33:
77:
52:
206:
486:
in the water; like most other plants, eelgrass requires sunlight to grow. One plant may adapt to light level by growing longer leaves to reach the sun in low-light areas; individuals in clear or shallow water may have leaves a few centimeters long, while individuals in deeper spots may have leaves
577:
caused a "wasting disease" of eelgrass resulting in large-scale losses in the 1930s; localized populations are still affected by the slime mold today. During this time, populations of the eelgrass-eating
Atlantic brant dropped. Remaining geese ate less-preferred food plants and algae, and hunters
316:
This flowering plant is a rhizomatous herb which produces a long stem with hairlike green leaves that measure up to 1.2 centimetres (0.47 in) wide and may reach over 1.0 metre (3 ft 3 in) long. It is a perennial plant, but it may grow as an annual. The rhizome grows horizontally
353:
grows in muddy and sandy shores only at and below spring tides. This plant is an important member of the coastal ecosystem in many areas because it helps to physically form the habitat and it plays a crucial role for many other species. For example, it provides a sheltered
1219:
van
Katwijk MM; AR Bos; VN de Jonge; LSAM Hanssen; DCR Hermus & DJ de Jong (2009). "Guidelines for seagrass restoration: Importance of habitat selection and donor population, spreading of risks, and ecosystem engineering effects".
321:, with an individual bearing both male and female flowers in separate alternating clusters. The inflorescence is about 10 cm long. The fruit is a nutlet with a transparent coat containing the seed. The plant can also undergo
243:
much less used, and refers to the plant after breaking loose from the submerged wetland soil, and drifting free with ocean current and waves to a coast seashore. It is a saline soft-sediment submerged plant native to
308:
in sandy or muddy substrates and its leaves catch particulate debris in the water which then collects around the bases of the plants, building up the top layer of the seabed.
1023:
337:
large distances when its stems break away and carry the fertile seeds to new areas, eventually dropping to the seabed. The seagrass is a favorite food of several species of
795:
268:
in the
Northern Hemisphere and the most widespread species in the temperate northern hemisphere of Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. It lives in cooler ocean waters in the
1781:
917:
Bos AR; TJ Bouma; GLJ de Kort & Marieke M van
Katwijk (2007). "Ecosystem engineering by annual intertidal seagrass beds: Sediment accretion and modification".
1332:
Olsen, Jeanine L.; Rouzé, Pierre; Verhelst, Bram; Lin, Yao-Cheng; Bayer, Till; Collen, Jonas; Dattolo, Emanuela; De Paoli, Emanuele; Dittami, Simon (2016-02-18).
1833:
625:
accounting for 63% of the assembled genome. The researchers revealed key adaptations at the molecular biological level that have occurred during evolution of
2044:
814:"Propagating eelgrass ( Zostera marina ) from cuttings in land–sea combination systems: a novel method to improve the sustainability of seagrass restoration"
994:
1483:
32:
657:
used for far-red sensing. Besides these gene losses, also gene gain events have been described, mostly involving the adjustment to full salinity and ion
1716:
2069:
1794:
1742:
1931:
2094:
2059:
919:
1176:
2074:
975:
739:
Short, F.T.; Carruthers, T.J.R.; Waycott, M.; Kendrick, G.A.; Fourqurean, J.W.; Callabine, A.; Kenworthy, W.J.; Dennison, W.C. (2010).
2054:
1677:
1471:
2084:
2079:
1476:
1016:
549:) destroys eelgrass when it digs in the substrate for prey items, or by directly eating eelgrass seeds. The decline of eelgrass in
2016:
1729:
300:, and in other coastal habitat. The several ecotypes each have specific habitat requirements. It occurs in calmer waters in the
333:, the plant produces large quantities of seeds, at times numbering several thousand seeds per square meter of plants. The plant
2064:
1768:
1126:"Tracking Nitrogen Source Using δ15N Reveals Human and Agricultural Drivers of Seagrass Degradation across the British Isles"
1910:
789:
1799:
1602:
1576:
2099:
2089:
1944:
418:) subsists almost entirely on the plant. When the eelgrass dies, detaches, and washes up on the beach, a whole new
1838:
1088:
L. vs wrack fauna community interactions on a Baltic sandy beach (Hel, Poland): A short term pilot study, Part II.
457:
987:
76:
470:
1949:
1177:"Planting density, hydrodynamic exposure and mussel beds affect survival of transplanted intertidal eelgrass"
1703:
707:
550:
322:
1708:
1695:
865:
573:
422:
is founded; many species of insects and other invertebrates begin to inhabit the dead plant, including the
1690:
1617:
1506:
387:
1607:
1594:
451:
325:, sprouting repeatedly from its rhizome and spreading into a meadow-like colony on the seabed known as a
1872:
1747:
1461:
406:
180:
1071:
445:
1428:"Seeding the Ocean: Inside a Michelin-Starred Chef's Revolutionary Quest to Harvest Rice From the Sea"
436:
2021:
1651:
1345:
1286:
1275:"Seed Predation by the Shore Crab Carcinus maenas: A Positive Feedback Preventing Eelgrass Recovery?"
1229:
1191:
928:
825:
400:
334:
1558:
1895:
1544:
763:
330:
276:, and in the warmer southern parts of its range it dies off during warmer seasons. It grows in the
41:
1962:
1825:
1643:
329:. One meadow of cloned eelgrass was determined to be 3000 years old, genetically. When undergoing
2003:
1410:
904:
71:
1936:
1877:
1055:
1786:
1859:
1625:
1381:
1373:
1314:
1255:
1157:
971:
841:
704:
hunter gatherers of Mexico eat eelgrass grains after toasting them and grinding into a paste.
427:
1985:
248:
environments on the coastlines of northern latitudes from subtropical to subpolar regions of
2049:
1900:
1864:
1812:
1363:
1353:
1304:
1294:
1245:
1237:
1199:
1147:
1137:
944:
936:
833:
812:
Zhang, Yan-Hao; Zhao, Xiang; Tu, Zhong; Yan, Wen-Jie; Zhao, Qi; Zhang, Pei-Dong (May 2024).
758:
606:
578:
subsequently noticed that brant meat began to taste different. Even today, brants no longer
558:
534:
280:
region and endures several months of ice cover per year. It is the only seagrass known from
1456:
1846:
1027:
998:
799:
630:
542:
512:
482:
Populations of the plant have been damaged by a number of processes, especially increased
359:
318:
265:
114:
715:
1349:
1290:
1233:
1195:
932:
829:
813:
1923:
1918:
1466:
1309:
1274:
1152:
1125:
622:
579:
395:, depends on this eelgrass. A great many animals use the plant for food, including the
269:
245:
228:
101:
2038:
1887:
1807:
1427:
1083:
749:
740:
618:
326:
273:
249:
196:
127:
61:
56:
1334:"The genome of the seagrass Zostera marina reveals angiosperm adaptation to the sea"
1241:
537:
have been shown to have a negative effect on eelgrass and associated ecosystems. In
2008:
1630:
562:
554:
367:
1734:
1568:
205:
1581:
1299:
1995:
1957:
1820:
1755:
1538:
701:
658:
654:
650:
538:
508:
411:
383:
375:
301:
147:
137:
940:
641:
genes, genes involved in volatile compound biosynthesis and signaling (such as
531:
habitats have increased since their rapid decline started several decades ago.
682:
598:
569:
504:
317:
through the substrate, anchoring via clusters of roots at nodes. The plant is
1682:
1377:
845:
718:
in order to harvest the grains. The texture is described as between rice and
1664:
1553:
1142:
678:
646:
524:
483:
419:
392:
338:
1975:
1529:
1385:
1318:
1259:
1161:
1484:"The rice of the sea: how a tiny grain could change the way humanity eats"
1970:
1523:
1368:
697:
661:. Also macro-algae like cell wall components (low-methylated polyanionic
642:
492:
488:
465:
423:
355:
232:
1851:
1358:
1333:
1721:
1638:
1414:
1204:
722:, but with a more saline flavour. It is gluten-free and high in fibre.
614:
496:
432:
396:
305:
293:
281:
253:
157:
1250:
949:
837:
1760:
1589:
802:
Helsinki
Commission: Baltic Marine Environment Protection Commission.
719:
693:
689:
686:
662:
621:
data). The assembled genome was found to consist of large numbers of
594:
520:
500:
441:
289:
277:
1500:
633:
that has adopted a marine lifestyle. Genome analysis revealed that
527:, damage eelgrass meadows. Conservation and restoration efforts of
1773:
1669:
905:
European seagrasses: an introduction to monitoring and management.
638:
297:
88:
907:
European Union: Monitoring & Managing of
European Seagrasses.
1656:
516:
1504:
1273:
Infantes, Eduardo; Crouzy, Caroline; Per-Olav, Moksnes (2016).
696:
for centuries. It has also been dried and used as stuffing for
1021:
L.) in San
Francisco Bay, California from 1920 to the present.
285:
235:, with this species known primarily by the English name of
788:
North-Holland, Amsterdam 59: 1-275. – in Möller, T.
665:
and sulfated galactans) have been described, unique for
605:
in 2016 and the resulting article has been published in
304:
zone, where it is rarely exposed to air. It anchors via
1062:
Canadian
Wildlife Service Technical Report Series #412.
1124:
Jones, BJ; Cullen-Unsworth, LC; Unsworth, RKF (2018).
507:
have cleared much eelgrass from the sea bottom there.
511:
operations and coastal development destroy colonies.
784:
den Hartog, C. (1970). The seagrasses of the world.
1513:
1175:Bos, Arthur R & Marieke M. van Katwijk (2007).
474:was first isolated from the leaves of the plant.
1030:NOAA National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science.
1001:NOAA National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science.
617:-coding genes (of which 86,6% are supported by
1015:Wyllie-Echeverria, S. and M. Fonseca. (2003).
764:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-3.RLTS.T153538A4516675.en
793:(Linnaeus 1753), Eelgrass (Angiospermophyta).
264:This species is the most wide-ranging marine
8:
1106:sp. nov., isolated from leaves of seagrass (
962:
960:
677:People have long used this plant species as
613:is 202.3 Mb and encodes approximately 20450
487:over a meter long. Human activities such as
495:damage eelgrass meadows; practices used in
1501:
374:) hide in eelgrass beds as they grow. The
204:
50:
31:
20:
1367:
1357:
1308:
1298:
1249:
1203:
1151:
1141:
1050:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1036:
948:
762:
710:, a Spanish chef, has planted meadows of
1011:
1009:
1007:
899:
897:
895:
893:
1072:UK Marine Special Areas of Conservation
891:
889:
887:
885:
883:
881:
879:
877:
875:
873:
731:
557:, which feed on the rhizome, and fewer
515:from many sources, including riverside
341:, which may also distribute the seeds.
1397:
1395:
988:NOAA joint pilot project on eelgrass (
1056:Status and conservation of eelgrass (
861:
859:
857:
855:
609:. The approximate genome sequence of
586:Genomics and evolutionary adaptations
7:
920:Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science
2045:IUCN Red List least concern species
750:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
681:in some areas. It has been used as
523:lines, fish processing plants, and
992:L.) recovery in San Francisco Bay.
14:
1426:Goulding, Matt (9 January 2021).
1102:Kurilenko, V. V., et al. (2010).
966:Parnell, J. and Curtis, T. 2012.
903:Borum J., et al., (Eds.) (2004.)
714:(described as "sea rice") in the
1950:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:603618-1
1401:Alm, T. (2003). "On the uses of
231:species as one of many kinds of
75:
1242:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2008.09.028
669:compared to other angiosperms.
565:that live in eelgrass meadows.
2070:Biota of the Mediterranean Sea
1434:. Photographs by Paolo Verzone
1184:Marine Ecology Progress Series
637:lost the entire repertoire of
382:) attaches to its leaves. The
1:
1482:Kassam, Ashifa (2021-04-09).
1300:10.1371/journal.pone.0168128
986:Fonseca, M., et al. (2003).
312:Description and reproduction
2095:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
2060:Biota of the Atlantic Ocean
1082:Jedrzejczak, M. F. (2002).
582:over the Nova Scotia area.
2116:
2075:Biota of the Pacific Ocean
1130:Frontiers in Plant Science
941:10.1016/j.ecss.2007.04.006
404:and the purple sea urchin
2055:Biota of the Adriatic Sea
1222:Marine Pollution Bulletin
1112:Int J Syst Evol Microbiol
1104:Granulosicoccus coccoides
471:Granulosicoccus coccoides
458:Coccinella septempunctata
212:
203:
186:
179:
72:Scientific classification
70:
48:
39:
30:
23:
2085:Plants described in 1753
2080:Biota of the Sea of Azov
16:Species of aquatic plant
1472:Washington Burke Museum
1462:Jepson Manual Treatment
1143:10.3389/fpls.2018.00133
649:) as well as genes for
323:vegetative reproduction
213:Global distribution of
2065:Biota of the Black Sea
1054:Hanson, A. R. (2004).
1026:July 21, 2011, at the
997:July 21, 2011, at the
970:Cork University Press
968:Webb's An Irish Flora.
866:Flora of North America
798:July 17, 2011, at the
601:and analyzed by Olsen
553:has resulted in fewer
541:, the invasive exotic
416:Branta bernicula hrota
1873:Paleobiology Database
1405:, mainly in Norway."
786:Verh K Ned Ak Wet Adf
757:: e.T153538A4516675.
574:Labyrinthula zosterae
407:Paracentrotus lividus
284:. It can be found in
1060:) in eastern Canada.
388:Entocladia perforans
1467:USDA Plants Profile
1359:10.1038/nature16548
1350:2016Natur.530..331O
1291:2016PLoSO..1168128I
1234:2009MarPB..58..179V
1196:2007MEPS..336..121B
933:2007ECSS...74..344B
830:2024ResEc..3214103Z
818:Restoration Ecology
700:and furniture. The
452:Paederus littoralis
331:sexual reproduction
42:Conservation status
1205:10.3354/meps336121
551:Antigonish Harbour
503:harvesting in the
2100:Flora of Portugal
2090:Salt marsh plants
2032:
2031:
1860:Open Tree of Life
1507:Taxon identifiers
1457:The IUCN Red List
1344:(7590): 331–335.
838:10.1111/rec.14103
446:Stenus biguttatus
428:Talitrus saltator
220:
219:
65:
2107:
2025:
2024:
2012:
2011:
1999:
1998:
1989:
1988:
1979:
1978:
1966:
1965:
1953:
1952:
1940:
1939:
1927:
1926:
1914:
1913:
1904:
1903:
1891:
1890:
1885:Panartic Flora:
1881:
1880:
1868:
1867:
1855:
1854:
1842:
1841:
1829:
1828:
1816:
1815:
1803:
1802:
1790:
1789:
1777:
1776:
1764:
1763:
1751:
1750:
1738:
1737:
1725:
1724:
1712:
1711:
1699:
1698:
1686:
1685:
1673:
1672:
1660:
1659:
1647:
1646:
1634:
1633:
1621:
1620:
1611:
1610:
1598:
1597:
1585:
1584:
1572:
1571:
1562:
1561:
1549:
1548:
1547:
1534:
1533:
1532:
1502:
1497:
1495:
1494:
1444:
1443:
1441:
1439:
1423:
1417:
1399:
1390:
1389:
1371:
1361:
1329:
1323:
1322:
1312:
1302:
1285:(12): e0168128.
1270:
1264:
1263:
1253:
1216:
1210:
1209:
1207:
1181:
1172:
1166:
1165:
1155:
1145:
1121:
1115:
1100:
1094:
1080:
1074:
1069:
1063:
1052:
1031:
1013:
1002:
984:
978:
964:
955:
954:
952:
927:(1–2): 344–348.
914:
908:
901:
868:
863:
850:
849:
809:
803:
782:
776:
775:
773:
771:
766:
736:
559:common goldeneye
535:Invasive species
437:Fucellia tergina
208:
192:
80:
79:
59:
54:
53:
35:
21:
2115:
2114:
2110:
2109:
2108:
2106:
2105:
2104:
2035:
2034:
2033:
2028:
2020:
2015:
2007:
2002:
1994:
1992:
1984:
1982:
1974:
1969:
1961:
1956:
1948:
1943:
1935:
1930:
1922:
1917:
1909:
1907:
1899:
1894:
1886:
1884:
1876:
1871:
1863:
1858:
1850:
1847:Observation.org
1845:
1837:
1832:
1824:
1819:
1811:
1806:
1798:
1793:
1785:
1780:
1772:
1767:
1759:
1754:
1746:
1741:
1733:
1728:
1720:
1715:
1707:
1702:
1694:
1689:
1681:
1676:
1668:
1663:
1655:
1650:
1642:
1637:
1629:
1624:
1616:
1614:
1606:
1601:
1593:
1588:
1580:
1575:
1567:
1565:
1557:
1552:
1543:
1542:
1537:
1528:
1527:
1522:
1509:
1492:
1490:
1481:
1453:
1448:
1447:
1437:
1435:
1425:
1424:
1420:
1407:Economic Botany
1400:
1393:
1331:
1330:
1326:
1272:
1271:
1267:
1218:
1217:
1213:
1179:
1174:
1173:
1169:
1123:
1122:
1118:
1101:
1097:
1081:
1077:
1070:
1066:
1053:
1034:
1028:Wayback Machine
1014:
1005:
999:Wayback Machine
985:
981:
976:978-185918-4783
965:
958:
916:
915:
911:
902:
871:
864:
853:
811:
810:
806:
800:Wayback Machine
783:
779:
769:
767:
738:
737:
733:
728:
675:
653:protection and
623:repeat elements
588:
547:Carcinus maenas
480:
401:Idotea chelipes
364:Clupea pallasii
360:Pacific herring
358:ground for the
347:
314:
266:flowering plant
262:
227:is a flowering
199:
194:
188:
175:
74:
66:
55:
51:
44:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2113:
2111:
2103:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2037:
2036:
2030:
2029:
2027:
2026:
2013:
2009:wfo-0000770315
2000:
1990:
1980:
1967:
1954:
1941:
1928:
1915:
1905:
1901:Zostera marina
1892:
1882:
1869:
1856:
1843:
1830:
1817:
1804:
1791:
1778:
1765:
1752:
1739:
1726:
1713:
1700:
1687:
1674:
1661:
1648:
1635:
1622:
1612:
1599:
1595:zostera-marina
1586:
1573:
1563:
1550:
1545:Zostera marina
1535:
1519:
1517:
1515:Zostera marina
1511:
1510:
1505:
1499:
1498:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1452:
1451:External links
1449:
1446:
1445:
1418:
1409:57:4 640-45.
1403:Zostera marina
1391:
1324:
1265:
1228:(2): 179–188.
1211:
1167:
1116:
1108:Zostera marina
1095:
1086:Zostera marina
1075:
1064:
1058:Zostera marina
1032:
1019:Zostera marina
1003:
990:Zostera marina
979:
956:
909:
869:
851:
804:
791:Zostera marina
777:
743:Zostera marina
730:
729:
727:
724:
679:roof thatching
674:
671:
592:Zostera marina
587:
584:
529:Zostera marina
479:
476:
412:Atlantic brant
380:Mytilus edulis
346:
343:
313:
310:
270:North Atlantic
261:
258:
229:vascular plant
224:Zostera marina
218:
217:
215:Zostera marina
210:
209:
201:
200:
195:
190:Zostera marina
184:
183:
177:
176:
172:Z. marina
169:
167:
163:
162:
155:
151:
150:
145:
141:
140:
135:
131:
130:
125:
118:
117:
112:
105:
104:
99:
92:
91:
86:
82:
81:
68:
67:
49:
46:
45:
40:
37:
36:
28:
27:
25:Zostera marina
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2112:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2042:
2040:
2023:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1991:
1987:
1981:
1977:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1906:
1902:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1883:
1879:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1613:
1609:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1564:
1560:
1555:
1551:
1546:
1540:
1536:
1531:
1525:
1521:
1520:
1518:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1503:
1489:
1485:
1480:
1478:
1477:Photo gallery
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1454:
1450:
1433:
1429:
1422:
1419:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1398:
1396:
1392:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1370:
1369:11250/2386505
1365:
1360:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1328:
1325:
1320:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1269:
1266:
1261:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1215:
1212:
1206:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1178:
1171:
1168:
1163:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1120:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1099:
1096:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1079:
1076:
1073:
1068:
1065:
1061:
1059:
1051:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1012:
1010:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
993:
991:
983:
980:
977:
973:
969:
963:
961:
957:
951:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
921:
913:
910:
906:
900:
898:
896:
894:
892:
890:
888:
886:
884:
882:
880:
878:
876:
874:
870:
867:
862:
860:
858:
856:
852:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
808:
805:
801:
797:
794:
792:
787:
781:
778:
765:
760:
756:
752:
751:
746:
744:
735:
732:
725:
723:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
703:
699:
695:
691:
688:
684:
680:
672:
670:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
619:transcriptome
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
593:
585:
583:
581:
576:
575:
571:
566:
564:
563:invertebrates
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
485:
477:
475:
473:
472:
467:
462:
460:
459:
454:
453:
448:
447:
443:
439:
438:
434:
430:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
408:
403:
402:
398:
394:
390:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
352:
344:
342:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
311:
309:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
274:North Pacific
271:
267:
259:
257:
255:
251:
250:North America
247:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
225:
216:
211:
207:
202:
198:
193:
191:
185:
182:
181:Binomial name
178:
174:
173:
168:
165:
164:
161:
160:
156:
153:
152:
149:
146:
143:
142:
139:
136:
133:
132:
129:
126:
123:
120:
119:
116:
113:
110:
107:
106:
103:
102:Tracheophytes
100:
97:
94:
93:
90:
87:
84:
83:
78:
73:
69:
63:
58:
57:Least Concern
47:
43:
38:
34:
29:
26:
22:
19:
1514:
1491:. Retrieved
1488:the Guardian
1487:
1436:. Retrieved
1431:
1421:
1406:
1402:
1341:
1337:
1327:
1282:
1278:
1268:
1225:
1221:
1214:
1187:
1183:
1170:
1133:
1129:
1119:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1098:
1093:44:3 367-87.
1090:
1085:
1078:
1067:
1057:
1018:
989:
982:
967:
924:
918:
912:
824:(4): 14103.
821:
817:
807:
790:
785:
780:
768:. Retrieved
754:
748:
742:
734:
716:Bay of Cádiz
711:
706:
676:
666:
655:phytochromes
634:
626:
610:
602:
591:
589:
572:
567:
561:, which eat
555:Canada geese
546:
533:
528:
481:
469:
463:
456:
450:
444:
435:
426:
415:
405:
399:
386:
379:
372:Gadus morhua
371:
368:Atlantic cod
366:). Juvenile
363:
350:
348:
315:
263:
260:Distribution
240:
236:
223:
222:
221:
214:
189:
187:
171:
170:
158:
121:
108:
95:
24:
18:
1958:SeaLifeBase
1821:NatureServe
1756:iNaturalist
1539:Wikispecies
1190:: 121–129.
1091:Oceanologia
659:homeostasis
651:ultraviolet
539:Nova Scotia
509:Aquaculture
376:blue mussel
302:sublittoral
148:Zosteraceae
138:Alismatales
115:Angiosperms
2039:Categories
1924:kew-309037
1919:Plant List
1615:Calflora:
1493:2021-04-12
1438:13 October
1251:2066/75284
1114:60 972-76.
1017:Eelgrass (
950:2066/34860
770:13 October
726:References
708:Ángel León
698:mattresses
683:fertilizer
673:Human uses
647:terpenoids
631:angiosperm
570:slime mold
543:green crab
525:oil spills
505:Wadden Sea
440:, and the
384:green alga
319:monoecious
1709:200024703
1696:200024703
1554:AlgaeBase
1378:0028-0836
1084:Stranded
846:1061-2971
712:Z. marina
667:Z. marina
635:Z. marina
627:Z. marina
611:Z. marina
599:sequenced
597:has been
513:Pollution
484:turbidity
466:bacterial
420:ecosystem
393:endophyte
339:waterfowl
335:disperses
294:estuaries
166:Species:
85:Kingdom:
1993:VASCAN:
1976:26300137
1971:Tropicos
1826:2.132381
1787:10905216
1774:603618-1
1524:Wikidata
1386:26814964
1319:27977802
1279:PLOS ONE
1260:19131078
1162:29467789
1024:Archived
995:Archived
796:Archived
643:ethylene
639:stomatal
493:trawling
489:dredging
468:species
424:amphipod
356:spawning
306:rhizomes
241:seawrack
237:eelgrass
233:seagrass
144:Family:
128:Monocots
62:IUCN 3.1
2050:Zostera
1986:7202265
1722:2863967
1657:1089042
1639:Ecocrop
1415:4256745
1346:Bibcode
1310:5157998
1287:Bibcode
1230:Bibcode
1192:Bibcode
1153:5808166
1136:: 133.
929:Bibcode
826:Bibcode
663:pectins
615:protein
580:migrate
497:scallop
478:Threats
442:beetles
351:Zostera
345:Ecology
298:beaches
290:lagoons
282:Iceland
254:Eurasia
159:Zostera
154:Genus:
134:Order:
89:Plantae
60: (
2022:495077
1983:uBio:
1963:152327
1932:PLANTS
1888:230101
1878:214593
1865:814202
1813:153538
1748:100967
1683:193879
1608:439884
1590:ARKive
1569:161676
1566:APDB:
1530:Q21128
1413:
1384:
1376:
1338:Nature
1317:
1307:
1258:
1160:
1150:
974:
844:
720:quinoa
694:Norway
690:fodder
687:cattle
607:Nature
603:et al.
595:genome
521:sewage
501:mussel
455:, and
431:, the
410:. The
397:isopod
278:Arctic
246:marine
2017:WoRMS
1908:PFI:
1839:29655
1800:39074
1782:IRMNG
1761:52614
1678:EUNIS
1670:ZOSMA
1644:11015
1631:5D8HT
1582:64870
1559:21517
1411:JSTOR
1180:(PDF)
629:, an
517:farms
391:, an
349:This
327:genet
296:, on
239:with
122:Clade
109:Clade
96:Clade
1996:9555
1945:POWO
1937:ZOMA
1911:6728
1896:PfaF
1852:2814
1834:NCBI
1808:IUCN
1795:ITIS
1769:IPNI
1743:GRIN
1730:GISD
1717:GBIF
1665:EPPO
1618:8392
1603:BOLD
1577:APNI
1440:2023
1432:Time
1382:PMID
1374:ISSN
1315:PMID
1256:PMID
1158:PMID
972:ISBN
842:ISSN
772:2023
755:2010
702:Seri
685:and
645:and
590:The
568:The
499:and
491:and
464:The
286:bays
272:and
252:and
2004:WFO
1735:860
1704:FoC
1691:FNA
1652:EoL
1626:CoL
1364:hdl
1354:doi
1342:530
1305:PMC
1295:doi
1246:hdl
1238:doi
1200:doi
1188:336
1148:PMC
1138:doi
1110:).
945:hdl
937:doi
834:doi
759:doi
692:in
449:,
433:fly
2041::
2019::
2006::
1973::
1960::
1947::
1934::
1921::
1898::
1875::
1862::
1849::
1836::
1823::
1810::
1797::
1784::
1771::
1758::
1745::
1732::
1719::
1706::
1693::
1680::
1667::
1654::
1641::
1628::
1605::
1592::
1579::
1556::
1541::
1526::
1486:.
1430:.
1394:^
1380:.
1372:.
1362:.
1352:.
1340:.
1336:.
1313:.
1303:.
1293:.
1283:11
1281:.
1277:.
1254:.
1244:.
1236:.
1226:58
1224:.
1198:.
1186:.
1182:.
1156:.
1146:.
1132:.
1128:.
1035:^
1006:^
959:^
943:.
935:.
925:74
923:.
872:^
854:^
840:.
832:.
822:32
820:.
816:.
753:.
747:.
519:,
461:.
292:,
288:,
256:.
197:L.
124::
111::
98::
1496:.
1442:.
1388:.
1366::
1356::
1348::
1321:.
1297::
1289::
1262:.
1248::
1240::
1232::
1208:.
1202::
1194::
1164:.
1140::
1134:9
953:.
947::
939::
931::
848:.
836::
828::
774:.
761::
745:"
741:"
545:(
414:(
378:(
370:(
362:(
64:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
