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225:, and titles the division "The Zoophytes, or Animalia Radiata", an expanded 1840 translation notes that "Neither of these names is literally applicable, for all the animals in the division are not radiated; and the very name Zoophyte, 'plant - animal,' is a contradiction. In England, the term Zoophyte is much more restricted than in France, but it is equally inapplicable, excepting, perhaps, to those species, about which there are still disputes as to whether they are animals or vegetables." Despite its scientific obsolescence, Charles Darwin continued to use the term throughout his studies.
201:, they are "therefore vegetables, with flowers like small animals. As zoophytes are, many of them, covered with a stony coat, the Creator has been pleased that they should receive nourishment by their naked flowers. He has therefore furnished each with a pore, which we call a mouth." After wide research, in 1786 Ellis was still unconvinced "what or where the link is that divides the animal and vegetable kingdoms of Nature", and pressed Linnaeus to classify most as animals. He subsequently proposed that the animals of the corals construct their own structures, in a book completed by
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Cuvier's Animal
Kingdom,: Arranged According to Its Organisation; Forming the Basis for a Natural History of Animals, and an Introduction to Comparative Anatomy. Mammalia, Birds, and Reptiles, by Edward Blyth. The Fishes and Radiata, by Robert Mudie. The Molluscous Animals, by George Johnston, ...
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A group of strange creatures that exist somewhere on, or between, the boundaries of plants and animals kingdoms were the subject of considerable debate in the eighteenth century. Some naturalists believed that they were a blend of plant and animal; other naturalists considered them to be entirely
192:, he set out three divisions of the Kingdom of Nature: rocks, plants and animals, "though all three exist in the lithophytes", the corals. He defined zoophytes as "a composite small organism, with both animal and plant characteristics". He acknowledged contributions from the coralline expert
196:
by describing him as a "lynx-eyed discoverer of zoophytes". In 1761 he wrote to Ellis that "zoophytes have a mere vegetable life, and are increased every year under their bark, like trees" as shown by growth rings on the trunk of
39:(animal-plant) is an obsolete term for an organism thought to be intermediate between animals and plants, or an animal with plant-like attributes or appearance. In the 19th century they were reclassified as
146:. It was not until 1646 that claims of zoophytes began to be concretely refuted, and skepticism towards claims of zoophytes mounted throughout the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.
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arranged in conformity with its organization. With additional descriptions of all the species hitherto named, and of many not before noticed, by Edward
Griffith and others.
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developed in the 18th century, there was considerable debate and disagreements between naturalists about organisms on or near the boundary between the animal and plant
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Reports of zoophytes continued into the seventeenth century and were commented on by many influential thinkers of the time period, including
127:. Zoophytes are frequently seen as medieval attempts to explain the origins of exotic, unknown plants with strange properties (such as
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The Coral Reef Era: From
Discovery to Decline: A history of scientific investigation from 1600 to the Anthropocene Epoch
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The
Articulated Animals, by J.O. Westwood, ... Illustrated by Three Hundred Engravings on Wood
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The
Vegetable Lamb of Tartary : A Curious Fable of the Cotton Plant
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Georges Léopold Chrétien Frédéric
Dagobert De baron Cuvier (1840).
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Obsolete term for organisms intermediate between animals and plants
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Appleby, John H. (1997). "The Royal
Society and the Tartar Lamb".
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and subsequent adaptations and commentaries on that work, notably
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261:. New York, New York: M. Evans and Company, Inc. pp. 64–65.
170:. Interest in the topic began in the 1730s with the research by
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The
Cabaret of Plants : Botany and the Imagination
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Zoophytes are common in medieval and renaissance era
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43:which included various taxa, a term superseded by
131:, in the case of the Tartar Lamb as theorized by
520:16 vols. London: Geo. B. Whittaker. Volume 12./
74:either plant or animal (such as sea anemones).
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86:fungi were classified as plants in the
537:. Wm. S. Orr and Company. p. 638.
334:. London: Profile Books. p. 126.
287:Notes and Records of the Royal Society
47:referring more narrowly to the animal
424:Gibson, Susannah (December 1, 2012).
150:18th to 19th century, natural history
58:animals, true jellies, sea anemones,
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246:. Edinburgh: Chambers. p. 1524.
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107:, notable examples including the
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244:Chambers 20th Century Dictionary
242:Kirkpatrick, E. M., ed. (1983).
471:James Bowen (6 January 2015).
188:in 1758, marking the start of
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504:. 4 vols. Paris: Deterville.
166:, and how to relate them in
88:Traditional Chinese Medicine
82:In Eastern cultures such as
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513:Cuvier, Georges. 1827-35.
477:. Springer. pp. 29–.
442:10.1177/007327531205000404
257:Halpern, Miller (2002).
23:Tartar lamb illustration
497:Cuvier, Georges. 1817.
328:Mabey, Richard (2015).
190:zoological nomenclature
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62:, and their allies),
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133:Henry Lee
92:cordyceps
570:Category
559:zoophyte
391:(2004).
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60:sea pens
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