 246: 243: 242: 239: 236: 233: 232: 229: 228: 225: 221: 220: 217: 216: 211: 208: 205: 204: 199: 196: 193: 192: 189: 188: 185: 179: 178: 168: 164: 163: 134: 130: 129: 112: 108: 107: 88: 84: 83: 82:(c. 1048–1148) 68: 64: 63: 60: 52: 51: 47: 46: 43: 40: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7707: 7696: 7693: 7691: 7688: 7686: 7683: 7681: 7678: 7676: 7675:Zirid dynasty 7673: 7672: 7670: 7663: 7652: 7649: 7646: 7643: 7640: 7637: 7634: 7631: 7628: 7625: 7622: 7619: 7616: 7613: 7610: 7607: 7604: 7601: 7598: 7595: 7592: 7589: 7586: 7583: 7580: 7577: 7574: 7571: 7568: 7565: 7562: 7559: 7556: 7553: 7550: 7547: 7544: 7541: 7538: 7535: 7532: 7529: 7526: 7523: 7520: 7517: 7516: 7513: 7508: 7504: 7497: 7492: 7490: 7485: 7483: 7478: 7477: 7474: 7466: 7464:9781501763472 7460: 7456: 7451: 7450: 7446: 7442: 7439: 7437: 7434: 7433:Zirid Dynasty 7431: 7427: 7421: 7417: 7413: 7411: 7406: 7402: 7398: 7394: 7393:Bianquis, Th. 7390: 7385: 7379: 7372: 7371: 7365: 7361: 7356: 7352: 7350:90-04-10056-3 7346: 7342: 7341: 7335: 7331: 7329:9781474421522 7325: 7321: 7320: 7314: 7310: 7304: 7300: 7299: 7293: 7289: 7287:9780300218701 7283: 7279: 7278: 7272: 7268: 7262: 7258: 7257: 7251: 7247: 7245:9780190624552 7241: 7237: 7236: 7230: 7226: 7220: 7216: 7215: 7209: 7208: 7204: 7197:, p. 46. 7196: 7191: 7188: 7185:, p. 70. 7184: 7179: 7177: 7173: 7170:, p. 43. 7169: 7164: 7162: 7158: 7154: 7149: 7146: 7143:, p. 44. 7142: 7137: 7135: 7131: 7126: 7120: 7116: 7115: 7107: 7104: 7099: 7093: 7089: 7088: 7080: 7077: 7072: 7066: 7062: 7061: 7053: 7051: 7047: 7042: 7036: 7032: 7031: 7023: 7020: 7015: 7013:9789004161214 7009: 7005: 6998: 6995: 6990: 6988:9780465055876 6984: 6980: 6979: 6971: 6968: 6963: 6957: 6953: 6949: 6942: 6939: 6934: 6928: 6924: 6923: 6915: 6912: 6907: 6903: 6899: 6892: 6890: 6888: 6884: 6880: 6875: 6873: 6869: 6865: 6860: 6857: 6853: 6848: 6845: 6841: 6836: 6833: 6821: 6817: 6811: 6808: 6796: 6792: 6786: 6783: 6771: 6767: 6760: 6757: 6745: 6741: 6735: 6733: 6731: 6727: 6715: 6711: 6705: 6703: 6699: 6694: 6692:9780195309911 6688: 6684: 6677: 6674: 6669: 6663: 6659: 6658: 6650: 6647: 6643: 6638: 6636: 6632: 6627: 6615: 6607: 6603: 6599: 6592: 6589: 6585: 6580: 6577: 6572: 6571: 6563: 6560: 6555: 6548: 6545: 6541: 6536: 6533: 6529: 6524: 6521: 6517: 6512: 6509: 6506:, p. 87. 6505: 6500: 6498: 6494: 6491:, p. 86. 6490: 6485: 6482: 6478: 6473: 6471: 6467: 6464:, p. 53. 6463: 6458: 6455: 6451: 6446: 6443: 6439: 6434: 6431: 6428:, p. 83. 6427: 6422: 6419: 6415: 6410: 6408: 6404: 6399: 6395: 6388: 6386: 6382: 6377: 6375:9780195309911 6371: 6367: 6360: 6358: 6356: 6354: 6352: 6350: 6346: 6334:. 18 May 2020 6333: 6329: 6323: 6320: 6315: 6313:9782200283421 6309: 6305: 6304: 6296: 6294: 6290: 6287:, p. 35. 6286: 6281: 6279: 6275: 6270: 6268:9789004161214 6264: 6260: 6253: 6250: 6247:, p. 92. 6246: 6241: 6239: 6235: 6231: 6226: 6224: 6220: 6217:, p. 32. 6216: 6211: 6209: 6207: 6205: 6203: 6199: 6195: 6190: 6187: 6183: 6178: 6175: 6170: 6164: 6160: 6159: 6151: 6148: 6144: 6139: 6136: 6133:, p. 31. 6132: 6127: 6124: 6121:, p. 39. 6120: 6115: 6112: 6109:, p. 38. 6108: 6103: 6101: 6097: 6092: 6090:9789004161214 6086: 6082: 6075: 6073: 6071: 6067: 6062: 6060:9789004161658 6056: 6052: 6045: 6042: 6037: 6035:9789004161214 6031: 6027: 6020: 6017: 6012: 6008: 6004: 6000: 5996: 5992: 5988: 5981: 5978: 5966: 5962: 5955: 5953: 5949: 5945: 5940: 5937: 5932: 5926: 5922: 5918: 5911: 5908: 5903: 5897: 5893: 5892: 5884: 5881: 5877: 5872: 5869: 5865: 5860: 5858: 5854: 5849: 5843: 5839: 5838: 5830: 5827: 5822: 5816: 5812: 5811: 5803: 5801: 5799: 5797: 5795: 5793: 5791: 5787: 5774: 5770: 5763: 5760: 5755: 5749: 5746:. Routledge. 5745: 5744: 5736: 5733: 5730:, p. 12. 5729: 5724: 5721: 5709: 5703: 5699: 5695: 5688: 5686: 5682: 5677: 5673: 5669: 5665: 5663: 5658: 5654: 5650: 5649:Ménage, V. L. 5646: 5642: 5635: 5633: 5629: 5626:, p. 69. 5625: 5620: 5618: 5616: 5614: 5610: 5607:, p. 40. 5606: 5601: 5599: 5595: 5591: 5586: 5583: 5579: 5574: 5571: 5566: 5564:9789004161658 5560: 5556: 5549: 5546: 5541: 5539:9789004161214 5535: 5531: 5524: 5521: 5516: 5514:9789004161214 5510: 5506: 5499: 5496: 5491: 5485: 5481: 5480: 5472: 5470: 5468: 5466: 5464: 5460: 5455: 5449: 5445: 5444: 5436: 5433: 5428: 5422: 5418: 5411: 5409: 5405: 5401: 5396: 5393: 5389: 5384: 5381: 5376: 5370: 5367:. Routledge. 5366: 5365: 5357: 5354: 5349: 5343: 5339: 5338: 5330: 5327: 5323: 5318: 5315: 5311: 5306: 5303: 5298: 5292: 5288: 5287: 5279: 5276: 5272: 5267: 5260: 5257: 5252: 5248: 5244: 5240: 5236: 5232: 5228: 5221: 5219: 5215: 5212:, p. 85. 5211: 5206: 5203: 5199: 5194: 5192: 5190: 5186: 5183:, p. 75. 5182: 5177: 5174: 5169: 5163: 5159: 5155: 5153: 5148: 5144: 5140: 5136: 5132: 5125: 5122: 5118: 5113: 5110: 5105: 5099: 5095: 5094: 5086: 5083: 5080:, p. 75. 5079: 5074: 5071: 5068: 5064: 5058: 5055: 5052: 5051:9780292766655 5048: 5042: 5039: 5035: 5030: 5027: 5023: 5018: 5015: 5011: 5006: 5004: 5002: 5000: 4998: 4996: 4994: 4992: 4990: 4988: 4986: 4982: 4979:, p. 54. 4978: 4973: 4970: 4967:, p. 66. 4966: 4961: 4959: 4955: 4951: 4946: 4944:9789004161658 4940: 4936: 4929: 4927: 4925: 4923: 4921: 4917: 4914:, p. 19. 4913: 4908: 4905: 4901: 4896: 4893: 4888: 4882: 4878: 4877: 4869: 4866: 4863:, p. 64. 4862: 4857: 4854: 4850: 4845: 4843: 4839: 4835: 4830: 4828: 4826: 4822: 4818: 4813: 4810: 4806: 4801: 4799: 4795: 4790: 4788:9780748696482 4784: 4780: 4779: 4771: 4768: 4763: 4761:9789004161214 4757: 4753: 4746: 4744: 4742: 4740: 4738: 4736: 4734: 4730: 4726: 4721: 4719: 4715: 4710: 4704: 4700: 4696: 4689: 4686: 4681: 4679:9780748696482 4675: 4671: 4670: 4662: 4660: 4658: 4656: 4654: 4652: 4650: 4648: 4644: 4639: 4637:9781317870418 4633: 4629: 4622: 4620: 4618: 4616: 4614: 4612: 4610: 4608: 4606: 4604: 4602: 4600: 4596: 4591: 4585: 4581: 4580: 4572: 4570: 4566: 4563:, p. 67. 4562: 4557: 4555: 4553: 4551: 4547: 4542: 4536: 4532: 4531: 4523: 4520: 4515: 4513:9782296139640 4509: 4505: 4504: 4496: 4493: 4488: 4486:9782707152312 4482: 4478: 4477: 4469: 4467: 4463: 4458: 4456:9780852550939 4452: 4448: 4447: 4439: 4436: 4423: 4419: 4415: 4409: 4406: 4401: 4399:9782228887892 4395: 4391: 4390: 4382: 4380: 4376: 4371: 4367: 4363: 4359: 4355: 4351: 4347: 4340: 4338: 4336: 4334: 4332: 4328: 4315: 4311: 4307: 4301: 4299: 4295: 4290: 4284: 4280: 4279: 4271: 4268: 4261: 4251: 4248: 4241: 4236: 4231: 4228: 4226: 4223: 4222: 4218: 4216: 4214: 4210: 4206: 4200: 4198: 4197: 4189: 4181: 4179: 4177: 4173: 4169: 4165: 4161: 4157: 4152: 4151: 4146: 4141: 4136: 4131: 4128: 4127: 4122: 4118: 4114: 4110: 4106: 4105:of al-Andalus 4104: 4099: 4095: 4091: 4087: 4083: 4082: 4072: 4067: 4059: 4054: 4045: 4000: 3998: 3950: 3948: 3915: 3910: 3897: 3896: 3887: 3885: 3858: 3857: 3828: 3826: 3780: 3779: 3772: 3769: 3761: 3760: 3739: 3738: 3724: 3723: 3707: 3699: 3694: 3691: 3683: 3682: 3661: 3653: 3631: 3630: 3623: 3621: 3614: 3613: 3587: 3586: 3559: 3556: 3548: 3546: 3545: 3524: 3516: 3514: 3494: 3493: 3492:ibn al-Mu'izz 3486: 3484: 3466: 3465: 3451: 3450: 3436: 3435: 3416: 3414: 3363: 3362: 3355: 3353: 3346: 3345: 3313: 3312: 3293: 3290: 3282: 3280: 3272: 3270: 3269: 3248: 3240: 3238: 3230: 3228: 3216: 3215: 3214:ibn al-Mansur 3208: 3206: 3199: 3198: 3172: 3171: 3144: 3141: 3130: 3123: 3113: 3111: 3083: 3078: 3077: 3069: 3066: 3048: 3047: 3040: 3039: 3014: 2996: 2991: 2989: 2962: 2961: 2960: 2959: 2935: 2934: 2927: 2924: 2914: 2912: 2884: 2883: 2876: 2838: 2833: 2831: 2828: 2827: 2826: 2825: 2824:Granada Taifa 2781: 2780: 2773: 2771: 2730: 2729: 2728: 2722: 2719: 2718: 2714: 2713: 2707: 2704: 2701: 2700:Ali ibn Yahya 2698: 2695: 2692: 2689: 2686: 2683: 2680: 2679: 2678: 2672: 2669: 2666: 2663: 2660: 2657: 2656: 2652: 2649: 2648: 2647: 2641: 2639: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2619: 2618: 2614: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2599: 2594: 2580: 2578: 2573: 2572: 2567: 2563: 2562: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2541: 2536: 2529: 2527: 2525: 2521: 2515: 2513: 2512:Lucien Golvin 2509: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2476:al-Mansuriyya 2473: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2452: 2447: 2439: 2437: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2417: 2416: 2411: 2404: 2400: 2399:Nurse’s Quran 2396: 2392: 2385: 2380: 2378: 2375: 2370: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2339: 2337: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2322: 2318: 2314: 2313:Abd al-Mu'min 2310: 2306: 2301: 2293: 2291: 2289: 2285: 2284:Ali ibn Yahya 2281: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2264: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2220: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2209:Banu Khurasan 2206: 2201: 2199: 2194: 2189: 2185: 2176: 2174: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2158: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2142:reconquering 2141: 2136: 2132: 2127: 2126:of Kairouan. 2125: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2092: 2090: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2074: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2058: 2056: 2054: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2040:Zawi ibn Ziri 2037: 2033: 2027: 2025: 2021: 2011: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1980: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1949: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1916:rebellion of 1915: 1911: 1907: 1902: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1885: 1881: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1863: 1859: 1856: 1848: 1843: 1841: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1806: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1771:Zawi ibn Ziri 1768: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1739: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1703: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1686: 1681: 1675: 1666: 1662: 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695:(909–1171 AD) 693: 690: 685: 682: 677: 674: 669: 666: 661: 658: 655:(742–1066 AD) 653: 650: 645: 642: 637: 636:Arab conquest 634: 633: 630: 625: 624: 616: 613: 611: 608: 606: 603: 601: 598: 597: 590: 587: 582: 579: 574: 571: 566: 563: 558: 555: 550: 547: 542: 538: 534: 529: 526: 521: 518: 513: 510: 508: 505: 503: 500: 499: 496: 491: 490: 483: 479: 478: 474: 471: 469: 466: 464: 461: 460: 456: 452: 448: 444: 440: 435: 432: 427: 424: 419: 416: 415: 412: 407: 406: 402: 398: 397: 394: 387: 382: 376: 356: 354: 351: 350: 342: 340: 337: 336: 328: 326: 323: 322: 314: 312: 309: 308: 305: 299: 296: 289: 288: 285: 284: 281: 278: 276: 273: 272: 268: 265: 262: 258: 254: 250: 240: 226: 222: 218: 215: 212: 203: 200: 186: 184: 176: 172: 169: 165: 162: 158: 154: 150: 146: 142: 138: 135: 131: 128: 124: 123:African Latin 120: 116: 113: 109: 104: 98: 97:al-Mansuriyya 92: 89: 85: 80: 75:(972–c. 1048) 73: 69: 65: 58: 53: 48: 41:Zirid dynasty 38: 33: 19: 7662: 7572: 7454: 7435: 7415: 7408: 7369: 7359: 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Retrieved 4314:the original 4309: 4277: 4270: 4250: 4201: 4194: 4191: 4148: 4132: 4124: 4120: 4116: 4102: 4089: 4079: 4077: 3889: 3852: 3789:Abu al-Futuh 3774: 3733: 3718: 3625: 3612:ibn Buluggin 3608: 3585:ibn al-Nasir 3581: 3488: 3460: 3449:ibn Muhammad 3445: 3430: 3357: 3340: 3307: 3210: 3202:1019/20-1038 3193: 3170:ibn Buluggin 3166: 3076:ibn Buluggin 3072: 3071: 3043:1013-1019/20 3034: 2956: 2955: 2954: 2929: 2822: 2821: 2820: 2775: 2726: 2725: 2724: 2676: 2645: 2620: 2616: 2615: 2607:Bardo Museum 2585:مصحف الحاضنة 2581: 2569: 2565: 2559: 2545: 2539: 2516: 2483: 2457: 2440:Architecture 2434:illumination 2413: 2408: 2403:Kufic script 2371: 2343: 2321:house arrest 2297: 2265: 2260:Pisa Griffin 2252:Ettinghausen 2221: 2202: 2180: 2128: 2096: 2075: 2066:Banu Khazrun 2059: 2052: 2028: 2017: 2000:Tripolitania 1981: 1964: 1950: 1903: 1852: 1807: 1786: 1763:Tripolitania 1740: 1704: 1660: 1636: 1634: 1542:Ben Ali rule 1532:Ben Ali coup 1456:Early modern 1407: 1076: 1075: 1060:Black Spring 1010: 1009: 980: 900:Algerian War 898: 897: 854:Pacification 826: 825: 774: 771:Modern times 707: 687:(800–909 AD) 679:(789–828 AD) 671:(776–909 AD) 663:(771–793 AD) 647:(703–744 AD) 639:(647–709 AD) 592:(585–698 AD) 584:(534–585 AD) 576:(578–708 AD) 568:(484–703 AD) 560:(477–578 AD) 552:(435–534 AD) 531:(111–106 BC) 523:(264–146 BC) 441:Rock art in 353:Banu Khazrun 280:Succeeded by 279: 274: 153:Christianity 7653:(1837–1969) 7647:(1711–1835) 7645:Karamanlids 7641:(1705–1957) 7629:(1549–1659) 7623:(1472–1554) 7617:(1269–1465) 7611:(1235–1556) 7605:(1229–1574) 7599:(1147–1269) 7593:(1059–1158) 7591:Khurasanids 7587:(1040–1147) 7581:(1008–1152) 7561:Sulaymanids 7531:Muhallabids 6584:Arnold 2017 6477:Arnold 2017 6462:Arnold 2017 5666:Volume III: 5657:Schacht, J. 5653:Pellat, Ch. 5641:"Ḥammādids" 5147:Lecomte, G. 4428:27 November 4320:27 November 3891:Abu'l-Hasan 3735:Abd al-Aziz 3197:al-Muzaffar 2727:Zirid State 2708:, 1121–1148 2702:, 1116–1121 2696:, 1108–1116 2690:, 1062–1108 2684:, 1016–1062 2468:Kef Lakhdar 2430:bookbinding 2426:calligraphy 2347:Ibn Khaldun 2188:Banu Sulaym 2155: [ 2148:Pantelleria 2057:, in 1013. 1860:, from the 1656:az-zīriyyūn 1566:2011– 1220:Prehistoric 1199:History of 1084:Arab Spring 961:Oujda Group 951:Pieds-noirs 934:1961 putsch 929:1958 crisis 909:Nationalism 902:(1954–1962) 660:Muhallabids 629:Middle Ages 515:(202–46 BC) 437:(10,000 BC) 429:(20,000 BC) 421:(80,000 BC) 390:History of 275:Preceded by 117:(primary), 106:(1057–1148) 7669:Categories 7585:Almoravids 7575:(973–1148) 7551:(790–1066) 7521:(710–1019) 7414:Volume XI: 7224:0521337674 7195:Baadj 2015 7168:Baadj 2015 7153:Baadj 2015 7141:Baadj 2015 7124:0870996371 6879:Idris 1962 6864:Brett 2017 6852:Idris 1962 6840:Idris 1962 6667:0870996371 6528:Bloom 2020 6516:Bloom 2020 6504:Bloom 2020 6489:Bloom 2020 6450:Bloom 2020 6426:Bloom 2020 6285:Baadj 2015 6230:Baadj 2015 6215:Baadj 2015 6143:Baadj 2015 6131:Baadj 2015 6119:Baadj 2015 6107:Baadj 2015 5961:"Ḥaydarān" 5876:Brett 2017 5864:Brett 2017 5769:"Fatamids" 5728:Baadj 2015 5707:9004082654 5694:"Fatamids" 5605:Baadj 2015 5590:Brett 2017 5578:Brett 2017 5426:0870242164 5400:Brett 1975 5388:Brett 1975 5322:Idris 1962 5210:Brett 2017 5198:Brett 1975 5078:Brett 2017 4977:Brett 2017 4900:Brett 2017 4849:Baadj 2015 4237:References 4140:Ibn Hayyan 4135:al-Murtada 4084:of Caliph 3737:ibn Mansur 3722:ibn Mansur 3344:ibn Habbus 3331:ibn Hammad 3324:ibn Hammad 3311:ibn Hammad 2673:, 996–1016 2609:, and the 2492:arabesques 2444:See also: 2386:Literature 2374:Ibn Hawqal 2311:court of ' 2184:Banu Hilal 2140:Byzantines 2055:of Granada 2046:under the 2044:al-Andalus 1996:Barghawata 1891:progenitor 1822:Banu Hilal 1775:al-Andalus 1307:Prefecture 1229:Prehistory 1004:1988 riots 849:Resistance 724:Almoravids 537:Mauretania 520:Punic Wars 411:Prehistory 167:Government 141:Shia Islam 100:(972–1057) 94:(936–1014) 7651:Senussids 7639:Husaynids 7621:Wattasids 7609:Zayyanids 7579:Hammadids 7569:(909–973) 7563:(814–922) 7557:(800–909) 7555:Aghlabids 7545:(788–985) 7539:(777–909) 7537:Rustamids 7533:(771–793) 7527:(757–976) 7525:Midrarids 7343:. Brill. 7259:. Brill. 7006:. Brill. 6906:1873-9830 6900:. Brill. 6624:ignored ( 6614:cite book 6606:1873-9830 6600:. Brill. 6332:Arab News 6261:. Brill. 6083:. Brill. 6053:. Brill. 6028:. Brill. 5676:495469525 5645:Lewis, B. 5557:. Brill. 5532:. Brill. 5507:. Brill. 5243:0571-1371 5237:: 47–76. 5117:Halm 1996 5034:Halm 1996 5010:Tibi 2002 4937:. Brill. 4834:Tibi 2002 4754:. Brill. 4370:0007-9731 4262:Citations 4086:Hisham II 4012:ibn Abbas 3916:1153-1154 3900:1121-1148 3861:1121-1152 3791:ibn Yahya 3783:1116-1121 3778:ibn Yahya 3742:1105-1121 3634:1108-1116 3629:ibn Tamim 3617:1073-1090 3590:1088-1105 3583:Al-Mansur 3497:1062-1108 3481:ibn Badis 3469:1062-1088 3464:ibn Alnas 3454:1055-1062 3447:Buluggin 3439:1054-1055 3366:1016-1062 3361:ibn Badis 3359:Al-Mu'izz 3349:1038-1073 3316:1028-1054 3175:1015-1028 3074:Al-Mansur 2667:, 984–996 2631:standards 2629:(rayât), 2625:(a'làm), 2336:in 1167. 2317:Marrakesh 1973:al-Mu'izz 1934:Sijilmasa 1918:Abu Yazid 1914:Kharijite 1862:sedentary 1787:Badisides 1783:Hammadids 1683:), was a 1680:banū zīrī 1674:romanized 1661:Banu Ziri 1650:romanized 1321:Exarchate 1265:1st Roman 1031:Massacres 981:1960s–80s 756:Ziyyanids 716:Hammadids 700:Maghrawas 684:Aghlabids 668:Rustamids 502:Phoenicia 495:Antiquity 480:Related: 468:Madghacen 133:Religion 7633:'Alawids 7615:Marinids 7597:Almohads 7567:Fatimids 7549:Ifranids 7543:Idrisids 7519:Salihids 7407:(eds.). 7384:"Zīrids" 6011:25651679 5659:(eds.). 5149:(eds.). 4230:Ar-Raqiq 4219:See also 4168:Abbadids 4121:Gharnāṭa 4090:de facto 3893:al-Hasan 3610:Abdallah 3479:Buluggin 3434:ibn Qaid 3322:Muhammad 3219:996-1016 3038:ibn Ziri 3027:ibn Ziri 2933:ibn Ziri 2931:Buluggin 2777:Ziri ibn 2627:pennants 2550:for the 2524:Albaicín 2520:cisterns 2397:of the " 2326:al-Hasan 2288:al-Hasan 2276:Sardinia 2272:Carthage 2240:Nicotera 2236:Calabria 2186:and the 2144:Calabria 2099:Qayrawan 2087:Hammadid 2062:Maghrawa 1969:Kairouan 1961:Ifriqiya 1948:in 971. 1877:Isma'ili 1834:al-Hasan 1791:Kairouan 1767:Ajdabiya 1700:Ifriqiya 1669:بنو زيري 1645:الزيريون 1590:• 1475:Husainid 1399:Medieval 1371:Aghlabid 1270:Province 1255:Carthage 1190:a series 1188:Part of 1026:Timeline 740:Marinids 732:Almohads 692:Fatimids 676:Idrisids 652:Ifranids 615:Gemellae 605:Partenia 381:a series 379:Part of 260:Currency 171:Monarchy 50:972–1148 44:الزيريون 7695:Sanhaja 7627:Sa'dids 7603:Hafsids 7507:Maghreb 7205:Sources 6540:Hippone 5991:Arabica 5967:, Brill 5779:5 March 5713:5 March 5251:4629221 5158:Ned–Sam 4172:Seville 4164:Almeria 3895:ibn Ali 3432:Muhsin 3081:984-996 2938:972-984 2571:in situ 2566:maqsura 2561:maqsura 2540:maqsura 2522:on the 2504:minaret 2381:Culture 2367:Normans 2363:sorghum 2340:Economy 2334:Tamasna 2309:Almohad 2163:Palermo 2135:Kalbids 2120:Baghdad 2112:Shiites 2008:Tripoli 1910:Algiers 1899:Maghreb 1869:Algeria 1865:Talkata 1858:Berbers 1855:Sanhaja 1844:History 1830:Normans 1816:Muslim 1803:Kalbids 1751:Morocco 1696:Maghreb 1692:Algeria 1685:Sanhaja 1676:: 1652:: 1568:present 1465:Ottoman 1428:Almohad 1381:Fatimid 1361:Abbasid 1351:Umayyad 1246:Ancient 1201:Tunisia 748:Hafsids 512:Numidia 455:Ahaggar 451:Tassili 392:Algeria 224:History 175:Emirate 161:Judaism 87:Capital 7573:Zirids 7509:region 7461: 7422: 7403:& 7347: 7326: 7305: 7284: 7263: 7242: 7221: 7121: 7094: 7067: 7037: 7010: 6985: 6958: 6929: 6904: 6689: 6664: 6604: 6372: 6338:18 May 6310: 6265: 6165: 6087: 6057: 6032: 6009: 5927: 5898: 5844: 5817: 5750: 5704: 5674: 5668:H–Iram 5655:& 5561: 5536: 5511: 5486: 5450: 5423: 5371: 5344: 5293: 5249: 5241: 5164: 5145:& 5100: 5065: 5049: 4941: 4883: 4785: 4758: 4705: 4676: 4634: 4586: 4537: 4510: 4483: 4453: 4396: 4368: 4285: 4205:Bijaya 4196:khutba 3195:Habbus 3168:Hammad 3025:Maksen 2784:d. 971 2635:livery 2617:Emblem 2605:, the 2598:Qur'an 2548:minbar 2496:Annaba 2432:, and 2359:Biskra 2256:Grabar 2248:Pisans 2244:Mazara 2217:Sfaqus 2131:Sicily 2024:Kutama 1946:Zanata 1942:Tahart 1922:Mahdia 1906:'Ashir 1889:. The 1799:Sicily 1795:Mahdia 1741:Under 1688:Berber 1665:Arabic 1641:Arabic 1493:Modern 1438:Hafsid 1418:Norman 1282:Vandal 1192:on the 1011:1990s– 956:Harkis 708:Zirids 541:Africa 535:Roman 473:Jedars 463:Roknia 447:Djelfa 383:on the 227: 187: 127:Hebrew 115:Berber 103:Mahdia 91:'Ashir 67:Status 7387:. In 7374:(PDF) 6007:JSTOR 5643:. In 5247:JSTOR 5133:. 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