31:
489:
75:
196:
530:, implying only a loose breeding season in the true tropics. The mating pair performs a courtship display, which may include engaging in aerial loops, dives, and rolls with each other. The nest is typical of hawks: a big, bulky assemblage of sticks, lined with green leaves, usually built on the top or the main fork of a tree, in this case at 7.5 to 30 m (25 to 98 ft) above the ground. Typically, tall trees such as
50:
480:, humid forests, and overgrown marshes. They may forage over ranches and even semi-desert, but always need at least scattered tree thickets for nesting. Furthermore, they may be distributed in elevation from sea level to 3,000 m (9,800 ft), though are mainly found below 1,500 m (4,900 ft) in the north and 500 m (1,600 ft) in the southern reaches of the breeding range.
306:
331:, but may weigh considerably less. Their body mass can range from 565β1,080 g (1.246β2.381 lb). In measurements, the sexes are close in size, but the female, at an average of 900 g (2.0 lb), is much heavier and bulkier than the male, at an average of 637 g (1.404 lb). Among standard measurements, the
670:
may be cases of misidentification of common black-hawks. Zone-tailed hawks are very active foragers, hunting almost exclusively by transects and random quartering in low flight at around 10β30 m (33β98 ft) over the ground. When approaching the prey, the hawk may try to use obstructing cover
508:
position (pointing slightly upwards), rocking from side to side, a flight style that parallels that of turkey vultures. Bird guides caution against confusing them with the much more common turkey vulture, but at a reasonable distance, one can distinguish them from vultures by their smaller size, the
553:
the older sibling often kills the younger one or outcompetes it for food; only occasionally do both survive to adulthood. The younger hatchling is sometimes referred to as the "spare" one since it may be tended to more directly if the first dies. The young fledge at 42 to 50 days, though are not
554:
typically self-assured fliers until around a week later. They may remain in their parents' care until the following breeding season, though in migratory populations, the young and adults often separate. There have been no extensive reports on longevity and mortality in the species.
350:
are barred with lighter gray, which can appear solid silver-gray from a distance. The tail has three or four bands (the "zones" of the common name), white from below and light gray from above, of which the one second from the tip is particularly broad and conspicuous. The
355:
and legs are yellow, the lores are light gray and a light touch of white may be seen on the face. Immatures are similar except for small white spots on the breast and tails with narrow gray and black bands and a broad dark tip. The zone-tailed hawk adults resemble the
509:
typical hawk shape of the wings and head, and the pale stripe on the tail. Since vultures frequently can be seen flying in numbers (groups are called "kettles"), zone-tailed hawks can mingle with them and are perhaps most often missed by the human eye in such kettles.
383:
voice) in the middle and an equally abrupt drop back down. They are most often heard vocalizing when engaging in breeding displays at the beginning of the mating season. When disturbed at the nest, they may utter a long, lower-pitched
471:
They can adapt to various habitats across their broad range, including both closed and open ones and wet and dry ones. Often, the largest numbers are found in rocky areas with access to water. They often reside in
671:
such as trees until it is within 0.5β2 m (1.6β6.6 ft) of the prey, an easy striking distance. Outside the breeding pair bond, these hawks are wholly solitary and are not known to hunt in pairs.
517:
The mating season of the species varies geographically but is almost always in the first half of the year. In the northern reaches of the range, the breeding season is mid-April through July, whereas in
545:, often marked with brown. Incubation lasts for around 28 to 35 days and typically the female incubates, while being fed by the male, although the male may occasionally incubate. The young are semi-
319:
hawk. Grown birds are 46 to 56 cm (18 to 22 in) in length with a wingspan of about 117β140 cm (46β55 in). The zone-tailed is comparable in length and wingspan to common large
464:. The hawks of Central America may be seasonally migratory, although their movements are not well known. Zone-tails sometimes wander out of their normal range, and the bird was once recorded in
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at hatching and are covered in gray down. They grow slowly for the first 7 days of life and then considerably faster from 7 to 21 days old. As is common in
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Unlike turkey vultures that do not normally prey on live animals, zone-tailed hawks are active predators. Therefore, some ornithologists believe that this
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1825:
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tricks potential prey animals into not being alarmed when a zone-tail flies overhead. This hawk mainly preys on small birds and mammals (including
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2023:
812:
1157:
2008:
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Mikula, P.; Morelli, F.; LuΔan, R. K.; Jones, D. N.; Tryjanowski, P. (2016). "Bats as prey of diurnal birds: a global perspective".
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2018:
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650:. Zone-tails also eat various young birds, having been observed preying on nestlings and fledglings of species as varied as
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Distributional status of
Falconiformes in west central Arizona with notes on ecology, reproductive success, and management
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trees are selected, and the nest may be in the open or concealed by foliage. Occasionally, nests are found on cliffs.
658:. Zone-tailed hawks snatch young birds from trees or the ground without landing. Second-hand reports of predation on
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but are distinctly more slender in flight and overall small, and they have more white bars on the tail. Other
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is 36.5β46 cm (14.4β18.1 in), the fairly long tail is 19.4β23.5 cm (7.6β9.3 in) and the
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766:. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 368.
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1030:. Bulletin of the United States National Museum. Volume 50, Part 11. Washington. pp. 275β280.
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or pine-oak forests as well as timbered canyonland, hilly riverine woods, dry open boscage and
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246:, mentioned the zone-tailed hawk under the common name "white spotted buzzard" and coined the
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743:. Vol. Part I Accipitres. London: Printed by the order of the Trustees. p. 17.
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Johnson, R.R.; Glinski, R.L.; Matteson, S.W. (2020). Poole, A.F.; Gill, F.B. (eds.).
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222:. It is somewhat similar in plumage and flight style to a common scavenger, the
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379:. In at least some birds, there is an abrupt rise in pitch (like a break to a
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1093:"Breeding biology of the zone-tailed hawk at the limit of its distribution"
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1118:. Phoenix, AZ, USA: U.S. Department of Interior, Bureau Land Management.
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582:), but reptiles can be locally favored, including virtually any type of
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List of the
Specimens of Birds in the Collection of the British Museum
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List of the
Specimens of Birds in the Collection of the British Museum
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and northernmost Mexico, with these populations wintering mostly in
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as in 1847, he provided a brief description and used Gray's name
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seemed to be the favorite prey. Other birds preyed upon include
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908:
Clark, William S. (2004). "Is the zone-tailed hawk a mimic?".
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is mostly blackish. The notable exception is that the flight
1195:(extinctions: β indicates a species confirmed to be extinct)
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The zone-tailed hawk bears a superficial resemblance to the
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The bird's flight feathers closely resemble those of the
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The clutch comprises one to three, typically two, white
966:
964:
837:"Hoatzin, New World vultures, Secretarybird, raptors"
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Xeno-canto: audio recordings of the Zone-tailed Hawk
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504:. Zone-tailed hawks soar with their wings held in a
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313:The zone-tailed hawk is a fairly large but slender
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713:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22695926A169006783.en
1091:Kennedy, P.L.; Crowe, D.E.; Dean, T.F. (1995).
1063:. Ithaca, NY, USA: Cornell Lab of Ornithology.
444:. In winter, they generally withdraw from the
396:Zone-tailed hawks range from parts of southern
2034:Native birds of the Southwestern United States
952:
950:
371:The call is a loud scream, a somewhat typical
1151:
8:
997:"Zone-tailed Hawk | the Peregrine Fund"
805:The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names
614:, along with possibly other quail species,
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1178:
1158:
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1040:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
364:hawks in their dark phase, especially the
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48:
29:
20:
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879:Ferguson-Lees, J.; Christie, D. (2001).
807:. London: Christopher Helm. p. 40.
782:"Monographien der Genera der Falconidae"
680:
1033:
972:"Buteo albonotatus (Zone-tailed hawk)"
752:
750:
339:is 6.7β7.8 cm (2.6β3.1 in).
1028:The Birds of North and Middle America
843:. International Ornithologists' Union
760:; Cottrell, G. William, eds. (1979).
602:. Among the rats preyed upon are the
7:
957:Buteo albonotatus (Zone-tailed Hawk)
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375:call, dropping in pitch at the end,
1994:IUCN Red List least concern species
699:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
257:, his binomial name is considered
14:
289:meaning "marked". The species is
841:IOC World Bird List Version 10.2
763:Check-List of Birds of the World
277:is Mexico. The specific epithet
73:
2049:Taxa named by Johann Jakob Kaup
688:BirdLife International (2020).
238:In 1844, the English zoologist
456:. They are also native to the
424:, and more sporadically, into
1:
1022:Buteo albonotatus albonotatus
2024:Birds of Trinidad and Tobago
412:and the central portions of
1212:Black-chested buzzard-eagle
323:found to the north such as
2067:
1112:Millsap, Brian A. (1981).
1097:Journal of Raptor Research
803:Jobling, James A. (2010).
496:, pictured here in flight.
218:of warm, dry parts of the
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706:: e.T22695926A169006783.
408:almost throughout inland
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175:
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70:Scientific classification
68:
46:
37:
28:
23:
2009:Birds of Central America
604:tawny-bellied cotton rat
392:Distribution and habitat
2044:Birds described in 1847
788:(in German and Latin).
377:kra kree-kree-kree-kree
2029:Birds of the Caribbean
2019:Birds of South America
640:yellow-rumped caciques
608:white-eared cotton rat
588:common collared lizard
497:
310:
1601:Rufous-winged buzzard
1069:10.2173/bow.zothaw.01
592:Yarrow's spiny lizard
491:
484:Behaviour and ecology
308:
285:meaning "white" with
265:is recognised as the
1277:Rough-legged buzzard
1105:Also available from
977:Animal Diversity Web
881:Raptors of the World
648:eastern screech owls
624:red-shafted flickers
596:crevice spiny lizard
253:. As Gray omitted a
214:) is a medium-sized
1606:Grasshopper buzzard
1483:Black-collared hawk
1317:White-throated hawk
1287:Red-shouldered hawk
1272:Long-legged buzzard
1052:"Zone-tailed Hawk (
735:Gray, George Robert
281:combines the Latin
255:species description
161:B. albonotatus
40:Conservation status
1616:Grey-faced buzzard
1611:White-eyed buzzard
1533:Semiplumbeous hawk
1528:Slate-colored hawk
1367:Red-necked buzzard
1357:Madagascar buzzard
1342:Rufous-tailed hawk
1257:Cape Verde buzzard
1061:Birds of the World
1016:Friedmann, Herbert
831:; Donsker, David;
778:Kaup, Johann Jakob
644:tropical kingbirds
498:
416:down into eastern
311:
240:George Robert Gray
1981:
1980:
1971:Buteo-albonotatus
1940:Open Tree of Life
1743:Buteo_albonotatus
1718:Buteo albonotatus
1688:Buteo albonotatus
1680:Taxon identifiers
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1649:
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1508:White-necked hawk
1503:White-browed hawk
1450:Common black hawk
1425:White-rumped hawk
1312:Short-tailed hawk
1307:White-rumped hawk
1292:Broad-winged hawk
1252:Himalayan buzzard
1222:White-tailed hawk
1054:Buteo albonotatus
941:10.1111/mam.12060
833:Rasmussen, Pamela
814:978-1-4081-2501-4
692:Buteo albonotatus
628:acorn woodpeckers
454:YucatΓ‘n Peninsula
366:broad-winged hawk
358:common black hawk
271:Buteo albonotatus
263:Johann Jakob Kaup
251:Buteo albonotatus
211:Buteo albonotatus
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179:Buteo albonotatus
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1455:Cuban black hawk
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1377:Archer's buzzard
1352:Mountain buzzard
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620:ground squirrels
612:California quail
610:. In the north,
558:Food and feeding
309:Zone-tailed hawk
297:are recognised.
206:zone-tailed hawk
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1347:Forest buzzard
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1302:Ridgway's hawk
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632:eared quetzals
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494:turkey vulture
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35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2062:
2061:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2004:Birds of prey
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1991:
1989:
1972:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1836:
1832:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1774:
1770:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1739:
1735:
1728:
1724:
1719:
1713:
1709:
1704:
1698:
1694:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1676:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1655:
1652:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1628:
1623:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1598:
1596:
1594:
1593:
1588:
1582:
1579:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1570:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1545:
1540:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1495:
1490:
1484:
1481:
1480:
1478:
1476:
1472:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1437:
1432:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1420:Harris's hawk
1418:
1417:
1415:
1413:
1412:
1407:
1401:
1400:Roadside hawk
1398:
1397:
1395:
1393:
1389:
1383:
1382:Augur buzzard
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1337:Hawaiian hawk
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1234:
1229:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1217:Variable hawk
1215:
1213:
1210:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1193:
1188:
1186:
1185:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1161:
1156:
1154:
1149:
1147:
1142:
1141:
1138:
1132:
1129:
1128:
1124:
1117:
1116:
1110:
1108:
1103:(2): 110β116.
1102:
1098:
1094:
1089:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1057:
1055:
1047:
1043:
1037:
1029:
1025:
1023:
1017:
1013:
1012:
1007:
998:
992:
990:
988:
984:
979:
978:
973:
967:
965:
961:
958:
953:
951:
947:
942:
938:
934:
930:
929:Mammal Review
923:
920:
916:(5): 495β498.
915:
911:
904:
901:
896:
894:0-7136-8026-1
890:
886:
882:
875:
873:
871:
869:
867:
865:
863:
861:
859:
855:
842:
838:
834:
830:
824:
821:
816:
810:
806:
799:
796:
791:
787:
786:Isis von Oken
783:
779:
773:
770:
765:
764:
759:
753:
751:
747:
742:
741:
736:
730:
727:
714:
709:
705:
701:
700:
695:
693:
684:
681:
674:
672:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
557:
555:
552:
548:
544:
539:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
512:
510:
507:
503:
495:
490:
483:
481:
479:
475:
469:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
391:
389:
387:
382:
378:
374:
369:
367:
363:
359:
354:
349:
345:
340:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
317:
307:
300:
298:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
275:type locality
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
249:
248:binomial name
245:
241:
233:
231:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
212:
207:
197:
192:
187:
182:
180:
174:
171:
170:Binomial name
167:
163:
162:
157:
154:
153:
150:
149:
145:
142:
141:
138:
135:
132:
131:
128:
125:
122:
121:
118:
115:
112:
111:
108:
105:
102:
101:
98:
95:
92:
91:
88:
85:
82:
81:
76:
71:
67:
61:
56:
55:Least Concern
45:
41:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
1687:
1625:
1590:
1572:
1563:Mantled hawk
1542:
1494:Leucopternis
1492:
1474:
1465:Savanna hawk
1434:
1409:
1391:
1331:
1231:
1201:
1190:
1182:
1114:
1107:Researchgate
1100:
1096:
1082:19 September
1080:. Retrieved
1060:
1053:
1027:
1021:
975:
932:
928:
922:
913:
909:
903:
880:
847:19 September
845:. Retrieved
840:
823:
804:
798:
789:
785:
772:
762:
739:
729:
717:. Retrieved
703:
697:
691:
683:
618:, and other
561:
540:
516:
499:
470:
395:
385:
376:
372:
370:
361:
341:
320:
314:
312:
286:
282:
278:
270:
258:
250:
243:
237:
210:
209:
205:
203:
178:
176:
160:
159:
147:
137:Accipitridae
18:
1927:Neotropical
1901:NatureServe
1849:iNaturalist
1712:Wikispecies
1636:Chaco eagle
1523:Barred hawk
1436:Buteogallus
1203:Geranoaetus
829:Gill, Frank
758:Mayr, Ernst
719:11 November
646:, and even
466:Nova Scotia
428:, southern
301:Description
279:albonotatus
259:nomen nudum
1988:Categories
1966:Xeno-canto
1573:Kaupifalco
1558:White hawk
1544:Pseudastur
1475:Busarellus
1171:Buteoninae
883:. London:
675:References
664:amphibians
656:passerines
598:, and the
532:cottonwood
474:coniferous
460:island of
402:New Mexico
342:The adult
333:wing chord
325:Swainson's
295:subspecies
1411:Parabuteo
1327:Gray hawk
1167:Subfamily
1077:216482764
1036:cite book
616:chipmunks
580:squirrels
547:altricial
458:Caribbean
442:Argentina
291:monotypic
267:authority
242:, in his
228:tetrapods
155:Species:
93:Kingdom:
87:Eukaryota
1953:Species+
1906:2.104066
1893:22695926
1867:10719011
1769:22695926
1764:BirdLife
1697:Wikidata
1592:Butastur
1392:Rupornis
1018:(1950).
780:(1847).
737:(1844).
662:, other
606:and the
528:Colombia
520:Trinidad
513:Breeding
506:dihedral
462:Trinidad
452:and the
434:Paraguay
418:Colombia
386:raaaaauu
381:falsetto
348:feathers
234:Taxonomy
220:Americas
133:Family:
107:Chordata
103:Phylum:
97:Animalia
83:Domain:
60:IUCN 3.1
1831:2480541
1751:Avibase
1703:Q595114
1663:Buzzard
1192:Species
910:Birding
564:mimicry
551:raptors
524:Ecuador
438:Bolivia
422:Ecuador
398:Arizona
344:plumage
287:notatus
143:Genus:
123:Order:
113:Class:
58: (
1945:288710
1932:zothaw
1919:223473
1880:175368
1838:GNAB:
1813:EURING
1805:zothaw
1779:zothaw
1731:zotaha
1075:
891:
811:
668:fishes
666:, and
652:herons
594:, the
584:lizard
450:Oaxaca
430:Brazil
410:Mexico
337:tarsus
321:Buteos
273:. The
188:, 1847
2039:Hawks
1999:Buteo
1862:IRMNG
1800:eBird
1792:695TX
1776:BOW:
1658:Eagle
1233:Buteo
1184:Genus
1073:S2CID
1024:Kaup"
660:frogs
478:scrub
406:Texas
373:Buteo
362:Buteo
316:Buteo
293:: no
283:albus
148:Buteo
1958:5849
1914:NCBI
1888:IUCN
1875:ITIS
1854:5180
1826:GBIF
1818:2850
1084:2020
1042:link
889:ISBN
849:2020
809:ISBN
721:2021
704:2020
654:and
576:mice
572:rats
568:bats
543:eggs
536:pine
522:and
446:U.S.
426:Peru
353:cere
327:and
216:hawk
204:The
186:Kaup
117:Aves
1787:CoL
1738:ADW
1727:ABA
1065:doi
937:doi
708:doi
534:or
1990::
1968::
1955::
1942::
1929::
1916::
1903::
1890::
1877::
1864::
1851::
1828::
1815::
1802::
1789::
1766::
1753::
1740::
1729::
1714::
1699::
1169::
1101:29
1099:.
1095:.
1071:.
1059:.
1038:}}
1034:{{
1026:.
986:^
974:.
963:^
949:^
933:46
931:.
914:36
912:.
887:.
857:^
839:.
790:40
784:.
749:^
702:.
696:.
642:,
638:,
634:,
630:,
626:,
590:,
578:,
574:,
570:,
468:.
436:,
432:,
420:,
400:,
388:.
1159:e
1152:t
1145:v
1086:.
1067::
1044:)
1020:"
999:.
980:.
943:.
939::
897:.
851:.
817:.
723:.
710::
694:"
690:"
208:(
62:)
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