3496:
3113:. Servicemen and zoot suiters in Los Angeles were both immediately identifiable by their dress. Some servicemen and others in the community felt that the continued wearing of zoot suits represented the youths' public flouting of rationing regulations. Officials began to cast wearing of zoot suits in moral terms and associated it with the commission of petty crime, violence and the snubbing of national wartime rules. In 1943, many servicemen resented the sight of young Latinos wearing zoot suits after clothing restrictions had been published, especially as most came from areas of the country with little experience or knowledge of Mexican-American culture. Although Mexican-Americans were overrepresented in the
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3459:. Encountering a group of young Mexican Americans in zoot suits, they got into an argument. The sailors later told the LAPD that they were jumped and beaten by this gang, while the zoot suiters claimed the altercation was started by the sailors. The LAPD responded to the incident, including many off-duty officers who identified as the Vengeance Squad. The officers went to the scene "seeking to clean up
3287:
3470:, the center of Mexican-American settlement. The sailors spotted a group of young zoot suiters and assaulted them with clubs. They stripped the boys of the zoot suits and burned the tattered clothes in a pile. They attacked and stripped everyone they came across who were wearing zoot suits. Media coverage of the incidents then started to spread, inducing more people to join in the mayhem.
178:
3213:" and wore tight sweaters and relatively full, flared skirts, often paired with high hair-dos, large earrings, and heavy makeup. Many young Mexican-American women who were not pachucas avoided these clothing styles and hairstyles in order to avoid being seen as troublemakers by white people. Some women even reported that they had heard of pachucas hiding knives in their hair.
3273:, "attributed the riots to non-Mexican servicemen, who he claimed envied Mexican American male zooters and desired the 'pretty brown creatures' with whom they consorted". However, the press was dominated by the stories which often claimed that "loose . . . girls of the Los Angeles Mexican quarter" were responsible for taking advantage of unaware sailors who had money.
3479:
stripped them in front of the audience, and then urinated on their suits. Although police accompanied the rioters, they had orders not to arrest any, and some of them joined in the rioting. After several days, more than 150 people had been injured, and the police had arrested more than 500 Mexican
American civilians on charges ranging from "rioting" to "vagrancy".
2201:
2979:, a primarily working-class and immigrant area for Mexican-Americans. As young Mexican-American men from the neighborhood grew agitated and began a campaign of harassment, intimidation, and resistance a year prior to the riots, the Chavez Ravine area would later be a hot spot for encounters between the zoot suiters and sailors.
3640:-sponsored", no evidence was ever presented to support this claim. Japanese propaganda broadcasts accused the U.S. government of ignoring the brutality of U.S. Marines toward Mexicans. In late 1944, ignoring the findings of the McGucken committee and the unanimous reversal of the convictions by the appeals court in the
3082:". The regulations effectively forbade the manufacture of the wide-cut zoot suits and full women's skirts or dresses. Most legitimate tailoring companies ceased to manufacture or advertise any suits that fell outside the War Production Board's guidelines. But the demand for zoot suits did not decline; a network of
4618:
Some 500,000 Mexican
Americans served in the U.S. armed services (around 17% of their population, compared to under 10% for the general public) where they had the highest percentage of Congressional Medal of Honor recipients (17%) of any minority in the United States. Between 1942 and 1967, over four
3490:
Marching through the streets of downtown Los
Angeles, a mob of several thousand soldiers, sailors, and civilians, proceeded to beat up every zoot suiter they could find. Pushing its way into the important motion picture theaters, the mob ordered the management to turn on the house lights and then ran
3478:
During the next few days, thousands of servicemen and residents joined the attacks, marching abreast down streets, entering bars and movie houses, and assaulting any young
Mexican American males they encountered. In one incident, sailors dragged two zoot suiters on-stage as a film was being screened,
3176:
The zoot suit was originally a statement about creating a new wave of music and dress, but it also held significant political meaning. The flamboyant and colorful material indicated a desire to express oneself against the boring and somber slum lifestyle. The zoot suit provided young
African American
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had stated, "The zoot suit has become a badge of hoodlumism." No ordinance was approved by the City
Council or signed into law by the Mayor, but the council encouraged the WPB to take steps "to curb illegal production of men's clothing in violation of WPB limitation orders". While the mobs had first
3245:
incident of 1942 and Zoot Suit Riots of 1943 have been described as "a boyish fight over a pretty girl" and a brawl involving "homeboys". However, records show that many women also participated in these events and had important roles in shaping their outcomes. In the Sleepy Lagoon incident, both men
3236:
Pachucas and
Chicanas were less referred to in the media, partly because they threatened the gender and sexuality norms that existed at the time. When acknowledged, they were regarded mainly as secondary members to the male gang members. Many scholars exclude the pachuca narrative in major events in
3152:
fashion found its origins in the urban black scene during the 1940s. This style of clothing cultivated a sense of racial pride and significance; however, the fashion statement soon made its way into the wardrobes of young
Southern Californian Mexican Americans, Italians and Filipinos, who became the
4307:
The authors surveyed references to
Mexicans in the Los Angeles Times during the period leading up to that city's anti-Mexican riots of 1943; these events were called 'zoot suit riots' at the time. Turner found that, as the riots approached, newspaper references to 'zoot suiters' rose whereas other
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In the early stages of the grand jury investigation, many of the larger newspapers devoted no more than a few brief lines to . Yet from the beginning, the Los
Angeles Evening Herald and Express latched on to the term 'Sleepy Lagoon' and immediately turned it on the accused youths. 'Goons of Sleepy
4136:
Mexican workers helped fulfill the unskilled labor needs of American industry as well as agriculture. Noting their availability at a time of declining European immigration and their willingness to accept low wages, non-agricultural employers began to rely upon Mexican workers as early as World War
4229:
To appreciate the social significance of the Sleepy Lagoon case, it is necessary to have a picture of the concurrent events. The anti-Mexican press campaign that had been whipped up through the spring and early summer of 1942 finally brought recognition, from the officials, of the existence of an
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went to Chinatown on leave. A sailor and his girlfriend were walking when four zoot suiters blocked the sidewalk in front of them. The zoot suiters refused to let them pass and pushed the sailor into the street. The young zoot-suiter and the sailor stood their ground in silence until finally, the
3610:
commented on the riots in her newspaper column. "The question goes deeper than just suits. It is a racial protest. I have been worried for a long time about the Mexican racial situation. It is a problem with roots going a long way back, and we do not always face these problems as we should." The
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newspaper included a story of two young women who had allegedly been abducted in downtown and raped in a "zoot suit orgy". Many of these reports began building up and was one of the major instigators of the coming riots, as servicemen had declared that they will take matters into their own hands
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Pachucas formed their own gangs, joined the male pachuco gangs, and carried weapons. This behavior was often said to have been a divergence from the expected feminine beauty and manners of the middle-class. Often, for parents of Mexican-American girls, the pachucas "embodied not only a dissident
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neighborhood to gather reinforcements. They returned to Sleepy Lagoon to find that the Downey Boys had departed, and then headed to a party at the Williams Ranch where a fight broke out upon their arrival. Claims have asserted that there were women screaming and yelling as the fighting ensued.
3258:, Mexican-American women were at the center of much conflict between Anglo-American servicemen and Mexican American youths. In the weeks before the riots, servicemen reported that pachucos had been harassing, molesting, raping, and insulting their wives, girlfriends, and relatives. One local
4183:
The establishment of the Fair Employment Office and Coordinating Committee on Latin American Affairs and the Office of the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs dealt specifically with Mexican American concerns. The prevailing racial violence ensured that federal efforts would continue, but
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Many Angelenos saw the death of José Díaz as a tragedy that resulted from a larger pattern of lawlessness and rebellion among Mexican American youths, discerned through their self-conscious fashioning of difference, and increasingly called for stronger measures to crack down on juvenile
3599:
to make recommendations to the police. Human relations committees were appointed, and police departments were required to train their officers to treat all citizens equally. Mayor Fletcher Bowron downplayed the role racial prejudice played in the riots and blamed Mexican youth gangs.
3184:
Often the suit was paired with accessories such as chains and leather-soled shoes, which were typically worn to exaggerate and prove a point of rebellion standing against the wealth and status that many of these youth were unable to access due to their economic and racial identities.
3418:
The most serious ethnic conflicts erupted in Los Angeles. Two altercations between military personnel and zoot suiters catalyzed the larger riots. The first occurred on May 30, 1943, at around 8:00 p.m., four days before the start of the riots. A dozen sailors, including
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references to Mexicans bearing less emotional and negative connotations declined. The zoot suit had become a symbol or code expression for the 'bad' Mexican, even though it appeared that few of the Mexican youths involved in the riots actually wore the notorious outfit.
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in Los Angeles when they spotted a group of Mexican women on the opposite side. The group, except for Coleman, crossed the street to speak to the women. Coleman continued, walking past two zoot suiters when the sailor turned and grabbed the arm of one of the young men.
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The zoot suit typically included bright-colored fabric, long suit coats that often reached the knees, wide shoulders, and gathered or tapered pants. The arm and ankle areas were often much tighter than the rest of the fabric, giving the whole look a triangular shape.
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During this time, Los Angeles was undergoing an expansion, which caused disruptions in communal sites, family sites, and family patterns of social interactions due to poor city planning. One major decision was to put a million-dollar Naval training school for the
3503:
The local press lauded the attacks, describing them as having a "cleansing effect" to rid Los Angeles of "miscreants" and "hoodlums". As the riots progressed, the media reported the arrest of Amelia Venegas, a female zoot suiter charged with carrying a
2944:, in the early 1930s, the United States deported between 500,000 and 2 million people of Mexican descent (including the expulsion of up to 1.2 million children who were U.S. citizens but accompanied their parents back to Mexico.) to Mexico (see
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corridor area. The Navy and Marine Corps command staffs intervened on June 8 to reduce the attacks, confining sailors and Marines to barracks and ordering that Los Angeles be declared off-limits to all military personnel; this was enforced by Navy
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The convictions of the nine young men were ultimately overturned, but the case generated much animosity within the United States toward Mexican Americans. The police and press characterized all Mexican youths as "pachuco hoodlums and baby
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up and down the aisles dragging Mexicans out of their seats. Streetcars were halted while Mexicans, and some Filipinos and Negroes, were jerked from their seats, pushed into the streets and beaten with a sadistic frenzy.
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2925:. Because of this history, there has always been a large Latino population in California. During the early 20th century, many Mexicans immigrated for work to US border states that needed workers, areas such as
3558:
The Coordinating Council for Latin American Youth sent this telegram to President Franklin Roosevelt urging his attention to the riots in Los Angeles. National Archives, General Records of the Department of
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and Mexican youth a sense of individualistic identity within their cultures and society as they discovered "highly charged emotional and symbolic meaning" through the movement, music, and dress.
3909:
Sandoval, Denise M. (2013). "The Politics of Low and Slow/Bajito y Suavecito: Black and Chicano Lowriders in Los Angeles, from the 1960s through the 1970s". In Kun, Josh; Pulido, Laura (eds.).
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and women were attacked by a group of youths that later court documents referred to as the "Downey Boys". The pachucos and pachucas left Sleepy Lagoon after the attack, heading to the
650:
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3399:, Los Angeles, and smaller cities and towns in California. During this period, the immense war buildup attracted tens of thousands of new workers to factories and shipyards in the
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3512:) involvement in the riots led to frequent coverage of the activities of female pachuca gangs, the media suppressed any mention of the white mobs that were also involved.
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quintessential wearers of the zoot suit. The transfer and sharing of the zoot suit fashion indicated a growing influence of African American popular culture on young
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trial, after the death of a young Latino man in what was then an unincorporated commercial area near Los Angeles. Similar racist violence against Latinos happened in
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Over the next few days, crowds of white civilians joined in the rampage, targeting mainly Mexican American youths but also some African Americans and Filipinos.
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2948:), in order to reduce demands on limited American economic resources. By the late 1930s, about three million Mexican Americans resided in the United States.
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and dance permit an understanding of the politics and social significance of what is trivial in itself -- popular culture and its attendant styles".
2963:, suggesting a problem with juvenile delinquency. These factors caused much racial tension between Mexican immigrants, those of Mexican descent, and
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No soldiers were arrested as a result of the beatings. Many Mexican American youth, instead, were arrested after being attacked by the soldiers.
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discrimination lived on. By 1945, however, reforms were no longer deemed necessary ; protective innovations ceased, yet migration continued
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city residents. It was one of the dozen wartime industrial cities where race-related riots occurred during the summer of 1943, along with
3267:(LAPD) had supposedly done nothing to stop the attacks from pachucos on their women. On the contrary, Horace R. Cayton, a writer for the
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Lagoon' was a favorite moniker that skewed the brief and otherwise bland reporting of the grand jury investigation and subsequent trial.
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Following the Sleepy Lagoon case, U.S. service personnel got into violent altercations with young Mexican Americans in zoot suits in
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del Castillo, Richard Griswold (July 2000). "The Los Angeles 'Zoot Suit Riots' Revisited: Mexican and Latin American Perspectives".
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3165:. Additionally, "analysis of the Los Angeles zoot-suit riot and journalists' and politicians' in and the outfit's connections with
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del Castillo, Richard Griswold (2000). "The Los Angeles 'Zoot Suit Riots' Revisited: Mexican and Latin American Perspectives".
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to be a central cause of the riots, further stating that it was "an aggravating practice (of the media) to link the phrase
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2937:. They were recruited by farmers for work on the large farms and also worked in those states in non-agricultural jobs.
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relied on the importation of cheap Mexican labor to assist in the harvesting of California crops. After the Mexican
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with the report of a crime". The governor appointed the Peace Officers Committee on Civil Disturbances, chaired by
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3583:) to investigate and determine the cause of the riots. In 1943, the committee issued its report; it determined
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from across the country travelled to Los Angeles in large numbers as part of the war effort; they were given
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On the night of June 3, 1943, about eleven sailors got off a bus and started walking along Main Street in
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3072:. To achieve a 26% cut-back in the use of fabrics, the WPB issued regulations for the manufacture of what
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fueled a perception that these pachuco gangs were delinquents who were a threat to the broader community.
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4006:. Vol. 62. Washington, DC: Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Govt. Print Off., 1960. pp. 57–58
3628:, arrived in Los Angeles with orders to "determine whether the present Zoot Suit Riots were sponsored by
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As the riots subsided, the most urgent concern of officials was relations with Mexico, as the economy of
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Daniels, Douglas Henry (2002). "Los Angeles Zoot: Race "Riot," the Pachuco, and Black Music Culture".
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against the Mexican American community". Many post-war civil rights activists and authors, such as
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continued to produce the garments. Youths also continued to wear clothes which they already owned.
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Howard, Sarah Elizabeth (January 2010). "Zoot to Boot: The Zoot Suit as Both Costume and Symbol".
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4027:"The Forgotten 'Repatriation' of Persons of Mexican Ancestry and Lessons for the 'War on Terror'"
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5021:"Full text of "My first forty years in California politics, 1922–1962 oral history transcript""
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4555:"Understanding the 'Jackpot Market': Media, Marketing, and the Rise of the American Teenager"
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and "cultural hybridity" that was expressed through "increased interracial/ethnic relations,
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One of the first conflicts between the sailors and the zoot suiters was in August 1942, near
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published an editorial the next day expressing outrage: it accused Mrs. Roosevelt of having
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targeted only pachucos, they also attacked African Americans in zoot suits who lived in the
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The Power of the Zoot: Race, Community, and Resistance in American Youth Culture, 1940–1945
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of California ordered the creation of the McGucken Committee (headed by Los Angeles bishop
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publicly condemned the Zoot Suit riots and apologized for its role in contributing to it.
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music, as young people adopted music, language, and dress of their own. Young men wore
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as well". For some young women, the characteristics of the style promoted a sense of
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With the entry of the United States into World War II in December 1941 following the
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pit. The nine defendants were convicted at trial and sentenced to long prison terms.
3005:. In the early 1940s, arrests of Mexican-American youths and negative stories in the
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4988:"Mexican labor in California's economy : from rapid growth to likely stability"
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By the Sweat of Their Brow: Mexican Immigrant Labor in the United States, 1900–1940
3672:
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personnel. Their official position was that their men were acting in self-defense.
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approved a resolution criminalizing the wearing of "zoot suits with reat [
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million Mexicans and Puerto Ricans were contracted by the United States under the
3971:
Latino Image Makers in Hollywood: Performers, Filmmakers and Films Since the 1960s
3624:
On June 21, 1943, the State Un-American Activities Committee, under state senator
30:"Zoot Suit Riot" redirects here. For the album by the Cherry Poppin' Daddies, see
5260:
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4351:
Eduardo Obregon Pagán. "Los Angeles Geopolitics and the Zoot Suit Riot, 1943".
3141:
This photograph of three men sporting variations on the zoot suit was taken by
3068:(WPB) regulated the manufacture of men's suits and all clothing that contained
6056:
5547:
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Three young Pachuca women held in the Los Angeles County Jail during the 1943
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1943 race riot by U.S. Armed Forces servicemen against Latinos in Los Angeles
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The next day, 200 sailors got a convoy of about 20 taxicabs and headed for
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5356:
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were both zoot suiters as young men who later became political activists.
2846:. Rationing of fabrics and certain foods was required at the time for the
5888:
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were accused of murdering a civilian man named José Díaz in an abandoned
1992:
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5293:
5262:
Murder at the Sleepy Lagoon: Zoot Suits, Race, and Riot in Wartime L.A.
5186:
5157:
The Power of the Zoot: Youth Culture and Resistance During World War II
5087:
Murder at the Sleepy Lagoon: Zoot Suits, Race, and Riot in Wartime L.A.
4747:
4703:
4475:
3311: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3206:
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for centuries, before becoming part of the United States following the
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326:
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254:
6149:
5711:
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3525:] pleats within the city limits of LA" with the expectation that
3117:, they were not common or respected enough to defuse these tensions.
3023:
2580:
1430:
415:
311:
289:
284:
234:
3756:, a political party which some have attempted to link to the unrest.
3463:
from what they viewed as the loathsome influence of pachuco gangs".
3001:, a long watch chain, and thick-soled shoes. They called themselves
2200:
4923:
North from Mexico: The Spanish-speaking People of the United States
4004:
Historical statistics of the United States: colonial times to 1957
3895:
3553:
3494:
3435:
3192:
3136:
2926:
2452:
1440:
239:
6328:
Racially motivated violence against Hispanic and Latino Americans
4230:'awful' situation in reference to 'Mexican juvenile delinquency.'
2952:
had the highest concentration of ethnic Mexicans outside Mexico.
5572:
4925:. Contributions in American History. Santa Barbara, California:
4539:
3655:
Later scholars generally characterize the Zoot Suit riots as a "
3170:
3069:
2994:
2959:
level wages. The Los Angeles newspapers described Mexicans with
2955:
Job discrimination in Los Angeles forced minorities to work for
2462:
2074:
1903:
5367:
2893:
as well. The defiance of zoot suiters became inspirational for
2838:
attacked and stripped children, teenagers, and youths who wore
4871:"Zoot Suit Riots | Summary, Causes, Significance, & Facts"
4322:
Roots of Justice Stories of Organizing in Communities of Color
3521:
3280:
5324:
Images and primary source documents about the Zoot Suit Riots
5195:
The Zoot-Suit Riots: The Psychology of Symbolic Annihilation.
4559:
The Changing Portrayal of Adolescents in the Media Since 1950
4347:
4345:
3911:
Black and Brown in Los Angeles: Beyond Conflict and Coalition
3941:
The Zoot-Suit Riots: The Psychology of Symbolic Annihilation
5128:"Los Angeles apologizes for Zoot Suit Riots 80 years later"
3636:". Although Tenney claimed he had evidence the riots were "
3205:
The urban, Mexican-American youth often called themselves "
3440:"Authorities meet to discuss the Zoot Suit Riots" (photo:
2795:
were a series of riots that took place June 3–8, 1943, in
3682:
On June 9, 2023, roughly 80 years after the attacks, the
139:
American servicemen, police officers, and white civilians
3671:, have said they were inspired by the Zoot Suit Riots.
5217:"Los Angeles Geopolitics and the Zoot Suit Riot, 1943"
4561:. New York City: Oxford University Press US. pp.
3778:"Los Angeles Geopolitics and the Zoot Suit Riot, 1943"
3749:
List of incidents of civil unrest in the United States
4518:
Esquire's encyclopedia of 20th century men's fashions
3018:
case made national news. Nine teenage members of the
6166:
6020:
5922:
5866:
5720:
5621:
5523:
5457:
5406:
4557:. In Patrick L. Jamieson & Daniel Romer (ed.).
3632:agencies attempting to spread disunity between the
2917:was a part of Mexico for 27 years, and part of the
143:
135:
127:
119:
104:
96:
78:
61:
6338:Hispanic and Latino American history of California
3056:, the nation had to deal with the restrictions of
2038:Racial bias in criminal news in the United States
6214:List of Mexican-American political organizations
4149:Ryan, James Gilbert; Schlup, Leonard C. (2006).
3874:Everything you need to know about Latino history
3841:. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 33.
4623:to alleviate the labor shortage caused by WWII.
3744:History of the Mexican Americans in Los Angeles
1682:Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting)
5247:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of August 2024 (
1158:SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups
5379:
2772:
2163:
73:Boys stripped and beaten by U.S. Navy sailors
8:
5197:University of Texas Press, Austin, TX. 2002
3508:. While the revelation of female pachucos' (
6232:Category:American people of Mexican descent
4907:. Austin: University of Texas. p. 204.
4375:
4373:
4371:
4369:
4367:
4365:
4363:
4361:
1374:List of people killed for being transgender
6268:Hispanic and Latino American working class
5386:
5372:
5364:
4959:Fool's Paradise: A Carey McWilliams Reader
4898:
4896:
4588:
4586:
4584:
4582:
4202:Fool's Paradise: A Carey McWilliams Reader
4199:; Stewart, Dean; Gendar, Jeannine (2001).
3634:United States and Latin-American countries
3603:On June 16, 1943, a week after the riots,
2779:
2765:
2181:
2170:
2156:
156:
67:
58:
6293:White American riots in the United States
5015:
5013:
4732:Studies in Latin American Popular Culture
4516:Schoeffler, O. E.; Gale, William (1973).
4042:
3371:Learn how and when to remove this message
3217:femininity but a threatening, distinctly
4495:. ReadHowYouWant.com. pp. 191–194.
4248:. ReadHowYouWant.com. pp. 130–132.
3109:while awaiting to be shipped out to the
2850:. While most of the white mobs targeted
446:Social determinants of health in poverty
6288:Mexican-American culture in Los Angeles
6184:U.S. communities with Hispanic majority
5568:Mission Cultural Center for Latino Arts
4881:from the original on September 27, 2018
4671:The Journal of African American History
4489:Pagán, Eduardo Obregón (June 3, 2009).
4423:Pagán, Eduardo Obregón (June 3, 2009).
4242:Pagán, Eduardo Obregón (June 3, 2009).
3969:Berumen, Garcia; Javier, Frank (2016).
3771:
3769:
3765:
3403:, including African Americans from the
3078:magazine called, "streamlined suits by
2189:
2185:This article is part of a series on the
168:
6278:Riots and civil disorder in California
5267:The University of North Carolina Press
5240:
5159:(University of California Press, 2008)
5092:The University of North Carolina Press
5046:
5044:
5042:
4998:from the original on December 14, 2018
4833:Ramírez, Catherine S. (July 1, 2010).
4828:
4826:
4087:. ReadHowYouWant.com. pp. 23–28.
3944:. University of Texas Press. pp.
3621:leanings and stirring "race discord".
6323:June 1943 events in the United States
6199:List of Hispanic and Latino Americans
4824:
4822:
4820:
4818:
4816:
4814:
4812:
4810:
4808:
4806:
4725:
4723:
4721:
4663:
4661:
4659:
4657:
4279:. Vol. 1. Berkeley, California:
3482:A witness to the attacks, journalist
3209:". The female parallels were called "
2997:pants, sometimes accessorized with a
2993:—a flamboyant long jacket with baggy
7:
6209:List of Mexican-American communities
5634:1985–1987 Watsonville Cannery strike
5292:series, produced by Joseph Tovares.
4059:from the original on August 22, 2016
3652:was an "effective communist front".
3423:Joe Dacy Coleman, were walking down
3309:adding citations to reliable sources
1180:Capital punishment for homosexuality
451:Social determinants of mental health
6333:Working-class culture in California
6011:DHS v. Regents of the Univ. of Cal.
5955:Espinoza v. Farah Manufacturing Co.
5333:, from the University of California
5062:from the original on August 1, 2010
5027:from the original on March 20, 2016
4600:from the original on April 23, 2016
4429:. ReadHowYouWant.com. p. 215.
4173:from the original on April 30, 2016
3718:Latino and Hispanic American portal
3532:would sign it into law. Councilman
2679:DHS v. Regents of the Univ. of Cal.
2623:Espinoza v. Farah Manufacturing Co.
1300:Genital modification and mutilation
34:. For that album's title song, see
5320:written about the Zoot Suit Riots.
4635:"A Brief History of the Zoot Suit"
4205:. Heyday Books. pp. 180–183.
4152:Historical dictionary of the 1940s
25:
5339:"The Zoot-Suit and Style Warfare"
5108:from the original on June 3, 2016
4382:"The Zoot-Suit and Style Warfare"
4297:from the original on May 18, 2016
3571:lodged a formal protest with the
3124:. The sailors who trained in the
3086:tailors based in Los Angeles and
2865:The Zoot Suit Riots followed the
6263:1943 crimes in the United States
5803:Mexican-American women's fashion
4219:from the original on May 2, 2016
3876:(2008 ed.). New York City:
3734:in Wellington, New Zealand, 1943
3710:
3696:
3285:
2961:racially inflammatory propaganda
2746:
2199:
1793:Diversity, equity, and inclusion
1622:Law for Protection of the Nation
1516:White genocide conspiracy theory
176:
6313:History of racism in California
5948:San Antonio I.S.D. v. Rodriguez
5215:Pagán, Eduardo Obregon (2000).
5179:10.1525/msem.2000.16.2.03a00080
4596:. Laalmanac.com. June 3, 1943.
4468:10.1525/msem.2000.16.2.03a00080
3776:Pagan, Eduardo Obregon (2000).
3296:needs additional citations for
3054:Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor
2616:San Antonio I.S.D. v. Rodriguez
2298:California agricultural strikes
1627:MSM blood donation restrictions
1369:LGBT grooming conspiracy theory
4460:University of California Press
4281:University of California Press
3998:U.S. Bureau of Census (1960).
3915:University of California Press
2985:became known as the father of
2834:American servicemen and white
1640:(as religious or racial quota)
1:
5613:Occupation of Catalina Island
5588:Farm workers' rights campaign
5052:"Los Angeles Zoot Suit Riots"
4633:Gregory, Alice (April 2016).
4594:"Los Angeles Zoot Suit Riots"
3973:. Jefferson, North Carolina:
3265:Los Angeles Police Department
2458:Occupation of Catalina Island
2268:1913 El Paso smelters' strike
2070:Second-generation gender bias
1778:Constitutional colorblindness
441:Social determinants of health
6283:History of Mexican Americans
5318:A list of newspaper articles
5296:, 2001. 60 mins. PBS Video.
5237:(inactive August 27, 2024).
4680:University of Chicago Press
4492:Murder at The Sleepy Lagoon
4458:(2). Berkeley, California:
4426:Murder at The Sleepy Lagoon
4245:Murder at The Sleepy Lagoon
4084:Murder at The Sleepy Lagoon
3254:Continuing into the end of
3014:In the summer of 1942, the
2862:young adults and children.
2803:, United States, involving
2248:Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
1981:Medical model of disability
1825:Hate speech laws by country
6354:
4837:. Durham, North Carolina:
4835:The Woman in the Zoot Suit
4276:Theories of Civil Violence
4025:Johnson, Kevin R. (2005).
2854:youth, they also attacked
2090:Social model of disability
496:Discrimination against men
29:
6258:1943 in the United States
6222:
5798:Mexican-American folklore
5578:Plan Espiritual de Aztlán
5337:Cosgrove, Stuart (1984).
5235:10.1215/01455532-24-1-223
4903:Alvarez, Luis A. (2001).
4740:University of Texas Press
4380:Cosgrove, Stuart (1984).
4112:. Westport, Connecticut:
3794:10.1017/S0145553200010129
3754:National Synarchist Union
2468:Plan Espiritual de Aztlán
2293:Cantaloupe strike of 1928
1421:Opposition to immigration
290:Race / Ethnicity
66:
5793:Mexican-American cuisine
5344:History Workshop Journal
4986:Vernez, Georges (1994).
4955:"Blood on the Pavements"
4386:History Workshop Journal
3938:Mazón, Mauricio (1989).
3913:. Berkeley, California:
3732:Battle of Manners Street
3684:Los Angeles City Council
3517:Los Angeles City Council
2919:Viceroyalty of New Spain
2753:United States portal
2508:1985–1987 cannery strike
1416:Occupational segregation
1185:Compulsory sterilization
5983:Flores-Figueroa v. U.S.
5879:Coyolxauhqui imperative
4875:Encyclopedia Britannica
4786:"1940s Zoot Suit Girls"
4324:. Hoboken, New Jersey:
4320:Solomon, Larry (1998).
4044:10.58948/2331-3528.1147
3738:Battle of Bamber Bridge
2910:Mexicans in Los Angeles
2651:Flores-Figueroa v. U.S.
1966:Internalized oppression
1820:Fighting Discrimination
1810:Fat acceptance movement
1768:Anti-discrimination law
1394:Native American mascots
49:Infobox civilian attack
6298:Clothing controversies
5962:U.S. v. Brignoni-Ponce
5728:Anti-Mexican sentiment
5690:Killing of Adam Toledo
5673:Great American Boycott
5543:Centro de Arte Público
5329:July 26, 2008, at the
5257:Pagán, Eduardo Obregón
5222:Social Science History
5082:Pagán, Eduardo Obregón
4553:Osgerby, Bill (2008).
4353:Social Science History
4273:Rule, James B (1989).
4108:Reisler, Mark (1976).
4079:Pagán, Eduardo Obregón
3782:Social Science History
3650:National Lawyers Guild
3597:National Lawyers Guild
3560:
3500:
3493:
3447:
3443:Los Angeles Daily News
3202:
3146:
3037:
2630:U.S. v. Brignoni-Ponce
2547:Great American Boycott
2428:Las Adelitas de Aztlán
2398:Conferencia de Mujeres
2085:Social identity threat
2058:Reverse discrimination
2048:Racial color blindness
1506:Violence against women
1486:Sex-selective abortion
54:considered for merging
32:Zoot Suit Riot (album)
6318:Crimes in Los Angeles
5997:Mendez v. Westminster
5934:Botiller v. Dominguez
5914:Youth control complex
5783:Estrada Courts murals
5644:2019 El Paso shooting
5622:Post-Chicano Movement
5583:Plan de Santa Bárbara
5538:Católicos por La Raza
5023:. 1964. p. 123.
4847:10.1215/9780822388647
4839:Duke University Press
4678:. Chicago, Illinois:
4355:no.1 (2000): 223–256.
3837:Peiss, Kathy (2011).
3557:
3498:
3488:
3439:
3196:
3189:Pachucas and Chicanas
3140:
3064:. In March 1942, the
3060:and the prospects of
3032:
3028:Eduardo Obregón Pagán
2811:and young Latino and
2665:Mendez v. Westminster
2602:Botiller v. Dominguez
2518:2019 El Paso shooting
2501:Post-Chicano Movement
2473:Plan de Santa Bárbara
2373:Católicos por La Raza
2303:Citrus Strike of 1936
2238:San Elizario Salt War
2211:Early-American period
2193:and Mexican Americans
2053:Religious intolerance
2013:Political correctness
1835:Intersex human rights
1783:Cultural assimilation
1451:Religious persecution
1215:Disability hate crime
982:Jewish / Antisemitism
36:Zoot Suit Riot (song)
5990:Leal Garcia v. Texas
5685:Justice for Janitors
5603:Los Siete de la Raza
5598:Colegio César Chávez
5490:Mexican Repatriation
5458:Pre-Chicano Movement
4738:(1). Austin, Texas:
4688:10.1086/JAAHv87n1p98
4283:. pp. 102–108.
4159:. pp. 250–251.
4155:. Armonk, New York:
3577:Governor Earl Warren
3457:Downtown Los Angeles
3305:improve this article
3129:sailor backed away.
3066:War Production Board
3016:Sleepy Lagoon murder
2973:Naval Reserve Armory
2946:Mexican Repatriation
2923:Mexican–American War
2867:Sleepy Lagoon murder
2658:Leal Garcia v. Texas
2564:Justice for Janitors
2433:Los Siete de la Raza
2388:Colegio César Chávez
2313:Mexican Repatriation
2228:Mexican–American War
1436:Political repression
401:Anti-left handedness
391:Anti-intellectualism
5813:New Mexican cuisine
5639:1992 Drywall Strike
5608:Los Seis de Boulder
5593:Land grant struggle
5510:Sleepy Lagoon trial
5357:10.1093/hwj/18.1.77
5311:American Experience
5289:American Experience
5056:Los Angeles Almanac
4398:10.1093/hwj/18.1.77
3870:"Mexican Americans"
3648:announced that the
3595:, president of the
3565:Southern California
3506:brass knuckleduster
3421:Seaman Second Class
3199:Sleepy Lagoon trial
2809:Southern California
2805:American servicemen
2594:Supreme Court cases
2513:1992 Drywall Strike
2488:United Farm Workers
2438:Los Seis de Boulder
2423:Land grant struggle
2413:Hijas de Cuauhtémoc
2333:Sleepy Lagoon trial
2191:History of Chicanos
1961:Historical eugenics
1476:Segregation academy
1456:Religious terrorism
1245:Enemy of the people
1153:Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric
641:Jehovah's Witnesses
521:Perpetual foreigner
147:Racism, removal of
6308:1943 in California
6021:By city and region
5941:Hernandez v. Texas
5904:Spiritual activism
5748:Chicano literature
5563:Chicano Moratorium
5470:Bisbee Deportation
4748:10.1353/sla.0.0004
4404:on August 13, 2014
4116:. pp. 95–97.
3824:"Zoot Suits Riots"
3726:Battle of Brisbane
3704:Los Angeles portal
3644:on October 4, the
3642:Sleepy Lagoon case
3561:
3501:
3448:
3270:Pittsburgh Courier
3241:. Events like the
3203:
3163:Filipino Americans
3147:
2965:European Americans
2609:Hernandez v. Texas
2408:East L.A. walkouts
2383:Chicano Moratorium
2278:Bisbee Deportation
2223:Las Gorras Blancas
1865:Social integration
1860:Self-determination
1850:Racial integration
1798:Diversity training
1788:Cultural pluralism
1763:Affirmative action
1655:Racial segregation
1565:Crime of apartheid
1461:Religious violence
946:Indigenous people
317:Sexual orientation
6240:
6239:
6189:Mexican Americans
6137:Dallas–Fort Worth
6004:Bernal v. Fainter
5976:Medellín v. Texas
5505:Porvenir Massacre
5500:Plan de San Diego
5495:Operation Wetback
5193:Mazon, Maurizio.
4972:978-1-890771-41-6
4951:McWilliams, Carey
4936:978-0-313-26631-7
4919:McWilliams, Carey
4790:vintagedancer.com
4572:978-0-19-534295-6
4520:. New York City:
4502:978-1-4429-9501-7
4436:978-1-4429-9501-7
4255:978-1-4429-9501-7
4212:978-1-890771-41-6
4197:Carey, McWilliams
4166:978-0-7656-0440-8
4123:978-0-8371-8894-2
4094:978-1-4429-9501-7
3826:. August 9, 2023.
3728:, Australia, 1942
3614:Los Angeles Times
3608:Eleanor Roosevelt
3381:
3380:
3373:
3355:
3320:"Zoot Suit Riots"
3219:American identity
3095:American soldiers
3008:Los Angeles Times
2860:Filipino American
2825:Detroit, Michigan
2789:
2788:
2726:Dallas–Fort Worth
2672:Bernal v. Fainter
2644:Medellín v. Texas
2363:Black-brown unity
2328:Porvenir Massacre
2323:Plan de San Diego
2318:Operation Wetback
2180:
2179:
2043:Racism by country
1971:Intersectionality
1956:Heteronormativity
1739:Voter suppression
1481:Sexual harassment
1280:Forced conversion
1200:Cultural genocide
845:African Americans
651:post–Cold War era
636:Eastern Orthodoxy
386:Anti-drug addicts
381:Anti-homelessness
300:Scientific racism
155:
154:
111:youths and other
16:(Redirected from
6345:
6273:History of youth
6227:Category:Chicano
6157:Salt Lake Valley
5867:Chicana/o Theory
5838:Teatro Campesino
5828:Regional Mexican
5818:New Mexico music
5808:Mexican muralism
5695:Murder of Selena
5558:Chicano Blowouts
5553:Chicana feminism
5525:Chicano Movement
5419:Mexican American
5399:Mexican American
5388:
5381:
5374:
5365:
5360:
5307:Zoot Suit Riots.
5280:
5252:
5246:
5238:
5190:
5144:
5143:
5141:
5139:
5124:
5118:
5117:
5115:
5113:
5078:
5072:
5071:
5069:
5067:
5048:
5037:
5036:
5034:
5032:
5017:
5008:
5007:
5005:
5003:
4983:
4977:
4976:
4947:
4941:
4940:
4915:
4909:
4908:
4900:
4891:
4890:
4888:
4886:
4867:
4861:
4860:
4830:
4801:
4800:
4798:
4796:
4782:
4776:
4775:
4727:
4716:
4715:
4665:
4652:
4651:
4649:
4647:
4630:
4624:
4616:
4610:
4609:
4607:
4605:
4590:
4577:
4576:
4550:
4544:
4543:
4513:
4507:
4506:
4486:
4480:
4479:
4447:
4441:
4440:
4420:
4414:
4413:
4411:
4409:
4400:. Archived from
4377:
4356:
4349:
4340:
4339:
4317:
4311:
4310:
4304:
4302:
4270:
4264:
4263:
4239:
4233:
4232:
4226:
4224:
4193:
4187:
4186:
4180:
4178:
4146:
4140:
4139:
4105:
4099:
4098:
4081:(June 3, 2009).
4075:
4069:
4068:
4066:
4064:
4046:
4022:
4016:
4015:
4013:
4011:
3995:
3989:
3988:
3966:
3960:
3959:
3935:
3929:
3928:
3906:
3900:
3899:
3862:
3856:
3855:
3834:
3828:
3827:
3820:
3814:
3813:
3773:
3720:
3715:
3714:
3713:
3706:
3701:
3700:
3699:
3646:Tenney Committee
3573:State Department
3484:Carey McWilliams
3468:East Los Angeles
3376:
3369:
3365:
3362:
3356:
3354:
3313:
3289:
3281:
3239:Chicano movement
3159:Italian American
3155:Mexican American
3143:Oliver F. Atkins
3020:38th Street Gang
2942:Great Depression
2899:Chicano Movement
2856:African American
2852:Mexican American
2813:Mexican American
2781:
2774:
2767:
2751:
2750:
2749:
2569:Murder of Selena
2483:Raza Unida Party
2351:Chicano Movement
2283:Bloody Christmas
2203:
2182:
2172:
2165:
2158:
2095:Social privilege
2080:Social exclusion
2008:Police brutality
1929:Multiculturalism
1899:Amatonormativity
1714:Social exclusion
1550:Age of candidacy
1344:Homeless dumping
1250:Ethnic cleansing
180:
157:
109:Mexican American
71:
59:
21:
6353:
6352:
6348:
6347:
6346:
6344:
6343:
6342:
6243:
6242:
6241:
6236:
6218:
6162:
6016:
5918:
5862:
5848:Tex-Mex cuisine
5716:
5706:Proposition 187
5655:Arizona SB 1070
5617:
5519:
5515:Zoot Suit Riots
5475:Bracero program
5465:1917 Bath riots
5453:
5402:
5392:
5336:
5331:Wayback Machine
5303:
5284:Zoot Suit Riots
5277:
5255:
5239:
5214:
5166:Mexican Studies
5162:
5155:Alvarez, Luis.
5152:
5150:Further reading
5147:
5137:
5135:
5134:. June 10, 2023
5126:
5125:
5121:
5111:
5109:
5102:
5080:
5079:
5075:
5065:
5063:
5050:
5049:
5040:
5030:
5028:
5019:
5018:
5011:
5001:
4999:
4985:
4984:
4980:
4973:
4949:
4948:
4944:
4937:
4929:. p. 243.
4927:Greenwood Press
4917:
4916:
4912:
4902:
4901:
4894:
4884:
4882:
4869:
4868:
4864:
4857:
4832:
4831:
4804:
4794:
4792:
4784:
4783:
4779:
4729:
4728:
4719:
4667:
4666:
4655:
4645:
4643:
4632:
4631:
4627:
4621:Bracero Program
4617:
4613:
4603:
4601:
4592:
4591:
4580:
4573:
4552:
4551:
4547:
4532:
4515:
4514:
4510:
4503:
4488:
4487:
4483:
4452:Mexican Studies
4449:
4448:
4444:
4437:
4422:
4421:
4417:
4407:
4405:
4379:
4378:
4359:
4350:
4343:
4336:
4326:Wiley-Blackwell
4319:
4318:
4314:
4300:
4298:
4291:
4272:
4271:
4267:
4256:
4241:
4240:
4236:
4222:
4220:
4213:
4195:
4194:
4190:
4176:
4174:
4167:
4148:
4147:
4143:
4124:
4114:Greenwood Press
4107:
4106:
4102:
4095:
4077:
4076:
4072:
4062:
4060:
4031:Pace Law Review
4024:
4023:
4019:
4009:
4007:
3997:
3996:
3992:
3985:
3977:. p. 145.
3968:
3967:
3963:
3956:
3937:
3936:
3932:
3925:
3917:. p. 197.
3908:
3907:
3903:
3888:
3864:
3863:
3859:
3849:
3836:
3835:
3831:
3822:
3821:
3817:
3775:
3774:
3767:
3763:
3740:, England, 1943
3716:
3711:
3709:
3702:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3593:Robert W. Kenny
3581:Joseph McGucken
3552:
3530:Fletcher Bowron
3476:
3453:
3434:
3413:Great Migration
3377:
3366:
3360:
3357:
3314:
3312:
3302:
3290:
3279:
3223:social mobility
3191:
3135:
3111:Pacific theater
3050:
2912:
2907:
2821:Beaumont, Texas
2817:Mobile, Alabama
2793:Zoot Suit Riots
2785:
2747:
2745:
2738:
2737:
2695:
2694:
2685:
2684:
2596:
2595:
2586:
2585:
2575:Proposition 187
2529:Arizona SB 1070
2503:
2502:
2493:
2492:
2353:
2352:
2343:
2342:
2338:Zoot Suit Riots
2288:Bracero program
2273:1917 Bath riots
2263:
2262:
2253:
2252:
2213:
2212:
2192:
2176:
2147:
2146:
2145:
2144:
2143:
2018:Polyculturalism
1914:Civil liberties
1886:
1878:
1877:
1876:
1875:
1874:
1855:Reappropriation
1755:
1754:Countermeasures
1747:
1746:
1745:
1744:
1743:
1672:Racial steering
1638:Numerus clausus
1542:
1534:
1533:
1532:
1531:
1530:
1255:Ethnic conflict
1190:Corrective rape
1145:
1137:
1136:
1135:
1134:
1133:
770:
759:
758:
757:
756:
755:
710:minority Muslim
598:
588:
587:
586:
585:
584:
476:HIV/AIDS stigma
348:
340:
339:
338:
337:
336:
285:Mental disorder
227:
219:
218:
217:
216:
215:
188:
74:
62:Zoot Suit Riots
57:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6351:
6349:
6341:
6340:
6335:
6330:
6325:
6320:
6315:
6310:
6305:
6300:
6295:
6290:
6285:
6280:
6275:
6270:
6265:
6260:
6255:
6245:
6244:
6238:
6237:
6235:
6234:
6229:
6223:
6220:
6219:
6217:
6216:
6211:
6206:
6201:
6196:
6191:
6186:
6181:
6176:
6170:
6168:
6164:
6163:
6161:
6160:
6153:
6146:
6145:
6144:
6139:
6129:
6128:
6127:
6119:
6114:
6107:
6104:Nuevomexicanos
6100:
6093:
6086:
6079:
6074:
6067:
6060:
6053:
6035:
6034:
6033:
6024:
6022:
6018:
6017:
6015:
6014:
6007:
6000:
5993:
5986:
5979:
5972:
5965:
5958:
5951:
5944:
5937:
5929:
5927:
5920:
5919:
5917:
5916:
5911:
5906:
5901:
5896:
5891:
5886:
5884:Gringo justice
5881:
5876:
5870:
5868:
5864:
5863:
5861:
5860:
5855:
5850:
5845:
5840:
5835:
5830:
5825:
5820:
5815:
5810:
5805:
5800:
5795:
5790:
5785:
5780:
5775:
5770:
5765:
5760:
5758:Chicano poetry
5755:
5750:
5745:
5743:Chicano cinema
5740:
5735:
5730:
5724:
5722:
5718:
5717:
5715:
5714:
5709:
5702:
5697:
5692:
5687:
5682:
5675:
5670:
5663:
5658:
5651:
5646:
5641:
5636:
5631:
5625:
5623:
5619:
5618:
5616:
5615:
5610:
5605:
5600:
5595:
5590:
5585:
5580:
5575:
5570:
5565:
5560:
5555:
5550:
5545:
5540:
5535:
5529:
5527:
5521:
5520:
5518:
5517:
5512:
5507:
5502:
5497:
5492:
5487:
5482:
5477:
5472:
5467:
5461:
5459:
5455:
5454:
5452:
5451:
5446:
5441:
5436:
5431:
5426:
5421:
5416:
5410:
5408:
5404:
5403:
5393:
5391:
5390:
5383:
5376:
5368:
5362:
5361:
5334:
5321:
5315:
5302:
5301:External links
5299:
5298:
5297:
5281:
5275:
5253:
5212:
5191:
5160:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5145:
5119:
5100:
5073:
5038:
5009:
4978:
4971:
4942:
4935:
4910:
4892:
4862:
4855:
4802:
4777:
4717:
4653:
4625:
4611:
4578:
4571:
4545:
4531:978-0070554801
4530:
4524:. p. 24.
4508:
4501:
4481:
4442:
4435:
4415:
4357:
4341:
4334:
4328:. p. 22.
4312:
4289:
4265:
4254:
4234:
4211:
4188:
4165:
4141:
4122:
4100:
4093:
4070:
4017:
3990:
3983:
3961:
3954:
3930:
3923:
3901:
3886:
3880:. p. 98.
3866:Novas, Himilce
3857:
3847:
3829:
3815:
3788:(1): 223–256.
3764:
3762:
3759:
3758:
3757:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3735:
3729:
3722:
3721:
3707:
3691:
3688:
3669:Richard Wright
3551:
3548:
3539:Central Avenue
3475:
3474:Attacks spread
3472:
3452:
3449:
3433:
3430:
3379:
3378:
3293:
3291:
3284:
3278:
3275:
3190:
3187:
3167:race relations
3134:
3131:
3049:
3046:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2787:
2786:
2784:
2783:
2776:
2769:
2761:
2758:
2757:
2756:
2755:
2740:
2739:
2736:
2735:
2734:
2733:
2728:
2718:
2711:
2704:
2696:
2692:
2691:
2690:
2687:
2686:
2683:
2682:
2675:
2668:
2661:
2654:
2647:
2640:
2633:
2626:
2619:
2612:
2605:
2597:
2593:
2592:
2591:
2588:
2587:
2584:
2583:
2578:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2549:
2544:
2537:
2532:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2504:
2500:
2499:
2498:
2495:
2494:
2491:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2418:Huelga schools
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2354:
2350:
2349:
2348:
2345:
2344:
2341:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2264:
2260:
2259:
2258:
2255:
2254:
2251:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2218:Josefa Segovia
2214:
2210:
2209:
2208:
2205:
2204:
2196:
2195:
2187:
2186:
2178:
2177:
2175:
2174:
2167:
2160:
2152:
2149:
2148:
2142:
2141:
2136:
2135:
2134:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2113:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2066:
2065:
2063:Reverse racism
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2033:Prisoner abuse
2030:
2025:
2023:Power distance
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1989:
1988:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1941:Ethnic penalty
1938:
1937:
1936:
1934:Neurodiversity
1931:
1921:
1919:Dehumanization
1916:
1911:
1909:Cisnormativity
1906:
1901:
1896:
1890:
1889:
1888:
1887:
1885:Related topics
1884:
1883:
1880:
1879:
1873:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1801:
1800:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1759:
1758:
1757:
1756:
1753:
1752:
1749:
1748:
1742:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1729:State religion
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1710:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1668:
1667:
1665:Nuremberg Laws
1662:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1607:Ghetto benches
1604:
1602:Gerrymandering
1599:
1594:
1589:
1587:Gender pay gap
1584:
1583:
1582:
1577:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1546:
1545:
1544:
1543:
1540:
1539:
1536:
1535:
1529:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1412:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1364:Lavender scare
1361:
1359:Kill Haole Day
1356:
1354:Indian rolling
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1330:
1329:
1319:
1314:
1313:
1312:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1240:Eliminationism
1237:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1175:Cancel culture
1172:
1167:
1162:
1161:
1160:
1149:
1148:
1147:
1146:
1144:Manifestations
1143:
1142:
1139:
1138:
1132:
1131:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1024:Middle Eastern
1021:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1001:
996:
991:
990:
989:
979:
974:
969:
964:
963:
962:
957:
952:
944:
939:
934:
929:
924:
919:
914:
909:
904:
899:
894:
889:
884:
879:
874:
869:
864:
859:
858:
857:
852:
847:
837:
832:
827:
826:
825:
820:
815:
805:
800:
795:
790:
785:
780:
774:
773:
772:
771:
765:
764:
761:
760:
754:
753:
751:Zoroastrianism
748:
743:
738:
733:
728:
727:
726:
716:
715:
714:
713:
712:
707:
702:
697:
692:
677:
676:
675:
673:Untouchability
670:
660:
655:
654:
653:
648:
643:
638:
633:
623:
618:
613:
608:
602:
601:
600:
599:
594:
593:
590:
589:
583:
582:
577:
572:
571:
570:
565:
560:
550:
549:
548:
543:
533:
528:
523:
518:
513:
508:
503:
498:
493:
488:
486:Leprosy stigma
483:
478:
473:
468:
463:
458:
453:
448:
443:
438:
433:
428:
423:
418:
413:
408:
403:
398:
393:
388:
383:
378:
373:
368:
363:
358:
352:
351:
350:
349:
346:
345:
342:
341:
335:
334:
329:
324:
319:
314:
309:
304:
303:
302:
297:
287:
282:
277:
272:
267:
262:
257:
252:
247:
242:
237:
231:
230:
229:
228:
225:
224:
221:
220:
214:
213:
208:
203:
198:
192:
191:
190:
189:
186:
185:
182:
181:
173:
172:
170:Discrimination
166:
165:
153:
152:
151:and "hoodlums"
145:
141:
140:
137:
133:
132:
129:
125:
124:
121:
117:
116:
106:
102:
101:
100:June 3–8, 1943
98:
94:
93:
80:
76:
75:
72:
64:
63:
42:
26:
24:
18:Zoot Suit Riot
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6350:
6339:
6336:
6334:
6331:
6329:
6326:
6324:
6321:
6319:
6316:
6314:
6311:
6309:
6306:
6304:
6303:1940s fashion
6301:
6299:
6296:
6294:
6291:
6289:
6286:
6284:
6281:
6279:
6276:
6274:
6271:
6269:
6266:
6264:
6261:
6259:
6256:
6254:
6251:
6250:
6248:
6233:
6230:
6228:
6225:
6224:
6221:
6215:
6212:
6210:
6207:
6205:
6202:
6200:
6197:
6195:
6192:
6190:
6187:
6185:
6182:
6180:
6179:Chicano poets
6177:
6175:
6174:Chicano films
6172:
6171:
6169:
6165:
6158:
6154:
6151:
6147:
6143:
6140:
6138:
6135:
6134:
6133:
6130:
6126:
6123:
6122:
6121:Pennsylvania
6120:
6118:
6115:
6112:
6111:New York City
6108:
6105:
6101:
6098:
6094:
6091:
6087:
6084:
6080:
6078:
6075:
6072:
6068:
6065:
6061:
6058:
6054:
6051:
6047:
6046:San Francisco
6043:
6039:
6036:
6032:
6029:
6028:
6026:
6025:
6023:
6019:
6013:
6012:
6008:
6006:
6005:
6001:
5999:
5998:
5994:
5992:
5991:
5987:
5985:
5984:
5980:
5978:
5977:
5973:
5971:
5970:
5969:Plyler v. Doe
5966:
5964:
5963:
5959:
5957:
5956:
5952:
5950:
5949:
5945:
5943:
5942:
5938:
5936:
5935:
5931:
5930:
5928:
5925:
5924:Supreme Court
5921:
5915:
5912:
5910:
5907:
5905:
5902:
5900:
5897:
5895:
5894:New tribalism
5892:
5890:
5887:
5885:
5882:
5880:
5877:
5875:
5874:Barrioization
5872:
5871:
5869:
5865:
5859:
5856:
5854:
5851:
5849:
5846:
5844:
5841:
5839:
5836:
5834:
5831:
5829:
5826:
5824:
5821:
5819:
5816:
5814:
5811:
5809:
5806:
5804:
5801:
5799:
5796:
5794:
5791:
5789:
5786:
5784:
5781:
5779:
5778:Cinco de Mayo
5776:
5774:
5771:
5769:
5766:
5764:
5761:
5759:
5756:
5754:
5753:Chicano names
5751:
5749:
5746:
5744:
5741:
5739:
5736:
5734:
5731:
5729:
5726:
5725:
5723:
5719:
5713:
5710:
5708:
5707:
5703:
5701:
5698:
5696:
5693:
5691:
5688:
5686:
5683:
5681:
5680:
5676:
5674:
5671:
5669:
5668:
5664:
5662:
5659:
5657:
5656:
5652:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5642:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5627:
5626:
5624:
5620:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5601:
5599:
5596:
5594:
5591:
5589:
5586:
5584:
5581:
5579:
5576:
5574:
5571:
5569:
5566:
5564:
5561:
5559:
5556:
5554:
5551:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5541:
5539:
5536:
5534:
5531:
5530:
5528:
5526:
5522:
5516:
5513:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5503:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5483:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5463:
5462:
5460:
5456:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5411:
5409:
5405:
5400:
5396:
5389:
5384:
5382:
5377:
5375:
5370:
5369:
5366:
5358:
5354:
5350:
5346:
5345:
5340:
5335:
5332:
5328:
5325:
5322:
5319:
5316:
5313:
5312:
5308:
5305:
5304:
5300:
5295:
5291:
5290:
5285:
5282:
5278:
5276:9780807862094
5272:
5268:
5265:Chapel Hill:
5264:
5263:
5258:
5254:
5250:
5244:
5236:
5232:
5228:
5224:
5223:
5218:
5213:
5211:
5210:9780292798038
5207:
5204:
5203:0-292-79803-2
5200:
5196:
5192:
5188:
5184:
5180:
5176:
5173:(2): 367–91.
5172:
5168:
5167:
5161:
5158:
5154:
5153:
5149:
5133:
5129:
5123:
5120:
5107:
5103:
5101:9780807862094
5097:
5093:
5090:Chapel Hill:
5089:
5088:
5083:
5077:
5074:
5061:
5057:
5053:
5047:
5045:
5043:
5039:
5026:
5022:
5016:
5014:
5010:
4997:
4993:
4989:
4982:
4979:
4974:
4968:
4964:
4960:
4956:
4952:
4946:
4943:
4938:
4932:
4928:
4924:
4920:
4914:
4911:
4906:
4899:
4897:
4893:
4885:September 27,
4880:
4876:
4872:
4866:
4863:
4858:
4856:9780822388647
4852:
4848:
4844:
4840:
4836:
4829:
4827:
4825:
4823:
4821:
4819:
4817:
4815:
4813:
4811:
4809:
4807:
4803:
4791:
4787:
4781:
4778:
4773:
4769:
4765:
4761:
4757:
4753:
4749:
4745:
4741:
4737:
4733:
4726:
4724:
4722:
4718:
4713:
4709:
4705:
4701:
4697:
4693:
4689:
4685:
4681:
4677:
4673:
4672:
4664:
4662:
4660:
4658:
4654:
4642:
4641:
4636:
4629:
4626:
4622:
4615:
4612:
4599:
4595:
4589:
4587:
4585:
4583:
4579:
4574:
4568:
4564:
4560:
4556:
4549:
4546:
4541:
4537:
4533:
4527:
4523:
4519:
4512:
4509:
4504:
4498:
4494:
4493:
4485:
4482:
4477:
4473:
4469:
4465:
4461:
4457:
4453:
4446:
4443:
4438:
4432:
4428:
4427:
4419:
4416:
4403:
4399:
4395:
4391:
4387:
4383:
4376:
4374:
4372:
4370:
4368:
4366:
4364:
4362:
4358:
4354:
4348:
4346:
4342:
4337:
4335:9780787961787
4331:
4327:
4323:
4316:
4313:
4309:
4296:
4292:
4290:9780520067967
4286:
4282:
4278:
4277:
4269:
4266:
4262:
4257:
4251:
4247:
4246:
4238:
4235:
4231:
4218:
4214:
4208:
4204:
4203:
4198:
4192:
4189:
4185:
4172:
4168:
4162:
4158:
4154:
4153:
4145:
4142:
4138:
4133:
4129:
4125:
4119:
4115:
4111:
4104:
4101:
4096:
4090:
4086:
4085:
4080:
4074:
4071:
4058:
4054:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4036:
4032:
4028:
4021:
4018:
4010:September 11,
4005:
4001:
3994:
3991:
3986:
3984:9781476614113
3980:
3976:
3972:
3965:
3962:
3957:
3955:9780292798038
3951:
3947:
3943:
3942:
3934:
3931:
3926:
3924:9780520956872
3920:
3916:
3912:
3905:
3902:
3897:
3893:
3889:
3887:9780452288898
3883:
3879:
3875:
3871:
3867:
3861:
3858:
3854:
3850:
3848:9780812223033
3844:
3840:
3833:
3830:
3825:
3819:
3816:
3811:
3807:
3803:
3799:
3795:
3791:
3787:
3783:
3779:
3772:
3770:
3766:
3760:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3739:
3736:
3733:
3730:
3727:
3724:
3723:
3719:
3708:
3705:
3694:
3689:
3687:
3685:
3680:
3678:
3674:
3670:
3666:
3665:Ralph Ellison
3662:
3658:
3653:
3651:
3647:
3643:
3639:
3635:
3631:
3627:
3622:
3620:
3616:
3615:
3609:
3606:
3601:
3598:
3594:
3590:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3566:
3556:
3549:
3547:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3534:Norris Nelson
3531:
3528:
3524:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3511:
3507:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3485:
3480:
3473:
3471:
3469:
3464:
3462:
3458:
3451:Attacks begin
3450:
3445:
3444:
3438:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3422:
3416:
3414:
3410:
3406:
3402:
3398:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3375:
3372:
3364:
3361:December 2022
3353:
3350:
3346:
3343:
3339:
3336:
3332:
3329:
3325:
3322: –
3321:
3317:
3316:Find sources:
3310:
3306:
3300:
3299:
3294:This section
3292:
3288:
3283:
3282:
3276:
3274:
3272:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3257:
3252:
3249:
3244:
3243:Sleepy Lagoon
3240:
3234:
3232:
3231:pachuco slang
3228:
3224:
3220:
3214:
3212:
3208:
3200:
3195:
3188:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3151:
3144:
3139:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3126:Chavez Ravine
3123:
3118:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3091:
3089:
3088:New York City
3085:
3081:
3077:
3076:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3047:
3045:
3043:
3036:
3031:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3012:
3010:
3009:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2983:Lalo Guerrero
2980:
2978:
2977:Chavez Ravine
2974:
2968:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2957:below poverty
2953:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2938:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2909:
2904:
2902:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2891:New York City
2888:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2863:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2832:
2830:
2829:New York City
2826:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2807:stationed in
2806:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2782:
2777:
2775:
2770:
2768:
2763:
2762:
2760:
2759:
2754:
2744:
2743:
2742:
2741:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2723:
2722:
2719:
2716:
2712:
2709:
2705:
2702:
2698:
2697:
2689:
2688:
2681:
2680:
2676:
2674:
2673:
2669:
2667:
2666:
2662:
2660:
2659:
2655:
2653:
2652:
2648:
2646:
2645:
2641:
2639:
2638:
2637:Plyler v. Doe
2634:
2632:
2631:
2627:
2625:
2624:
2620:
2618:
2617:
2613:
2611:
2610:
2606:
2604:
2603:
2599:
2598:
2590:
2589:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2576:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2554:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2542:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2530:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2505:
2497:
2496:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2355:
2347:
2346:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2265:
2257:
2256:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2215:
2207:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2197:
2194:
2188:
2184:
2183:
2173:
2168:
2166:
2161:
2159:
2154:
2153:
2151:
2150:
2140:
2137:
2133:
2130:
2129:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2117:Social stigma
2115:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2097:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2064:
2061:
2060:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1987:
1984:
1983:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1926:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1891:
1882:
1881:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1799:
1796:
1795:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1760:
1751:
1750:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1724:State atheism
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1689:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1660:Jim Crow laws
1658:
1657:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1645:One-drop rule
1643:
1641:
1639:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1572:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1560:Blood quantum
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1547:
1538:
1537:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1501:Victimisation
1499:
1497:
1496:Trans bashing
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1466:Religious war
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1446:Racialization
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1396:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1328:
1325:
1324:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1317:Glass ceiling
1315:
1311:
1308:
1307:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1260:Ethnic hatred
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1195:Counter-jihad
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
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736:Protestantism
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19:
6204:Bibliography
6125:Philadelphia
6102:New Mexico (
6055:California (
6009:
6002:
5995:
5988:
5981:
5974:
5967:
5960:
5953:
5946:
5939:
5932:
5899:Rasquachismo
5853:Tortilla art
5843:Tejano music
5768:Chicano rock
5763:Chicano Park
5704:
5677:
5665:
5653:
5514:
5348:
5342:
5309:
5287:
5283:
5261:
5243:cite journal
5226:
5220:
5194:
5170:
5164:
5156:
5136:. Retrieved
5131:
5122:
5112:December 26,
5110:. Retrieved
5086:
5076:
5064:. Retrieved
5055:
5029:. Retrieved
5002:December 20,
5000:. Retrieved
4992:www.rand.org
4991:
4981:
4963:Heyday Books
4958:
4945:
4922:
4913:
4904:
4883:. Retrieved
4874:
4865:
4834:
4793:. Retrieved
4789:
4780:
4735:
4731:
4675:
4669:
4644:. Retrieved
4638:
4628:
4614:
4602:. Retrieved
4558:
4548:
4517:
4511:
4491:
4484:
4455:
4451:
4445:
4425:
4418:
4406:. Retrieved
4402:the original
4389:
4385:
4352:
4321:
4315:
4306:
4301:December 26,
4299:. Retrieved
4275:
4268:
4259:
4244:
4237:
4228:
4223:December 26,
4221:. Retrieved
4201:
4191:
4182:
4177:December 26,
4175:. Retrieved
4151:
4144:
4135:
4109:
4103:
4083:
4073:
4061:. Retrieved
4034:
4030:
4020:
4008:. Retrieved
4003:
3993:
3970:
3964:
3940:
3933:
3910:
3904:
3873:
3860:
3852:
3838:
3832:
3818:
3785:
3781:
3681:
3673:Cesar Chavez
3654:
3623:
3612:
3602:
3588:
3562:
3544:Shore Patrol
3520:
3514:
3502:
3489:
3481:
3477:
3465:
3454:
3441:
3417:
3382:
3367:
3358:
3348:
3341:
3334:
3327:
3315:
3303:Please help
3298:verification
3295:
3268:
3256:World War II
3253:
3235:
3227:bilingualism
3215:
3204:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3148:
3119:
3115:armed forces
3092:
3073:
3062:conscription
3051:
3048:World War II
3038:
3035:delinquency.
3033:
3013:
3006:
2999:pork pie hat
2981:
2969:
2954:
2939:
2913:
2887:Philadelphia
2864:
2844:World War II
2833:
2792:
2790:
2706:California (
2677:
2670:
2663:
2656:
2649:
2642:
2635:
2628:
2621:
2614:
2607:
2600:
2573:
2559:Farah strike
2551:
2539:
2527:
2368:Brown Berets
2337:
1951:Gender-blind
1830:Human rights
1650:Racial quota
1637:
1617:Jewish quota
1597:Gerontocracy
1592:Gender roles
1570:Disabilities
1555:Blood purity
1521:Wife selling
1511:White flight
1491:Slut-shaming
1471:Scapegoating
1389:Murder music
1044:Palestinians
987:Anti-Zionism
855:South Africa
840:Black people
818:South Africa
626:Christianity
616:Baháʼí Faith
531:Sectarianism
471:Heterosexism
436:Ephebiphobia
406:Anti-Masonry
265:Hair texture
136:Perpetrators
47:
40:
6057:Californios
6042:Los Angeles
5773:Chicano rap
5738:Chicano art
5700:Party crews
5661:Castro 2020
5649:Abolish ICE
5294:WGBH Boston
4795:October 11,
4742:: 112–131.
4646:October 11,
4640:Smithsonian
4522:McGraw-Hill
4157:M.E. Sharpe
4037:(1): 1–26.
3661:Luis Valdez
3626:Jack Tenney
3461:Main Street
3425:Main Street
3409:second wave
3260:Los Angeles
3248:38th Street
3093:Meanwhile,
2950:Los Angeles
2940:During the
2897:during the
2797:Los Angeles
2708:Los Angeles
2535:Castro 2020
2523:Abolish ICE
1845:Nonviolence
1840:LGBT rights
1805:Empowerment
1773:Anti-racism
1687:Segregation
1632:No kid zone
1426:Persecution
1339:Hate speech
1290:Gay bashing
1265:Ethnic joke
1220:Dog whistle
1165:Blood libel
835:Azerbaijani
731:Neopaganism
724:Persecution
685:Persecution
668:Persecution
631:Catholicism
611:Exclusivism
553:Transphobia
536:Supremacism
491:Lesbophobia
411:Aporophobia
376:Anti-autism
211:Taste-based
206:Statistical
83:Los Angeles
43:‹ The
6253:1943 riots
6247:Categories
6109:New York (
6095:Nebraska (
6088:Michigan (
6081:Maryland (
6069:Illinois (
6062:Colorado (
6038:California
5548:Chicanismo
5485:La Matanza
5480:Korean War
5229:: 223–56.
4682:: 98–118.
4462:: 367–91.
3896:2007032941
3761:References
3605:First Lady
3401:West Coast
3331:newspapers
3263:since the
3171:jazz music
3133:Zoot suits
2991:zoot suits
2935:California
2915:California
2905:Background
2883:Evansville
2848:war effort
2840:zoot suits
2801:California
2713:Michigan (
2478:Quinto Sol
2378:Chicanismo
2308:La Matanza
2243:Sonoratown
2233:Mutualista
2127:Stereotype
2122:Speciesism
2003:Oppression
1998:Oikophobia
1894:Allophilia
1870:Toleration
1719:Sodomy law
1612:Internment
1526:Witch-hunt
1404:Blackhawks
1334:Hate group
1322:Hate crime
1295:Gendercide
1285:Freak show
1275:Excellence
1235:Employment
1205:Defamation
1124:Vietnamese
1119:Venezuelan
1004:Lithuanian
658:Falun Gong
580:Xenophobia
575:Vegaphobia
558:Non-binary
516:Pedophobia
481:Homophobia
295:Skin color
255:Disability
226:Attributes
201:Structural
149:zoot suits
87:California
6083:Baltimore
6050:San Diego
5909:Vergüenza
5858:Zoot suit
5833:Skull art
5351:: 77–91.
4756:2157-2941
4712:224831340
4696:1548-1867
4408:August 4,
4392:: 77–91.
4053:140417518
3975:McFarland
3839:Zoot Suit
3810:145233558
3802:1527-8034
3677:Malcolm X
3619:communist
3589:zoot suit
3550:Reactions
3393:San Diego
3169:, slang,
3150:Zoot suit
3122:Chinatown
3080:Uncle Sam
3058:rationing
3042:gangsters
2875:San Diego
2836:Angelenos
2699:Arizona (
2693:by region
2261:Juan Crow
2100:Christian
2028:Prejudice
1976:Masculism
1924:Diversity
1702:religious
1677:Redlining
1270:Ethnocide
1230:Education
1109:Ukrainian
1039:Pakistani
1029:Mongolian
950:Australia
932:Hungarian
887:Colombian
867:Bulgarian
741:Rastafari
690:Ahmadiyya
596:Religious
568:Trans men
526:Pregnancy
461:Gayphobia
456:Fatphobia
361:Acephobia
356:Arophobia
332:Viewpoint
113:zoot suit
52:is being
6117:Oklahoma
6027:Arizona
5889:Nepantla
5788:Lowrider
5444:Blaxican
5327:Archived
5259:(2004).
5138:June 24,
5132:NBC News
5106:Archived
5084:(2004).
5066:July 27,
5060:Archived
5025:Archived
4996:Archived
4953:(2001).
4921:(1990).
4879:Archived
4772:30345366
4764:20836266
4598:Archived
4540:72009811
4295:Archived
4217:Archived
4171:Archived
4057:Archived
3868:(2007).
3690:See also
3510:pachucas
3385:San Jose
3211:pachucas
3207:pachucos
3003:pachucos
2895:Chicanos
2139:The talk
2075:Snobbery
1993:Net bias
1815:Feminism
1734:Ugly law
1575:Catholic
1541:Policies
1384:Mortgage
1379:Lynching
1310:examples
1305:Genocide
1225:Economic
1210:Democide
1170:Bullying
1074:Scottish
1069:Romanian
1034:Nigerian
977:Japanese
912:Georgian
897:Filipino
830:Assyrian
803:Armenian
793:American
788:Albanian
768:national
746:Yazidism
663:Hinduism
621:Buddhism
511:Nepotism
506:Misogyny
501:Misandry
426:Clannism
421:Biphobia
366:Adultism
275:Language
162:a series
160:Part of
79:Location
56:. ›
45:template
6194:Writers
6150:Tejanos
6148:Texas (
6142:Houston
6090:Detroit
6071:Chicago
5721:Culture
5434:Pachuco
5424:La Raza
5414:Chicano
5395:Chicano
5187:1052202
5031:July 5,
4704:1562494
4604:July 5,
4476:1052202
4132:2121388
4063:June 5,
3569:Embassy
3486:wrote,
3411:of the
3407:in the
3389:Oakland
3345:scholar
3277:Prelude
3103:Marines
3099:sailors
3084:bootleg
3075:Esquire
3030:wrote:
2987:Chicano
2975:in the
2931:Arizona
2879:Oakland
2871:Chicago
2731:Houston
2715:Detroit
1946:Figleaf
1349:Housing
1104:Turkish
1049:Pashtun
1019:Mexican
999:Kurdish
972:Italian
922:Haitian
907:Finnish
882:Chinese
877:Chechen
872:Catalan
862:Bengali
783:African
766:Ethnic/
719:Judaism
705:Sunnism
695:Shi'ism
606:Atheism
431:Elitism
322:Species
260:Genetic
250:Dialect
128:Victims
120:Injured
115:wearers
6155:Utah (
6077:Kansas
6064:Denver
6031:Tucson
5712:Xicanx
5629:Aztlán
5533:Aztlán
5449:Xicanx
5401:topics
5273:
5208:
5201:
5185:
5098:
4969:
4933:
4853:
4770:
4762:
4754:
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4702:
4694:
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4433:
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4091:
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3981:
3952:
3921:
3894:
3884:
3845:
3808:
3800:
3667:, and
3657:pogrom
3585:racism
3397:Delano
3347:
3340:
3333:
3326:
3318:
3229:, and
3101:, and
3024:quarry
2995:pegged
2933:, and
2889:, and
2827:; and
2701:Tucson
2581:Xicanx
2358:Aztlán
2132:threat
1986:autism
1707:sexual
1697:racial
1580:Jewish
1431:Pogrom
1409:Chiefs
1399:Braves
1114:Uyghur
1089:Somali
1084:Slavic
1064:Romani
1059:Quebec
1054:Polish
994:Korean
955:Canada
942:Indian
927:Hazara
902:Fulani
813:France
778:Afghan
700:Sufism
416:Audism
347:Social
270:Height
144:Motive
105:Target
6167:Lists
6132:Texas
6097:Omaha
5926:cases
5439:Pinto
5429:Cholo
5407:Terms
5183:JSTOR
4768:S2CID
4708:S2CID
4700:JSTOR
4563:31–32
4472:JSTOR
4049:S2CID
3878:Plume
3806:S2CID
3559:State
3527:Mayor
3432:Riots
3405:South
3352:JSTOR
3338:books
3107:leave
2927:Texas
2721:Texas
2453:MEChA
2110:white
1441:Purge
1129:Welsh
1094:Tatar
1014:Māori
1009:Malay
967:Irish
917:Greek
892:Croat
850:China
808:Asian
680:Islam
541:White
280:Looks
245:Class
240:Caste
187:Forms
5823:Paño
5733:Caló
5679:IRCA
5667:DACA
5573:PCUN
5397:and
5271:ISBN
5249:link
5206:ISBN
5199:ISBN
5140:2023
5114:2015
5096:ISBN
5068:2010
5033:2016
5004:2018
4967:ISBN
4931:ISBN
4887:2018
4851:ISBN
4797:2019
4760:PMID
4752:ISSN
4692:ISSN
4648:2019
4606:2016
4567:ISBN
4536:LCCN
4526:ISBN
4497:ISBN
4431:ISBN
4410:2009
4330:ISBN
4303:2015
4285:ISBN
4250:ISBN
4225:2015
4207:ISBN
4179:2015
4161:ISBN
4128:OCLC
4118:ISBN
4089:ISBN
4065:2016
4012:2010
3979:ISBN
3950:ISBN
3919:ISBN
3892:LCCN
3882:ISBN
3843:ISBN
3798:ISSN
3675:and
3630:Nazi
3515:The
3324:news
3237:the
3161:and
3070:wool
2858:and
2791:The
2553:IRCA
2541:DACA
2463:PCUN
2448:MAYO
2443:MANA
2393:CFMN
2105:male
1904:Bias
1327:LGBT
1099:Thai
1079:Serb
937:Igbo
798:Arab
546:Male
327:Size
307:Rank
123:150+
97:Date
5353:doi
5231:doi
5175:doi
4843:doi
4744:doi
4684:doi
4464:doi
4394:doi
4039:doi
4000:"C"
3946:118
3790:doi
3638:xis
3522:sic
3307:by
3233:".
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2403:CRP
1692:age
312:Sex
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38:.
20:)
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