255:
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into neighboring territory. Female morphs have similar differences, where tan females invest in parental care and white females solicit EPCs and engage in brood parasitism, leaving their eggs in another's nest to be raised and fed. Mating with the opposite morphs and using alternative reproductive strategies helps maintain competitive equilibrium. This behaviour has been described genetically to follow from the
70:
263:
536:
competition with the dominant males of the winter hierarchies by migrating farther. There is also no benefit for females to be among the first to return after winter, so migrating farther allows the males to return and establish territory a few weeks before their arrival. It stays year round in the
Atlantic provinces of Canada. This bird is a rare
608:, and control of their syrinx involves both their central and peripheral nervous systems. After damage to motor control of the left side of the syrinx, individuals were still able to produce sound but their song pattern was distorted, indicating the left side chiefly controls their production of song. There are at least two distinct
621:
of "Po-or Sam
Peabody, Peabody, Peabody" (or "O-oh sweet Canada, Canada, Canada") The rhythm is very regular, and the timbre could be described as pinched. These musical intervals are only approximate; to a human ear the song often sounds out of tune. The repeated note will often change in pitch very
506:
The tan and white morphs of white-throated sparrows use different reproductive strategies. Tan males invest in parental care and guard their mates from others searching for extra pair copulations (EPCs). White males invest in securing additional mates and EPCs through song advertisement and intruding
625:
As reported by
National Geographic in 2020, ornithologists have discovered a new song for the white-throated sparrow. This bird song begins in the same way as the typical song, but with a subtle difference: the repeating triplets, as in "Peabody", become doublets, as in "Cherry", ending with a final
466:
On the tan form, the crown is dark brown with a tan central stripe. The supercilium is tan as well. The auriculars are gray/light brown with the upper edge forming a brown eye line. Both variations feature dark eyes, a white throat, yellow lores and gray bill. There is variation and some individuals
584:
These birds forage on the ground under or near thickets or in low vegetation by kicking backward with both feet simultaneously. They mainly eat seeds, insects and berries, and are attracted to bird feeders. Blackberries, grapes, and rose hips are some fruits they eat. One of its favorite seeds is
612:
sung by this species. One consists of an initial note, followed by three or so repeated notes at an interval of about a major third above. The second song consists of an initial note, a second a whole step lower, and a third note, repeated two or three times, about a minor third below that. This
567:
Despite a high level of conspecific rivalry within white-throated sparrows, this species is often dominated by other seed-eating winter residents, even those that are no larger than itself like the song sparrow, and thus may endure high levels of predation while foraging since restricted to
535:
to the southern and eastern United States. They are differential migrants with females migrating farther, increasing the proportion of females at lower latitudes in the
Atlantic flyway. Females are smaller so they would not perform as optimally at colder, higher latitudes, and females avoid
470:
They almost always pair with the opposite color morph for breeding. The two color morphs occur in approximately equal numbers. Both male and female white-striped birds are more aggressive than tan-striped birds during the breeding season. The aggression is linked to an increased rate of
1626:
428:. It measures 15 to 19 cm (5.9 to 7.5 in) in length with a wingspan of 23 cm (9.1 in). Typical weight is 22 to 32 g (0.78 to 1.13 oz), with an average of 26 g (0.92 oz). Among standard measurements, the
1065:; Bergland, Alan O.; Korody, Marisa L.; Brewer, Michael S.; Newhouse, Daniel J.; Minx, Patrick; Stager, Maria; Betuel, Adam; Cheviron, Zachary A.; Warren, Wesley C.; Gonser, Rusty A.; Balakrishnan, Christopher N. (February 2016).
568:
sub-optimal sites at times by competition. Not to mention numerous mammalian carnivores, at least ten avian predators often hunt them and they are among the most regular prey species for some smaller raptors, i.e. the
2111:
596:
649:, only appeared dozens of times as fatalities, as many as 10,000 white-throated sparrows were found in the same period. This may well be caused by both their attraction to
2126:
585:
millet, but it will also feed on black oil sunflower and different seeds. During the summer, insects and other small invertebrates make up a larger portion of their diet.
1482:
455:
There are two adult plumage variations known as the tan-striped and white-striped forms. On the white-striped form the crown is black with a white central stripe. The
1912:
2121:
1977:
503:. They nest either on the ground under shrubs or low in trees in deciduous or mixed forest areas and lay three to five brown-marked blue or green-white eggs.
2096:
595:
1863:
1925:
637:
In a 2019 study based on monitoring efforts dating from 1978-2016, white-throated sparrows were found to be one of the most susceptible birds to
311:. He used the current English name. Edwards based his hand-coloured etching on a "neat drawing in colours" supplied by the American naturalist
2016:
918:
826:
814:
818:
758:
Systema naturae per regna tria naturae : secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis
50:
1556:
882:
Wolfson, Albert (1954). "Body Weight and Fat
Deposition in Captive White-Throated Sparrows in Relation to the Mechanics of Migration".
1886:
1811:
594:
866:
2116:
1251:
Bock, C. E.; Prickles, R. E. (1983). "Range size and local abundance of some North
American songbirds: a positive correlation".
1824:
1606:
478:
The breast has gray/tan streaks and the streaks continue down the flanks but the belly is generally light gray. The wings are
1385:
1294:
Piper, W. H. (1990). "Exposure to predators and access to food in wintering white-throated sparrows
Zonotrichia albicollis".
1930:
1964:
1499:
Winger, Benjamin M.; Weeks, Brian C.; Farnsworth, Andrew; Jones, Andrew W.; Hennen, Mary; Willard, David E. (2019-04-10).
1891:
1686:
1736:
304:
254:
1456:
Lemon, Robert (September 1973). "Nervous control of the syrinx in White‐throated sparrows (Zonotrichia albicollis)".
638:
94:
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1982:
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1990:
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702:
2101:
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included an illustration and a description of the white-throated sparrow in the second volume of his
1031:"Alternative reproductive strategies in the white-throated sparrow: behavioral and genetic evidence"
1062:
1026:
1002:
779:
573:
59:
1956:
1878:
1501:"Nocturnal flight-calling behaviour predicts vulnerability to artificial light in migratory birds"
761:(in Latin). Vol. 1, Part 2 (13th ed.). Lipsiae : Georg. Emanuel. Beer. pp. 921–922.
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89:
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1220:"Evidence of Differential Migration by Sex in White-Throated Sparrows (Zonotrichia Albicollis)"
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1943:
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single tone. This new tune began to appear in
British Columbia, Canada, and then spread east.
609:
545:
441:
421:
288:
156:
738:
Gleanings of
Natural History, Exhibiting Figures of Quadrupeds, Birds, Insects, Plants &c
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1086:
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646:
216:
41:
1728:
2003:
911:
Sparrows and
Buntings: A Guide to the Sparrows and Buntings of North America and the World
650:
641:, even being referred to as "super colliders". Whereas some common Chicago birds, such as
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333:
312:
679:
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wherein the sparrows are constantly attracted by both light and sound to their demise.
642:
532:
449:
353:. The white-throated sparrow is now one of five American sparrows placed in the genus
17:
2090:
1938:
688:
561:
425:
364:
337:
in 1789 he included the white-throated sparrow. He placed it with the finches in the
328:
292:
79:
74:
1428:
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444:
is 2.2 to 2.4 cm (0.87 to 0.94 in). They are similar in appearance to the
1764:
1370:
1204:
1149:
988:
756:
560:, this species ranks among the most abundant native birds during winter in eastern
553:
391:
320:
316:
258:
Close-up of a white-throated sparrow head, with bright white throat and yellow lore
1829:
1415:
1751:
1410:
629:
The white-throated sparrow also has at least two calls, in addition to its song.
295:. It breeds in northern North America and winters in the southern United States.
1969:
1951:
1899:
1671:
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500:
456:
355:
166:
783:
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1354:
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1115:
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White-throated sparrows produce song laterally through the left side of their
402:
1816:
1662:
1524:
1188:
1798:
1307:
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1219:
557:
512:
414:
398:
342:
281:
146:
106:
1557:"LIGHTS OUT: A MOVEMENT TO HELP MIGRATING BIRDS: A KidLit Bird Book Review"
1542:
1516:
1386:"The screech owl: its life history and population ecology in northern Ohio"
1362:
1196:
1141:
1100:
980:
1067:"Divergence and Functional Degradation of a Sex Chromosome-like Supergene"
1656:
1401:
1329:
Roth, T. C. II; Lima, S. L. (2007). "The predatory behavior of wintering
1164:
614:
126:
2008:
262:
1868:
1710:
1315:
1272:
895:
741:. Vol. 2. London: Printed for the author. p. 198, Plate 304.
482:
with two distinct white wing bars. Sexes are morphologically similar.
1444:
https://mdc.mo.gov/discover-nature/field-guide/white-throated-sparrow
541:
496:
479:
116:
1904:
1633:
1180:
972:
1803:
1777:
1264:
1772:
1003:"Study shows how a single gene drives aggression in wild songbird"
959:
Arnold, Carrie (24 November 2016). "The sparrow with four sexes".
592:
384:
338:
261:
253:
2021:
1790:
1483:
Sparrows are singing a new song, in a rapid, unprecedented shift
1116:"Supergenes: The Genomic Architecture of a Bird with Four Sexes"
437:
433:
417:
284:
136:
1637:
1446:. Missouri Department of Conservation. White-throated Sparrow.
460:
1333:
hawks: temporal patterns in activity of predators and prey".
467:
may show dark lateral stripes of each side of the throat.
720:}}: |volume= / |date= mismatch, |date= / |doi= mismatch (
853:
National Audubon Society The Sibley Field Guide to Birds
519:
genes, resulting in four phenotypes that reproduce in a
1505:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
463:
are gray with the upper edge forming a black eye line.
266:
White-throated sparrows prefer to forage on the ground.
1646:
440:is 1 to 1.2 cm (0.39 to 0.47 in) and the
1218:Jenkins, Kendell; Cristol, Daniel (1 April 2002).
850:
703:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22721085A138469176.en
1429:https://abcbirds.org/bird/white-throated-sparrow/
436:is 6.8 to 7.7 cm (2.7 to 3.0 in), the
432:is 6.3 to 7.9 cm (2.5 to 3.1 in), the
2112:Native birds of the Northeastern United States
1603:– USGS Patuxent Bird Identification InfoCenter
1892:white-throated-sparrow-zonotrichia-albicollis
8:
811:The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names
613:second song is commonly described by use of
448:, but with white throat markings and yellow
544:. Alongside some other species such as the
1634:
936:"Sparrows show us a new way to have sexes"
645:(of which only two victims were found) or
215:
68:
40:
31:
2127:Extant Late Pleistocene first appearances
1532:
1409:
1235:
1131:
1090:
1046:
701:
495:White-throated sparrows breed in central
844:
842:
840:
838:
670:
622:slightly, contributing to this effect.
379:) meaning "hair". The specific epithet
1592:White-throated sparrow species account
1489:, July 2, 2020. Retrieved 5 July 2020.
1114:Campagna, Leonardo (8 February 2016).
2122:Taxa named by Johann Friedrich Gmelin
1384:VanCamp, L. F.; Henry, C. J. (1975).
857:. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. p.
813:. London: Christopher Helm. pp.
790:. International Ornithologists' Union
770:
768:
7:
1856:4c60df39-e34f-4799-b9a9-3467fb858908
1627:White-throated sparrow photo gallery
909:Byers, Clive; Olsson, Urban (1995).
51:Cap Tourmente National Wildlife Area
2097:IUCN Red List least concern species
1588:– Smithsonian Migratory Bird Center
1163:Arnold, Carrie (24 November 2016).
784:"New World Sparrows, Bush Tanagers"
689:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
475:expression in white-striped birds.
1470:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1973.tb07520.x
653:as well as their use of nocturnal
600:Song of the white-throated sparrow
25:
397:meaning "necked". The species is
788:IOC World Bird List Version 13.2
413:The white-throated sparrow is a
363:in 1832. The genus name is from
93:
678:BirdLife International (2020).
515:which acts as an extra pair of
303:In 1760 the English naturalist
1614:"White-throated sparrow media"
1:
1165:"The sparrow with four sexes"
934:GrrlScientist (26 May 2011).
323:. When the German naturalist
1629:at VIREO (Drexel University)
1594:– Cornell Lab of Ornithology
371:) meaning "band" and θριξ (
309:Gleanings of Natural History
2143:
1431:. White-throated-Sparrow.
809:Jobling, James A. (2010).
49:White-throated sparrow in
1598:White-throated sparrow –
1433:American Bird Conservancy
1355:10.1007/s00442-006-0638-2
1133:10.1016/j.cub.2015.12.005
1083:10.1016/j.cub.2015.11.069
849:Sibley, David A. (2000).
696:: e.T22721085A138469176.
223:
214:
195:
188:
90:Scientific classification
88:
66:
57:
48:
39:
34:
1619:Internet Bird Collection
753:Gmelin, Johann Friedrich
735:Edwards, George (1760).
531:In winter, this species
247: Non-breeding areas
2117:Birds described in 1789
1308:10.1163/156853990x00248
1253:The American Naturalist
1048:10.1093/beheco/14.3.425
527:Wintering and migration
473:estrogen receptor alpha
359:that was introduced by
325:Johann Friedrich Gmelin
35:White-throated sparrow
2074:Zonotrichia-albicollis
1879:white-throated-sparrow
1703:Zonotrichia_albicollis
1678:Zonotrichia albicollis
1648:Zonotrichia albicollis
1600:Zonotrichia albicollis
1586:White-throated sparrow
1517:10.1098/rspb.2019.0364
1418:on September 24, 2017.
682:Zonotrichia albicollis
659:positive feedback loop
601:
459:is white as well. The
277:Zonotrichia albicollis
272:white-throated sparrow
267:
259:
199:Zonotrichia albicollis
18:Zonotrichia albicollis
2056:Paleobiology Database
2043:Paleobiology Database
1411:2027/uc1.aa0006758312
1237:10.1093/auk/119.2.539
599:
521:disassortative mating
509:chromosomal inversion
446:white-crowned sparrow
390:meaning "white" with
327:revised and expanded
265:
257:
241: Migration areas
1851:Fauna Europaea (new)
1402:10.3996/nafa.71.0001
1390:North American Fauna
913:. Houghton Mifflin.
782:, eds. (July 2023).
351:Fringilla albicollis
235: Breeding areas
1487:National Geographic
1347:2007Oecol.152..169R
884:The Wilson Bulletin
639:building collisions
574:eastern screech-owl
60:Conservation status
1609:at bird-stamps.org
1511:(1900): 20190364.
1458:Journal of Zoology
1035:Behavioral Ecology
778:; Donsker, David;
602:
570:sharp-shinned hawk
268:
260:
181:Z. albicollis
2084:
2083:
2030:Open Tree of Life
1640:Taxon identifiers
1485:. Wetzel, Corryn.
1175:(7630): 482–484.
1063:Tuttle, Elaina M.
967:(7630): 482–484.
920:978-0-395-73873-3
828:978-1-4081-2501-4
780:Rasmussen, Pamela
647:Least flycatchers
597:
422:New World sparrow
289:New World sparrow
252:
251:
83:
53:, Quebec, Canada
16:(Redirected from
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1414:. Archived from
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1302:(3/4): 284–298.
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405:are recognised.
361:William Swainson
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229: Year-round
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2107:Birds of Canada
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2004:Observation.org
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643:Warbling vireos
635:
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550:dark-eyed junco
529:
517:sex-determining
493:
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411:
346:and coined the
334:Systema Naturae
313:William Bartram
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1579:External links
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1341:(1): 169–178.
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1265:10.1086/284136
1259:(2): 295–299.
1243:
1230:(2): 539–543.
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1077:(3): 344–350.
1054:
1041:(3): 425–432.
1029:(1 May 2003).
1027:Tuttle, Elaina
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365:Ancient Greek
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348:binomial name
345:
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329:Carl Linnaeus
326:
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293:Passerellidae
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190:Binomial name
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157:Passerellidae
155:
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147:Passeriformes
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75:Least Concern
65:
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1563:. 2024-09-10
1561:10,000 Birds
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693:
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655:flight calls
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392:Modern Latin
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317:Philadelphia
308:
302:
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275:
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198:
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180:
179:
167:
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2102:Zonotrichia
1991:Neotropical
1952:NatureServe
1900:iNaturalist
1672:Wikispecies
794:14 November
776:Gill, Frank
540:to western
501:New England
457:supercilium
409:Description
375:), τριχος (
356:Zonotrichia
168:Zonotrichia
2091:Categories
2069:Xeno-canto
1567:2024-09-11
1012:2020-08-30
945:2015-06-29
665:References
558:chickadees
461:auriculars
430:wing chord
403:subspecies
381:albicollis
207:Gmelin, JF
1525:0962-8452
1335:Oecologia
1331:Accipiter
1296:Behaviour
1189:0028-0836
718:cite iucn
617:with the
615:mnemonics
523:pattern.
513:supergene
415:passerine
399:monotypic
383:combines
343:Fringilla
282:passerine
175:Species:
113:Kingdom:
107:Eukaryota
1957:2.102710
1944:22721085
1918:11037468
1791:45511192
1729:22721085
1724:BirdLife
1657:Wikidata
1543:30940055
1363:17216210
1281:84017778
1197:27882995
1142:26859263
1101:26804558
1007:phys.org
981:27882995
755:(1788).
709:25 March
546:cardinal
533:migrates
491:Breeding
486:Behavior
299:Taxonomy
153:Family:
127:Chordata
123:Phylum:
117:Animalia
103:Domain:
80:IUCN 3.1
2022:1484613
1869:5231140
1711:Avibase
1663:Q754880
1534:6501673
1371:6114288
1343:Bibcode
1316:4534842
1273:2461236
1224:The Auk
1205:4457436
1150:2099899
1092:4747794
989:4457436
896:4158288
633:Threats
619:cadence
538:vagrant
424:family
420:of the
395:-collis
377:trikhos
291:family
287:of the
280:) is a
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163:Genus:
143:Order:
133:Class:
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2061:129850
2048:368098
2035:265547
1996:whtspa
1931:179462
1876:GNAB:
1825:EURING
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1804:ZONTAL
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497:Canada
480:rufous
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239:
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224:Range
1983:44394
1913:IRMNG
1843:97514
1830:18400
1812:EUNIS
1773:eBird
1765:5D75Z
1749:BOW:
1367:S2CID
1312:JSTOR
1277:S2CID
1269:JSTOR
1201:S2CID
1146:S2CID
985:S2CID
892:JSTOR
610:songs
511:of a
450:lores
401:: no
388:albus
385:Latin
373:thrix
339:genus
315:from
2017:OBIS
2009:1583
1978:NCBI
1939:IUCN
1926:ITIS
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1864:GBIF
1799:EPPO
1742:9893
1737:BOLD
1539:PMID
1521:ISSN
1359:PMID
1193:PMID
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796:2023
722:help
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580:Diet
572:and
556:and
499:and
438:bill
434:tail
418:bird
369:zōnē
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137:Aves
1965:NBN
1887:IBC
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