182:
277:
449:
441:
433:
139:
20:
1086:
380:, who were under pressure from Soviet tanks crossing the bridge, until the heavier anti-aircraft guns from the Zoo tower could gain line of sight through the smoke. They destroyed the tanks and left the bridge covered in destroyed vehicles, which blocked further vehicles from crossing the bridge. The heavier
468:
The tower was eventually demolished in 1947 by the
British Army. The smaller L tower was blown up successfully on the first attempt on July 28, 1947. The first two attempts to demolish the larger G tower failed. Initially, the G tower was packed with 25 tons of explosives, and press had gathered to
223:
In terms of provisions, and the defenses of the Zoo Tower, the defenders certainly believed it to be sufficient - "The complex was so well stocked with supplies and ammunition that the military garrison believed that, no matter what happened to the rest of Berlin, the zoo tower could hold out for a
394:
crammed into the facility, conditions in the Zoo tower towards the end were close to unbearable; it was crowded and had little water, and the air was hard to breathe. As the Soviet armies advanced inexorably towards the centre of Berlin, around 10,000 German troops retreated to the
Government
173:
There was only one cellar floor and six upper floors above that, despite the tower being 39 m (128 ft) tall—about the height of a 13-storey building. The second floor was used to house the most priceless and irreplaceable holdings of 14 museums from Berlin. The rooms were
395:
district. The tower was never successfully assaulted; therefore, it was still able to provide anti-tank support to the defenders in the
Government district. For example, during daylight hours on April 30, the Soviets were unable to advance across the open areas in front of the
248:
could fire 10 to 12 rounds a minute; thus, each twin mounted battery was rated to fire a maximum of 24 rounds a minute, and four twin mounts could fire as many as 96 rounds a minute. The guns were loaded electrically, with the ammunition fed into hoppers. Younger
119:) were originally built as a response to an attack on Berlin by a relatively small force of British bombers. Hitler ordered the construction of these towers after the first bomber attack on Berlin by the
1117:
216:
structure. The larger tower was large, roughly 70 metres wide by 70 metres deep. The walls were 2.4 meters thick, and the roof was 1.5 meters thick. It was the largest air raid shelter in
1604:
473:. The explosives were set off at 16:00 hours on August 30; however, when the dust cleared, the G tower still stood. One US journalist is reported to have remarked "
181:
1110:
595:
405:
Soviet troops, not wishing to attack the facility, arranged the surrender of the troops inside. Colonel Haller, negotiating on behalf of the tower, promised to
99:, it acted as a citadel and by depressing its large anti-aircraft artillery, its garrison was able to provide support for ground operations against the Soviet
276:
448:
2012:
2002:
477:". The successful third attempt took four months of preparation and over four hundred holes drilled into the concrete which were filled with 35 tons of
194:
As with all flak towers, the installation consisted of two towers, the main G tower, which held the anti-aircraft armaments, and the L tower which held
1868:
1103:
417:
area to make a breakout through the Soviet lines and away from Berlin. This they did, shortly before midnight. The civilians then left the facility.
1303:
1953:
512:
1050:
2017:
620:
488:
took over the land. As of 2012 the hippopotamus park occupies the G tower's spot while the L tower's location holds the bird preserve island.
1090:
1030:
63:
440:
432:
135:, hence the name, and is the most famous of the flak towers. It was the first one built and protected the government quarter in Berlin.
314:
As the bombing continued, the facility was also used to store art treasures to keep them safe. The Zoo tower in particular stored the
1992:
926:
959:
123:
on 25 August 1940. Although only 95 RAF bombers constituted the attack force, this was a grave domestic political embarrassment to
425:
The two towers resisted all attempts to destroy them by air attack and ground forces. They withstood the heaviest Soviet gun, the
292:
and a well organised fire brigade, the Berlin flak towers prevented the levels of the aerial attack damage that the RAF and the
138:
1313:
1308:
307:
The hospital facility, within the G tower, was used to treat wounded soldiers, shipped back from the front line. Luftwaffe ace
983:
Heuck, Susan (May–June 1998). "A Personal
Sacrifice in the Interest of Science: Calvert, Schliemann, and the Troy Treasures".
1741:
1726:
170:
to transmit information needed to fight enemy aircraft; and also pipes and cables for water, heating, and electrical power.
261:
during the loading process. Before the 12.8 cm FlaK became available in sufficient numbers, the tower was armed with
901:
1569:
1431:
1421:
1359:
1354:
1323:
461:
After the war the building was evacuated, and Soviet troops systematically emptied it of its treasures and sent them to
281:
1457:
426:
1349:
599:
688:
2007:
1822:
1452:
1328:
315:
1736:
1731:
1997:
1827:
1802:
1797:
1746:
66:. Its primary role was as a gun platform to protect the government building district of Berlin; in addition, the
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1721:
406:
1908:
1847:
1842:
1837:
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481:. It was the only tower that was successfully completely blown up, though attempts were made on the others.
1492:
1282:
502:
377:
365:
With Soviet and Polish troops entering Berlin in 1945, civilians moved into the Zoo tower to escape harm.
349:
Commissioner in charge of the city's defence effort. Reymann had refused to move his headquarters there.
1756:
497:
429:. Only after the war, with full access and planned demolitions, was the Zoo Tower completely destroyed.
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1406:
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guns, the G building, and a smaller building, the L building, that had sensory equipment, including
1852:
1670:
1665:
950:
1650:
1564:
1000:
708:
402:
because of heavy anti-tank fire from the 12.8 cm guns two kilometres away on the Zoo tower.
297:
42:
1619:
1614:
1156:
1021:
Mende, Hans-JĂĽrgen; Wernicke, Kurt; Chod, Kathrin; Schwenk, Herbert; WeiĂźpflug, Hainer (2001).
1832:
1645:
1267:
1026:
922:
517:
414:
308:
268:
There was also an array of smaller (20mm and 37mm) anti-aircraft guns on the lower platforms.
128:
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1242:
992:
700:
399:
342:
96:
77:
28:
19:
1939:
1934:
1918:
1913:
1893:
1761:
1685:
1640:
1635:
1609:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1554:
1549:
1513:
1416:
474:
381:
262:
233:
175:
142:
354:
967:
88:
transmitter for use by the German leadership and provided secure storage facilities for
1898:
1888:
1873:
1716:
1660:
1531:
1385:
1287:
1212:
1196:
522:
507:
323:
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213:
131:, who had said that Berlin would never be bombed. The Zoo tower was built close to the
1986:
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1812:
1807:
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1262:
1257:
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1247:
1222:
1217:
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1186:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1146:
914:
384:
369:
159:
596:"Charles McCain: The Zoo tower in Berlin: The Most Famous of Them All (Part 1 of 2)"
337:
There had been the option to use the Tower as a command facility for the defence of
1903:
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1579:
1574:
1524:
1518:
1426:
1390:
1333:
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1095:
250:
206:
124:
1706:
1701:
1237:
1166:
1161:
1141:
410:
373:
288:
The primary purpose of the Flak Towers was to protect Berlin. Together with the
62:
from 1941 to 1947. It was one of several flak towers that protected Berlin from
1538:
485:
470:
254:
155:
132:
73:
68:
55:
1968:
1955:
391:
387:
guns obliterated Soviet armour, particularly when hitting it from the side.
301:
289:
241:
202:
1085:
1751:
478:
350:
327:
258:
167:
100:
81:
712:
1004:
237:
198:
and detection equipment. The G Tower could accommodate 15,000 people.
704:
462:
353:' headquarters was inside the tower, though he himself stayed in the
338:
331:
245:
217:
59:
996:
368:
Soviet troops (150th and 171st Rifle
Divisions) attacked across the
158:. Like all the flak towers, it had a main facility that housed the
447:
439:
431:
346:
293:
275:
195:
180:
163:
137:
85:
18:
964:
Electronic
Encyclopedia of Emergency defense and Civil Management
24:
1099:
296:
expected to occur and had occurred in other German cities. The
120:
89:
1016:(1st ed.). Sutton Publishing. pp. 4, 206, 207, 211.
936:
Breslau, K.; Tucker, E. (15 May 1991). "The heist of 1945".
232:
From 1943, the roof of the facility had four twin mounts of
902:"Spoils of War: The Soviet Union's Hidden Art Treasures"
848:
808:
806:
947:
The Flak Towers in Berlin, Hamburg and Vienna 1940-1950
658:
656:
244:, these were the only guns that could hit them. Each
900:
Akinsha, Konstantin; Kozlov, Grigorii (April 1991).
436:
Attempted demolition of the Zoo tower in 4 Sept 1947
166:. The two were connected by a tunnel that carried a
1927:
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1770:
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1205:
1134:
589:
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585:
583:
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577:
575:
573:
311:had his leg amputated there in February 1945.
1111:
872:
564:
8:
201:The G tower was crewed by 350 anti-aircraft
376:. This was defended by German infantry and
178:. The third floor held an 85-bed hospital.
1118:
1104:
1096:
921:. London; New York: Viking-Penguin Books.
824:
797:
785:
725:
674:
648:
552:
1060:(4). www.wartourist.eu: 5. Archived from
884:
940:. Vol. 118, no. 3. p. 51.
598:. Blog.charlesmccain.com. Archived from
304:in Berlin but had been unable to do so.
76:) was designed to be used as a civilian
533:
513:List of World War II weapons of Germany
985:The Classical World: The World of Troy
860:
851:, p. 651, for the size of the AAA
836:
812:
773:
761:
749:
540:
253:, while officially not supposed to be
737:
154:The Zoo tower was a first generation
16:Fortified air defense tower in Berlin
7:
689:"Berlin's skeleton in Utah's closet"
662:
330:, and other major treasures of the
951:Schiffer Military/Aviation History
14:
2013:Buildings and structures in Mitte
2003:World War II artillery of Germany
644:
1084:
300:had been endeavouring to ignite
50:or commonly referred to as the "
452:Post-war ruins of the Zoo Tower
413:to allow for the forces in the
1629:Superheavy and siege artillery
594:McCain, Charles (2010-08-31).
1:
2018:Anti-aircraft guns of Germany
699:(1). Ben Sonnenberg: 92–100.
1869:2 cm Flak 30/38/Flakvierling
1507:Field, medium and heavy guns
1432:38 cm schwerer Ladungswerfer
1091:Flakturm Tiergarten (Berlin)
1025:(in German). Berlin: Stapp.
945:Foedrowitz, Michael (1998).
457:After the war and demolition
1458:8 cm Raketen-Vielfachwerfer
1049:WTM staff (February 2011).
687:Davis, Mike (Summer 1999).
2034:
1823:15 cm TbtsK C/36 naval gun
1453:7.3 cm Propagandawerfer 41
1297:Infantry and mountain guns
1828:20.3 cm SK C/34 naval gun
1803:12.7 cm SK C/34 naval gun
1798:10.5 cm SK C/32 naval gun
1023:Berlin Mitte: Das Lexikon
1012:Le Tissier, Tony (2001).
919:Berlin: The Downfall 1945
873:Akinsha & Kozlov 1991
565:Breslau & Tucker 1991
444:The Zoo tower 4 Sept 1947
1993:Towers completed in 1941
1793:8.8 cm SK C/35 naval gun
1788:8.8 cm SK C/32 naval gun
1783:8.8 cm SK C/30 naval gun
1778:8.8 cm SK L/45 naval gun
1058:The War Tourist Magazine
1051:"The Mighty Flak Towers"
1040:Ryan, Cornelius (1995).
1014:With Our Backs to Berlin
949:. Atglen, Pennsylvania:
625:Berliner Unterwelten e.V
621:"Die Berliner FlaktĂĽrme"
409:at midnight. This was a
111:The Berlin flak towers (
1909:8.8 cm Flak 18/36/37/41
1848:38 cm SK C/34 naval gun
1843:28 cm SK C/34 naval gun
1838:28 cm SK C/28 naval gun
1463:8.8 cm Raketenwerfer 43
1493:30 cm Raketenwerfer 56
503:Battle of Berlin (air)
484:After the demolition,
453:
445:
437:
400:to attack the building
285:
282:quad-mounted 2-cm-Flak
186:
146:
80:. It also contained a
32:
1757:38 cm Siegfried K (E)
1093:at Wikimedia Commons
647:, Flack Towers cites
498:Anti-aircraft warfare
451:
443:
435:
318:coin collection, the
279:
185:The Zoo tower in 1946
184:
141:
48:Tiergarten Flak Tower
22:
1884:3.7 cm Flak 18/36/37
1126:German artillery of
970:on 27 September 2013
421:Resistance to damage
272:Usage during the war
127:, and in particular
1969:52.5100°N 13.3358°E
1965: /
1874:2 cm Gebirgsflak 38
1853:40.6 cm SK C/34 gun
1671:35.5 cm Haubitze M1
863:, p. 373, 384.
839:, pp. 355–356.
357:in his final days.
322:, the disassembled
280:German soldiers on
64:Allied bomber raids
54:") was a fortified
1928:Demolition charges
1862:Anti-aircraft guns
1762:80 cm K (E) Gustav
1695:Railroad artillery
1686:80 cm K (E) Gustav
1676:42 cm Gamma Mörser
1565:10.5 cm leFH 18/40
764:, p. 380–381.
454:
446:
438:
390:With thousands of
298:RAF Bomber Command
286:
224:year if need be."
187:
176:climate controlled
147:
33:
2008:Nazi architecture
1948:
1947:
1833:28 cm SK L/40 gun
1656:24 cm Kanone L/46
1448:7.3 cm Föhn-Gerät
1268:7.62 cm Pak 36(r)
1233:4.7 cm Pak 181(f)
1089:Media related to
1032:978-3-87776-111-3
958:Green, Walter G.
849:Mende et al. 2001
518:Nazi architecture
361:Battle for Berlin
309:Hans-Ulrich Rudel
2025:
1998:Battle of Berlin
1980:
1979:
1977:
1976:
1975:
1974:52.5100; 13.3358
1970:
1966:
1963:
1962:
1961:
1958:
1879:3 cm MK 303 Flak
1737:28 cm lgBr K (E)
1732:28 cm kzBr K (E)
1727:24 cm ThBr K (E)
1570:10.5 cm sK 18/40
1560:10.5 cm leFH 18M
1441:Rocket artillery
1243:7.5 cm Pak 97/38
1228:4.7 cm Pak 38(t)
1157:3.7 cm KwK 38(t)
1152:3,7 cm KwK 34(t)
1120:
1113:
1106:
1097:
1088:
1075:
1073:
1072:
1066:
1055:
1045:
1036:
1017:
1008:
979:
977:
975:
966:. Archived from
954:
941:
932:
909:
888:
882:
876:
870:
864:
858:
852:
846:
840:
834:
828:
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705:10.2307/25008538
684:
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636:
635:
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611:
610:
608:
607:
591:
568:
562:
556:
550:
544:
538:
343:Hellmuth Reymann
205:and assisted by
145:on the Zoo tower
97:Battle of Berlin
78:air-raid shelter
58:that existed in
29:Battle of Berlin
27:tanks after the
2033:
2032:
2028:
2027:
2026:
2024:
2023:
2022:
1983:
1982:
1973:
1971:
1967:
1964:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1952:
1951:
1949:
1944:
1940:Stielgranate 42
1935:Stielgranate 41
1923:
1919:12.8 cm Flak 40
1914:10.5 cm Flak 38
1894:3.7 cm Flak M42
1857:
1771:Naval artillery
1766:
1747:28 cm Br NK (E)
1742:28 cm sBr K (E)
1690:
1624:
1555:10.5 cm leFH 18
1550:10.5 cm leFH 16
1514:7.5 cm FK 16 nA
1502:
1483:28/32 cm NbW 41
1436:
1395:
1364:
1343:Recoilless guns
1338:
1329:10.5 cm GebH 40
1292:
1201:
1130:
1124:
1082:
1070:
1068:
1064:
1053:
1048:
1042:The Last Battle
1039:
1033:
1020:
1011:
997:10.2307/4352103
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957:
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929:
913:
899:
896:
891:
883:
879:
871:
867:
859:
855:
847:
843:
835:
831:
825:Le Tissier 2001
823:
819:
811:
804:
798:Le Tissier 2001
796:
792:
786:Le Tissier 2001
784:
780:
772:
768:
760:
756:
748:
744:
736:
732:
726:Le Tissier 2001
724:
720:
686:
685:
681:
675:Foedrowitz 1998
673:
669:
661:
654:
649:Foedrowitz 1998
643:
639:
629:
627:
619:
618:
614:
605:
603:
593:
592:
571:
563:
559:
553:Le Tissier 2001
551:
547:
539:
535:
531:
494:
475:Made in Germany
459:
427:203 mm howitzer
423:
382:12.8 cm FlaK 40
363:
284:, 16 April 1942
274:
263:10.5 cm FlaK 38
257:, assisted the
240:took to higher
234:12.8 cm FlaK 40
230:
192:
152:
109:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2031:
2029:
2021:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1985:
1984:
1946:
1945:
1943:
1942:
1937:
1931:
1929:
1925:
1924:
1922:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1899:3.7 cm Flak 43
1896:
1891:
1889:3.7 cm SK C/30
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
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1765:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1722:24 cm Th K (E)
1719:
1717:21 cm K 12 (E)
1714:
1709:
1704:
1698:
1696:
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1602:
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1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1535:
1532:7.5 cm FK 7M85
1528:
1521:
1516:
1510:
1508:
1504:
1503:
1501:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1468:15 cm Do-Gerät
1465:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1444:
1442:
1438:
1437:
1435:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1403:
1401:
1397:
1396:
1394:
1393:
1388:
1386:kz 8 cm GrW 42
1383:
1378:
1372:
1370:
1366:
1365:
1363:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1346:
1344:
1340:
1339:
1337:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1324:7.5 cm GebG 36
1321:
1319:7.5 cm GebH 34
1316:
1311:
1306:
1304:7.5 cm leIG 18
1300:
1298:
1294:
1293:
1291:
1290:
1288:12.8 cm Pak 44
1285:
1283:10 cm PAW 1000
1280:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1213:2.8 cm sPzB 41
1209:
1207:
1206:Anti-tank guns
1203:
1202:
1200:
1199:
1197:12.8 cm KwK 44
1194:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1138:
1136:
1132:
1131:
1125:
1123:
1122:
1115:
1108:
1100:
1081:
1080:External links
1078:
1077:
1076:
1046:
1044:. p. 168.
1037:
1031:
1018:
1009:
991:(5): 345–354.
980:
955:
942:
933:
927:
915:Beevor, Antony
911:
895:
892:
890:
889:
885:WTM staff 2011
877:
865:
853:
841:
829:
827:, p. 182.
817:
815:, p. 372.
802:
800:, p. 207.
790:
788:, p. 206.
778:
776:, p. 349.
766:
754:
752:, p. 268.
742:
740:, p. 351.
730:
718:
679:
667:
665:, p. 168.
652:
637:
612:
569:
557:
555:, p. 153.
545:
543:, p. 340.
532:
530:
527:
526:
525:
523:Martello tower
520:
515:
510:
508:Kammhuber Line
505:
500:
493:
490:
458:
455:
422:
419:
362:
359:
324:Pergamon Altar
320:Nefertiti bust
316:Kaiser Wilhelm
273:
270:
229:
226:
214:ferro-concrete
191:
190:Specifications
188:
168:telephone line
151:
148:
129:Hermann Göring
108:
105:
37:Zoo flak tower
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2030:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
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1996:
1994:
1991:
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1981:
1978:
1941:
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1926:
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1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1818:15 cm SK C/28
1816:
1814:
1813:15 cm SK C/25
1811:
1809:
1808:15 cm SK L/45
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1775:
1773:
1769:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1752:28 cm K 5 (E)
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1712:20.3 cm K (E)
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1699:
1697:
1693:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
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1654:
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1634:
1633:
1631:
1627:
1621:
1618:
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1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1605:15 cm SK C/28
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
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1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
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1527:
1526:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1511:
1509:
1505:
1499:
1498:Wurfrahmen 40
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
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1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
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1443:
1439:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1404:
1402:
1400:Heavy mortars
1398:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1376:5 cm leGrW 36
1374:
1373:
1371:
1367:
1361:
1360:10.5 cm LG 42
1358:
1356:
1355:10.5 cm LG 40
1353:
1351:
1348:
1347:
1345:
1341:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1301:
1299:
1295:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1278:8.8 cm Pak 43
1276:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1263:7.5 cm Pak 42
1261:
1259:
1258:7.5 cm Pak 41
1256:
1254:
1253:7.5 cm Pak 40
1251:
1249:
1248:7.5 cm Pak 39
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1223:4.2 cm Pak 41
1221:
1219:
1218:3.7 cm Pak 36
1216:
1214:
1211:
1210:
1208:
1204:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1192:8.8 cm KwK 43
1190:
1188:
1187:8.8 cm KwK 36
1185:
1183:
1182:7.5 cm KwK 42
1180:
1178:
1177:7.5 cm KwK 40
1175:
1173:
1172:7.5 cm KwK 37
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1147:3.7 cm KwK 36
1145:
1143:
1140:
1139:
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1133:
1129:
1121:
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1114:
1109:
1107:
1102:
1101:
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1079:
1067:on 2016-03-04
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1024:
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986:
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965:
961:
960:"Flak Towers"
956:
952:
948:
943:
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928:0-670-03041-4
924:
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719:
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602:on 2012-07-02
601:
597:
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584:
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576:
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567:, p. 51.
566:
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442:
434:
430:
428:
420:
418:
416:
412:
408:
403:
401:
398:
393:
388:
386:
385:anti aircraft
383:
379:
375:
372:covering the
371:
370:Moltke Bridge
366:
360:
358:
356:
352:
348:
344:
341:, by General
340:
335:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
312:
310:
305:
303:
299:
295:
291:
283:
278:
271:
269:
266:
264:
260:
256:
252:
247:
243:
239:
235:
227:
225:
221:
219:
215:
210:
208:
204:
199:
197:
189:
183:
179:
177:
171:
169:
165:
161:
160:anti aircraft
157:
149:
144:
140:
136:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
106:
104:
102:
98:
93:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
70:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
44:
38:
30:
26:
21:
1950:
1904:5 cm Flak 41
1666:28 cm H L/12
1620:21 cm Mrs 18
1615:21 cm Mrs 16
1585:15 cm sFH 36
1580:15 cm sFH 18
1575:15 cm sFH 13
1537:
1530:
1525:7.5 cm FK 38
1523:
1519:7.5 cm FK 18
1488:30 cm NbW 42
1478:21 cm NbW 42
1473:15 cm NbW 41
1427:21 cm GrW 69
1422:20 cm leLdgW
1417:12 cm GrW 42
1412:10 cm NbW 40
1407:10 cm NbW 35
1391:Reihenwerfer
1350:7.5 cm LG 40
1334:15 cm sIG 33
1314:7.5 cm IG 42
1309:7.5 cm IG 37
1273:8 cm PAW 600
1128:World War II
1083:
1069:. Retrieved
1062:the original
1057:
1041:
1022:
1013:
988:
984:
974:25 September
972:. Retrieved
968:the original
963:
946:
937:
918:
905:
887:, p. 5.
880:
868:
856:
844:
832:
820:
793:
781:
769:
757:
745:
733:
728:, p. 4.
721:
696:
693:Grand Street
692:
682:
677:, p. 5.
670:
640:
628:. Retrieved
624:
615:
604:. Retrieved
600:the original
560:
548:
536:
483:
467:
460:
424:
404:
389:
367:
364:
355:FĂĽhrerbunker
336:
313:
306:
287:
267:
251:Hitler Youth
231:
222:
211:
207:Hitler Youth
200:
193:
172:
153:
143:10.5 cm flak
125:Adolf Hitler
116:
112:
110:
94:
67:
51:
47:
40:
36:
34:
1972: /
1707:17 cm K (E)
1702:15 cm K (E)
1651:24 cm K (t)
1545:10 cm sK 18
1381:8 cm GrW 34
1238:5 cm Pak 38
1167:5 cm KwK 39
1162:5 cm KwK 38
1142:2 cm KwK 30
861:Beevor 2002
837:Beevor 2002
813:Beevor 2002
774:Beevor 2002
762:Beevor 2002
750:Beevor 2002
541:Beevor 2002
374:River Spree
115:, singular
107:Development
95:During the
92:treasures.
1987:Categories
1960:13°20′09″E
1957:52°30′36″N
1681:Karl-Gerät
1646:24 cm H 39
1641:21 cm K 39
1636:21 cm K 38
1610:17 cm K 18
1600:15 cm K 39
1595:15 cm K 18
1590:15 cm K 16
1539:10 cm K 17
1071:2012-01-14
894:References
738:Heuck 1998
606:2012-01-11
486:Berlin Zoo
471:demolition
469:watch the
415:Tiergarten
407:capitulate
302:firestorms
255:combatants
156:flak tower
133:Berlin Zoo
74:blockhouse
69:Hochbunker
56:flak tower
43:Tiergarten
31:, May 1945
23:Destroyed
1661:24 cm K 3
1135:Tank guns
663:Ryan 1995
397:Reichstag
392:civilians
334:museums.
290:Luftwaffe
242:altitudes
228:Armaments
212:It was a
203:personnel
113:FlaktĂĽrme
52:Zoo Tower
41:Flakturm
39:(German:
938:Newsweek
917:(2002).
713:25008538
492:See also
479:dynamite
351:Goebbels
328:Pergamon
259:military
117:Flakturm
101:Red Army
82:hospital
1369:Mortars
1005:4352103
906:ARTnews
630:6 April
378:rockets
238:bombers
1029:
1003:
925:
908:(130).
711:
463:Moscow
345:, the
339:Berlin
332:Berlin
246:barrel
218:Berlin
150:Layout
84:and a
60:Berlin
1065:(PDF)
1054:(PDF)
1001:JSTOR
709:JSTOR
645:Green
529:Notes
347:Reich
326:from
294:USAAF
236:. As
196:radar
164:radar
86:radio
1027:ISBN
976:2013
923:ISBN
632:2021
411:ruse
35:The
25:IS-2
993:doi
701:doi
121:RAF
90:art
1989::
1056:.
999:.
989:91
987:.
962:.
904:.
805:^
707:.
697:18
695:.
691:.
655:^
623:.
572:^
465:.
265:.
220:.
209:.
103:.
46:,
1119:e
1112:t
1105:v
1074:.
1035:.
1007:.
995::
978:.
953:.
931:.
910:.
875:.
715:.
703::
634:.
609:.
72:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
